1 1. farsinn eleotromius: - Legile slestrolizei, ‘formulate 46 Pateday, au-constituit prima fundesentare expexinentall amiprt. structurii discrete « sarcinilos.slectrioe,,proeua, $i, a, existentel sarcinit electrice ‘etovontare., Confora acestor legi, 1a trecerea printr-o, soluyie eioctrolitio#, « unei cantitl}i de, electricitate @, 1a electrons, tu doyun Sntobdonsn cunts da, abatangh paoportionsle, cx ¢ebi- satonsii tor ohiniot §.,,A find, ame atoniel,, faz ¥ yalenge olo~ mentu)ni comsiderat. s ‘Din leges lai Paredey andhe tn cave 7 ots santa tei Pasnday (ogni ou 96.500 S/ecnivalent f * ant gran) romulth 1 each. canta de inovanit darn ot cee wind MOWTE Cae enwerqpatsist-) Aceesth sarcint pourtil muasle do strcink elonsntark,© yaptey, ee etait elton decanging” 467) axeisereina “Opal éu\@, col doveupre bivalent Cu’? cane: sareina o¢a}6 ev 20, cof'de fhe teivarens: axe’ eereina ogats cv Joy etc, Rxperiente avites, do asenenbe, ¢f pf oarcinn Jonilor din: gaze.este-un-sulti- plu fatreg de sarcini elonentare, ionii positivi evini masa oocpa- ‘rabilK ou cea e atonilor gi soleculelor gasului zespectiv. Tn coca ce privegte Sonii negstivi' tne, alituriGe init’ ce au ma 80 couparebile cu mass atonilor 9i molequlelor, in casul desctr~ obrilor electrice fn gaze 14 presiuni miei; sau vbservat gi par- sa te negativ avind sarcina mumeric eg=li cu @ gi de aii de ori oxi Sick dect¥ dddofe ‘wienee, Watson au ‘nite ae exe Stoney (1890) “eloct¥oni. - an ‘Prinele deterwindri experinentale précise ale structurii ‘discrete a sarciniler electTice précis give surcinii elenentare av fost tteute de Ruillikay (1911). In principio experientt do tip Millikan coustita determinaren ea¥einii unor pictteri lei fnedzeate oui garcina Q, datoritt pulverizirii, care sint in- ‘teoduse Gntre plSeile unui condenestor plan orizontal, Consideris c-asttel do pictturt de aixensiuai niet; avind aisierrnl de ordi- sai aiorontior, eressté Sntng plSesD¢ unui contensstor orizontel “os fn figure 1.1, Wigcares particule’ tn Piorenta gazului dintre plécile contensatorului (aor do exenpla) oub eetiunea ofepulid ‘electric poate ££ urafxith ov ajutora’ uni uieroseep. i JOO) © Duet paxticota’ cate Liberé © Gta eowontal ofepadut etectriody:» © gbuned cateritemicinii eby.e0 va » elitea unifors yi Toxtote care ac~ Fig 1A Bebosn enpertontet poneuat anupee'fles vor wont2i- ‘bra, Acoste forte. wtaty greutates PAOHRUHEE GE Pony de rreceke Fy pienturst eu lentil ¢i corteAsniaediod 75. Nottod ou 7. rece piotturii, oo 9. densitatea subetantol plotturii, ou 9p densitates garuiui, ou Mm, visconi— tatea:gumulei, iar ou -v, vitess pictturii i folosind pentra forte de frecare 0 forwuls de tip Stokes, vom aveas FIP CQ - Pde= ry, an be aket oo obtine nese plotturit ve ve jpegs * ‘ ? Ee ie aay pack se aplick o Giterents de potential intze plicile ‘coadensatoruini astfel ineft picsture a se mints unifers tn ous ‘on vitesa de urcare ¥ vos aves # fan se = 6x1 As 928 an 4 Hiss snvensitetea eteporst @idoteic ‘initora’din interior) Gondenaatoruiid. ‘Dit ‘x6LaGiste:(1.3)"9f!