1. Ce este C++?

2. Ce diferențe există între C și C++?

3. Care sunt avantajele și dezavantajele utilizării C++?
4. Ce este polimorfismul și cum poate fi implementat în C++?
5. Ce sunt clasele abstracte și cum se utilizează în C++?
6. Ce este moștenirea și cum se implementează în C++?
7. Ce este STL în C++?
8. Ce este diferența dintre STL și MFC?
9. Ce sunt pointerii și referințele în C++ și care este diferența între ele?
10. Ce este șabloanele și cum se utilizează în C++?

Senior:
1. Care sunt cele mai importante concepte de programare orientată pe obiecte în C++?
2. Ce metode folosiți pentru a îmbunătăți performanța aplicațiilor C++?
3. Care este diferența între pointeri și referințe în C++? Când și cum le utilizați?
4. Cum gestionați corect memoria în C++?
5. Ce sunt șabloanele și cum se pot folosi pentru a reduce codul duplicat?
6. Ce sunt STL și container-ele STL? Cum ați utiliza STL pentru a rezolva probleme de programare?
7. Ce este RAII și cum se poate utiliza pentru a gestiona resursele în C++?
8. Cum gestionați excepțiile în C++? Care sunt cele mai bune practici pentru gestionarea excepțiilor?
9. Care sunt principalele avantaje ale utilizării C++ în comparație cu alte limbaje de programare?
10. Cum faceți debugging-ul și profilarea aplicațiilor C++? Ce instrumente folosiți în acest sens?

Engleza toate de sus

1. What is C++?
2. What are the differences between C and C++?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using C++?
4. What is polymorphism and how can it be implemented in C++?
5. What are abstract classes and how are they used in C++?
6. What is inheritance and how is it implemented in C++?
7. What is the STL in C++?
8. What is the difference between STL and MFC?
9. What are pointers and references in C++ and what is the difference between them?
10. What are templates and how are they used in C++?

1. What are the most important object-oriented programming concepts in C++?

2. What methods do you use to improve the performance of C++ applications?
3. What is the difference between pointers and references in C++? When and how do you use them?
4. How do you manage memory correctly in C++?
5. What are templates and how can they be used to reduce duplicate code?
6. What are the STL and STL containers? How would you use STL to solve programming problems?
7. What is RAII and how can it be used to manage resources in C++?
8. How do you handle exceptions in C++? What are the best practices for exception handling?
9. What are the main advantages of using C++ compared to other programming languages?
10. How do you debug and profile C++ applications? What tools do you use for this purpose?

11. What is the difference between overloading and overriding in C++?

12. What are virtual functions and how are they used in C++?
13. What is the difference between a shallow copy and a deep copy in C++?
14. What is the role of constructors and destructors in C++?
15. How do you implement a copy constructor and an assignment operator in C++?
16. What is the difference between a stack and a heap memory allocation in C++?
17. What are smart pointers in C++ and how do they help with memory management?
18. How do you use C++ to create a multi-threaded application?
19. What is the difference between a mutex and a semaphore in C++ multithreading?
20. What are some common pitfalls to avoid in C++ programming?

Sure, here are answers for all the questions:

1. What is C++?
Answer: C++ is a high-level, object-oriented programming language that is an extension of the C
programming language. It was developed in the 1980s and has since become widely used for developing
software applications, operating systems, device drivers, game engines, and more.

2. What are the differences between C and C++?

Answer: C++ is an extension of C, so it includes all the features of C and introduces additional features
such as classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, templates, and exceptions. C++ also supports
object-oriented programming and is designed to provide better support for software development.

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using C++?

Answer: Some advantages of using C++ include its support for object-oriented programming, high
performance, portability, and a large community of developers. However, some disadvantages include its
complexity, steep learning curve, and the potential for memory management issues.

4. What is polymorphism and how can it be implemented in C++?

Answer: Polymorphism is the ability of objects of different classes to be treated as if they were of the
same class. In C++, polymorphism can be implemented through function overloading, operator
overloading, and virtual functions.

