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COMPONENTE PRINCIPALE
IIN
NTTR
ROOD
DUUC
CEER
REE
Studiem cu ajutorul acestei metode un tabel indivizi x variabile, în cazul
în care toate variabilele sunt numerice.
3UH]HQW P PDL vQWkL R DERUGDUH H[SORUDWRDUH FDUH SHUPLWH GHVFULHUHD
indivizilor în multiplele lor GLPHQVLXQL úL YL]XDOL]DUHD DFHVWRU UHOD LL vQWUH
variabile.
8UPHD] $QDOL]D vQ &RPSRQHQWH 3ULQFLSDOH $&3 $FHDVW PHWRG
DLQGLYL]LORUúLDYDULDELOHORU
tipologie a indivizilor.
3UH]HQW P GH DVHPHQL PHWRGD GH FODVLILFDUH DVFHQGHQW LHUDUKLF FDUH
IRORVHúWHFULWHULXOOXL:DUGIRDUWHELQHDGDSWDWODWUDWDUHDGDWHORUQXPHULFH
WDEHOXOXL UHSUH]LQW PRGHOH GH PDúLQL GLQ DQXO LDU FRORDQHOH
JUHXWDWHOXQJLPHO LPH
Tabelul 1
Nr. Crt. Model Cilindree Putere 9LWH] Greutate Lungime / LPH
Figura 1
Grafic în stea
9LWH] Putere
Greutate Cilindree
Lungime / LPH
GDF FDUDFWHULVWLFDHVWHPD[LP
&HLLQGLYL]LVXQWUHSUH]HQWD LvQILJXUD
6 SXQFW PFkWHYDFD]XULSDUWLFXODUH
3HXJHRW 5DOO\H 6HDW ,EL]D 6;L úL &LWURsQ$; 6SRUW DX YLWH]H
5HQDXOWDUHRSXWHUHPLF vQUDSRUWFXFLOLQGUHHDVD$FHVWDHVWH
un diesel.
ÌQJHQHUDOPXO LPHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLORUHYROXHD] vQDFHODúLVHQV
*UDILFHOHvQVWHDFUHVFUHJXODWGHOD PDúLQLOHPLFLSUHFXP)RUG)LHVWDúL
)LDW8QRODFHOHPDLPDULSUHFXP%09,5RYHULúL5HQDXOW
Studiul descriptiv al variabilelor
Tabelul 2
Rezumate statistice ale datelor
Statistici elementare
Abaterea
Variabila Media Dispersia medie Minim Maxim
S WUDWLF
&RUHOD LL
VWDWLVWLF
6WDWLVWLFD LQIHUHQ LDO VWXGLD] XQ HúDQWLRQ úL WUDJH FRQFOX]LL SHQWU u
vQWUHDJDPXO LPH
3HQWUX D DYHD R YL]LXQH FRPSOHW D GDWHORU úL D LQWHU UHOD LLORU vQWUH
-
variabile, am construit graficul din figura 3.
Figura 3
*UDILFXOFRUHOD LLORULQWHU -variabile
H[LVW XQ IDFWRU P ULPH WDOLH úL F OD R SULP DQDOL] PDúLQLOH SRW IL
RUGRQDWH GH OD FHOH PDL PLFL OD FHOH PDL PDUL $FHDVWD VH YHGH GH DOWIHO úL
GLQWUH3XWHUHúL9LWH]
3XWHP V UH]XP P úL V YL]XDOL] P DFHDVW SULP DQDOL] SULQWU -o
FODVLILFDUH LHUDUKLF DVFHQGHQW D YDULDELOHORU OXkQG GUHSW LQGLFH GH
ÌQ SULPD HWDS VH UHJUXSHD] FHOH GRX YDULDELOH FHOH PDL FRUHODWH
*UHXWDWHúL/XQJLPH
0.894.
ÌQDSDWUDHWDS / LPHDvQWkOQHúWHJUXSXO&LOLQGUHH*UHXWDWH/XQJLPH
ùL vQ VIkUúLW vQ D FLQFHD HWDS FHOH GRX JUXSXUL 3XWHUH 9LWH] úL
Indicele de agregare calculat este cHD PDL SXWHUQLF FRUHOD LH vQWUH
YDULDELOHOHXQXLJUXSúLFHOHDOHFHOXLODOWJUXSvQPRPHQWXOUHJUXS ULL
Figura 4
&ODVLILFDUHDLHUDUKLF DVFHQGHQW DYDULDELOHORU
0HWRGDFRUHOD LLORUPD[LPH
1 4.29
(1 + 0.8612 + 0.6932 + 0.905 2 + 0.864 2 + 0.709 2 ) = = 0.715
6 6
7DEHOXO FRQ LQH VLPLODULWDWHD ILHF UHL YDULDELOH FX vQWUHDJD PXO LPH D
variabilelor:
Tabelul 3
dispersiei.
