Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
“Infectioasa” Transmitere
A E Enterica
HEPATITA “NANB”
VIRALA C 1989-Choo
McCallum-1942
Transmitere
B D Parenterala
“Serica”
A B C D E
SURSA DE SANGE/ SANGE/ SANGE/
FECALE FECALE
VIRUS DERIVATE DERIVATE DERIVATE
FLUIDE FLUIDE FLUIDE
CORPORALE CORPORALE CORPORALE
Cale de fecal-orala percutanata percutanata percutanata fecal-orala
transmitere permucoasa permucoasa permucoasa
Infectie nu da da da nu
cronica
Prevalenta Anti-VHA
inalta
Intermediara
scazuta
Foarte scazuta
Transmiterea VHA
Materii fecale
Ser
• Digestiv
• Contact personal direct
Saliva Sange (rar postransfuzional,
IDU)
(e.g., injection drug use, r
100 102 104 106 108 1010
TITRUL/ml
simptomatologie
TGP IgG
IgM
Viremie In România, peste 80% din
copiii sub 10 ani au trecut
prin infectie
Infectie
VHA in MF
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
saptamana
profilaxie specificã: vaccin inactivat
profilaxie nespecificã: igienã personalã sau gamaglobuline la contacti
DIAGNOSTIC DE LABORATOR IN
HEPATITE DE ETIOLOGIE VIRALA
ALGORITM DE DIAGNOSTIC IN HEPATITE
1. Tablou clinic
2. Teste biochimice
• Markerii necrozei hepatocitare (transaminaze, LDH)
• Markeri colestaza (FAL, GGT, bilirubina)
• Markeri ai incapacitatii de sinteza la nivel hepatic (proteine serice, colesterol,
trigliceride)
Spalator
automat
Spectrofotometru
ELISA
ETAPE
2. Spalare
Ag marcat
enzimatic =
3. Incubare conjugat 30min la 37ºC
conjugat
4. Spalare
IgM
5. Incubare substrat 20 min la t. camerei
• Homosexuali
• Utilizatorii de droguri intravenoase
• Calatorii internationali
• Persoanele cu boli de coagulare
• Persoanele cu boala hepatica cronica
TESTARE PRE-VACCINARE
• Consideratii:
– Costul vaccinului
– Costul testarii serologice
– Prevalenta infectiei
– Impactul compliantei vaccinarii
NU SE RECOMANDA:
• Persoanele vaccinate au rata inalta de
raspuns
Sursa: CDC
Virusul Hepatitei E- Calicivirus
• Incubatie: Medie 40 zile (15-60)
• Severitate creste cu varsta
• Rata fatalitatii : 1%-3%;
• femei gravide 15-25% 1983-IEM în preparat provenit de la un
-avorturi sau nasteri premature: 12 – 30% voluntar care a fost infectat cu filtrat
- moartea fãtului in utero: 25%; de materii fecale de la un pacient cu
-decesul mamei prin hepatitã fulminantã: 25% hepatitã entericã nonA nonB.
IgM anti-VHE
Titru
Virus in scaun
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1
0 1 2 3
Saptamani de la expunere la VHE
Profil serologic
• Imuno globuline
• Pre-expunere
– Calatorii in zone de endemicitate
• Igiena (e.g., spalatul pe maini)
inalta pt VHA
• Igienizare (e.g., surse de apa
• Post-expunere (in interval de 14 zile)
curate)
• Rutina
• Vaccinare anti Hepatita A • Contact intim
(pre-expunere) Situatii diverse
• HAVRIX-SKB- 2 DOZE – institutii (e.g., centre de zi)
Prevalenta AgHBs
8% - Inalta
2-7% - Intermediara
<2% - Scazuta
In serul bolnavilor se gãsesc diferite forme ale VHB: particulele omogene, sferice de 42 nm
care reprezintã virionul complet (numite particule Dane) si particule neomogene, sferice sau
filamentoase, (cu diametrul de 22 nm) constituind structuri lipsite de ADN si de infectivitate.
