MINISTERLA. EDUCATIE $1 INVATARINTULUT
Cont. &. ing. DAN GH. IONESCU
ring. PAUL MATE! Cont. ng. VICTOR ANCUSA
deing
Prof
Fyof, ding ALEXANDRU TODICESCU Conf ring. MIMAL BUCULEL
MECANICA
FLUIDELOR
SI MASINI
HIDRAULICE
@
EOFTURA DIDACTICA §1 PEDACOGICA
socunegr| PREFATA
nan mc ete pe
er edt tae
bon Ee ec
TT oan pret prs
ie de enratte de nro
fae ee
TN eo
Ee ee
pee am
sna elt tt ace
ee ap
Ae ees
cate din” Arcxd a mal aa de 0
car eh
shih i tein din fra din
Bs Se sc ie
Se oe ape ten
shes al oo es
Fee ag 1.
PROPRIETATILE FLUIDELOR
1A, GENERALITATE
(Obiectut cursus
Flies comps ace oh comsiang a forte mal
{oct deplsarea rated clementeor de lod este foarte jourt — propre
{ite nama fdfte Ca ormare, idle 24 0 form propre, a defor
‘mares lor fa redacereu volumulin poste ff produst de forge oni de mic
Teil dete fou pun cmpresti i contact eon ara 6
uprafts titerd. Gaze sinh fide cave upia Tntotdenuna fntrega valu
facie la dapori int forte compresne spot ramine In repeus numa
fftran recipient chi Mecanie fer stodiaeavepausa gt miearea >
Aor, precim i interactanen lo mecanich cu corpane sole ce cave vin
fm eegtact: Mayine huanlice nt maint prin cafe ceala'ay lid i ee
Uansformt fie energie 2 lsidal iy expe mecanicl (turbine hiraulie)
fie energie mecancl In energie a fludular{pompe, veablatour), fe pri
{Stcsoclial udalui-~ euergie meranies tot In emegie mecanca, dar cu alte
‘arsonist (tansdormatoare hide)
142, Modell de Maid
1a fel ca fate fnmnenl sc, migra wal Dui eat dette
‘omplena iar considraren aimultan’ 2 ttaror factoror care Inervin i
‘Smpul migartar coder Ia formolare matematis prea camplicsts at
de eanoyinfle nounse actual. Fenomenul teal treba det simplifies,
‘ict "aproninat” ‘prin slmigarea factorior necsen{il, dae prin pastrarea
flor al cor rol este determinant. Asemneaprocee deabstractiare ve impun
{atone ingle nter de onc in cays wor seme corte ou
es Modell consitaie © imagine simplieats 2 anal fesgmen ret ct
Fefine numat caractonsticie senile ale ferent tel, fcind abstratie
Ae caractestileserundae, Ia mecancaflidlorevalutia mefodaloe male
‘tices perm stall unor models dia ceface mat complexe: Muldele ideale {compress idle ideale compreiie, idle viscous
‘mir, dle viscous fst mijn tarblest cee Mn 2 HEAC
Prins aproximare neces’ te construtes aul movil de fluid coat
fa adopia pote continua Basle
hasta dentin artnet hot caramel materia
ieee mee cotinine un alae otras coin
ditinatste. Un comp deformatil care a neck een ei
edie conan dformati Seva aiite ch act mele era hee
ro, Penta aveainporianfa practice. moll as al oie
Cee Se eer ee corte romator ean ee
‘flown media continu delormabilyiatop, care seas eee Haid
‘inte propritifile sie exenile'alefamels nee nS NMA OPEC
Sev nmi oment de fad port
elementare (infinitezimale). ('n clomtent de
Sentra stad mash) © Semen
eid cu dinensan lar
‘iid a teat ye a
143. Forte # olortur anita
eae nh
splice
‘damental Dy
ee
atoll hr cause tateigare tidal din D. Dit forse extetioare
agen Seca et a FB are
Soa rs ny ere gi
se paral hal dn lremncoie t,he
Potala spartan fore extcare ls distant sint greta free
heer igi guar tapeaut mere
oeplanenpe eng iat a
ieReeeeoma mania eteeracira ee
Sipe ena meas cone wats
ak, = fam — Fav Uae)
fog mach exerctatsaopra,wnak clement de uid de mash dn, volam
M0 dentate p Vctral fcopresitsfonfa aes spats wai de
SEAS rt mel Wetard. Tp Condi ates poate adie
7 7-0) sey eatevectoradepurit alcetridl demast elemental
ead cadet pu Bach pent exe igure fort mse
feinierviee atone /= f, une f exe acsleaia terest
Fart estriare de contact cate teat fre datorat cota
tut dt dosnid Dc fosn extsra fl De prec feu
ep solo ce ste ie cae mgs eventual dor Da
ful spree Droarece poate ste chase lrfese ei hat
Fecal mune for npr au it
Breer ar rc apate pes daca sarsuprinacoptaiaicfutuldin
Steele S precon yea coplesalde ence ude aremagaes:
rental fil dnb deslanglldarvardortcaprinacrastasnusemo-
Since evan fail in D Og 113).
) Fre nericure La dint — car reprint ole iterates
anaistanfl execs Ine motel de fd in nina domes D-
‘cere fr otf eat, destee — dupa cam ma spor —ntens
taten lor Gecete forte fopede ce isan
Fore itrioare de comact— care repress frie datorate contac
tulad intatndometa © Dx esl Od din DE sat
{ela py ca fare exterare de contact exerts asupra, ila din
lapel De ede fsidal din exterior, deaaeee pat Hdl din
‘Prat ids in D est ad exterior.
Ete frilor de contact poate fi evaluat fran mod witar pra
iauodsceres soni de eo untar. Petra act, AS w portioe fale
flewede ict stupas 6, Sava at AS. Pun pont al
85 ag che. Steal freon de contact execs asypa AS seed
in Piao ford AF, gla un cuplu domoment Sif. Dack AS ace dimensuni
foarte mick ar pote penpane ctl at ete nei fa apr’ cu
tect a A, Se adate cal do ota st eprtaecontnes eS ck AF, +0 clad AS tnde si seradack Ia pantal P (deci cad AA — 0),
Boda face eet linia ea ”
tf, |, (413)
Jaseuumese cfr wit sas tensions, Posiltatea goes lectlicontat
IS i cre wt aa deme
nga! Ie S pia forte ante Bape pe 8 nprenees pos
‘forturitor unitare. ee ae
ta.
NOPRIETATILE FIZICE ALE FLUIDELOR
124, Presume
ack n external supra Sin gure 1.1 exist pet tot aca
62 interior ui Si duct intrepal aid este in epaum, sinc ars AF,
signee apm Ze eto Oat or af ou foal
aves component la agent a Pi araceats aan
sca do-alangul lu Sa elementelor de fad stantela ie,
orale 3h veciatea Po acosa treonteien tes el
fda. Pe de lt parte, expeefas arts & asp rae ak
ee fmt ce fn ot opr ea tng ee
Sezeeine Deck ida dia gto lt See soca” fae
‘Eeoy fal din excrord ar Saeed i
JWG AS fora AF, = — AP, 8 nd vorl ormaelcxterins ln Pine
‘Di cea (0.5) raat unt nr lida ope sal ay
‘xeritat Ia punctl P pe supraafa’' ete de forse
imma, dec exert asapra
Sy
1a ae id ate cme i dn
ree ee a
dei inca lngh citer ate a
sedges arr a en ar ae
jettteene ate te ees tee
Seay Se eae aS
PAR ie Bene ag earns
ieee tae rae
arias, Sec a
chaste Sipe tare
female p20 Fan
feueeatas ies at
Spates ae
one frile ce i apne
See err eee
maton ging orm
pase aes
ate epee eee
seat et Wi tah tetas Sree
sat 7 gine fo ue
ately a Tey (7) este presiwnea (sau presiwnes, dack nu
fe gi ns) oes ed pe Sa
i
Ew ue peugranramsenrti
Teas ater dermiman maces
ff
sa
cael tem |
1.22. Temperatora
0 pets te at de chia ei
na ee eae
Paehintp tit Liane eraeargatiats
ean tite einer Ca ode
satya me
te a he tenia
see es ore Cusaae ma acTuan ng
Frei Papeatnan nage sca
asi ovens pvr tap che
el aay
ea an eer
See ec can SV er
iissia erat attr epmcan eran iawn ¢
A eo res Saree Hamers
Stites adat Cenednegea e
o ea de 1 At, ttre temperatura Leroi
Deratara Clas 8, beara in rae Co
exit relaia
Tomsiss Poms,
(22)
123, Densitatea
Fie Am masa Hidula care un
Se pesapune ef tinde seed
le complet domeniul D de velum A.
specified) fail Prete
is punctul PeD. Dense (sue mess
ay
‘Un thidomogen, de mast valu ar desitatea¢ ~
Tassel Si, dewiatee se miveard ia gies? "I
Dewsitatea unui fui varied cu presunea’s cu temperatura, conform
legior din subparagrafle 12-4 12-5 La lichide, Scesoe eeset ca eet
3 valor constaate penta. De create
ERR ciao ee he pe itt ae
AT, eso fy kelvin, gi tom
Pen Retiammdeedinseatr meaereries [ass |
‘eate Gnegijath dar pentru caculeprelininarese pot adopt
ESSohonieyrone ane
ate fn tabelele 12 gi 13,0 * | At Pentru es |
eeare [iso | ue [am | ear | aa |
eee a ae |
cova a |B | oom | se | sm | oo | a
=e |
sie METRO ae opti cabo compan ngea OOF Fae
sae eel pang
124, Copia de stare
i o mash m de fluid Se constat experimental ch starca de eciibru
rode = ua fad poset ets esjtorl dow! dinteemtrimle
‘eo eaactenzeak.numie param de sar O eae cate exprind oath
Avie caracteriatil star de ecb termodiami, i netic de parame
‘dai te mma om de carey we cont, pin unin Go sare 8
dst lt Tflege ein (90.1) "0. ue este wot east
elastin Cre), dear seme (“48
Pence goss, considerindwne evlutia” Malo de" la store sald
Be Oe Mare fee
2) Bonafide stare eile, La ihe consists expen
fn cal une anor terme fadis efetaat a temperatra constant 7 fi woor sara de peso afcent de mic, vata Ac =@ ay
alee nd mes ye pen ac oy
Errno Gy yu apa BO tha Ma, oy
‘Bit rt choc ees resp
lum lar steam Coclet de proporinsiete wae
de Compre ctor Dee 7 2
D= V4 19 py, (124)
Tot a lichide se constats experimental ci, tn carul une transform iobare
(act efetuar a presiunes constant fy aria V0 oe etre
Pesap md lich i arahia B72 PTh tempcaiant ete
Honalica Osi cu 7, acs AO ~ atuAT- Coctciontdcprpanhs ees
HEARINGS Svinte daar amd tobards ose panne ee
Uehidele cu excep|n ape; petra apd care ate vlumal ae Ae eee
stsclne2 Oda cum @ 54 Deak
Y= Olt 4a Ty, (ay
Pen rede Ik sare nil (fT) a sacs final (p10
ate lca mat ft moral’ ser Ia Sa
Hl eenconmarea bart pO" 1) -< (ps 1S 1 had aes
CaS 25 Spt elite terme ce Cintas See
0 = Olt aolb— py + TT} (as)
say ila rata 1.29), 6 = all pb fy) aT: lar den
voli nse eid naka pact ond) ts Ms
enema} aan
Peta mc a eran jp: oemine,
fete phen tyevieaeth ets
Sept aoe er ee
ae ‘constanté ). . oe
Et ism ponte ni many seas
a i ames tm tt ty
SE tai Lge Bae
= im)
© transformare fini
(129)
108 Nj,
1. gualerealeaftate fn conf urate se
proximate, eg geo. prfe, big
Tpoterme a inet mate m de gee pect
tf = const Tot prin tne I cosa
transforma iabare a unct maze me gu prfct este valabilt legals
peat it const Constderiado taael ede gat pleted
2k taneormares Lote Ue. I9)> (fr OF, spor tsnsormara
Eobath (Ont) (5.0, 1s se obtine
Hs $0"
(1230)
se mest cotlnie carceriicd (ea specifics) a. gual considera.
Foatss teal wets R= 0 jfag- = ripe moo
ee ee ee
eee eee
eof re gt, ele, a at
soot: aegis alte
[pment | aa
[p= const
entra tramsformare irtermd— eat
2
f= const. (22)
é
tr trensformarea abba (ects fied schimd de cir Inte gaz
Wester) aaa
const. 0213)
*
ra trnformree aloe (tectats asl tnt dura specifih
‘irl nae constants) rai
aay
Rene (12.1) (1212) slat car article ale ean de stare
12:0) ten oe eke Cave atte Sage (E13) 9 C19) fa him,
‘na S/R he ae pase sr ee GP) an DY ee i 13:0 cae» mt eae
‘hot St 13. to conte oP a ee
Ta Gt Se tenes ana 9
ey, cats
fal 3s pc yw at ene
teen = 9 and one weet nim tetas rege ee
ome cement, depen eres ten nm m8, saci
(pi aah = pa. Pres haan spa Sel
Mo (parat=pof er paa pac,
inde lem pice = p= Om gleams, ret = pled ta
dey pte 5
Pres ema de enema dep dc he
Ber ()e vam
ee eee
Je et a tier Maps sm
ne nna wan
der ce oan tnt
22m
Sem ee 29 era th de (1220 xp Bt (22,
Pesta oar wa (an
rede te. i (12.0) ri .
epemgers re an)
(1229 4 (1226, ap pi mame ie
(rend
eS rooreeaemian penning ner praetenmnrd
Bearesepe yee ay lmao
Riel cents Satta ee a 0 te
asaeneae
Marini m i se numesccespectiv exponen polvopic i exponentad
adiabatic Pentra sor, 2 hk
235
et eg (1200
£5 eran) Rae (12.1 (12.0) pe ene fara a a
(4. adn on rin (L219 0 once a nf (2nd = Lea 12 1)
Site te mnie (02h
1 Reape (L204
19 a de frm
eo i (229)
para soi eid ene ck ein i de fom (1229 asain,
aiue num todd
126 Greueates spectcg
ie Ame masa iar AF,
4 valu 0 Se presupane ck D tnde st se veduct
taiee speifcd fini InP este
cota sid care umple complet damental D
fe inal PEC.
j ra
+a nam
[Tr eao as a
Delon dee fn ge py Ay.
ions Se eae @ aac
Decry gee sa ia ee
ee a Lath MEE
(1229
retaten specifics unui fui varias deci cu presianes x tempers
Teles dentate, dar cn aceeerafis treat. Se pot dopta pens
‘ral constantel chide in majrtatea czar), lar alot medi fa gare
lineatcalelepresminare) sania y 9 810Njm pentraaps tary = 1202
entra acr, valor ce corespund vondfilorspecicate tm sibparagrafa 123, 127. Viscorteten
eta eter
a cee treet
inte nur dedi vee aut nanan tne Aca cara
te fi pus in eviden prin experientaurmitoare (fig. I.4). Unlichidestentany,
ie dow plich plane Cy Cy parade Inte sl gi depeliate ene
ab ace Bee practi geal in eae Ge gk es
Sean gictglioa antl,
sath lial der ln pS (O guecteta Soe once B, mia
inves dl (spar 39) psa fl ae Smt
‘31 ea plc Cyt fae ape fru Favind wale nal
Fal aD!
emery
inde w este un cocfcient de proportonlitae, fr 89
. oun +
com eps ini comune nu este post. Ast
etal Speco sora ape PM at iets
acu hi 7 up
comunl(ig i). Dinconifate
2 fi tun slid 3 care au o lini de contact
epausa ini comune careestetot (ESA
y
Wnt capi cob xo 4.0m = 0 ce detent ugh de racorare
Serica 4 Shas
cons, (1238)
a ee al oem ep a
alfa sola ted tnde sto acopere complet De exempt, uncle
fee a A eam
Acta aeh a Ba mtbr ae
meeigaeaccante Tig nesta nere
ae rial Bate cae Tarte eu at
as
ton ates clan sane
een ee eee
3
12.10 Cavieagia
Figo masl de gar comprimathioterm. Dacl temperatura Pla care are
Spe atet rows stem made emperors Ty gnela conan,
aha acesta nv poste ft ichefit one de mult arf Somprimst. Dacd isl
Ipc'Toy exath¢ prestne py la cae, achane fort otermolecaare,
farted guru sclchefined rel rimind a ard gatonsh, Echiral acess
ade garlic ene forte naabl: 0 ceytee foie mics present
Feport cu fy produce ous ichidl omogent, peclad o sldete foarte mcd
pres in'taport cop, produce o fas gazoassomogensValoares fy
AEmeste presinnen de coporzee su prsien saparor saturn cores
‘tote temperstuni T. Pentra apt ls 13 "C, = 1.904 Nim 0017 Sat
acd presionea din interioral unui cid cade sub prestnea de vapor.
fare Py corepansitoae temperatura lichiduls, atone iy introral
Teed spare endinjadesaponsere,aiet de formarea spor cats umplate
fu vapor Dar scdetea presi la valoaren nu duce neparat lk ape
ee lateness dats fxr itenlcoare, itl peat
1 prea ert ent fare mar ate apa poste
a repeuseortrtultae de lnadere pig i eica 1310 Ne
22150 at, ria migcare pint la crea 4° OU Njm = Laat Ta hetadele
inte eo xd a nthdnura wa (nu erent deca,
‘elme micoscopicempluteca vapor bule microncopice de a
edit cee sat noes at apt a fe pyioy re
‘ardor sig ale partcusor solide (ampuritaton) alate a hide. Un a8e-
tenes nadeu Getaviafie cont uh spat sa ileus, devarece
Sic soja irk ce amore eon de vaporize 9 rege
cic agals ta ,_ Aparitia evluta eavttior,impresns et feyomenele
mice cate sen: enstitie wa fenome complex uit
ie p presunes dint-un leh aflat ta migare, Dact p< f, aucele
de cats dens dtont evaporate inant datos
{ltl eberate din ici, devin cara sec peajang 1 euprind ni
{ero tial pace Se elon shipaie Cantu
ate pot ftanaportate nto rane fn care p=" Atel ate lc com
pers rach aporor din ease observa game de plone
‘SEE2 Ge surpare bone a perefiorcaviafor sire terior acestora plo fit de un complex de fenomene ficice !chimice rativ
a cy este ore npr Ea ee are Sa ai
Prin apart anor presint foarte mati daterste scree sea
lunulut hvithtor (et probabil el seating presactdeninte ey Pt
BED ASS rst Se propa in lcd Sa fone ace eee
ena pistete tldceana imei shred Brees
Se exert o presi neulonss
in vecinatatea une suprafete solide 2.
te comprimiri gazalaidn cath STATICA FLUIDELOR
SSritetcorhidedinumice ale 21. REPAUSUL ABSOLUT AL FLUIDELOR
aaa Seat wea ret a oe)
os eri ciate pong ey maa Nae 24 Lame igre ete
impartial ce ek tial ec
eter PL coset. cvitata produce o eles ede caral In continuare va fi wtilzaa frevent propositia uemstoare
SS dar Maher Bate lee plans
Sori edd partner fr lee oer
(in apclal pri eperaturilor inalte din zonele de itaplosie, ‘coroziunit chimice eee eee ee ee
pe ls tet i te
ee Leones i
‘o¥lajona, sub forma tor caver de sega
ri adincimi neregulat 7) “3
‘Prafaja materialulai are aspectul unui bursts). ty aeulate ie entra orice domenis D, D, atunci ©(F)=0 im D, si reciproc. Pentra demon-
Sei rcrcit ree cee oae mee etme Rats Set ig ie a
SpEraletolor solide supase cavitapiey, se utlineard meter cg eeteageTE. a ‘Sntinnt a cinpulr diy) domentd Deonincatangtea fetus domeete Dy
Seabee the tint itera Sain indo eee) ate
coat aayceatentiele betes dentate alarm ain me le eno
Seppe oneness op eggs et tal nh fc 40)
mira) rapide produse de fenomenal de cave freee
cat
fils constructiile hidcotehinice, sint datorate, ‘caracterulai nestafionar al acestui \, a a
Fesomen
unde ©, este volumul lu Dy, Deoarece O(7") > 0 5 0,> 0, rexutt
\ O17) dv > 0,
rea ce contrasicepotera (21.1). Este decinecesat ea 9(7) = On D. Rsipos,
(ic (7) = 0 nD. atunel rest telaia (21)
ceath proporitie imine valabit Gack @(7) este_un cimp vectorial:
pentru demokitnie st comida satendl ane ‘seen tna
Oxys, 50 noteach (7 )— @,(7)h-+ (7)74.047) Fi ge repetarationamentul
‘Precedent pentru clmpurile scalare 6,(7), 8,(F) 94 $,(7), dupa care se expr
{i rerlttale sub forma vectorais- De stemeten: proponia rami ra
‘bat pentra an cimp salar sau vectorial (7, unde fete np 212, Keuaile generale
set nt pte nt
ails ati eater
peice fe a ee
eeepc Seems
oie paneninaes ee nat
ee ect aoe
ee a
serie fohemcmoroe
a ta a el
Maveanbacsceiny eres oe
anes Dee args as rca einen Lean
pains Se ty a ee oon ot
ioe bat yw nna aeneay re te
Sessa 0 crescent sce Pa
reais to ae eg era ia
rete On lon neneael 3 ew
{Poo~{ pan
ade pene prose ¢—densaten, 7— fra msi eit, — vee
‘inormaleenterioerela 5A ~ sr coment desupeaf al ey
‘4 — lene evolu lin D. Se preupane eff sat eatin
BeD 4p ase derivate parse deo nena po. ene
‘Prva sprataa 5 cinpal pom lime tegeicds ene ee
Alntte'e apice frm ings ade
{tet (nara, ana)
nde ete un inp scalar se obtine
{W7—eaa paw =
Denaree impuril 7 gra p slat continue pe damental D, ute
{se poate aplia lema itegralei mule’ se ebfine
ht foc, ta raport cu ua sistem de axe cartesian trortogonal Oxy,
ey
crt at eid Euler pote opal abso nl i. Fantide
Mace at
Condi ca neentel cpl renaltnt al frtlor apie Aidala
din ah fe salto ot newsbin 9) ==
Tamufiad ene (21) espectv dy, sadannd 0b
AP = olf ds + fay + ft eis)
4, pnt dt
Des ttc eit ce Sol 4 pn date
Bers eet ct ee ea maa ee
SRrntne Age flocks omaat enmaee e
“tome (P)- (2.1.6)
teas et ens ne 1
hathpencmaholer ae
ite cin arena
cae tera tsa omer es
funcfie scalari Ti(x, y,2) astéel tnctt
f=-endn=—7n i.
su, fa coordonate earteziene,
po es)
a
Aeshna sna mae rn te
SED pagnesetnane igen eerie
he
eee ees ae
‘+a no aus
Pec Ly, oes Sepee Sep te vat aceoragi mrimi tntvan punctarbitear P alii D,
Inte PE 9. te objine couse epanculal aaah
(-f is ¢=my~ om) | 1.)
Integrad retin (21.9)
| P+nc,
I
Senses fica de preva, Dac a particulary
ine pce a ash pata
‘ons, atunct(2..10)
sommes
Mn FF Ute ay py
== fiers ars ite eu
213, Supratee echipotetiae
enema
a. Saran
aaa ces aie
ia hits Rates a ea rade
ey RIE aac aia ance
Fe ie ei: ec me
tke ese Nt en nn
a valoaea hy ~ Gu J ee ele dovk sapratete se ets nat
BEIGE pole ta Gear contanc pers Evident
Aanaloge sit valabile pentru suprafefte ieobeve 9 pantie ne ea
213.2 Forte mascd unit
arama ficctel valor uh corspuateg
sint-un funetoaricare ete normal la
aia eit ce rc prin a ue te
ae rele batman ad fas tala,
onok"masice. Tatsadevse tag Sh
tal carentP vectra grad Il areca saport normals ls suprafafa ech-
Saget cave tees pra Far sara srl vector comcide cu soaea
Tree valor anit I. Or, fli (217 ara et vector J grad
art oterre tae :
13.3 Supra chiens cond nvuprafefeiobre. lead,
saad dean 0.9 cantina) see gh eadh = r
Heep pare pu wo pot anula dec simuten. Rest ch aaplstejte
Soi Rien fale Ste ole inobare fs repre)
BA. Supra de epaaie inte dou iid emis de densi,
gt at «taps ech pacts Toteadevs, ke POG) an pune cuert
‘Persie! Save spact Soul hie nemiscb, de dseaaq seapestiy oy
Bevlon og, ig. 22)- Comsdeind ch aparin in fade de Sek
Bett! abt dtd dmsate 7-1 obsrvind la P presanea 9
fers mass anit fst seg aml ido, se post sre fa P
A grad p—7. Lente - 7
edo deplrcechmentart pe spefasS.Inmutind saa elie po
lonecadhsitnttarsmacigind pat = dpa r= ed led
Seise atte dp rat dp =" ah de og a=
ooateet prin ote! npr dito Set ea.
214, Repausal
lchidelor grele incompresii
Smet rm a ci scone om
mantic. Sots acuney tena tata
eet ieee aa
fama le) ES ap
Say
en)
©
Jn can repausulsibasotrop al fiidelorgrleexstspropietstile wei
LA Subafle echiptnie x uproar sit plane orion
late fpr Reta teak ince fig elf (eid) haa re
Prin 2143 To mod tadiona propriate panier ozone de®
Sr tues us isl tr oman
2142. Suprofta de separate dine dond fle meme de deme
apie ee on Yan orca, Aces reba teat in prope
aha gaa
‘De excl in iger2.3 spate Here sn pln orotate
{ss propre 2.1.42 ny = gf vitae propos 2-4 gral
SSpraaa de acparaic ste un hi um goes mame pel ier
Sicha
a In cazal nei 0 inca
se anigggtt "0 bid gra incompresi, din aie 21.1) 9 (2.4 13)
PH ERC. C= omy anny
Panta deteminaren constants
consented interae C0 sxe acess
stoner ahsipratetertinae’ as nai ary eaten
pe spall ina a det prea tl 2 4 Td a
RA Fes da i) does Mesias sino cbfne
eee eae eu
Introductad adincimea hz — 2s punctu
‘fa Mert cid real (21.8) se mat tenet 2° FPO ex supra
[PEAtwmaTH | ane
> Din cit sist, am Hd gen
‘pas pre eel nur pe veal Set MGMT a
Inte ed's prenoh (acebat ences 28 fren fs
vata in sn nt teens te
petit, Mill ral Taran td pre sone
ot ccm ao tae tet
ae out pci ence ne P In en
sect psa din Fv ae co
PH m=O. Bet co=C, (Cm const)
4 din aceste relat reeules
PA ool .
(an)
Dept variafia resiuni ta Py, formula (21.16) rimtae vali, deci
PHD C—O HH AN + teem Ce, (Cm const),
28
bin acete coat roles
+39 —Ute + BA + ante) =. any
Compan sli (21.17) 36 (LIB, se abine BP = Sp
Fermla (2116 constitu aah teoretick aparatlor ds msarace a
cae ulltocsh lehide, adit 2 menomttor ev eid Tn aes
Sic vor conadera cole ma snple aomete cu Uchid, same
Formate; scat permit ointerpeate tate» oor min! legate de
Sifenes de presi (ae manomete Sat pesntate In pasa 92)
Fm to aparece exe ae
cope! a acy chide revervral cae se sosonl prune, apo
{Bebra cu cata extremtate a reserve 29 tubal 7). Liki an
{Rh cose pote fla vot By paien spears tabula,
Hinhnnd vid. Fe > prestnea'din punctel Ping. 233) Exists rile
Pea PEn Pm By dest
= ath e119)
Aceass presume, misurats sind vidul ot origins, este presunea absolut
‘Se prstunesbaromarel din panetal P. Ea erpreiat prestunea pe care ar
‘eefitzo in Po clean’ delichid delle fy ichidul vind denstatea
‘Se score, presinile se pot misura pin inalimile anor cloane de cid
(tab. 1). Picometra decks este un tab transparent avind oextremitate
Sescins far celts racordatt la reervorl cu iid in care Se mlsoar pre-
‘Shana (ig. 23, tubal 79). Lchidl din vzervorurcd In tub glatinge fan
manometric MM. Fiep presiaea absluta dia P, iat jy presines atmo
serch. Exist elaile By — fa +ethy $8 P= Bro dec .
Pm be tthe
120 some desi misork presen fo = p—
sunaa raid su presianes mbnometret Ws pence
‘imine wri ag 8
Hf Bums pre
eee A
hm A a ntinee roma
,
in = P= Pe euttinee manometric,
Monet hart 2 om wine bd
ra
Mgmt thyme rt PDD sacine manometric
Deck § < ty ston by <0
Baek p<, 2 pot win presi sacummatrics
ibe, fiinddtimen cavuammetricd b, = — be lig. 23,8). Marios ae
hdd,
Emil tes fndjims plcomerce hy ee taics pea
BEA, ste tnltimen picomarcd raica nalines Picomer
25, Statieaatmosieret
Jaga lemperis,atmotters reali pote Ht aprosinath Seg amare In
foarte mast prin sodelal umtor,numit aimayerd seta oot
Teeeititicle urmadtoare: «) acrul este un gaz perfect; p) 2m hae yee
liadins ~ 0faiet ‘eae Iii pesnes abpecua sol tt
jSeoiion esata lay egaeeta ae
1s
T= 28500065: 2.120)
nde 5 misoar fa mtr, i 7 in kev
#211 000m, temperatura este Po
sant ST Mme tem
9 strated, acs penta
aoe a
mana? ae 2
. jam
2 mle, mit ods nt even
co a Ie gent opts
fac, [
(ay:
‘ios Iegenpolitropict (12.14
cont} iz
Iovate, co expr (2829, ei
0
ane
[0 = 00055 Kin), dec nt (2129 pe ma
e484 may
tee
: tate a
ie while (2228) (2120) vert
pte bey em
6. lem emt), fete # 0 bie C= le Ret li 212.
a et
Din ale (21.29 (2.1.20 fn. ~ 0 dade lege de variate
pe verti 'apretan In troposters
pent ana
Din retail (2.1.22) gi (21.28) rents logea de warite a densitayl=
129)
Pentru valrle R= 28704 mist-K gl 20,0065 Kim, se obtine
nas
1) Abmosfera intermd. Tot fn cazal atmesterl standard, a strates
exist, @\ amosford selon, deoaece T= 'T, = const. Caracterad pei
{aiceie valor corespansitoare
fie (12) recta
e130)
Nov a tia 2.1.20 rept 9 al de fa ind seam
aor a
ron Piinht 13h
a)
Rerult legen de variate pe vertical a presani fn st7atefert
pare Re, 13%)
1 Din eae (2.1.0) 9 (21.32) rent legen dara a dest
Jeg lode 100
L225 3 Kg nc 1.253 n formule
file = 0.226: 0! Nim. p= 036s gla
rane it) OB) fp OM
22. FORTE DE PRESIUNE
22.1. Ganeraitgs
In acest 52 vor deter
fu 108 25S Bitneraf se vor determina forse exercitate de fideleaflate
ean
tte te venara normal I US eterna dpe
(fg 20, Pete atage spel Sse oe
Bowe S pas efi jpeg
In contnsare se va prea forms z
spenacmtiue 4 pees firms tora Ff) pent dite
Pa
222, Forts de presiune hidrostatice pe suprafefe plane
const sl expresile (2.2.2)
pect $ ete o mph pln, ten #
ace
=a pa
1 clementare af, se reduc la revultanta unic’ #, dati de
Basie aade 5 9 aplcat in foural de reste Ca at S A ee
ii al tC. Ca terema Ii Vrignon we obfne Fe P= Me
SUSE Aa Gi din rape (223) eeu
f, ihe= ax ( Fpaa 223)
4-38, (= salar arbitra)
Aes
Da, eta 7 97 i copa ta ce
{sree
rc
222.1, Inlomitaten fore exercitate de wn Uchid grow aflat tw ropous,
sxupra ane suprafte pie care meas, tte ga ok prodeal dine pre
‘te den coma de rate a uproar uprafes Peatraemenstas,
‘Se consilert mat ith cara fn eare saprafaa ® na este orizontall. Fie Ox)
Seem dn curds crcl rout el nt Os cae
‘et intersecfiaplanlu fl cu suprafafa bers a lichidalul, ie Oy apartne
plata al Save seul descotiont lg 26,6) Se prespane cl att
Stprattaiberd chia cit i extenovl ceetvoru exe presimea fy
24) (f gbemyatin 22.20) La adinsines hsub sprafafa bes (li. 2.68), ge
Pm + wth seh wns eas)
Pina wie (223) die
Fy terse {44 = pine
mde 4 aplica tcocema momentelor state; y, est ordonata central de
reutateG alu, far aria lal 8. Dack se poteasd ti he adkaoenee Mas
Sub supraata ber, renal
‘ahh = ht e268)
Se camsklrs acum cazul ty care suprafata 5 este orizntali. Atonci p =
pgm eBhe = const pe 8 dedi prima celajic (223) tortor otal
ety.
fontinuare este util sistema de axe de coordonate Gv’, wade suelo
Gx Wy" sat paral respoctv cu ance Os Oe
2222. Dac surat Hand wu ee orion arta supra tert
edi eet ae ps ts tn ea le ark
Soni de frst sit
_ 27,
aad bait cab mma ee il tec
Eerie tn tapi on Gp Gye at &. Bach seutt $a ot
evil de preiane coincidence de grated tS Toes shore
supratafa Sau cate oriontall sidachsonoteasd 7 = af’ yfsife mc 4 aah
atonet din elapie (224) (229) erat alibi
228)
ade 1 Ja stat repectiv momentele de nef axial tn raport cus gcen-
‘pega fa edport ct Ox 5103, ale ul Stn wedereaapliaflog te outs ae,
see teams vie pei atonal de ane ye
trnsee de supratafeS. Pentru aceasta in celal (228) aples Loom
Bay Bethe demdiy heath ails, mate
Dact‘spraiaja Sesto ofzontail, Staiet f = const be in
laid 24 real
ee aa :
faa
29)
mera) Dak mei Ste oak
sein anc ya
(posme € ssn 70
esa, or wt tO
a
etme etrats ance A
oe ae ae
eine Ic ome es ae
eenrea
eee ee eee
fase
po aed ~
saten(ee2) eam
my ie 22 210, en kien el ui f=
Ps
ea ‘mites un usd apr (ga) a col presume ent #° wi dacs
enibermat a ae pipaiesepe rete
2122, Forge de presiune hidrostatic pe suprafee curbe deschise
este 0 supratath cubs free de presine dmentare AF, exer
ciate pss fometst Inger ster oaece deere Cig 28 #)-Toro-
al forelor ate echivleat ca ei fort fa general nconcurnte
Pere ae ee et atl tell So Te
eadevir, nodad cu 4], F seopctiv ven axclor Qx, Oy, Ob § sind
fice fort sb fonaa dF 0F +5 ¢Fy, 4 Pay (hg 280). 5 obtin trol ssteme de foe
aight fearedntte eek
fe Sstemede forge race
Bo renuitaatl
Fail a,
Paf=if ah
Feba Pl a,
Gay
ack sapratsc
suc
seat hig
Pe 29 Incl panel Ony & Sine,
cpa teas het
a pata QE all consul vertical decendeate fap 3) her
EIS ABN dS. de plana Supraffe bere Het ye Ps fame
care fates ordi hl ae
22S Berea ound prov eatin pans radi
ie ema rt a Se a adi
Ae bec fe a's te eet oa
160s: pric rnc te presen ata nar
Zod cui art St op pa va agra
TEE cependd a oe rmcamatarwccnaa tam te
renne Peat tt ete tell Irae
ne tinct pe elma dong a Se ee
Spr bec e rl ns de pets doe
Fle d, = dy dh clementul de. ariedin planul Oyh ;atuncidd, — 3. ( yaa,
RES {RE tan tm eal oma do eeased ae et
bias (. oeeraja 22.59) Bla as Soa
4, = dP, «7m — pea ad =F peh da, (2.2.12)
Ase +, dapi cum unghie format ded peste acu sa ob,
= eel.
nde sei
Analog.
Ue Fethdly, Uy = eekly: e219
S)87 88 dont cum unghial format des
Sseafit St obtae esas
Fadil ar, = Fhe saa, Pi =F] ah
respoctv de iF, este
Fel aad,
ey
Fak =I dy = Reel Aad,
ee 5 at epi poeil § pe ae Oh be Oy
rept are Sto pdm ia Ce ap 2 ee
Span dt ven moraine ube spends ee
‘ea versorul ? numai unghiuri ascufite sau numai unghiari obtuze (in caz
‘Sale pra S wimp pf ae pets
ssa ee py ene rina
em vrai florea covers mahi snufc su pga eben
‘Siting cate dat seh pensar se es
formate de yeroré x vert} spectv cx wroral fie ene
sian emt Sefese sy se & 15) Mili
Sie may cen pen dhl Si) pt td
Folens integra dn's toa eefes O2) copa wate ee
SP ste
Bui = Fethads Fol —FecbyAT. El =F wOP, (2219,
sms sconces lg cata elie (2219, Suporte ote Fy Ft
Ea fan ort cts 9 rapet cold pone Ee
shane
sek, (oe, Ce ed 22.16)
‘mnform teoremei lui Vargnon: del utiiind relaile (22.12) 9 (2.213)
eles
gl hae ean
(rte ee eee en
Eola pea trend 0 ten
Shape ir teeta
Rarianid Seer cteale a a eto
Seatiecta nie Gheganias ath eprine
SRR eTTy alice tl mtisssice et
Eas
4 Jaw =
Ma Ta a
ey = fe hy)
Gpmparad prima relaie (2.2.13) cu formula (2.2.6) 1 primele dows cla
eaTefeatdmalte (22) wat nares popes Bosca packs
sao aha sale
conform terete ui
gnon ailitnd elie (2.2.13) 4 (22:19) reales
x0 -f sha, {x00 yD =f sna (ye
* e219)
ehh Bt, ey spel ort Fat te pect
aegretate jpreus cura trla reac (2.2.19), aces resltat
Adeionstreaet"a dou partes propeifie, son ta cn lsh teat epee te eects cp O4 eS Fe S aa ding
tt ei tt fe Mee ges wn ng 2100 ater Fy FG Wo fre Py
emer Jean vo per. Pode ah art tein in we 11 eo tater
FF what c= seal Fag ate pe 3; te de ete ete
vet fre. ie 220 (2.227) aah tera Fh pata Ol
Gaeta na ri Fp Pa a a
es steel crf erence cee rate tn cept Reh eh Fit Fk Fy ilo ac
eS pet etn rel yal elt deseo deerme ef Fa rao pe
ith wt Fale pce
rele Tent ot Se fe Fin 22.3)
«sti Stn nro Dein uma ie a ra Samu (2219) mmc xe eo
$n Ob, at cone jag 1) Ouran 22.28 622.2, tae na pee cb ei
Me tnt oe pine cena, 1 Duck pra cath 5a nna gt) ha ran
Sh tle ana oo Sent nee tek certo sts Prosma Ps (P= Phe tn P= Poppe
Spt sentient tse ‘Seep, epee dnp lt So ce ae etn a
in an
if Sl a
si ace Peg eae
LF Rm wens rf fem are She
a ta 22.1 pdt ep 2.9 pe mat a ‘it Caf pn fu rape rt
Righice Scam cusses trad Co sang haat apse cap ete oop sents race ie
WS ete © sapatt thi hi. 3 a) Pe ‘ate egal cu sntensitatea grevi i
sie S rms se enphasie
11 pe pun Opt hr mate 19 ah 3, Fy Ber
Scare eee ieee coud te mask flies detoo de rp. ke adeear eB 4
eee eee el ap sap) cao 85)
. of (wat kan = ego? Bila send forms (21.2) i de cent (214) fm cae f= —
‘omit 2.10) 08 a tepals. 2a 7
aie (sian (evan os a
CRO gore reenter otra 8 cue = Ho wwe ail -a0, 2225
off, Jnl Coven Epemmnrs “yetpeuehe
-tLeottiva)oe EE dcop. Bin Saat)
eam ede alts parte, fntad seamf de formula integral a rotor
{ai aa {rot ra, 22
unde HF este an chp vectora, 8 dos relafic (2.22) so mat stl
WoL pxpiaa | wxprasa| mepnan. e229
Dar, ac g esto un cimp sala iar TF un ci
= on cmp vector
= ixgradg + 9rot W. De asmenca, rot? = 0. Det
Tot 7) = —Fxgrd p+ protF = —F mrad. (22.27)
Tinlad seam succesv ta (22.26) de relaile (22.20), (2.1.3)
EE 2 Wnt ce eee 22D: (21-9) ba care 7
|, atunei rt (gh)
jean
Hoa { pend pen — abel ipa = 8 WP
{reo
= Hxd,
ex, 22.2
nde 7 ete vectra de past al entra de mast
te atm de mast Calida dedocut
de corp. Devace , y= 0, steal fortslor de presage lementae exe
line pe Se reduc no feat’ unis By Fie 7 vetorl de :
‘Pact ouecre al spatula Conor tere
Higa ited samt de (22:8) reales FF, = FexFy xen ce
plick 7 = 7e + AF, find. n scalar arbitrar. Ultima relafie este ecuatia
‘tod uportal ett lana spt toe fn
saa Rant Bs nce Jost apt soa)
SEE arlmei ac tncosate va pata yh te vprota
act idl te incom
gumeuldereotateatdomena
posiieal unui
Verignon,#
resi, atunci p= const dec C coincide ey
iniDocupatdecerpulimersat ar esha (2.229)
[Be no® 08 229
ter 8) Ur dp
sae, QTE) dene sf ae co nn a ae
ame ‘Pe sipatin S's capa poms wine 22) totes Bo
Af Rea aromas ope apa a Fo
2 nh arte ac ener aes ul
Sestaci strut ight Fy dae es eee
tettracttai at ataip sano toace ea, oe
tnt rope ee pr
ide the PO}. beth j,enean me
‘300, oqer dat bag Wal an
0
123, STABILITATEA ECHILIBRULUI CORPURILOR IMERSATE
‘Lat. Seabiliates cehilibrulai corporilr complet imersate tn lchide
fh acst paragra s va studiastabiitatea echiibrala sodelor complet
aap Fara tachi giele imcompresble Se cosidecd mat int
ina sold sige complet inersat (hg. 214, Asupra soldulu se execs
Gehttes eo for arhimediedF, Sobidal estefnrepaus ale torele
STB an aaa! rupert gi acral intenitate, dar sensurtopuse (fig. 2144)
rast, Perc un aid i flt in repack er incompre-
savant ow rport eu aap ural alr izle care
Fel sad de masa Gal snhdns, ste neesar ponte ca G3 fi sient
ee ed al fcbinde destoca do sld ) Conia ent accesar.
Tei Saterad'o posite # slid sufceat de spropints de poxiis
weirs lig, 2148), eeelta_ ch (F, Fy) este un cup de stabitate
te yeas Oe ae epaus ete stat su Cb) Condi este suficiat
Fares i oslonmitate cu teorema fi Diiclet de stabiitate 9 chi.
Paar comftdaie pent cate foncla de fori Tota fortlor
Drala 9 ids admite un maxim isla este 0 poifie de eclibra sabi
Eat uct poi onrcare a solids, forse aplcte sot sn Fy —
a SEE at fam Fuk — EA: fete de fork corespunzstoare sit
taf rade — ta
oO (rea
unde sy — cont f4 = coat. gf 2 = GC. Fanctia de fort a tuturor fortlor
‘pliate woldall este dec :
U = Usk Up aby cos 8+ const
Vator tai 6 pentru cate este stiafiuta rlaia AU/U0 = — ay sin = 0
ee eo Pes. corespand sor pani de ceiibra Dat, petra «2°
SSomeeen pote she pose de chien stabi, treble a penta act
‘orice Re sicath irelafia UMD" = — a, cos 0-< 0. Uiima relate
Filey + #6086) const,
e+ const
ste + cost
a 2 sf Pentru @— Prin ure, ©
flat inal i sepa tntr-un lich grew incom,
‘ste fn echo inifeent in raport cx tansafle fn rapt eu toe fe
Jnr axelor vertical, deoareee la efectuateascestor plas! forse Fi
a fot timpolaceeaiintenstae gl aeagi suport, dar sensur opuse”
232 Stablieaea eehilibrulul pluticrilor
[in fiir este un slid situate sopraffa bert @ unl ihid gre,
adit cle Imeratt in Iichidal grew infuriated
(ig. 219. Seva admite ek soldl ete rgd 4 fora arhimetit Fete
{eat baal mer pel infin Sadan gta Fa te
242): Parte plaliorlulinersat nich senumeyte cred age
ited pt ft hv
Infect platitoraa cu plant dept (agual iy 2 toe) si He
ste A Central do greutteO allt 8 este cinta de flies eeu conde,
agit toa nie aan etna
mus constant, deoarece (Fy| — |F,] ~ 94D — const. Pouiile plattorulal
piper Al gee sce eon
SILC ee suprafte cnr de carn Interne sen eS
Sieuce phat Sama cecemanmatames
fel tag tan reer
are dou plane de simetrie! ana fongiudril 4 flasad remsrrsalTnteseee
Ei cand iacaate cnt et one
Be socaan mehr energie
Bolted ana Peace fap
sec aa are umceesgereimr in
Bevan. Rolatin platoroh in ard vee 22 pst see
2 4
ZIPS |
VE
¢
2
ait al ne axe pare oo
Oye age fie PY opouhederula
= pitt at opine
ib PO. ar Cg © —eopecti cen
El daca ale poner P08 0
tig. 210) Dior amet plo.
ali, sportal forte! aimed F,
tne in panel tinsvera interes
teac ut de pute Intean panct
Gd pluton tind etre pois nor
Sat 9, pine mind ote a
Cond Ue ats Peat pt
lee de renin vecae poi mets
tem ssn cine com
med aig dln mae Ztons Distant
snicker at R= CM ete rave tactic de ana.
2.24, aca miaeiid de rales eld en rpordnie momenta
de nee I a eapraitst tie apse normale apertcuaza lng
‘aid tncinare eo cree
Teste race
rok con
o
Intradevie, ie PQ posiia normals, P°0" o posite de ray init vent,
‘SS — respeciv euprateel de pti corespantoarepofilor POS
feet one ene POM? q PQ WO = valeur comend
{Yotmlr Sest atens, rn conf de gates porns POOUP
onunt cxencor POW 3 PQ. — voll acest poran!comene,
Erie, rape nel Se ae le eee pe nie fn ad
Gi Jaa) POP" Go Danes coments volume actor net
Gig 2179). ke eaal xceash POW, forte y= eka cet sport uece
‘rt C" ete echivalnt cu sistema format din fra Fy = p04 al eve,
Fenn suport tree rin C* din forts Fay= og 0'F al cei suport tece prin Cy
Dm ars fo panera C apartae epter CoC
TO Fa ee"
SEL ees oF a
‘Analog, tn cazul carenei POW se obine CCC (0. Reales
a3)
Din relaile (2.3.2) 1 (2.3.3) se obtine
ae oe ov, BC et
aay)
Pe death pate, axa longitudinal de nclinare Os impertesupatta de plo
Lure Stn portale, s'Sy ale ciror puncte sintcaracergate vepesty fe
<0 31 9" > 0. Aplitind teorema tnomentelor satice fn azul” englelalat
Few ig 2.17)
se
Analog ta cazul ongltulai POP". Ca urmare (fig. 2.17.4),
Gem PELE PH anisole h({ yraee, yen) =
4
wa
in slide (25.45 (285) cera faa 23.1.
232.2, Pony ca an flier afi in rep of mech tb
spot dette et ee Pec i a
Fee ee hala fel nd Evi aes
8) Condit este neces. Tat-adevs, in pou Incinall PG. adgors pots
{orl atime eaten mf pin fra aime Fr a ed
Suport trece prin C” (fig. 2.18). Pentru cain poritia P'Q’ cuplul (F,, F,) si fic
‘pls de abit tateneea canola oma or Sat Sats
(tig. 2.18, 4). ¥). Condiia este'suticientl. Intr-adevir, tu pozitia P'Q’, forta F
al eisei suport trece prin C’ este ecivalent eu sisteml format dia fone Ey
al clrel suport trece prin C gi din cuplul (F,., Fg), unde Fg este forta athi-
medic apts engl POP” tr Fg ete grata eg O00 Pee
a
re ess)
Pets
-supasumplut cu lichid (ig. 2.19) Se presupane matali ta poitia noma
‘ste situat easupra Tui C, Atugeifunfile do for ale forfor Fy = — FE
‘aplicats in G i Fa — Fuk — Pk al care soport taece prin C aint sespctiy
Wa LR ae Fig en Feta
[Fete Fee tt Fe tc,
nde =j const, sym const. gia — CU. Pe de alts parte, fed) =
e080) 4 lemental de lum al engletelor POP" #000" (hig. 2.17.3.
[Lai di corespande for{a elmentars dF = — (egos 0) 24d °F, acrei
Timcie de for este
gett) ~ Bead { rdr= —Zi(E “teonst) a.
‘unde ss = const, Funct de fra tuturor forfelorclementare dF corespun-
‘toare ongletclor POP" # QO" este
| f
+ const, j} a=
6 iy sna
ier Ce
oe
Teor
beans int
(9744 + const =
erase
“+ const.
--et Fanefia de orf a tatarorforfeloeaplcatepluitorutl este
it 0
0 8) cont,
cos)
n+ Unt Us ce (20 cos 0+ I
Din acasts expresic se obfine
a ee
(r0—1 SEE O Nang,
Pena 9~ rer UA = pociasermalt ee oped ees
Fett oe ae se ai ep.
idan dette Ry es Mota ace Ba
raced cg ena oven Deh
cae scanner eb ee a er
page scent pce mean cattain ae te
se te a ranma ste CUS a
ab nate Sear mes a a cn i
iad ce tait ell's eten tea ea
a |
wrpanteteso |, e349
al )
sein — sau 4, dups cam G eat situatdeasypra Jal C sau sub C
ie acum un pluttr de forms oarecae, ala in epans, Se pate demon-
stra ch ondijia aecesars i sufctenth penta stabitacen echbrall plat
forall, in raprt eu deplastri sale ircteeneinfint vecine poriede noses,
sextetot (2.3.6) daca prin solalegecelmalmic inte momentcle de net
fie sctumi de plete, Sn raport axel istantance de telnare,
hart ge ais wai 2.140), metal mst a ce
ta eens 9 ae
VR rane se ean)
piteeteteenat et i enema ma an pan ee
‘ede ce pant ote ws at dee Ox Reade ae
2 ecco ia mean eae sp Peas
2) Tein di cv separa we este ni
at chia pr en de
etre irs erent a rpc ee wane apa oats
nolan eae, Epc al ig coatimerat ine anos
“6
te ces inet pt tie veo lr
24, REPAUSUL RELATIV AL FLUIDELOR
24 eval generale
In cele ce prec +s stulit epansad aba al faidelor acs epausud
flr arcs en repe a (nea, ii at ca
fis ete Ta rapaus rate, nds ete fn migeare fn rapor® en un Teper fi
Gar este in tepaus In raport ea an anamie reper mob aeinertial). Tn acest
eg Rade nl aes
Fhe reperal ix O48 uropeal mobil Oxy (Big, 220) Miyarea Iai y=
fn rapor cu Oytgy se eacteant prin vies iia hi pein wetora
‘de votajie instante dt), Heuafa fondamental a Fepauslu eat sl wnul
ppanet material P este
Fee
0. ma, ean,
F find vezatanta foreloeefectv apicate bat P (adie forelaraplcate lai
‘P—din panel de volee al unahobseevator A solidar eu Oy#i42), Fy—
fon de transport m eins
{eile tastprt ar F vectra depose all P ln tpn co Oss
“ita de traopart. Nom along pent acclempi fa pus, a= 22% Fy ete
Mctaja tn Cat Seino fo fet fetus dg byt Bt dy Se mal Pech
‘oat finns opiate a petal Pee még PF reaen
poet apate sem eine pate ee my +34)
‘fot opine ck pte wat F ea ee ie th =,
FLT eae ange 4 a ce comb ty
In cazul foidlo, fora de tansport co. zy
sespansitoare unui lament de fluid de mas
jdm] 80.
Vector ff repesint forta de transport cars:
ponsitere ita de mash gi ge numejte
Fora de transport wnitard; ext afin f=
ccapat de un Maid aflat
fo repaus relativ ln raport cu repeal mobil
Onys, tr D, = D um domenis [inte oarecare, splrgnit de suprafaf chs, (fg 221
Seconsident eH fin Bese cpus
st diet nama dae ec porfane
ute fn ‘repaus relat iy port os
Gaye “Este dec neconr cen
rare ar fh domental , = forte
Splcate alt din D, (dil forte
‘te fiduut din D, din punctl do ve.
decane cheated areas)
Si fortle de transport corespunsitoave fa
Auta din, af formeze un sstem cehivaeat
‘uzeo. Forfle elect aplcte sin for
ie 221 ies ede sta ti
lade la free de preston de pe (pes,
aagedarye forts sitar fami dooce Sie prin at
Tidal dn D'nu ne mip tas apne Cass Pea
lege cor dig sbpargratl 2.13, orks suet eens tains
redo ores fe all ete i =e
(,7a0-[ eae + sea eas)
foal integral a grant (212), din tla (243) rena
(ef entp + siya —o,
Aplin tea interne 2.11, in tina rela eat
fenenreh | me | aan
Consent reper Oxy notad J, fad +d + fuk. wine
| tB-s4n }
| te a4.)
3 a eas)
1”
LB an +h
2.44) 6 (245) sot couple generale ale repausulai relativ
242. Repaselralatiy a Hadar incompreiite
FF Dack dsl est ncompresbi dec duct
sedotucs cht (7+
Sater is altel ll
iether
const. din coutia (24.4)
rot fai) = 0, eeea ce arnt ek exist functic
end =
ne e406)
Bf tad bg ovat
au
CConsidernd repeal Oxy noting
Let ham fete
Let hem ean
fobhem.
1 se aeyte folomialal lata al oor mas.
Gondiinro rd) = 0 mal aa ch repel lative posi nana
penis sie cide apr, De exp i earl asior compre
EBUE pele ett propecia
LAL. Repel aia neces ere ete ail numa
ack ~ cont, te adevie,deorece}— 3, —a, condi ot (7a)
Se cane wi to, ais
mt +exF Hex Ex Hao easy
10k (Bx 7) BE
Dar 8,34) $18 — ip, dest sot
sate x Ex HJ mm[—Fenaes xr]
Conia 2.48) tdci =, Sy
cexpunedl sri hdmi nei ch cara ator lncompresile (aw neaptrat
fa) ant ettenteseodile = cost, 8y— dt b, (5, b—consant)
SF af. 2) Deal — Py, 2), Stapling (2.45) 24)
radi el pals Gp ated eS ECs 9 tn att ca,
‘Stvod epost (24. ceatile 249) ait ie obine
Feopetv cd, dy. de Badan, se oie
ap built =0. easy
if espe vale pres potas tall friclor mig
Intad punch te flea Pa dometaiu Docyput de far pe
fens mind ian pct ante al nda
Fein Py Poin cee repentance
Dress (ata aa act uncle ma dep de mp
Teeny fH
[pm cone
i) ain Zt one de staat oc pes
ave aa teh ss mga mad Oye ff 220 Resale
ent = pn aogi 212) — i ob.
eau Ue aly em aadde — @A)
1 Bak = 6) toca een te ail pil 9 ae ct
uci He av cr vice, th arte, cn ea cn en Fe ota mad
‘el an ea 49 ama eae, Rol pre
ais cpt oh ac nt nap map eae oe
Toon fs mash ct to
25, EFECTUL TENSIUNIT SUPERFICIALE
251, Forma suprateel bere
Ieseopto tat a ego ic
co fae ge ts
ara pS aps ah ml re
cee ne pasts He rae re
SURG GA. er poe cee
BEET patties 9 pteerna
Ratan Dota pettus ety pe
Rares Rae, ee
bib =F
Introducnd aceastexprsi tn reata (1.2.36 gi ntad seams cd =
’
const fe panel 0, a0 abjine condi de epaus a sapraeht
Fal ich ge: ee ae
Dec ee
PB. const) |- 5.)
‘uaa ll 5 sedodace prin integrates couafil (2.5.1), cova cen general este
die Un cas simplu Ge tratat In aplcahia 29, .
252, Capitartate
efi i nme ets es pe ae
ales semen wa ea ey
oles Eicianeyekr arson ce ate)
sical, Asti), tn caaul wna ibid gre afl a repauefatr-n_ tub de
SOEV'R he sopeatata ibe dn tab, P um punct onrearea lal S-P——
‘proven ll D peplatal s= 0 cle care tnde uprafta ber
abut, fe presumes gunull cu eare estes eottactchidal. py pres
‘net lh In. pr prsianea in Par =n) unghial de racordare
inte beh perce (dou (ig 2.23) Gd raza W ete foarte mic,
‘SirbusaSuprafefs bere Sexe foartemare,dacldierenja fy feestemare
‘nfo telaie (1.2.36) Ca uemare,lehidul rest fa pn fa plana 2 —
Th'Pentrwcaleda pe, sabeervi matintics py = f,seaemare, eesaia
2.51 devine
Lat
soefet)o
been si sr een
we—tetno asa
Forma exacts sopraetl Uber S se obine prin intgrareageuaiel (2.5.2.
‘Aewasts integrare hind Ine fc xe adie ck supraafa'S poate fi apro-
‘int pinto ate (Dan dare oma yak
exp prin vrata presico din chi, dea lgul ll 5, datorith gre
SHEL of aceasta wari ate relay mit). Panta dec r = Rlcos =
Sieonsk i ceuia (25.2) se abies
wee
wer eek
Pe de altd parte, clad R Ws poate admite ci k= = Rezalth formula Iu
Boral Juri.
| 1 Bags | es)
“Tot asl fn casa una lichid grow flat a rps inte doi pee plant
vertical a foarte apropiatswmol de altel (Gg. 228) aprosimat anaoage
‘aor de si ews conduela ela
cons,
ee
herria) Dak abl apr ts al
ose nf desta sean rane 3.) 238)
ea Hossa peer dente ie
ew de cht i, Deine pr i
sh mo
. es) 3.
‘CINEMATICA FLUIDELOR
24, NOTIUNI GENERALE
2.4. Deserarea migtrit
Cinematiea fuidclr este partea mecanici Osidlor care stdiass mig
se ko, ft ann inde nul care produ ante ich
(Ga urmase reraltatele cinematic fladelor nw depind de tips frtlor spi
fate Muldulor (Corfe de pretan,forje de viscstate ete), due St valabe
pentea once model de id
Esti dout mode pentru descriera micrit uni lsd: metoda Ini
Lagrange sf metoda Tal Baler.
Meioda fui Lagrange este 0 adaptare la mocania fuel a metodel
fotos penta staal mijear wast item de puncte materiale: comet
{th urmaties ecru element de fad, fo evolalia sa. Spatial Bind raportat
1B tisral cartevian tirtogonal fe inert) Oss, fecre element de ful
‘te Individgalzat prin posia sz infu, adic prin vector de posiie
Fqm ai 5) + chal contrat do mast al camentalal ta momental iia
(ig 'iy-Lfan moment alter? > eslementel de fisid osu ott poe
a
in vector de poste 7 — a} 3j + sf al cntrubl sia de
smal. Vect a
ce determitat de Fy 3
ne ou)
YVariabilleindependents sat ft respective 4; lese umes sarabile
ratriate sau toiabsde la” Lagrange
Tlmentlor defini Se pot ata Fanci care reprevinthpropsitsi ale
sige Fie 0° so Sealar saa vectorial cre eprint @ ast
Inches proprietae Dia pancial de vedere al unui obcerestor solar cy ce
nal de ind aclu Pie iniias este Fy varafia fn mp 3 aio cate
aah de express
AO (207A jpg OF SI OM D_,
aw) 88 a an
nami drat swbatanfalé saa derinata materilda Ii. Ince re sb
‘iss faptl et fy este presupas constant cin we calculus derivata partials
recede, deci ge considers un anamit element de lid. Dac f particular
fF ia expres (2:12) tual wtercntrlde mas ln semen
ae al
pn) eo g
a
Axa el py, dole Bea 7 del
Bel 74 Be BD Fy,
(13)
Meloda ti Eater const a studi tn focare panct al damental gcupat
de sid, a variates mtrimior ee cardeterinart iyarea Hulda, Spatial
fied pat dr tes ropa x te ye se dee
pentra fecave mre ce cracterzeaos earn, cleo fanche care depinde
Se vectoral de posfe ¥ = ai {yj +28 de timp (fig 32). MetodaIut
Bale conduce del ln studi nor chmparsalare ia unor elnpur vectorial
‘Derexsmpla in momentel oarecae itera din panctal cuent P{P) este
WN mals OT + Hl 9. OF + ole OR BLA)
9 eprerintsvitera central de mas al sementlal de ud a eid entra
‘lac coincide cx P(F) 9 memental Fanctia (7), deintspedameniel
‘capat deni, semomeytecinpu iedor, Variable independente sat 734.
Seppectiv ess sits ee so mumese sarah spaal sa staal ft Baer
a a 9s cps vga ce nt 6 rats
Bay Paice aS mcd Fs
200.0) — yg Ht N90
(Mi)
os)
nami derews foals Iai, Tndicler sublinias fatale 7 este consderat
‘onstantcind ss calles dorvata pari 1, deci ek se considers
fon anit punct al spatil
entra a stabiliolgitursinredevivata substantial si derivata locals,
se presupane ot fanfile O"(7y.#) 9 0071) reprint accent proprctate 3
smigeini (v. observafia 31). Pin deliaii, valoaren tance O*(
Etagath element de a ai cir contra de mac coincide cu panctl P(F)
fn spomental este gals ea valoarea cinpule O(7, im panctal P?) ia
manent
Oe) = 007.0) 619
De exempla, din rayile (3.13) yi (14) reaaleh
ie 9 MOD 7
$70.9 = alec 0F Herb Alege) OL
Dar find seams de (311) se poste sre
OF. 9 = OFF. 1.1) = ria, be, 968.69. Ha, Be.) OLS)
Din rlaite (81.2), (8.1.6), (gi (5.4) ena fa acest ae
Te,
@
a (Fete ken. eben, He dena)
“EOLA SG FG @.,
20 dr, 20 dy 0 ke,
ed ay ae we
unde grapusle de indicia 8, 9.x, 9 proczene reapectivc& mirimile
TEM EE SF sit 9) +h rama constante cind se calcula
Aevivatee pasta corespanattaace. fa fet intnd seams de elafia (17),
eae pei ec si, i ia 8.1,
0%
2a i + ne} ry
i
ca
se numeyte dove susonitd sam dveata material» cmpuui 47,0
Gan apres 0.11) sea (19) soma me ad orm"
Brame eum)
0a DOG. , oun
a be
Semnifcatia fie a expresie (3.1.10) se obfine poring de Ia faptl &,
pentru sbpevator soda cnn ignent de Paitin inp ae
Brit o*(?yf).asementaal de fad entedO*(f de Dar confor a.
Fes (1.6), valoarea fences (Intron moment osecare exe egal cu
‘oareatinpulot O(n momenta ta puncte in cre se gaaet, in
‘omental lmentut de fud crus heat aagat obsertonal ben fonat?
{ees pents scent observator,varaia timp 2 funcie ©" 2)
vafain in Gimp seimpulu (7); elafa (1) sate vata ip
fancfi,O*7m exte eal cu DOG, DE. Renuth ch DOG, reprenints
“aril ain a cimpelut OG) dia panes de vedere ak un ebserator
‘oldarcu elemental e fod satin punctal PC) In memental
entra rezlvareaproblemelr concrete, in mecania uel se uilizears
aproape intetdeauna toda ii Euler, deosrece ma ales carl
‘tmogene de abies intrezcans nu cvolutia anal anumit element de fai,
Fvaratia in timp, in punctcle damental oespat de aks mrimor
“arncerizeack migcarea acestin, Metoda lui Ecler coespusde 3 teetodelor
‘Semmisararewrunle din mecanis filo: apratee de sears au 0 poste
iar Megan aii anaitor kina ate ance ae Se
menial ceupat a exeepfia anor considera Woretice Tega de
Habiiren couplor fandamentae Sle mecaneh fuior, tn acest Cars ©
uizeset metada Tut Euler.
ners 5) itd wah cee (LL see
JO. 0°71 man scraiemt. Deer,
412. Ctmput vieretor
4p stutul migtri wnat Mud, deoscbit de important este cmpul vite-
sr UP deree pe donate scent cmp ofr imagine agent «i
is fukialiy ar pede alt arte detarminanenacestut lap este a gener]
feceath pniradetrminaencdriste input cs dese mies
2) Csiiaca micron ldo, In fncte de craters dpi
viteitlr, migetitefudelor pot frclasiate tn feul urmier.
= Din pea eyed sling
Bp ara na
speeder sates “ern
sg a ee a ai
a
+ fain wien navel Timp. adie tn are
PRM EA ater
oo ERIN cere nae
Sr —
a _———_—
fadicd in care T= u(x, 9,2, ) T-box, 9. 207-4 oe, ¥. 2.8): 8) migcarh
phonon eds crace tania Bee
Nee ee ee SENSE cast
ey bel ne hs sO, gre
ed Mca lar pal Cra are eee,
ee fecamn trie at Maly cer ees ales
oR. #.4) eq + 24(R, 2, f) 2, dick se utilizeaz coordonatele cilindrice R,
Lr”
1G aS comet an fn he ed oe
reese ce eee le mirth dn ne
su i
a LULrC—~—.
hr
iinet ipa tr ate a
cd te eet a SS
gerne Reve rn alg eral ge a bale
Sie cpiconge Cine (tala Griese
gen ns he tur elt © lel xa
fete aie id aca gabtan ue ited eat
See Gat srae ele dasca toed
ee etme! nea
3.0 xaF
12)
sau Inc
(_# a 1 _ a pay
vel6 97 We YA) lH ye oe
eal (2.1.1) (8.1.1 epi eps canine ean
Sane aE SO SOLE TE Dasa ana (S11) miter
SEES LD Societal Stem tcl onldat w aee
Trait na ene de Bid cca decd centr de mast
ance gh) Rats dace cite tate Te)
<6
ke
So
Pes res
ind se empl vitezelor #(7 se fine sami de (81.7) fo eelatin (3.1.5)
venules
a ag,
Hoag. pa.
tos. auty
sex net
re a ee oe)
Be nD Wend wee
Retail (51.14 (145) repesintvespetiv ecafia vectors ecuatile
see tattioe OA ‘
ch in parkenlar mijenes fiduls ete permanent, timpalt au mai
intervinetn unle (21-0) sent primele out ccna (1-0), ins ter
ESISY dia [S115 deving dnutl; ea urmare,sstemee (315) 33119)
{eno ea oh cond mer pment sori inl
Hei sade emiie (sa fini rasare) cae eae fa momenta pein panctal
pig ttle fear al yancrcacarcconelnmementlt centre
dekh ae eames telor de fg area treat prin PF) plas tn momenta
icluni (oe 35), Pentqn.a dedaceeewatte nor de" etic (C.). 3© cons
{de evuafistnioetored C*'8-unel clement de lad oarceare:
». (16
Dack cent de fd tree pn panctl P(7") ta momenta atc ia
Pie ah a cnc LPR dos fem Tate. trad
GHD: Cordes ela (tere
Faieaee.8. (wat <8, (un
[rae F
ym Sales 9. We ge
pemdalet AY BA AY, ee AE
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