$QDOL]D vQ &RPSRQHQWH 3ULQFLSDOH FRQVW vQ F XWDUHD XQXL QXP U PLF GH
variabile noi Y1 ,......,Ym numite componente principale QHFRUHODWH vQWUH HOH úL
DPHWRGHLúLDUH]XOWDWHORULQWHUPHGLDUHFDUHDMXW ODLQWHUSUHWDUHDHL
FRUHVSXQGDFHVWHLDERUG UL
&ULWHULXO LQHU LHL HVWH vQ DFHODúL WLPS PXOW PDL FRPSOH[ GHFkW FHOHODOWH
GRX FULWHULL SURSXVH GH +RWHOOLQJ FULWHULXO FRUHOD LHL úL FULWHULXO
dispersiei.
Vom prezenta de asemeni aceste criterii, ele corespunzând rezultatelor
RE LQXWHFXSURJUDPHOHDPHULFDQH$&3
3UH]HQWDUHD$&3FRQIRUPDERUG ULLJHRPHWULFHDOXL3HDUVRQ
1RUXOGHSXQFWHDVRFLDWGDWHORUúLFDUDFWHULVWLFLO e sale
ÌQ DFHDVW DERUGDUH JHRPHWULF VH DVRFLD] GDWHORU QRUXO GH SXQFWH
N = {x1 ,...., xi ,.., xn } într-XQ VSD LX GH GLPHQVLXQH S ILHFDUH YHFWRU xi de
caracteristici ( xi1 ,.....xip ) ale individului i este considerat drept un punct într-un
VSD LXFXSGLPHQVLXQL
&HQWUXOGHJUHXWDWHDOQRUXOXL1HVWHSXQFWXOJDOHF UXLFRRUGRQDWHVXQW
ÌPSU úWLHUHD QRUXOXL vQ MXUXO FHQWUXOXL V X GH JUHXWDWH VH P VRDU FX
1 n p
DMXWRUXOLQHU LHLWRWDOHDQRUXOXL1GHILQLW SULQ I (N , g) = ∑∑ ( xij − x j ) 2 .
n i =1 j =1
,QHU LD WRWDO SRDWH IL FDOFXODW GLUHFW ILLQG HJDO FX VXPD GLVSHUVLLO or
YDULDELOHORUGLQSUREOHP
1 n 2 1 n p
I (N , g) = ∑ i
n i =1
d ( x , g ) = ∑∑ ( xij − x j ) 2 =
n i =1 j =1
p p
1 n
=∑ ∑ ( xij − x j ) 2
= ∑ s 2j
j =1 n i =1 j =1
2E LQHPSHQWUXH[HPSOX
I(N,g)=267072+1441+609+50824+1638+56=321640.
6HREVHUY F LQHU LDQRUXOXLVHGDWRUHD] vQSULQFLSDOFLOLQGUHHL
$FHDVWD GLQ FDX]D DOHJHULL XQLW LORU GH P VXU 'DF DP IL P V urat
FLOLQGUHHD vQ OLWUL LPSRUWDQ D H[DJHUDW D FLOLQGUHHL vQ FDOFXOXO LQHU LHL DU IL
GLVS UXW
FHQWUDWH UHGXVH ILHF UHL YDULDELOH X j L VH DVRFLD] YDULDELOD FHQWUDW UHGXV
X j − xj
X *j = GHPHGLHúLGLVSHUVLH
sj
1RXOWDEHOVWXGLDWHVWHIRUPDWGLQFDQWLW LOH
xij − x j
xij* = .
sj
La individXOLVHDVRFLD] DFXPSXQFWXO xi* = ( xi*1 ,...., xip* ).
Noul nor de puncte este N * = {x1* ,...., xn* } .
Centrul de greutate al norului N * HVWH úL LQHU LD VD WRWDO HVWH HJDO FX
QXP UXOSDOYDULDELOHORU
9RP VWXGLD FRQVWUXF LD úL SURSULHW LOH SULPHL FRPSRQHQWH SULQFLSDOH
norului de puncte N * .