Concentratia VHB in fluide
corporale
INALT Moderat Scazut/
nedetectabil
Centers for Disease Control. Hepatitis B fact sheet. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis. 2008. Mahoney FJ. Clin Microbiol Hepatitis B statistics
1. WHO. Hepatitis B. 2002. 2. Maynard JE, et al. In: Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1988. 3. CDC. Epidemiology &
prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases. The Pink Book. 8th ed. 4. CDC. MMWR. 2001;50:RR-11
Structura VHB
AgHBc
AgHBe
AgHBs
ADN/VHB
Sisteme antigenice VHB
• Ag HBs Ac antiHBS
• Ag HBc Ac antiHBc
• Ag HBe Ac antiHBe
Infectia acuta cu VHB
evolutie spre vindecare
Simptome
AgHBe anti-HBe
ADN/VHB
anti-HBc totali
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 52 100
IgM anti-HBc
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 52 Years
Weeks after Exposure
Tehnica ELISA “sandwich” ELISA de detectie a Ag virale
1. Incubare ser pacient 1h la 37ºC
2. Spalare
3. Incubare CONJUGAT 60min la 37ºC
4. Spalare
5. Incubare SUBSTRAT 20 min la t.camerei
6. Citire la spectrofotometru => D.O., MN, MP, C.O.
SUBSTRAT
+
Anti HBs cuplat cu
o enzima =
CONJUGAT
Ag HBs
Anti HBs
ALGORITHM OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
HBsAg
ELISA
Positive=contact negative
with HBV Anti-HBc IgM
Positive=
positive=
acute
hepatitis B
FILM
Negative = must
acute
hepatitis B
detect Anti-HBc
IgG
Negative =posible
HBsAg Positive=
carrier,investigate chronic Negative=no
hepatitis B must hepatitis B
detect HBeAg
Positive=
chronic active Negative= chronic
hepatitis persistent hepatitis
HEPATITA B OCULTÃ
raportata prima data la un donator anti-HBc +Tabor et al., 1979
Supresia Durabila a
Replicarii VHB
Beneficii
Riscuri
Raspuns neasteptat, negativ
Raspuns durabil Efecte Adverse
Varsta Pacientului Rezistenta
si costurile
Dupa Tratament
Seroconversia AgHBe
Fibrozã PrezentTrateazã
70
Vaccinarea nou
60 nascutilor
Cazuri/100,000
50
40 Aprobare
Screeningul femeilor
Vaccinului
30 gravide pt AgHBs
20
Vaccinarea
10 Adolescentilor
0
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
AN
Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/. Accessed February 5, 2006.
Vaccinul anti VHB
• Vaccin aprobat in 1982
– Derivat din plasma vaccin recombinant
– 3-doze, eficacitate inalta, siguranta
• Dupa aprobare au fost vaccinati toti adolescentii si adultii cu
risc
• In 1991 a fost implementata o strategie de eliminare a
transmiterii VHB
– 1991: recomandarea de vaccinare a nou-nascutilor
• Oportunitati pierdute
– Adultii cu comportament de risc
• intre 1983-2000: ~ 110,000 adulti au facut hepatita B
cronica deoarece nu au fost vaccinati
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;52:1252-1254.
Factori Asociati cu Raspunsul Redus la
Vaccinare
Factori ce depind de pacient Factori ce depind de vaccin
Varsta > 50 ani Schema de vaccinare
(accelerata vs 0, 1, 2, 6 luni)
Sex masculin
Doze duble vs unice
Fumat
utilizarea “adjuvantilor”
Obezitate
Amministrare IM versus ID
Imunodeficienta
– HIV
– Primitorii transplanturilor
recipients
– Dializa
Complianta
Durabilitatea Raspunsului la Vaccin
• Protectie de 15-18 ani
1. McMahon BJ, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:333-341. 2. Hadler SC, et al. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:209-214. 3.