5. What are abstract classes and how are they used in C++?
Answer: Abstract classes are classes that cannot be instantiated and are used as a base class for other
classes. They provide a blueprint for derived classes to implement their own functionality. Abstract
classes in C++ are implemented using pure virtual functions.

6. What is inheritance and how is it implemented in C++?

Answer: Inheritance is the process by which one class inherits properties from another class. In C++,
inheritance is implemented using the "class" keyword followed by the base class name and the access
specifier. The derived class can then access the public and protected members of the base class.

7. What is the STL in C++?

Answer: The STL (Standard Template Library) is a collection of C++ templates that provide common data
structures and algorithms. It includes containers such as vectors, lists, and maps, as well as algorithms
for sorting, searching, and manipulating the containers.

8. What is the difference between STL and MFC?

Answer: The STL is a set of C++ templates that provide data structures and algorithms, while MFC
(Microsoft Foundation Classes) is a set of C++ classes that provide a framework for building Windows
applications. The STL is platform-independent and can be used on any platform that supports C++, while
MFC is designed specifically for Windows.

9. What are pointers and references in C++ and what is the difference between them?
Answer: Pointers and references in C++ are both used to manipulate memory addresses, but they differ
in their syntax and behavior. Pointers are declared using the "*" symbol and can be reassigned to point
to different memory locations, while references are declared using the "&" symbol and are aliases for
existing variables.

10. What are templates and how are they used in C++?
Answer: Templates are a feature of C++ that allow for generic programming by defining functions and
classes that can accept any data type as a parameter. They are used to reduce duplicate code and
increase code reusability.

1. The most important object-oriented programming concepts in C++ are encapsulation, inheritance, and
polymorphism. Encapsulation refers to the idea of hiding data and functions within a class to protect
them from outside access. Inheritance allows you to create new classes that are based on existing ones,
inheriting their properties and methods. Polymorphism allows you to use a single interface to represent
multiple types of objects.

2. There are several methods to improve the performance of C++ applications, including optimizing code
for memory usage and execution speed, reducing the number of memory allocations and deallocations,
and using more efficient algorithms and data structures.

3. Pointers and references are both used to refer to memory locations in C++. A pointer is a variable that
stores the address of a memory location, while a reference is an alias for an existing object. Pointers can
be used to directly manipulate memory, while references provide a simpler and more readable way to
access objects. Pointers are often used in C++ to implement data structures, while references are
commonly used in function parameters to pass objects by reference rather than by value.

4. Memory management is a critical aspect of C++ programming, and it is important to manage memory
correctly to avoid issues such as memory leaks and segmentation faults. Correct memory management
involves allocating memory when it is needed, deallocating memory when it is no longer needed, and
avoiding memory leaks by properly cleaning up after data structures and objects.

5. Templates are a powerful feature of C++ that allow you to write generic code that can be used with
multiple data types. Templates are used to define classes and functions that can work with any data
type, allowing you to write more flexible and reusable code. Templates can be used to reduce duplicate
code by writing generic functions and classes that can be used with different types of data.

6. The STL (Standard Template Library) is a collection of generic classes and functions provided in the C++
Standard Library that implement common data structures and algorithms. STL containers are classes that
hold a collection of other objects, such as arrays, lists, maps, and vectors. These containers provide built-
in functions to manipulate the data stored within them, making it easier to solve programming
problems. To use STL in a program, you simply include the appropriate header files and use the provided
classes and functions.
7. RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization) is a programming technique in C++ that involves acquiring a
resource (such as memory or a file) during object construction and releasing it during object destruction.
This approach ensures that resources are always properly managed, even in the face of exceptions or
other errors. RAII can be used to manage any type of resource that requires initialization and cleanup,
including memory, file handles, and network connections.