3ULPDD[ SULQFLSDO
& XW P V IDFHP FD R GUHDSW ∆1 V WUHDF FkW PDL ELQH SRVLELO SULQ
*
mijlocul norului de puncte N .
6H P VRDU vPSU úWLHUHD QRUXOXL N * în jurul unei drepte ∆ cu ajutorul
LQHU LHL I ( N * , ∆) norului N * UDSRUWDW ODGUHDSWD ∆ .
1 n
I ( N * , ∆) = ∑ d 2 ( xi* , yi ) unde yi HVWH SURLHF LD RUWRJRQDO P∆ ( xi* ) a
n i =1
punctului xi pe dreapta ∆ .
*
a norului N * .
6H SRDWH DU WD F GUHDSWD ∆1 trece prin originea O, centrul de greutate al
norului N al datelor centrate-UHGXVH úL HVWH JHQHUDW
*
GH YHFWRUXO XQLWDU u1 ,
YHFWRUSURSULXQRUPDWDOPDWULFHL5DFRUHOD LLORUvQWUHYDULDELOHOH X j , asociat
la cea mai mare valoare proprie λ 1 .
9DORULOHSURSULLúLYHFWRULLSURSULLDLPDWULFHL5VXQWFXSULQúLvQWDEHOXO
Tabelul 4
9DORULúLYHFWRULSURSULLDLPDWULFHLGHFRUHOD LL
Figura 5
& XWDUHDSULPHLD[HSULQFLSDOH
3HQWUXH[HPSOXOFXPDúLQLOHDPRE LQXW
λ1 = 4.6745
u1 = (0.4434;0.4182;0.3497;0.4252;0.4246;0.3811).
3ULPDFRPSRQHQW SULQFLSDO
ILHFDUH LQGLYLG L SULQ OXQJLPHD DOJHEULF D SURLHF LHL SXQFWXOXL xi* pe axa
∆1 .Valoarea lui Y1 (i ) este deci egaO FXSURGXVXOVFDODUvQWUHYHFWRULL u1 úL xi* :
p x ij − x j
Y1 (i ) = Oy i = ∑ u1 j ( )
j =1 sj
Astfel, valoarea primei componente principale Y1 SHQWUX5RYHUHVWHHJDO FX
Y1 (Rover)=0.44*1.49+0.41*1.67+0.34*1.58+0.43*1.13+0.43*1.17+0.38*0.83=3.19
Global, Y1 se scrie deci:
Y1 = 0.44Cilindree* + 0.41Putere * + 0.34Viteza * +
+ 0.43Greutate* + 0.43Lungime* + 0.38Latime* .
Valorile lui Y1 pentru fiecare individ sunt cuprinse în tabelul 5.
Tabelul 5
3 WUDWHOHGLVWDQ HORUSkQ ODRULJLne, componentele principale
úLS WUDWHOHFRVLQXVXULORU
3ULPD FRPSRQHQW SULQFLSDO Y1 HVWH FHQWUDW ILLQG FRPELQD LH OLQLDU GH
variabile centrate.
6HSRDWHDU WDF GLVSHUVLDVDHVWHHJDO FX λ1 :
n n
1 1
Dispersie (Y1 ) =∑
n i =1
Y12 (i ) = ∑ d 2 ( y i ,0) = I ({ y1 ,...., y n },0) = λ1 .
n i =1
Dispersia primei componente principale Y1 HVWH HJDO FX LQHU LD QRUXOXL
6H GHGXFH F DVLPLODULWDWHD OXL Y1 ID GH PXO LPHD GH YDULDELOH HVWH
HJDO FX
1 p λ
∑
p j =1
cor 2 ( X j , Y1 ) = 1
p
4.656
Pentru exempluO QRVWUX RE LQHP = 0.776 comparabil cu 0.715 al
6
cilindreei din tabelul 3.
&RUHOD LLOHvQWUH X j úL Y1 DSDUvQSULPDFRORDQ DWDEHOXOXL
Tabelul 6.
&RUHOD LLYDULDELOH -componente principale
YDULDELOHOH HD SRDWH IL LQWHUSUHWDW FD XQ IDFWRU GH P ULPH FODVkQG PDúLQLOH
de la cele mai mici ( Y1 (Fiat Uno)= -3.76; Y1 (Ford Fiesta)= - 3.50) la cele mai
mari ( Y1 (Renault 25)=3.44; Y1 (BMV530i)=3.95).