Ni YH, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:796-800.
Durabilitatea Raspunsului la Vaccin
Vaccinuri cu titruri anti-HBs • Factori predictivi pt
specifice
scaderea titrului
40 38 protector de anticorpi
la mai putin de 15 ani
Procent de pacienti
30 28
20 18
16
– Titru de anticorpi scazut
10
– Sex feminin
0 – Varsta 0-4 ani
< 2UI/L ≥ 2UI/L ≥ 10UI/L ≥ 100UI/L
RNA
VIRUSUL HEPATITEI
DELTA = virus
DEFECTIV
antigen AgHBs
ARN VHD
• Expunere percutanata
Injectare de droguri IV
• ExpuNere permucoase
contact sexual
Distributia Geografica a Infectiei VHD
Taiwan
Pacific Islands
VHD Prevalenta
inalta
Intermediara
scazuta
Foarte scazuta
Nu exita date
Sursa: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Coinfectie VHB - VHD
BOALA ACUTA SEVERA
RISC SCAZUT DE CRONICIZARE
Simptome PROFILAXIA HEPATITEI B
ALT
crescute
Titru
Ac anti-
IgM anti-HDV HBs
+ IgM anti
HBc
HDV RNA
AgHBs; Ac anti-VHD
ADN VHB totali
ALT
Titru Ac Totali anti-
HDV + anti HBc
IgG
ARN VHD
AgHBs
IgM anti-HDV
Transfuzii 10%
(inainte de screening)
Alte cauze* 5%
Necunoscute 10%
*Nozocomial;
sistem sanitar;
Perinatal
Sursa: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
TRANSMITERE VHC
PARENTERAL
PERINATAL
• Transfuzii /transplant de la donator infectat • Transmitere doar de la mame
• dupa
Rapid IDU initierea administrarii de droguri HCV-RNA pozitive la nastere
30% prevalenta dupa 3 ani – Rata medie de infectie 6%
>50% dupa 5 ani – Mai ridicata (17%)la
de 4 x mai frecvent ca HIV coinfectie cu HIV
Proteina E
5’ 3’
HETEROGENITATE VIRALA
hypervariable 6 genotipuri majore -20-48% diferente
region
Cvasispecii-SECVENTA CONSENS- 2-10%-diferente
“escape mutants”
Distributia Genotipurilor
Ecranarea antigenicitatii virale RISC REZIDUAL AL TRANSFUZIEI:
de lipoproteine plasmatice
Virus fereeastra serologica risc rezidual
determina seroconversia
tardiva, între 4 şi 10 săptămâni HTLV: 51 zile (32-72) 1,56/1 milion de donatii
post-infectie. Aceastã
HIV: 22 zile (6-38) 2,03/1 milion de donatii
„fereastrã serologicã” mentine
riscul transmiterii VHC prin HCV: 82 zile ( 54-192) 9.7 /1 milion de donatii
transfuzii.
HBV: 75 zile (37-87) 15.8/1 milion de donatii
Reducerea riscului rezidual asociat transfuziilor
Transport
Receptor binding and release
and endocytosis
uncoating
ARN VHC
Titru
TGP
Normal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4
luni ani
Timp de la expunere
Hepatita C Cronica
Anti VHC
Simptome +/-
ARN VHC
Titru
TGP
Normal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4
luni ani
Timp de la expunere
Teste de Diagnostic in infectia VHC
• Anti-VHC
• PCR calitativ
• PCR cantitativ
• Teste de genotipare
Algoritm de screening VHC
Negativ
ELISA pt anti VHC (non-reactiv)
STOP
Pozitiv (repetat reactive
SAU
Negative
RIBA pt anti-VHC RT-PCR pt ARN VHC
HCV 3.0
Level II Control (3+)
NS4
c22
NS5
SOD
Level I
• Răspuns tranzitoriu (dispariţia ARN VHC la sfârşitul tratamentului, cu recăderi ulterioare)- 10-25% din pacienţi -
retratarea acestor pacienţi poate furniza uneori RSV, dar la doze mai mari şi pe termen mai lung de administrare a
medicamentelor.
