Gramatica engleza .

Gramatica limbii engleze

Articolul nehotarat Se aseaza inaintea substantivului. Are forma 'a' daca urmeaza o consoana: Are forma 'an' daca urmeaza o vocala: a book - o carte an english - un englez

Cand substantivul e la plural articolul nehotarat dispare: books - carti Se foloseste inaintea substantivelor ce denumesc profesia, nationalitatea, genul persoanei: I am an engineer - Sunt inginer I am a romanian - Sunt roman I am a man - Sunt barbat I am a woman - Sunt femeie Articolul hotarat Articolul hotarat 'the' , se citeste z, se aseaza inaintea substantivului: the book - cartea the books - cartile book - carte, books - carti the girl - fata the girls - fetele girl - fat , girls - fete Adjectivul Adjectivul se aseaza intre articol si substantiv: a good boy - un baiat bun Adverbul Adverbul se formeaza adaugand la adjectiv terminatia ly: bad weather - vreme rea , bad este adjectiv the weather is badly - vremea este rea badly este adverb Pluralul substantivelor Pluralul se formeaza adaugand dupa singular litera 's' : boy - boys baiat - baieti girl - girls fata - fete Substantive cu plural neregulat: man - barbat men barbati woman - femeie women -femei child - copil children copii

Exista unele substantive care se termina la plural in 'es' Pronumele si adjectivul demonstrativ this aceasta that aceea these - acestea those - acelea Cazul genitiv Este de doua feluri: of sau 's the book of the boy - cartea baiatului the boy's book - cartea baiatului In aceste exemple the boy inseamna baiatul , iar cu of si 's inseamna baiatului Numeralul

1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty 21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 one hundred 733 seven hundred and thirty-three 1000 one thousand 1975 one thousand nine hundred and seventy-five 2004 two thousand and four Pronumele si adjectivele interogative Who which what - cine ? - care ? - ce ? whose - a cui ? whom - cui, pe cine Prepozitii spatiale From - din before - inainte into - inauntru over - peste with - cu in - in behind - inapoi between - intre out of - afara din through - prin under - sub up - sus on - pe to - spre across - peste down - jos out afara

Pronume relative

Pentru persoane, animale, lucruri

who - care whose - al,a,ai,ale carui,carei,caror whom - pe cine, pe care that - care whom - caruia careia carora

Pentru animale, lucruri

which - care what - ce Pronumele personal I - eu you - tu he - el she - ea we - noi you - voi they - ei , ele

it - el , ea pentru obiecte, animale

Adjective posesive my - meu, mea your - tau, ta his - lui her - ei its - lui , ei our -nostru, noastra your -vostru, voastra their -lor Pronume posesiv mine - al meu, a mea yours - al tau, a ta his - al lui hers - al ei ours - al nostru, a noastra yours - al vostru, a voastra theirs - al lor, a lor

Pronumele la cazul dativ me - mie you - tie him - lui her - ei us - noua you - voua them - lor

it - lui , ei

Pronumele la cazul acuzativ me you him us you them - pe mine - pe tine - pe el her - pe ea - pe noi - pe voi - pe ei

it - pe el , pe ea

Pronumele reflexive si de intarire Myself yourself himself ourselves yourselves themselves - insumi, insami - insuti, insati - insusi - insine - insiva - insisi , insele

herself - insasi

itself - insusi , insasi

Verbul 'to be' - a fi la prezent I am you are he is we are you are they are - eu sunt - tu esti - el este - noi suntem - voi sunteti - ei sunt , ele sunt

she is - ea este

it is - el este , ea este

Se poate folosi prescurtat: I'm , he's , she's, it's Pentru negativ se adauga 'not': I am not eu nu sunt Pentru intrebari cuvintele se scriu invers: Are you ? Tu esti ? Verbul 'to have' - a avea la prezent I have you have he has we have you have they have - eu am - tu ai - el are she has - ea are - noi avem - voi aveti - ei au, ele au

it has - el are, ea are

Pentru negativ se adauga 'not': I have not - eu nu am Pentru intrebari cuvintele se scriu invers: Have you ? Tu ai ? Verbul 'to be' - a fi la trecut I was you were he was we were -eu am fost -tu ai fost -el a fost she was - ea a fost -noi am fost

it was - el , ea a fost

you were -voi ati fost they were -ei , ele au fost Negativ: I was not - eu nu am fost Interogativ: Were you ?- Tu ai fost ? Verbul 'to have' - a avea la trecut I had you had he had we had you had they had -eu am -tu ai -el are -noi avem -voi aveti -ei , ele au

she had

ea are

it had - el, ea are

Negativ: I had not - eu nu am Interogativ: Had you ? Tu ai ?