&DOLWDWHDJOREDO DSULPHLFRPSRQHQWHSULQFLSDOH
FRQVLGHUDW FD UH]XPDW DO GDWHORU VH IRORVHúWH IRUPXOD GH GHVFRPSXQHUH D
LQHU LHLWRWDOH
,QHU LDWRWDO
1 n 2 *
I ( N * ,0) = ∑ d ( xi ,0) = p
n i =1
VHGHVFRPSXQHGHFLvQGRX S U L
1 n 2
- primul termen ∑ d ( yi ,0) = I ({ y1 ,...., yn },0) UHSUH]LQW LQHU LD WRWDO D
n i =1
norului { y1 ,...., yn } D SURLHF LLORU SXQFWHORU xi* pe axa ∆1 $FHDVW
FDQWLWDWHUHSUH]LQW LQHU LDH[SOLFDW GHD[D ∆1 úLHVWHHJDO FX λ1
n
1
- al doilea termen ∑
n i =1
d 2 ( xi* , yi ) = I ( N * , ∆1 ) UHSUH]LQW LQHU LD UH]LGXDO
λ1
de iner LH H[SOLFDW 6H UHJ VHúWH DSURSULHUHD FRPSRQHQWHL SULQFLSDOH Y1
p
ID GHPXO LPHDGHYDULDELOH
4.656
ÌQH[HPSOXSDUWHDGHLQHU LHH[SOLFDW GH ∆1 HVWHHJDO FX = 0.776. Se
6
poate sSXQH F GLQ LQHU LD WRWDO HVWH H[SOLFDW SULQ DOXQJLUHD QRUXOXL
d 2 ( yi ,0) Y1 (i ) 2
cos 2 ( xi* , ∆1 ) = = .
d 2 ( xi* ,0) d 2 ( xi* ,0)
$GRXDD[ SULQFLSDO
vectorul u2 YHFWRU SURSULX QRUPDW GLQ PDWULFHD GH FRUHOD LL 5 DVRFLDW OD D
doua cea mai mare valoare proprie λ2 .
Valoarea proprie λ2 úL YHFWRUXO SURSULX u2 SHQWUX H[HPSOXO FX PDúLQLOH
se DIO vQ 7DEHOXO & XWDUHD FHOHL GH-a doua axe principale ∆ 2 este
YL]XDOL]DW vQ)LJXUD
Figura 6
& XWDUHDFHOHLGH -a doua axe principale
6 QRW P FX zi úL ai SURLHF LLOH SXQFWXOXL xi* pe axa ∆ 2 úL SH SODQXO
( ∆1 , ∆ 2 ) respectiv. Vectorii yi úL zi VXQWGHDVHPHQLSURLHF LLOHSXQFWHORU ai pe
axele ∆1 úL ∆ 2 .
Din descompunerea:
d 2 ( xi* ,0) = d 2 (ai ,0) + d 2 ( xi* , ai ) =
deducem:
= d 2 ( yi ,0) + d 2 ( zi ,0) + d 2 ( xi* , ai )
posibile.
Planul (∆1 , ∆ 2 ) VH QXPHúWH SULPXO SODQ SULQFLSDO (VWH SODQXO FDUH WUHFH
cel mai bine posibil prin mijlocul norului N * vQVHQVXOFULWHULXOXLLQHU LHL
$GRXDFRPSRQHQW SULQFLSDO
cor ( X J , Y2 ) = λ2 u 2 j
&RUHOD LLOH GLQWUH YDULDELOHOH úL FRPSRQHQWD SULQFLSDO Y2 din exemplul
nostru sunt datH vQ 7DEHOXO 3XWHP REVHUYD F Y2 HVWH FRUHODW SR]LWLY FX
&DOLWDWHDJOREDO -
DFHOHLGH DGRXDFRPSRQHQW SULQFLSDO úLDSULPHORU
GRX FRPSRQHQWHSULQFLSDOH
'LQ HFXD LLOH úL VH GHGXFH F SDUWHD GH LQHU LH H[SOLFDW GH D GRX a
D[ SULQFLSDO HVWH HJDO FX
λ2 LDU DFHHD H[SOLFDW GH SODQXO (∆1 , ∆ 2 ) este
p
(λ1 + λ2 )
HJDO FX .
p
În exemplu, ∆ 2 H[SOLF GLQ LQHU LD WRWDO LDU (∆1 , ∆ 2 )
H[SOLF GLQLQHU LDWRWDO
plan principal
&DOLWDWHDUHSUH]HQW ULLILHF UXLSXQFW xi* pe axa ∆ 2 úLSHSODQXO (∆1 , ∆ 2 ) se
P VRDU FX DMXWRUXO S WUDWHORU FRVLQXVXULORU XQJKLXULORU IRUPDWH GH YHFWRUXO
FRQ LQXWvQSULPXOSODQSULQFLSDO
Rezultate generale
Extinzând UH]XOWDWHOH SUH]HQWDWH vQ VHF LXQLOH SUHFHGHQWH VH RE LQ R
Figura 7
Axele principale. Componentele principale
p
Componentele principale Y1 ,......,Y p sunt definite prin Yh (i ) = ∑ u hj xij* .
j =1
Formulele carH XUPHD] VXQW IRDUWH LPSRUWDQWH úL VH GHGXF GLUHFW GLQ
procesul de construire al componentelor principale:
Formula de reconstituire a datelor:
p
xij* = ∑Yh (i )u hj (3)
h =1
)RUPXODGHUHFRQVWLWXLUHDPDWULFHLFRUHOD LLORUGLQWUHYDULDELOH :
p
cor ( X j , X l ) = ∑ λhuhj uhl (4)
h =1
de unde se deduce:
p
(i) ∑ cos ( x , ∆
h =1
2 *
i h ) =1
p
(ii) ∑λh =1
h =p
H[SOLFDW GHD[DSULQFLSDO ∆h .
'LVWDQ DOXL0DKDODQRELV
(D VH GHILQHúWH vQ IHOXO XUP WRU VH FRQVWUXLHVF PDL vQWkL FRPSRQHQWHOH
5HSUH]HQW ULJUDILFH
(VWHYRUEDGHUHSUH]HQW ULJUDILFHDOHLQGLYL]LORUúLYDULDELOHORU
Harta indivizilor
3URLHF LLOH SXQFWHORU xi* pe primul plan principal (∆1 , ∆ 2 ) au drept
coordonate pe axele principale ∆1 , ∆ 2 valorile Y1 (i ) úL Y2 (i ) .
5HSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF D SXQFWHORU Ai = (Y1 (i ), Y2 (i )) QH G DVWIHO FHO PDL EXQ
în Figura 8.
6H YHULILF LQWHUSUHWDUHD D[HORU SUH]HQWDW DQWHULRU PDúLQLOH DSDU GH -a
OXQJXO SULPHL D[H vQ IXQF LH GH PRGHOXO ORU GH OD FHOH PDL PLFL )LDW 8QR
Figura 8
3ULPXOSODQSULQFLSDOúLFHUFXOFRUHOD LLORU
Harta variabilelor
Variabilele sunt reprezentate într-un plan cu ajutorul punctelor:
B j = ( cor ( X j , Y1 ), cor ( X j ,Y2 )) Se RE LQH UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF GLQ )LJXUD
QXPLW ÄFHUFXOGHFRUHOD LL´
Variabile Rj
Cilindree 0.96
Putere 0.98
9LWH] 0.97
Greutate 0.92
Lungime 0.97
/ LPH 0.93
7RDWHYDULDELOHOHVXQWELQHUHSUH]HQWDWHSHFHUFXOGHFRUHOD LL
3DUWHD GH LQHU LH H[SOLFDW GH SULPXO SODQ SULQFLSDO ILLQG IRDUWH PDUH
$VWIHO FRUHOD LD vQWUH YDULDELOHOH X j úL X l SRDWH IL DSUR[LPDW SULQ
FRVLQXVXULORUXQJKLXULORUGLQWUHDFHúWLYHFWRUL
6H SRDWH YHULILFD GH H[HPSOX F GHQGRJUDPD GLQ )LJXUD H[SULP ELQH
Biplotul
Luându-QH FkWHYD SUHFDX LXQL vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH VFDUD GH UHSUH]HQWDUH
HVWH SRVLELO V VXSUDSXQHP FHOH GRX JUDILFH SULPXO SODQ SULQFLSDO úL FHUFXO
3UHVXSXQHP PDL vQWkL F SDUWHD HVHQ LDO GLQ LQHU LD WRWDO HVWH H[SOLFDW
YRU XUPD OD SXQFWH ELQH UHSUH]HQWDWH SH SULPXO SODQ SULQFLSDO úL OD YDULDELOH
IRDUWHSXWHUQLFFRUHODWHFXSULPHOHGRX FRPSRQHQWHSULQFLSDOH
ij XWLOL]kQGGRDUSULPHOHGRX GLPHQVLXQL
*
x
2 Yh
xij* = ∑ Yh (i )u hj Notând Yh =
*
FRPSRQHQWD SULQFLSDO Yh UHGXV úL
h =1 λh
utilizând faptulF
2
xij* = ∑Yh* (i )cor ( X j , Yh ) (6).