• Absenţa răspunsului la tratament -30% din pacienţi -chiar dacă se înregistrează scăderea nivelului încărcării
virale sub tratament nu se produce niciodată dispariţia virusului din organism- recăderea este regulă.
Denumire Criterii
VEVR Scadere >1.4 log10 HCV ARN la 24 ore ; recul viral dupa 7
Rãspuns virusologic foarte rapid zile?
LVR (slow responderi) HCV ARN nedetectabil intre 12-24 saptamani ; frecvent
Rãspuns virusologic lent recãderi dupã terminarea tratamentului
Efecte adverse ale
tratamentului
• Depresie
• Insomniae
• Iritabilitate
• Furie
• Psihoza
• Oboseala excesiva
• Greata /Diaree/Scaderea Apetitului/Perdere
in greutate
• Anemie/Neutropenie
• Boli autoimune, troidite
• Scaderea Libidoului
• Perturbarea Menstrelor
Raspuns la tratament in functie de genotip
98
HIV/SIDA
99
In Los Angeles 1967-1978 - 2 • 1979 - 5 cazuri de infectie cu
cazuri de pneumonie cu Pneumocystis carinii- la
Pneumocystis carinii homosexuali
100
HIV/SIDA
101
1981- primele cazuri de
Pneumocystis sindrompneumonia
carinii de imunodeficienta
andumana dobandita
mucosal raportate in SUA
candidiasis inla
homosexuali tineri, anterior sanatosi (GRID)
previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired
cellular immunodeficiency
MS Gottlieb, R Schroff, HM Schanker, JD Weisman, PT Fan, RA Wolf, and A Saxon
Abstract
Four previously healthy homosexual men contracted Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, extensive
mucosal candidiasis, and multiple viral infections. In three of the patients these infections followed
prolonged fevers of unknown origin. In all four cytomegalovirus was recovered from secretions.
Kaposi's sarcoma developed in one patient eight months after he presented with esophageal
candidiasis. All patients were anergic and lymphopenic; they had no lymphocyte proliferative
responses to soluble antigens, and their responses to phytohemagglutinin were markedly reduced.
Monoclonal-antibody analysis of peripheral-blood T-cell subpopulations revealed virtual
elimination of the Leu-3 T helper/inducer subset, an increased percentage of the Leu-2 +
suppressor/cytoxic subset, and an increased percentage of cells bearing the thymocyte-associated
antigen T10. The inversion of the T/ helper to suppressor/cytotoxic ratio suggested that
cytomegalovirus infection was an important factor in the pathogenesis of the immunodeficient
state. A high level of exposure of male homosexuals to cytomegalovirus-infected secretions may
account for the occurrence of this immune deficiency.
An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii
pneumonia: initial manifestation of cellular immune dysfunction
H Masur, MA Michelis, JB Greene, I Onorato, RA Stouwe, RS Holzman, G Wormser, L Brettman, M
Lange, HW Murray, and S Cunningham-Rundles
Abstract
Eleven cases of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurred between
1979 and 1981 and prompted clinical and immunologic evaluation of the patients. Young
men who were drug abusers (seven patients), homosexuals (six), or both (two)
presented with pneumonia. Immunologic testing revealed that absolute lymphocyte
counts, T-cell counts, and lymphocyte proliferation were depressed, and that humoral
immunity was intact. Of the 11 patients, one was found to have Kaposi's sarcoma, and
another had angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Eight patients died. In the remaining
three, no diagnosis of an immunosuppressive disease was established, despite
persistence of immune defects. These cases of pneumocystosis suggest the importance
of cell-mediated immune function in the defense against P. carinii. The occurrence of this
infection among drug abusers and homosexuals indicates that these groups may be at
high risk for this infection.