8. Exception handling is a mechanism in C++ that allows errors to be gracefully handled during program
execution. When an error occurs, an exception is thrown and the program jumps to the nearest suitable
catch block to handle the exception. Best practices for exception handling include using specific
exception classes to indicate different types of errors, catching exceptions at the appropriate level of
abstraction, and avoiding unnecessary use of exceptions (such as for normal program flow).

9. C++ has several advantages over other programming languages, including:

- Performance: C++ is a compiled language that can produce highly optimized code, making it well-suited
for applications where performance is critical.
- Low-level access: C++ provides low-level access to hardware resources, making it useful for systems
programming and device drivers.
- Object-oriented programming: C++ supports object-oriented programming, which makes it easier to
write modular and reusable code.
- Extensibility: C++ allows you to extend the language with user-defined types and functions, giving you
greater flexibility in designing your programs.
- Compatibility: C++ is a widely-used language that is supported on many platforms and by many
development tools.

10. Debugging and profiling C++ applications can be done using a variety of tools, including IDEs (such as
Visual Studio and Eclipse), command-line tools (such as gdb and valgrind), and specialized profiling tools
(such as Intel VTune). The specific tool or technique used depends on the nature of the problem being
investigated. Common debugging techniques include setting breakpoints, examining variable values, and
stepping through code. Profiling techniques include measuring execution time, identifying hotspots in
the code, and analyzing memory usage.

11. In C++, overloading is when multiple functions share the same name but have different parameter
lists, while overriding occurs when a subclass provides its own implementation for a method that was
defined in the parent class.
12. A virtual function is a function that is declared in a base class and is intended to be overridden by a
derived class. Virtual functions allow polymorphism to be achieved in C++, where a function call is
resolved at runtime rather than compile time.
13. In C++, a shallow copy copies the values of the member variables of an object to another object,
while a deep copy creates a new object with its own memory that is a replica of the original object.
14. Constructors are special member functions that are called when an object is created, while
destructors are special member functions that are called when an object is destroyed. Constructors are
used to initialize the member variables of an object, while destructors are used to release any resources
that were acquired by the object during its lifetime.
15. A copy constructor is a special constructor that creates a new object by initializing it with an existing
object of the same class, while an assignment operator is a special member function that assigns the
value of one object to another object of the same class. To implement a copy constructor and an
assignment operator in C++, you need to define them as member functions of the class and ensure that
they correctly copy or assign the values of all the member variables of the class.
16. The stack and heap are two different memory regions used for dynamic memory allocation in C++.
The stack is used for automatic memory allocation and is managed by the compiler. The stack is used to
store function calls, local variables, and function parameters. The heap, on the other hand, is used for
dynamic memory allocation and is managed by the programmer. It is used to allocate memory for
objects whose size is not known at compile time or that need to exist beyond the scope of a single
function.

17. Smart pointers are objects in C++ that help manage memory by automatically deallocating memory
when it is no longer needed. There are three types of smart pointers in C++: unique_ptr, shared_ptr, and
weak_ptr. unique_ptr represents a pointer to a single object and is owned by only one object at a time.
shared_ptr represents a pointer to an object that can be owned by multiple objects. weak_ptr is used to
create a non-owning reference to an object that is managed by a shared_ptr.

18. Multi-threading in C++ can be implemented using the standard library threading support. The
std::thread class is used to create a new thread of execution. The thread function is then used to specify
the code that will be executed by the new thread. Communication between threads can be achieved
using synchronization primitives such as mutexes and condition variables.

19. Mutexes and semaphores are both used for synchronization in multi-threaded applications in C++.
Mutexes are used to protect a shared resource by allowing only one thread to access it at a time.
Semaphores, on the other hand, are used to control access to a shared resource by limiting the number
of threads that can access it at the same time.

20. Some common pitfalls to avoid in C++ programming include using uninitialized variables, using
dangling pointers or references, not properly managing memory allocation and deallocation, not
handling exceptions properly, and not following best practices for code organization and naming
conventions. It is also important to avoid using features of the language that are known to be error-
prone, such as C-style arrays and pointers, and to use standard library containers and algorithms instead.