h =1
2675 − 1906.1
Exemplu Avem x(*Rover ,Cilindree ) = = 1.49 bine reconstituit prin
516.79
Y1* ( Rover )cor (Cilindree, Y1 ) + Y2* ( Rover ) ⋅ cor (Cilindree, Y2 ) =
1 1
= 3.19 × 0.96 + 0.77 × 0.03 = 1.44.
4.656 0.9152
2
1
OPij = ∑Y (i)cor(X ,Y )
h
*
j h
cor ( X j ,Y1 ) + cor ( X j ,Y2 ) h=1
2 2
Figura 9
3XQFWHLQGLYL]LúLD[HYDULDELOH
axa ∆( B j ) UHIOHFW GHFL ELQH UHSDUWL LD YDORULORU xij* ale variabilei X *j úL vQ
FRQVHFLQ úLDFHHDDYDORULORU xij ale variabilei de origine X j .
ÌQ)LJXUDDPFRQVWUXLWELSORWXOUHSUH]HQWDUHDVLPXOWDQ DLQGLYL]LORUúL
DYDULDELOHORUvQIHOXOXUP WRU
$VWIHO VH SRDWH YHULILFD IDSWXO F SURLHF LD PDúLQLORU SH D[D 9LWH]
(BMW 530i, Renault 25, Audi 90 Quatro) se opun bine la cele mai lente (Ford
Fiesta, Nissan Vanette, Fiat Uno, VW Caravelle).
'H DVHPHQHD SURLHF LLOH PDúLQLORU SH D[D / LPH RSXQ ELQH PDúLQD FHD
componentelor principaOHGDUVHSLHUGHvQDFHVWFD]GLPHQVLXQHDJHRPHWULF
a problemei.
9RPSUH]HQWDFULWHULXOFRUHOD LHLDSRLDOGLVSHUVLHL
&ULWHULXOFRUHOD LHL
maximizeze criteriul :
m p
1
∑[ p ∑ cor
h =1 j =1
2
( X j , Fh )] (7)
&X DOWH FXYLQWH VH FDXW UH]XPDUHD YDULDELOHORU GH RULJLQH X 1 ,....., X p
printr-XQ QXP U PDL PLF GH YDULDELOH F1,....., Fm QHFRUHODWH vQWUH HOH úL FDUH V
Yh
Fh = Yh* = ,care sunt tocmai componentele principale reduse. Valoarea
λh
PD[LPXOXLHVWHHJDO FX (λ1 + .... + λm ) / p .
Criteriul dispersiei
p
6H FDXW P YDULDELOH Z1,....., Z m de forma Z h = ∑ v hj X j cu vectorii
j =1
∑ Dispersie( Z
h =1
h ) (8)
úLRE LQHP
m
∑ Dispersie(Z
h =1
h ) = λ1 + ....... + λm .
Ward
$FHDVW PHWRG FRQGXFH OD XQ DOW SURFHGHX GH D UH]XPD GDWHOH
FDUH DSDU LQ DFHOHLDúL FODVH V ILH DVHP Q WR ri (similari) în timp ce indivizii
FDUHDSDU LQODFODVHGLIHULWHV ILHGHRVHEL LGHS UWD LGLVLPLODUL
$FHVW WHUPHQ VH QRWHD] FX , G1 ,....., Gk úL UHSUH]LQW LQHU LD H[SOLFDW GH
tipologie.
Al doilea termHQ GLQ GUHDSWD VH QXPHúWH LQHU LD LQWUD-FODVH úL P VRDU
omogenitatea claselor.