Doua boli rare in comunitatea homosexualilor, legate
de
IMUNOSUPRESIE
Gay-Related Immune
Deficiency
104
Premiul Nobel pentru Medicina sau fiziologie
2008
105
1983 - se stabileste etiologia virala a bolii prin
RETROVIRIDAE - ARNssizolarea
+ Reverstranscriptaza
virusului - tulpina numita LAV
(Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus) - Luc
Montaigner, Institutul Pasteur din Paris / tulpina
Genom
numita ARNIII (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus III) -
HTLV
ONCOVIRINAE: HTLV I , Robert Gallo, Bethesda, SUA/tulpina ARV AIDS
II Reverstranscriptaza
associated retrovirus (J. Levy, San Francisco, SUA)
LENTIVIRINAE: HIV 1985 – cele 3 tulpini sunt demonstrate a apartine
SPUMAVIRINAE ADN proviral
aceluiasi virus redenumit HIV (Human
Imunodeficiency Virus), Familia RETROVIRIDAE,
GEN LENTIVIRINAE
Integraza
1985 - primele
Integrare ADN truse de diagnostic
celular
imunoenzimatic
• Transfuzii
• Droguri cu administrare intravenoasa
• Hemofilie ( factor de coagulare)
Transmitere parenterala
Parteneri sexuali de sex feminin ai toxicomanilor si hemofilicilor
infectati
Boala cu transmitere
sexuala
107
Transmiterea verticala 15-
30%
In utero 25%–35% din cazuri
109
HIV in fluidele corporale
sange
sperma
18,000 secretie
11,000
vaginala Lichid
7,000 amniotic
4,000
Saliva
1
Gp120-
superficiala
P66-Rt
P55-Rt
Gp41-transmembranara
P32-proteaza
P24- capsida
P17- matricea
p10/11-integraza
p7/9- nucleocapsida
111
Celule infectate HIV
112
CELULE TINTA IN INFECTIA HIV
Intra in celule
Limfocitele T (CD4+) sunt tinta
principala
NEINFECTATA INFECTATA
115
Polimorfism populational
In stadiile timpurii ale infectiei, tulpini:
• Macrofagotrope
• Nonsincitizante
• rata replicativa scazuta
In stadiile tardive ale infectiei, tulpini:
•limfotrope
• sincitizante
• rata replicativa inalta
116
HIV
celuleT sau macrofage rezistente la infectia HIV
HIV
chemokin
e Mutant CCR5
CD4 CCR5
CD4 CCR5 CD4 32bp
Receptoriimacrofag
chemokinelor sunt co-receptorii pt HIV
117
CCR5 32
10% -15% din populatia
caucaziana
Liu R, et al. Cell. 1996;86:367-367. Samson M, et al. Nature. 1996;382:722-725. Dean M, et al. Science.
1996;273:1856-1862. Huang Y, et al. Nat Med.1996;2:1240-1243. Michael NL, et al. Nat Med. 1997;3:1160-1162.
Eugen-Olsen J, et al. AIDS. 1997;11:305-310.
Blocant de coreceptori – MARAVIROC
SCHIMBARI CONFORMATIONALE ALE CO-RECEPTORILOR CCR5
+ inhibitor allosteric
MARAVIROC
HIV Infection
HIV Infection
Eclipsa
gp4
1
ADSORBTIE INTERNALIZARE
DECAPSIDARE
120
INHIBITORII FUZIUNII
FUZEON (ENFIVURTIDE)
NUCLEU
INTEGRAZA
LTR
CITOPLASMA
122
“Salvarea nu era in fidelitatea fata de uniforme si forme,
ci tocmai in desfiintarea lor”
B. Pasternak: Doctor Jivago
VARIABILITATE VIRALA
integraza
Atât virusurile umane cât si cele simiene par a avea un precursor comun. Coasta de Fildes forme
de trecere SIV HIV - la om infectii asimptomatice-populatia ruralã, în afara grupelor de risc
pentru achizitia infectiei HIV -continua contaminare a omului cu tulpini simiene.
