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The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th
centuries, creating the vast Mongol Empire which by 1300 covered large parts
of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastation as one of
the deadliest episodes in history.[1][2] In addition, Mongol expeditions may have
spread the bubonic plague across much of Eurasia.
The Mongol Empire developed in the course of the 13th century through a series of
victorious campaigns throughout Asia, reaching Eastern Europe by the 1240s. In
contrast with later "empires of the sea" such as the British, the Mongol Empire was
a land power,[7] fueled by the grass-foraging Mongol cavalry and cattle. Thus most
Mongol conquest and plundering took place during the warmer seasons, when there
was sufficient grazing for their herds.