Timpul prezent aspectul continuu I am writing eu scriu you are writing tu scrii he is writing el scrie she is writing ea scrie we are writing noi scriem you are writing voi scrieti they are writing ei , ele scriu

it is writing ea , el scriu

Se foloseste pentru a exprima o actiune in curs de desfasurare in momentul de fata sau o actiune care urmeaza sa aiba loc intr-un viitor foarte apropiat
Timpul prezent aspectul comun I write eu scriu you write tu scrii he writes el scrie she writes ea scrie we write noi scriem you write -> voi scrieti they write ei , ele scriu

it writes ea , ea scriu

Negativ: I do not write eu nu scriu he does not write el nu scrie Interogativ: Do you write ? Tu scrii ? La he , she , it , se adauga terminatia s Exemple de modificari la unele verbe: he watch he watches a urmari el urmareste to dress he dresses a se imbraca el se imbraca to go he goes a merge el merge to wash he washes a spala el spala Participiul nedefinit Se formeaza adaugand terminatia -ing la infinitivul verbului to learn - learning a invata - invatand to play - playing a juca - jucand to try - trying a incerca - incercand Exemple de modificari la unele verbe: to translate - translating a traduce - traducand to sit - sitting a sta - stand

to preffer - preferring a prefera - preferand to travel - travelling a calatori - calatorind to lye - lying a zacea - zacand Participiul trecut Se formeaza adaugand terminatia -ed la infinitivul verbului to ask asked a intreba intrebat to play played a juca jucat Exemple de modificari la unele verbe: to translate translated a traduce tradus to stop stopped a opri oprit to prefer preferred a prefera preferat to travel travelled a calatori calatorit to try tried a incerca incercat Present perfect aspectul comun I have written eu am scris you have written tu ai scris he has written el a scris she has written ea a scris it has written we have written noi am scris you have written tu ai scris they have written ei , ele au scris Negativ: I have not written eu nu am scris Interogativ: Have you written ? Tu ai scris? Se foloseste pentru o actiune terminata in trecut dar care are consecinte si in prezent: We have moved into a new house. Ne-am mutat intr-o casa noua. (Ne-am mutat in trecut, dar in prezent locuim in aceasta casa) Se foloseste atunci cand propozitia contine: today, this week, this month, this year, ever, never, often, seldom, already, lately, just, always, yet. I have been a student for several month. Eu sunt student de cateva luni. Present perfect aspectul continuu I have been writing eu am scris , eu scriu you have been writing tu ai scris , tu scrii he , she , it has been writing el , ea , au scris , scriu we have been writing noi am scris , noi scriem you have been writing voi ati scris , voi scrieti they have been writing ei , ele au scris , scriu Se foloseste pentru o actiune care a inceput in trecut, si s-a incheiat cu putin inainte de momentul vorbirii sau este in curs de desfasurare si poate continua si in viitor. I have been writing since 7 o'clock . Eu scriu de la ora 7. Negativ: I have not been writing eu nu ams scris, eu nu scriu Interogativ: Have you been writing ? Tu ai scris ? Tu scrii ? Trecutul aspectul comun Verbe neregulate. Exemplu: to write - a scrie write (forma I ) - wrote (forma II ) - written (forma III ) write - prezent wrote - trecut written - participiul trecut I wrote eu am scris you wrote tu ai scris

he wrote el a scris she wrote ea a scris it wrote ea , el a scris we wrote noi am scris you wrote voi ati scris they wrote ei , ele au scris Verbe regulate . Exemplu: to ask - a intreba ask (forma I ) - asked (forma II ) - asked (forma III ) ask - prezent asked - trecut asked - participiul trecut Este la fel ca participiul trecut, se adauga terminatia 'ed' la infinitivul verbului I asked eu am intrebat you asked tu ai intrebat he asked el a intrebat she asked ea a intrebat we asked noi am intrebat you asked voi ati intrebat they asked ei , ele au intrebat Negativ: I did not write eu nu am scris Interogativ: Did you write ? Tu ai scris ? Trecutul aspectul continuu I was writing eu scriam you were writing tu scriai he , she , it , were writing el , ea scria we were writing noi scriam you were writing voi scriati they were writing ei , ele scriau Negativ: I was not writing eu nu scriam Interogativ: Were you writing ? Tu scriai ? Mai mult ca perfectul aspectul comun I had written eu scrisesem you had written tu scrisesei he , she, it , had written el , ea , scrisese we had written noi scrisesem you had written voi scriseseti they had written ei , ele scrisesera Negativ: I had not written eu nu scrisesem Interogativ: Had you written ? Tu scrisesei ? Mai mult ca perfectul aspectul continuu I had been writing eu scrisesem you had been writing tu scrisesei he , she , it , had been writing el , ea , scrisese we had been writing noi scrisesem you had been writing voi scriseseti they had been writing ei , ele scrisesera Negativ: I had not been writing eu nu scrisesem Interogativ: Had you been writing ? Tu scrisesei ? Viitor aspectul comun

it asked el , ea a intrebat

I shall write eu voi scrie you will write tu vei scrie he will write el va scrie she will write ea va scrie we shall write noi vom scrie you will write voi veti scrie they will write ei , ele vor scrie Negativ: I shall not write eu nu voi scrie Interogativ: Will you write ? Tu vei scrie ?

it will write el , ea va scrie

Forme scurte: - in loc de shall si will se poate scrie prescurtat 'll - in loc de shall not se poate scrie prescurtat shan't , in loc de will not se poate scrie won't Viitor aspectul continuu I shall be writing eu voi scrie you will be writing tu vei scrie he , she, it , will be writing el , ea, va scrie we shall be writing noi vom scrie you will be writing voi veti scrie they will be writing ei , ele vor scrie Negativ: I shall not be writing eu nu voi scrie Interogativ: Will you be writing ? Tu vei scrie ? Conditional prezent I should write eu as scrie you would write tu ai scrie he , she, it , would write el , ea ar scrie we should write noi am scrie you would write voi ati scrie they would write ei , ele ar scrie Negativ: I should not write eu nu as scrie Interogativ: Would you write ? Tu ai scrie ? Conditional trecut I should have written eu as fi scris you would have written tu ai fi scris he , she , it , would have written el , ea ar fi scris we should have written noi am fi scris you would have written voi ati fi scris they would have written ei , ele ar fi scris Negativ: I should not have written eu nu as fi scris Interogativ: Would you have written ? Tu ai fi scris ? Verbe modale: can must may can - pot, sunt in stare may - pot, am voie must - trebuie Verbul care le urmeaza sunt la infinitiv fara 'to' : I can write - Eu pot scrie Sunt la fel pentru: eu, tu, el, ea, noi, voi, ei Negativ: cannot , may not, must not, sau: can't, mayn't, mustn't Interogativ: Can you write ? Poti scrie ?

Verbe modale: will shall would should

Will
I will we will

( vointa , dorinta)
-eu intentionez, eu sunt hotarat -noi intetionam, noi suntem hotarati - tu trebuie , iti promit shall - el , ea trebuie , ii promit -voi trebuie , va promit -ei , ele trebuie , le promit

shall ( trebuie)
you shall he/she/ it you shall they shall

should ( as; ar trebui, s-ar cadea )

you should tu ar trebui he , she, it , should el , ea ar trebui you should voi ar trebui they should ei , ele ar trebui

would ( exprima dorinta)

you would vrei te rog you would vreti va rog

Timpul verbelor neregulate

forma I - forma II - forma III prezent - trecut - participiu trecut

be - was - been have - had - had begin - began - begun bring - brought - brought buy - bought - bought drive - drove - driven come - came - come choose - chose - chosen do - did - done eat - ate - eaten forget - forgot - forgotten freeze - froze - frozen go - went - gone give - gave - given get - got - got grow - grew - grown know - knew - known learn - learnt - learnt lose - lost - lost make - made - made run - ran - run say - said - said see - saw - seen

fi - fost - fiind avea - avut - avand incepe - inceput - incepand aduce - adus - aducand cumpara - cumparat - cumparand conduce - condus - conducand veni - venit - venind alege - ales - alegand face - facut - facand manca - mancat - mancand uita - uitat - uitand ingheta - inghetat - inghetand merge - mers - mergand da - dat - dand lua - luat - luand creste - crescut - crescand cunoaste - cunoscut - cunoscand sti - stiut - stiind invata - invatat - invatand pierde - pierdut - pierzand face - facut - facand alerga - alergat - alergand spune - spus - spunand vedea - vazut - vazand 8

send - sent - sent trimite - trimis - trimitand sell - sold - sold vinde - vandut - vanzand show - showed - shown arata - aratat - aratand spend - spent - spent chetui - cheltuit - cheltuind petrece - petrecut - petrecand speak - spoke - spoken spune - spus - spunand vorbi - vorbit - vorbind stand - stood - stood sta - stat - stand take - took - taken lua - luat - luand think - thought - thought gandi - gandit - gandind tell - told - told spune - spus - spunand understand - understood - understood intelege - inteles - intelegand win - won - won castiga - castigat - castigand