(1.5) vom obpine ae fi yinsna cont de relayia (1.4) vom even! ono Sm eo an 83-32)" 8 5 cocouotua vinvonssaton,cSunsich "| sazennisaten #0 etupuiu electeis si-cele,douk danaitati: Q.sii9 iat atmurtnd ‘experinental cele douk witene yy si ¥_ putes avernins sarcine qe pickturii considezate, Detorminind sarcinile unei serii de pieKturi se constath ef Game , Qpmzey++y adiok aeinn «- cestore ante déscreth, fiscare sarcink fiind proportionslé eu cnrcinn olenentar © « Meatinind constant éiapel electric & ein interiom)ee ? ‘sontensetorulsi gi ionising gasul din interiors) acestuia (ou ‘agotornl wusi fascicul 4e zane X, de exemple), Sonii de gas se ‘vor atapa de piciturt gi sareina acesteis se va nodifion, dave- mind @) 5.0 AG, AQ flint sarcine ioouisi de gas ce oe ‘avagat de pietturk. Ouatt cu acousta nok se ve modifice oi vitesse de nigcare uniforaés pictturii, Dac nots cu v, valosren aces- tein, atunek, zelatia (1.7) 90 sorter : 2 ¥2 a9 ane oe ae) Din gelayiite (1.7) i (1.8) vou ‘obtine prin solsere, ‘sévoina Sonalui de ga ayn? g9+9 -9 990i (w-v) ar Deteraintnd experimental viteselé ¥, 5 ¥ si % 70 (2.9) pemite deterninares sezeinii iomlai ae gas din interi ul oopdonestorvlui. Experienfa arati oi enreinile ioailor de gaz fuolzee}i aiferit, om pi sarcinile diferitelor piotturi de visi, ‘afut wultipli tatregi ai erciniii elementare, avind deci tm ca racter discret. ‘Valoaree saroisli eleaentere deterainaté prin experiente de tip Millixan, preoum gi prin alte metode mai moderne, este consideraté astasi oe fiind + * os 1,600.107% x0 i oa cotnotde be vetoes oterninatt din Logile glectrolizei, ‘Mectroul are sarcina wlectrich sogative egal Sa va~ Joare absoluté cu sarcina elenentarl. EC ~ SSEotep eiectsic oi apo vig pontioulet preoun gi deviapis scoutwiay Pm: pr* sesh 2 ee ei cae trite avon me wt Fett cfiapud smgnetions otze Andzel ‘te fn bin #i oavgtne 2. yom note ou F , stat constane ottnd ou _ vitess pertiouled fa presin{e ofepuial, acudbiite dp eigenze aie acestein sevseriu 5-9 = iene iaeual’ en "Fain Fonohveren sovetel ooustit ae" pot” ateraina "tetoe? ‘particule’ peecum oi deviayin pe safe abedite: O'witort, 18 juve casei parti cioulare oare presi ‘ork fprosinth interes’ aid punet’ ae’ ve iy * Yau gonnidere clmpul electric € Srieatat Gps am 0, « ordonate fd ca Te tigure (2.2) "6, = OF = . (un aatfol de oftp poste £1 Gut de! un’ cone ‘danestor2, aed ta ementul intricis perticeis tn cla, fe peoete 9 care ‘Ham ales éa fifsd origines eldtendst Fae ‘Coordonate fase ‘este perpendioularé pe intensitates scestiiiw. § oocts Rouapiite: ds winoure corespunsttonse og arin in.seest.oe: & oats Linciee $0, +o a Intogrind aceste eountii si yt ) 234%. condigiite Aniyiate (2.2) vou ebfine cosponentele viteséi 9i coordonatele partioahéi ia did eabteeee te da wxasentite 3,8) * ve yr? yee ACERS ate! == eat? © aes ‘inintad tnpel tate prise ef cisian rola sin per~ ton dreaptt, von obsine ecuntia traectoriei partiouled .o. age b-00k care este o paravelé fu plant 21 « Alsturi de treectorie, presinth interes i deviatia ntact « pertioulel de 1a Aizeotia ae initial. Aoeaott dovia- ‘pie bonita aii davintia’” ay" 1% Sepizen’ pabtioute! ain ctep oi Goviatih £, Gupit Lepizes 6i Ain’ etmp’ (vert: figure’2.1)¥ Pentry W deternits nosantel Geviatie’ ait notial ou 2, - lungines: condensato- ‘pulud a 6u'°1 Getafe a Gatw WW giiivpes’ cornet = pe care oo toudibcthin Gaviatie paretoulel, re de conteaiuor,-Devis2° Devbatia 22 cove Gath de relagin spe tet aoe! ‘e fiind unghivl pe care 2 face viters particulel 1a Sepizea ‘in efmp,ou ounmul initial al acvateia. ae diei ty ecto Alapul necesne pertioulei pentry par cargo iunginea ly condansntoratal oi wate coal = acess aves: - ” ¥, 4 ¥ we-(#), wih. S fy . y lis % = & (2.9) iz ‘o eviatie Goths parttoste va fh atimet | Sanyene= Shem, ce ane) i dens pin coonaut formu os, obeervé. of $0 cams], with faochont ‘cazo:contine. particule. éa,sceengi naburK, pentra.ctze Fap0rtaS {v_cnse on maeate snreink specitist »,yaationiely ost cenelsnt+ vievinyin particuleh in efup, electric traneversal dapinie nunai, ¢°a Rouatiile (2,1) 20 sonia nentele vz = ¥) + ty = 00k vgs 0 Se-o8 . oe geo ean avind solufiile oe dau componentele vitesei pi coordonatele parti~ outed wit ste x= vote gb tt? wre reapectiv y= 0 (22) - Ss eyert sbetice piypeblcbiecaceten soo ‘viteus particule au-9i modificl direotia ci mueei airizes, Big- ceyen:pertineel hin» nignne sesh ake nigoes pert on wommmentasnaiihe. bia Ana aepimig iiins accelerat, Dac, ta sobind, q 4 tev tefp = 1G = He (e000 be a 4,6 t, « as © 5 eon Be observ oX Geviatin particulel in efup magnetic este invers peoportisualt ‘ou vitess inivinlt © pervioutei; ei ¢ixeot: propertfonaik cu Gareine epeciricl = acesteiay mee Teton tn amo ot i i raeial algoéa 4 e0tbeses iteri¥e’eembisatst ae & TB ster thrshs s _ Ga selavie care eeprerintl Yocaal Yogen connervéci! onergiod tx are eounidore, Dus uotan ifensnte 46 potentiat 7 “Ye °° 3 s a -@ i (2.39)27, az dact to: pusetal Ya 5%, = © Wie ‘ 28) Pe barilneeates seletis on:peutb datink @-nont unitate an eunogia dos folocitl fa fixie Rleroepsmonsisi gi amsne glee: ‘troncyo} Hil. Ua electron-volt eate eneigia unui election accel rat Ja 0 diforonté: de potential de-un volt... 1 eV = 1 electron-velt = 2,60,107°93 ‘In practiét oe mai foloseso uraitorii auitiplii al electron-vol~ Peeve 10 68 41 MOV A A oF 5 1 G0K.= 10708 6 5. Detersiuanes snrcini{ aiecitien es slectronitit Alturi, de sazcina electronlui, mse scotia constiuie 0 alts caracteristic& fundenentala. Determinares: eased ‘electrouz- tai 0¢ a0, daterninind ani {ntti enroina specifiot $4 tuia pe basa unor experiente de deviere fn efap - electric i ag tour Sant avian. teva ebop uses Stone saseten.eesitiok-Asartertrtatacttiali ol sibear pest deter. You: Gesozie prinoipial 0 experienth de tip Monson pentra dotereinares sarcinii epoeifice « olectromini. Ba se dassass po doviatie ta otap olectrio oi augastic « unci Zeacienl do atectront of consti din wraktosrele (vest figure 3.0), ~ gntb-aal tab th care Ga ftout vid toaintat etectronii tate ao atodir Hy Aint acteleratt de dateria’D{ y/ptrtaone ‘ancdui A prin Gaachideren’ centidit acostute’ pf inted totre piteite condeusstomaiei Ov zn ebienga etapuiad etéctrie al eaa: pe scram} fluorescent Sta punctul 7, Apliofad pléoitor GexltonSing satoroe onTnte-adevir contore formlelor stabilite in 62 re ee o, of , find constante fle aparetuin. OP iniatad itene hn ons deal sale "oot oo on. 6» % pact reportal { sate constant eouatia (5.3) roprezintaé un are de parabolé. Sobinbind sensu cfapului fnek ofmpel magnetic neschinbat, va trebal sil ‘are de parebolll cimotric ou primul ei adai find axa oz dropt tan- ‘sent oomuni fn punctul 0, Experientele ofectuste de Faiifaann {nok fm 1901, fm condifiile desorice asi foninte, folosind iin fi de electzoni provenifi de 1a o sure 4¢ radiu, au aritat Ok curbele obtimute mu sfnt arce de paraboll pick ele mi adait o tangent count, De aici o-n tres conolusia ott carcins specitict @ electromiui $ gi deci gi masa ma acostuia variant si anne, cxegte ou vitesa particulei. Bxperientele ultericare mu urktat of dopondonta masei de vitert este fn corcordan}i cu conclusiile toorioi rolativitayil, confore ofzein naca uel paxticule ou vi- tena _v i mesa de ropous =, oste datt de relatia a: