Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2
depuse de ei, cât şi prin permiterea combaterii meritelor ideilor şi ipotezelor
altora.
gândire de grup – o situaţie de luare a unei decizii, care apare atunci când un
grup de factori de decizie se angajează într-o acţiune fără a chestiona ipotezele
care stau la baza acesteia.
hubris hypothesis - a theory developed by Richard Roll which says that top-
level managers are overconfident of their ability to create value by acquiring
another company, making poor acquisition decisions and paying too much for
the companies they acquire. p. 31
3
ipoteza hubris – o teorie dezvoltată de Richard Roll care spune că managerii
de la nivelul superior sunt prea încrezători în abilităţile lor de a crea valoare
prin achiziţionarea unei alte companii, luând decizii greştite de achiziţie şi
plătind prea mult pentru companiile pe care le achiziţionează.
major goals - goals that specify what the organization hopes to fulfill in the
medium to long term. p. 7
4
producţie, vânzări, marketing, dezvoltarea produselor, serviciul pentru clienţi,
contabilitate, etc.
6
strategy - an action a company takes to attain one or more of its goals; an
action a company takes to attain superior performance. p. 4
7
conducere corporatistă – mecanismele care sunt folosite pentru a-i
„guverna” pe manageri şi a asigura că acţiunile pe care le iau sunt în
concordanţă cu interesele celor mai importanţi stakeholderi.
free cash flow - cash flow in excess of that required to fund all investment
projects with positive net present values when discounted at the relevant cost
of capital. p. 63
mission - what the company is trying to achieve over the medium to long
term, as formally declared in its mission statement; also called "vision." p. 46
9
product-oriented business definition - focuses just on the products sold
and the markets served. p. 50
vision - what the company is trying to achieve over the medium to long term,
as formally declared in its mission statement; also called "mission." p. 46
10
Glossary by Chapter
Glosar pe Capitole
basic factors of production - land, labor, capital, and raw materials. p. 110
close substitutes - products or services that satisfy the same basic consumer
needs. p. 80
decline stage - that part of the industry life cycle in which growth becomes
negative for a variety of reasons including technological substitution, social
changes, demographics, and international competition. p. 103
faza de declin – acea parte din ciclul vieţii unei industrii, în care creşterea
devine negativă din diferite motive, inclusiv modificările tehnologice,
schimbările sociale, demografice, şi competiţia internaţională.
exit barriers - economic, strategic, and emotional factors that keep companies
in an industry even when returns are low. p. 87
12
factor endowments - one of Porter's four attributes of a nation-state that
have an impact on the global competitiveness of companies located within that
nation - a nation's position in factors of production such as skilled labor or
infrastructure. p. 109
13
growth industry - an industry in which first-time demand is expanding rapidly
as many new consumers enter the market. p. 101
industrie – un grup de companii care oferă produse sau servicii care reprezintă
substituenţi apropiaţi.
industry life cycle model - a tool for analyzing the effects of industry
evolution on competitive forces that identifies five distinct stages: embryonic,
growth, shakeout, mature, and declining. p. 100
condiţiile cererii locale - unul dintre cele patru atribute pe care Porter le
atribuie unei naţiuni, care are un impact asupra competitivităţii globale a
companiilor localizate într-un stat – natura cererii locale pentru produsele şi
serviciile respectivei industrii.
14
macromediu – cel mai larg mediu economic, tehnologic, social, demographic,
politic şi juridic.
industrie matură – o industrie în care piaţa este total saturată, iar cererea
este limitată de cererea de substituire a produselor/serviciilor.
shakeout stage - that part of the industry life cycle in which demand
approaches saturation levels. p. 102
*** faza de vârf - acea parte a ciclului de viaţă al unei industrii, în care
cererea se apropie de nivelul de saturaţie.
15
grupuri strategice – grupuri de companii în care fiecare membru urmează
aceeaşi strategie de bază ca toate companiile din grup, dar o strategie care
este diferită faţă de cea urmată de companii care aparţin altor grupuri.
switching costs - the cost to the consumer of switching from the product
offering of an incumbent company to the product offering of a new entrant. p.
82
the diamond - Porter's view that firms are most likely to succeed in industries
or industry segments in which conditions are favorable with regard to four
attributes - intensity of rivalry, local demand conditions, competitiveness of
related and supporting industries, and factor endowments - and that the
attributes form a mutually reinforcing system in which the effect of one
attribute is dependent on the state of the others. p. 109
16
Chapter 4 - Internal Analysis: Resources, Capabilities, Competencies,
and Competitive Advantage
company infrastructure - the companywide context within which all the other
value creation activities takes place, including the organizational structure,
control systems, and culture. p. 136
17
durata răspunsului faţă de client – timpul necesar pentru livrarea unui bun
sau pentru prestarea unui serviciu.
human resource - the business function that ensures the company has the
right mix of skilled people to perform its value creation activities effectively. p.
136
resursa umană – una din funcţiuile (laturile) unei afaceri, care asigură
compania că are combinaţia adecvată de oameni pregătiţi, pentru a executa în
mod eficient activităţile de obţinere de valoare.
innovation - anything new or novel about the way a company operates or the
products it produces. p. 130
inovaţie – orice este nou sau revoluţionar în felul în care o companie operează
sau în modul în care facbrică produsele.
18
intangible resources - brand names, reputation, patents, and technological or
marketing know-how. p. 137
marketing and sales - the business activities concerned with helping to create
value by affecting customers' perceptions and reporting customer needs back
to the R & D function. p. 134
producţia – funcţiunea unei afaceri care se ocupă cu crearea unui bun sau a
unui serviciu.
quality products - goods and services that are reliable in the sense that they
do the job they were designed for and do it well. p. 128
19
resurse – input-urile financiare, fizice, umane, tehnologice şi organizatorice
existente într-o companie.
service - the business activity concerned with providing after-sales service and
support. p. 135
value chain - the idea that a company is a chain of activities for transforming
inputs into outputs that customers value. p. 133
20
Chapter 5 - Building Competitive Advantage through Functional-Level
Strategy
experience curve - the systematic unit-cost reductions that occur over the life
of a product. p. 163
21
inovaţie incrementală – o extensie a tehnologiei existente.
learning effects - cost savings that come from learning by doing p. 161
22
comercializare slabă – o condiţie care apare atunci când există o cerere
intrinsecă pentru o nouă tehnologie, dar aceasta nu este bine adaptată la
nevoile consumatorului, datorită unor factori precum un design
necorespunzător şi o calitate scăzută.
23
Chapter 6 - Business-Level Strategy
business-level strategy - the plan of action that strategic managers adopt for
using a company's resources and distinctive competencies to gain a competitive
advantage over its rivals in a market or industry. p. 203
24
divestiture - the means by which a company exits an industry by selling the
whole business. p. 226
investment strategy - a plan that sets the amount and type of resources -
human, functional, and financial - that must be invested to gain a competitive
advantage. p. 220
25
strategia de investiţie – un plan care stabileşte suma şi tipurile de resurse –
umane, funcţionale şi financiare – care trebuie investite pentru a câştiga un
avantaj competitiv.
liquidation - the means by which a company exits an industry by selling off its
assets. p. 226
lichidare - metodele prin care o companie iese dintr-o industrie prin vânzarea
activelor.
26
share-increasing strategy - an investment strategy at the business level for
a company with the goal of attracting customers from weak companies that are
exiting the market. p. 223
*** blocaj (prins la mijloc) – o situaţie prin care o companie a făcut anumite
alegeri pentru produs sau piaţă, în aşa fel încât este incapabilă să obţină sau să
menţină un avantaj competitiv.
27
Chapter 7 - Competitive Strategy and the Industry Environment
28
industrie fragmentată – o industrie care are un număr mare de companii
mici sau mijlocii, dar nici una dintre acestea nu se află în poziţia de a domina
industria.
market development - the strategy by which companies find new markets for
their products. p. 250
dezvoltarea pieţei – strategia prin care companiile găsesc noi pieţe pentru
produsele lor.
29
strategia de nişă – într-o industrie în declin, o strategie prin care o companie
se concentrează pe categorii de cerere, care sunt stabile sau care sunt într-un
declin mai lent decât industria ca întreg.
price cutting - a set of pricing strategies used to deter new entrants into the
market by driving prices down to a level at which new companies will be unable
to cover their costs. p. 245
semnalizare prin preţ – procesul prin care companiile îşi cresc sau reduc
preţurile produselor lor, pentru a comunica intenţiile proprii către celelalte
companii şi a influenţa astfel modalitatea prin care acestea îşi stabilesc preţul
pentru produse lor.
global learning - the process by which the flow of skills and product offerings
goes from home country to foreign subsidiary, from foreign subsidiary to home
country, and from one foreign subsidiary to another. p. 280
global web - a set of value creation activities in which different stages of the
value chain are dispersed to those locations around the globe where value
added is maximized or costs are minimized. p. 269
31
acordarea linceţei internaţionale – un aranjament prin care o firmă străină
(cea care ia în licenţă) cumpără drepturile pentru a fabrica produsele companiei
care acordă licenţa, în ţara acestei firme, contra unui preţ negociat (în general,
un procent sub forma drepturilor de autor, pe numărul de unităţi vândute).
pioneering costs - costs that an early entrant in a market has to bear but that
later entrants can avoid. p. 285
costuri de pionierat – costuri pe care cei care intră timpuriu pe piaţă trebuie
să le suporte, dar pe care cei care vor intra mai târziu le pot evita.
32
strategic alliances - cooperative agreements between companies that may
also be competitors. p. 298
timing of entry - a basic entry decision that firms must make when choosing
to enter a set of attractive markets. p. 284
33
Chapter 9 - Corporate Strategy: Vertical Integration, Diversification,
and Strategic Alliances
risk of holdup - the risk of being taken advantage of by a trading partner after
an investment in specialized assets has been made. p. 318
35
integrare conică – achiziţionarea de input-uri de la furnizori independenţi, pe
lângă furnizorii deţinuţi de companie, sau distribuirea de output-uri prin puncte
de desfacere, altele decât punctele de desfacere proprii ale companiei.
36
Chapter 10 - Corporate Development: Building and Restructuring the
Corporation
cash cows - in the BCG matrix, the strategic business units with a high market
share in low-growth industries and a strong competitive position in mature
industries. p. 351
dogs - in the BCG matrix, the strategic business units that are in low-growth
industries and have low market share. p. 351
internal new ventures - a vehicle companies use to enter and develop new
business areas involving starting a new business from scratch. p. 348
37
*** noi companii interne – o modalitate pe care companiile o folosesc
pentru a intra pe noi zone sau pentru a se dezvolta pe anumite zone de afaceri,
modalitate care implică începerea unei noi afaceri de la punctul zero.
joint ventures - a vehicle companies use to enter and develop new business
areas involving the establishment of a new business with the assistance of a
partner. p. 348
premier plus 10 - the new core competencies a company must build today to
ensure that it remains a premier provider of its existing products in next years'
time. p. 355
question marks - in the BCG matrix, the strategic business units that are
relatively weak in competitive terms but are based in high-growth industries
and may offer opportunities for long-term profit and growth. p. 351
38
semne de întrebare – în matricea BCG, unităţile de afacere strategice care
sunt relativ slabe în comparaţie cu competitorii, dar care sunt plasate în
industrii cu creştere mare şi care pot oferi oportunităţi de profitabilitate şi
creştere pe termen lung.
relative market share - the ratio of a strategic business unit's market share
to the market share held by the largest rival company in its industry. p. 349
cota de piaţă relativă – raportul dintre cota de piaţă a unei unităţi strategice
de afaceri şi cota de piaţă deţinută de cea mai mare companie din industrie.
SBU - strategic business unit normally defined in terms of the product markets
in which the company is competing. p. 349
stars - in the BCG matrix, the leading strategic business units in a company's
portfolio, with high relative market share and based in high-growth industries.
p. 350
“spaţii albe” – noile produse sau servicii pe care o companie le-ar putea crea
prin reorganizarea sau recombinarea competenţelor sale fundamentale actuale.
39
Chapter 11 - Designing Organizational Structure
40
functional structure - an organizational structure that groups people on the
basis of their common expertise and experience or the fact that they use the
same resources. p. 394
43
Chapter 12 - Designing Strategic Control Systems
adaptive cultures - those that are innovative and encourage and reward
initiative by middle and lower-level managers. p. 439
employee stock option plan (ESOP) - reward system that allows employees
to buy shares in the company at below-market prices. p. 443
inert cultures - those that are cautious and conservative, do not value
initiative on the part of middle and lower-level managers, and may even
actively discourage it. p. 439
organizational culture - the specific collection of values and norms that are
shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they
interact with each other and with outside stakeholders. p. 435
45
organizational socialization - the way people internalize and learn the
norms and values of a culture so that they become organizational members. p.
436
organizational values - beliefs and ideas about what kinds of goals members
of an organization should pursue and what standards of behavior they should
use to achieve these goals. p. 435
46
strategic control - the process by which managers monitor the ongoing
activities of an organization and its members and take corrective action to
improve performance when needed. p. 420
47
Chapter 13 - Matching Structure and Control to Strategy
48
divizie “new venture” – o unitate organizaţională nou creată, care are
autonomia de a experimenta şi de a elimina astfel riscurile cauzate de
cercetarea minuţioasă zilnică a managementului superior.
49
Chapter 14 - Implementing Strategic Change
business process - any activity that is vital to delivering goods and services to
customers quickly or that promotes high quality or low costs. p. 486
proces la nivel de afacere – orice activitate care este vitală pentru livrarea
rapidă a bunurilor şi serviciilor către clienţi sau care promovează o calitate
înaltă sau costuri reduse.
felt conflict - conflict that occurs at the stage when managers start to
personalize the disagreement. p. 496
informal power - the authority a manager possesses that derives from the
company's corporate and business-level strategies, which make some
functional or divisional managers more important than others. p. 501
innovation - the process by which organizations use their skills and resources
to create new technologies or goods and services in order to change and
respond better to customer needs. p. 490
50
inovaţie – procesul prin care organizaţiile îşi folosesc aptitudinile şi resursele
pentru a crea noi tehnologii sau bunuri şi servicii, în vederea schimbării, şi
pentru a răspunde mai bine nevoilor consumatorilor.
latent conflict - potential conflict that can flare up when the right conditions
arise. p. 494
51
power - the ability of one individual, function, or division to cause another
individual, function, or division to do something it would not otherwise have
done. p. 500
strategic change - the movement of a company away from its present state
toward some desired future state to increase its competitive advantage. p. 486
52
schimbare de sus în jos – schimbare care apare atunci când un director
executiv puternic sau o echipă a managementului superior analizează cum se
poate modifica strategia şi structura, propune un curs al acţiunilor, şi se mişcă
repede în direcţia restructurării şi implementării schimbării în cadrul
organizaţiei.
53