&DOLWDWHD WLSRORJLHL VH P VRDU FX DMXWRUXO UDSRUWXOXL GLQWUH LQHU LD LQWHU -
FODVHúLLQHU LDWRWDO
ni n j
D (Gi , G j ) = d 2 ( gi , g j )
n(ni + n j )
$FHVW FULWHULX XWLOL]DW SHQWUX P VXUDUHD GLVWDQ HL vQWUH GRX FODVH Gi úL
G j VHQXPHúWHFULWHULXOGHDJUHJDUHDOOXL:DUG
Exemplu:
G1 = {xCitroenBX
*
}
6 OX P . Avem
G2 = {x*Peugeot 405 }
d 2 ( x CitroenBX 405 ) =
* *
, x Peugeot
(1769 − 1769) 2 (90 − 90) 2 (182 − 180) 2
= + + +
267072 1442 609
(1060 − 1080) 2 (424 − 440) 2 (168 − 169) 2
+ + + = 0.189
50824 1638 56
1× 1
D 2 ( xCitroenBX
*
, x*Peugeot 405 ) = × 0.189 = 0.00393
24 × (1 + 1)
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HJDO FX LQHU LD WRWDO /D ILHFDUH HWDS VH FDOFXOHD] XQ LQGLFH RE LQXW SULQ
a indicelui
$SOLFD LH
GHQGRJUDP OD QLYHOXO OXL &LWURHQ %; DGLF D HOHPHQWXOXL FDUH SUHFHGH SH
DOF UHLLQGLFHGHDJUHJDUH D ( x2* , ( x4* , x6* ) / 6 este egal cu 0.19%.
$OJRULWPXO XUPHD] DFHODúL SURFHGHX SkQ OD XOWLPD HWDS FkQG VH
GLQUHVWXOHúDQWLRQXOXL
I(43,46)=D(43,46)=3.07202
Întrucât iQHU LD H[SOLFDW , SULQ FODVD IRUPDW GLQ DQVDPEOXO GH
REVHUYD LL HVWH QXO ÌQ FRQVHFLQ LQHU LD H[SOLFDW GH WLSRORJLD IRUPDW GLQ
GRX FODVH úL HVWH HJDO FX úL SDUWHD GH LQHU LH H[SOLFDW HVWH
&RQWLQX PVSUHvQFHSXWXODOJRULWPXOXL
Clasa 45 provine din reuniunea claselor:
ù(VSDFH2PHJD9:&DUDYHOOH`úL
ù7LSR55`
IRUPDW GLQ FODVH OD WLSRORJLD IRUPDW GLQ FODVH
DGRSW PWLSRORJLDGDWHORUGLQFODVH
Tabelul 7
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Figura 11
Dendograma
Figura 12
Vizualizarea tipologiei din 3 clase
reprezentat-RSHSODQXOSULQFLSDOGLQ)LJXUDúLDPFRQVWUXLW7DEHOXOXQGH
YDULDELOHOH VXQW DUDQMDWH vQ RUGLQHD GHVFUHVF WRare a testului Fisher între
YDULDELOHúLWLSRORJLH
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Honda Civic, Seat Ibiza Sxi, Citroen AX Sport, Peugeot 205 Rallye,
Peugeot 205, Fiat Uno, Ford Fiesta.
&ODVDPDúLQLORUPHGLLFRUHVSXQGHFODVHL
Fiat Tipo, Renault 19,Citroen BX, Peugeot 405, Renault 21, Espace, Opel
Omega, Ford Sierra, Peugeot 405 Break, Nissan Vanette, VW Caravelle.
&ODVDPDúLQLORUPDULFRUHVSXQGHFODVHL
&RPSRQHQWH 3ULQFLSDOH DWkW OD QLYHO WHRUHWLF FkW úL SUDFWLF UHFRPDQG P
0RULQHDX úL )pQpORQ /HEDUW 0RULQHDX úL 7DEDQ d (1977), Saporta
6DSRUWDùWHI QHVFX
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH PHWRGHOH GH RE LQHUH D WLSRORJLLORU UHFRPDQG P vQ
special:
(YHULWW úL SURFHGXULOH $&(&/86&/867(5)$67&/86 GLQ
programul SAS.
B
BIIB
BLLIIO
OGGR
RAAF
FIIE
E
Michel Tenenhaus - Methodes Statistiques en Gestion. Editura Dunod
1994, Paris.
Gilbert Saporta, - $QDOL]D GDWHORU úL ,QIRUPDWLF (GLWXUD (FRQRPLF
9LRULFDùWHI QHVFX 1996.