Design Patterns
1. Ce sunt sabloanele de proiectare și care este rolul lor în C++?
2. Care sunt cele mai comune sabloane de proiectare utilizate în C++ și cum le folosiți?
3. Cum utilizați sabloanele de proiectare pentru a îmbunătăți structura și flexibilitatea aplicațiilor C++?
4. Cum ați implementa sabloanele Singleton și Factory în C++?
5. Ce este sablonul Observer și cum poate fi implementat în C++?
6. Cum ați utiliza sablonul Decorator pentru a extinde funcționalitatea unei clase existente în C++?
7. Ce sunt sabloanele de proiectare de nivel înalt și cum se diferențiază de cele de nivel jos?
8. Care sunt avantajele și dezavantajele utilizării sabloanelor de proiectare în C++?
9. Cum ar trebui să alegeți sabloanele de proiectare potrivite pentru aplicația dvs. C++?
10. Cum faceți debugging-ul și profilarea aplicațiilor C++ care utilizează sabloane de proiectare?

Engleza:
1. What are design patterns and what is their role in C++?
2. What are the most common design patterns used in C++ and how do you use them?
3. How do you use design patterns to improve the structure and flexibility of C++ applications?
4. How would you implement the Singleton and Factory patterns in C++?
5. What is the Observer pattern and how can it be implemented in C++?
6. How would you use the Decorator pattern to extend the functionality of an existing class in C++?
7. What are high-level design patterns and how do they differ from low-level ones?
8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using design patterns in C++?
9. How should you choose the appropriate design patterns for your C++ application?
10. How do you debug and profile C++ applications that use design patterns?

Raspunsuri design patterns

Sure, here are sample answers for each of the questions:

1. What are design patterns and what is their role in C++?

Answer: Design patterns are reusable solutions to common software development problems. They
provide a way to capture and communicate best practices in software design. In C++, design patterns can
help to improve code organization and maintainability by providing standardized solutions to common
problems.

2. What are the most common design patterns used in C++ and how do you use them?
Answer: Some of the most common design patterns used in C++ include the Singleton, Factory, Observer,
and Decorator patterns. The Singleton pattern ensures that there is only one instance of a class in the
program. The Factory pattern is used to create objects without exposing the creation logic to the client
code. The Observer pattern allows objects to be notified when the state of another object changes. The
Decorator pattern is used to extend the functionality of an existing class without changing its
implementation.

3. How do you use design patterns to improve the structure and flexibility of C++ applications?
Answer: Design patterns can be used to improve the structure and flexibility of C++ applications by
providing standardized solutions to common problems. By using design patterns, code can be made
more modular, maintainable, and extensible. Design patterns can also help to improve code reuse by
providing a way to encapsulate and abstract common functionality.

4. How would you implement the Singleton and Factory patterns in C++?
Answer: To implement the Singleton pattern in C++, you can define a class with a private constructor and
a static method that returns a single instance of the class. To implement the Factory pattern in C++, you
can define a factory class with methods that create and return objects of a particular type. The creation
logic can be encapsulated within the factory class, allowing client code to create objects without needing
to know the details of the creation process.

5. What is the Observer pattern and how can it be implemented in C++?

Answer: The Observer pattern is a design pattern in which an object, called the subject, maintains a list
of its dependents, called observers, and notifies them automatically of any changes to its state. In C++,
the Observer pattern can be implemented using a combination of virtual functions, interfaces, and
callback functions.

6. How would you use the Decorator pattern to extend the functionality of an existing class in C++?
Answer: To use the Decorator pattern in C++, you can define a base class and one or more decorator
classes that inherit from the base class. The decorator classes can add additional functionality to the
base class by implementing the same interface and delegating some or all of the functionality to the
base class.

7. What are high-level design patterns and how do they differ from low-level ones?
Answer: High-level design patterns are patterns that deal with the overall structure of a software system,
such as the architecture and design of the system. Low-level design patterns are patterns that deal with
specific aspects of software development, such as algorithms and data structures. High-level design
patterns tend to be more abstract and general, while low-level design patterns tend to be more specific
and detailed.

8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using design patterns in C++?
Answer: The advantages of using design patterns in C++ include improved code organization,
maintainability, and extensibility. Design patterns can also improve code reuse and make it easier to
communicate best practices in software design. The disadvantages of using design patterns include
increased complexity and potential for over-engineering. Design patterns can also make it more difficult
for developers who are unfamiliar with the patterns to understand and maintain the code.

9. How should you choose the appropriate design patterns for your C++ application?
Answer: When choosing design patterns for a C++ application, it's important to consider the specific
requirements

10. How do you debug and profile C++ applications that use design patterns?
Answer: Debugging and profiling C++ applications that use design patterns can be challenging due to the
added complexity introduced by the patterns. One approach is to use a combination of debugging tools
and logging statements to trace the flow of execution through the code. Profiling tools can also be used
to identify performance bottlenecks and optimize the code. It's important to test the code thoroughly
and ensure that the design patterns are used correctly and efficiently to avoid potential issues.
Additionally, code reviews and pair programming can be helpful in identifying and resolving issues in C++
applications that use design patterns.

Exemplu interviu C++

Sure, here's an example of a C++ software developer interview:

Interviewer: Hello, thank you for joining us today. Can you introduce yourself and your experience with
C++?

Interviewee: Hello, my name is John and I have been working as a C++ developer for over 5 years. I have
experience in developing desktop applications, server-side software, and embedded systems using C++.

Interviewer: Great, let's dive into some technical questions then. What are some important object-
oriented programming concepts in C++?
Interviewee: Some important object-oriented programming concepts in C++ include encapsulation,
inheritance, and polymorphism. Encapsulation is the practice of hiding implementation details within a
class to make the code more maintainable and reusable. Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties
and methods from another class, which can reduce code duplication and improve code organization.
Polymorphism allows objects of different types to be treated as if they were of the same type, which can
make the code more flexible and extensible.

Interviewer: Can you give an example of a situation where you would use a pointer instead of a
reference in C++?

Interviewee: Sure, one situation where you would use a pointer instead of a reference in C++ is when
you need to represent a null or uninitialized value. Pointers can be set to null to represent a null value,
while references cannot. Pointers can also be reassigned to point to a different object, while references
cannot.

Interviewer: How do you manage memory correctly in C++?

Interviewee: In C++, memory management is done manually using new and delete operators. It's
important to make sure that memory allocated with new is freed with delete to prevent memory leaks.
It's also important to avoid dangling pointers, which can happen when a pointer points to a memory
location that has been freed. One way to avoid this is to use smart pointers, which automatically free
memory when the pointer goes out of scope.

Interviewer: What are some common design patterns used in C++ and how would you use them?

Interviewee: Some common design patterns used in C++ include the Singleton, Factory, and Observer
patterns. The Singleton pattern is used to ensure that there is only one instance of a class in the
program, which can be useful for managing global resources. The Factory pattern is used to create
objects without exposing the creation logic to the client code, which can make the code more modular
and maintainable. The Observer pattern is used to allow objects to be notified when the state of another
object changes, which can be useful for implementing event-driven architectures.

Interviewer: How do you debug and profile C++ applications?

Interviewee: There are several tools that can be used to debug and profile C++ applications, such as gdb
for debugging and Valgrind for memory profiling. I also like to use logging and tracing to help diagnose
issues in the code. In addition, I like to use performance profiling tools like Google's PerfTools to identify
performance bottlenecks in the code.

Raspunsuri la intrebarile din interviu:

Certainly, here are sample answers for the questions in a C++ software developer interview:

1. What are some important object-oriented programming concepts in C++?

Answer: Some important object-oriented programming concepts in C++ include encapsulation,
inheritance, and polymorphism. Encapsulation involves hiding implementation details within a class to
make the code more maintainable and reusable. Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties and
methods from another class, which can reduce code duplication and improve code organization.
Polymorphism allows objects of different types to be treated as if they were of the same type, which can
make the code more flexible and extensible.

2. Can you give an example of a situation where you would use a pointer instead of a reference in C++?
Answer: One situation where you would use a pointer instead of a reference in C++ is when you need to
represent a null or uninitialized value. Pointers can be set to null to represent a null value, while
references cannot. Pointers can also be reassigned to point to a different object, while references
cannot.

3. How do you manage memory correctly in C++?

Answer: In C++, memory management is done manually using new and delete operators. It's important
to make sure that memory allocated with new is freed with delete to prevent memory leaks. It's also
important to avoid dangling pointers, which can happen when a pointer points to a memory location
that has been freed. One way to avoid this is to use smart pointers, which automatically free memory
when the pointer goes out of scope.

4. What are some common design patterns used in C++ and how would you use them?
Answer: Some common design patterns used in C++ include the Singleton, Factory, and Observer
patterns. The Singleton pattern is used to ensure that there is only one instance of a class in the
program, which can be useful for managing global resources. The Factory pattern is used to create
objects without exposing the creation logic to the client code, which can make the code more modular
and maintainable. The Observer pattern is used to allow objects to be notified when the state of another
object changes, which can be useful for implementing event-driven architectures.

5. How do you debug and profile C++ applications?

Answer: There are several tools that can be used to debug and profile C++ applications, such as gdb for
debugging and Valgrind for memory profiling. I also like to use logging and tracing to help diagnose
issues in the code. In addition, I like to use performance profiling tools like Google's PerfTools to identify
performance bottlenecks in the code.

Sure, here are more questions and their answers:

21. What is move semantics in C++ and when should you use it?
Move semantics allows for the efficient transfer of resources between objects. You should use move
semantics when you have a large object that is expensive to copy and you need to pass it by value to a
function or return it from a function.

22. What is the role of templates in generic programming in C++?

Templates allow you to write generic code that can be used with multiple data types. This helps reduce
code duplication and improve code maintainability.

23. What is a lambda expression in C++ and how can it be used?

A lambda expression is an anonymous function that can be defined inline. It can be used to define small,
one-time-use functions for use in algorithms or other functions.

24. How do you implement a factory pattern in C++?

To implement a factory pattern in C++, you create a factory class that is responsible for creating and
returning instances of a particular class or classes. The factory class can be parameterized to create
different types of objects.

25. What is the role of the preprocessor in C++ and what are some of its directives?
The preprocessor is responsible for processing directives in C++ code before the code is compiled. Some
common directives include #define, #ifdef, and #include.

26. How do you handle memory leaks in C++?

You can handle memory leaks in C++ by using smart pointers, making sure to properly allocate and
deallocate memory, and by running your code through a memory profiler.

27. How do you use C++ to interact with low-level hardware or perform system-level operations?
C++ can be used to interact with low-level hardware or perform system-level operations by using
libraries such as WinAPI or POSIX. You may also need to write code that accesses memory directly or
uses assembly language.

28. What is the role of the const keyword in C++?

The const keyword is used to define variables or functions as read-only. This can help prevent bugs and
improve code readability.

29. How do you optimize C++ code for performance?

You can optimize C++ code for performance by minimizing memory allocation and deallocation, reducing
function call overhead, and by using the most efficient data structures and algorithms for your particular
problem.

30. What is the role of testing in C++ development and what are some testing frameworks for C++?
Testing is essential in C++ development to ensure that your code is functioning correctly and to catch
bugs early. Some testing frameworks for C++ include Google Test and Boost.Test.

21. What is the difference between a static and dynamic library in C++?
Answer: A static library is compiled into the executable file, while a dynamic library is loaded at runtime.
A static library increases the size of the executable file, while a dynamic library allows for more flexibility
and easier updates without recompiling the entire program.

22. What is the rule of five in C++?

Answer: The rule of five is a guideline for defining the special member functions of a class in C++. These
special member functions are the default constructor, copy constructor, move constructor, copy
assignment operator, and move assignment operator. If any one of these special member functions is
defined by the programmer, the others should also be defined to ensure proper resource management
and avoid unexpected behavior.

23. What is the difference between a lambda expression and a function pointer in C++?
Answer: A lambda expression is a shorthand way to define a small anonymous function object in C++. It
can capture variables from the enclosing scope and be used as a function argument or return value. A
function pointer, on the other hand, is a variable that holds the memory address of a function. While
both can be used to pass functions as arguments or return values, lambda expressions provide a more
concise and flexible way to define small functions on the fly.
24. What is the difference between a template class and a template function in C++?
Answer: A template class is a generic class that can be used to create objects of different types, while a
template function is a generic function that can be called with arguments of different types. Template
classes are typically used for container classes, such as std::vector or std::map, while template functions
are used for algorithms that work on different types of data, such as std::sort or std::max.

25. How do you optimize code for cache performance in C++?

Answer: Cache performance can be optimized by minimizing cache misses, which occur when the
processor needs to access data that is not currently in the cache. This can be done by optimizing the
memory layout of data structures to improve spatial locality, or by using data structures that have better
cache locality, such as arrays instead of linked lists. Additionally, optimizing loop structures and
minimizing branching can help to improve cache performance. Tools such as profilers and performance
counters can also be used to identify and analyze cache performance issues.

Sure, here are more questions and answers for a Senior C++ Software Developer interview:

21. What is the difference between a process and a thread?

A process is an independent program execution unit that has its own memory space, whereas a thread is
a sequence of instructions within a process that shares the same memory space as other threads within
the same process.

22. What are some common algorithms used in C++ programming?

Some common algorithms used in C++ programming include sorting algorithms like quicksort and
mergesort, searching algorithms like binary search, and graph algorithms like Dijkstra's algorithm.

23. What is the difference between a template class and a non-template class in C++?
A template class is a generic class that can be used with different types of data, while a non-template
class is designed for a specific type of data.

24. What is a lambda function in C++ and how is it used?

A lambda function is an anonymous function that can be defined inline and passed as a parameter to
other functions. It is useful for creating small, one-time-use functions that don't require a named
function definition.

25. What is move semantics in C++ and how can it be used to optimize code?
Move semantics allow for the efficient transfer of data between objects by "moving" the data instead of
copying it. This can significantly reduce the overhead of copying large data structures and improve
performance.

26. What is the difference between a static library and a dynamic library in C++?
A static library is linked directly into an executable file at compile time, while a dynamic library is loaded
at runtime when it is needed. Dynamic libraries allow for more efficient use of memory and can be
updated without recompiling the entire application.

27. What are some common design patterns used in C++ for performance optimization?
Some common design patterns used in C++ for performance optimization include the Flyweight pattern,
which reduces memory usage by sharing data between objects, and the Proxy pattern, which reduces
overhead by providing a lightweight interface to a heavy object.

28. What is template specialization in C++ and how is it used?

Template specialization allows for the creation of a specialized version of a template class or function for
a specific data type. This can be useful for optimizing performance or handling special cases.

29. How do you optimize code for cache performance in C++?

One way to optimize code for cache performance in C++ is to minimize the number of cache misses by
accessing memory in a sequential and predictable manner. This can be achieved through techniques like
data alignment and loop unrolling.

30. What is the difference between stack and heap allocation in C++ and how can you choose between
them?
Stack allocation is a fast and efficient way to allocate memory for small objects, while heap allocation is
used for larger objects that require dynamic memory allocation. The choice between stack and heap
allocation depends on the size and lifetime of the object, as well as the available memory resources.