124
3 transferuri distincte ale
SIV cpz de la aceeasi
specie:
Pan troglodites troglodites Gao.F et al, Nature, 1999, 397, 436-41
Weiss RA, Wrangham RW, Nature, 1999, 397, 385-6.
Keele, BF, 2006 Science www. sciencexpress.org125
VARIABILITATE VIRALA
integraza
COFACTORI
ARN HIV
PROTEINE 127
MATURARE- ASAMBLARE- ELIBERARE
INHIBITORI DE
PROTEAZA
PROTEAZA
128
TINTE PENTRU INHIBAREA REPLICARII
RALTEGRAVIR
HIV
NRTI
NNRTI
Inhibitori
CCR5:
Maraviroc
Inhibitorii
Indinavir, Nelfinavir
internalizarii:
Fuzeon
Catedra de Virusologie UMFCarol Davila-
2009
Strategii terapeutice
Highly Highly
Active Expensive
Anti- Anti-
Retroviral Retroviral
Therapy Therapy
HAART: 2NRTI+ 1 PI
2NRTI+ 1 NNRTI
Timp mediu de
supravietuire
159.9 luni
138.8 luni
132.6 luni
93.7 luni
24.4 luni
3.1 luni
PCP- Pneumocistis jiroveci; MAC -Mycobacterium avium complex; ART1 - PI based therapy; ART 2 - NNRTI followed by PI based unique
regimens; ART3 - salvage therapy resistence testing + ritonavir boosted Pis; ART4- increasesd tolerability, decreased regimen complexity,
enfivurtide
Walensky RP et al. The survival benefits of AIDS treatment in the United States. J Infect Dis 2006, 194:11-9.
O persoana de 25 de ani, infectata HIV-are o speranta medie de viata de 38.9 ani , cu doar
12 ani mai mica decat a unei persoane neinfectate
INFECTIA HIV PRIMARA-ASIMPTOMATICA-ARC-SIDA
gp12
0
CD4
Fc receptor
Anti-gp120
MONONUCLEOSIS-LIKE
v. Epstein Barr - EBV
FEREASTRA SEROLOGICA
SIGURANTA TRANSFUZIILOR.
2. Infectia asimptomatica- raspuns imun puternic
•Virionii provin din celule CD4+ infectate recent, activate, in curs de diviziune
•Raspuns citotoxic eficient
•Productia de novo de limfocite CD4+ compenseaza liza produsa direct de virus si cea CD8
indusa
CD4
ARN HIV
4. SIDA/AIDS
•Cresterea masiva a titrului viral
AIDS/SIDA
•scaderea nr celulelor CD4+<200/mm3
•IO cu risc vital
INFECTII OPORTUNISTE –HERPESVIRIDAE
• ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE- Neuronii senzitivi din rãdãcina
posterioarã a nervilor spinali si nucleii senzitivi ai nervilor cranieni
• HERPES SIMPLEX 1 (HSV1)
• HERPES SIMPLEX 2 (HSV2)
• VARICELO-ZOSTERIAN (VZV)
155
ENCEFALOPATIA HIV
WASTING
PROFILAXIA TRANSMITERII MATERNO-FETALE
• HAART administrat mamei (vezi articol PMTC HIV in folder cazuri HIV
pe grup yahoo virusologie) – rata transmiterii <5%
158
DIAGNOSTIC de LABORATOR
1. DIAGNOSTIC SEROLOGIC IN INFECTIA HIV/SIDA
TESTE DE TRIAJ- sensibilitate inalta
ELISA de detectie a Ac antivirali
TESTE RAPIDE
ETAPE
1. Incubare ser pacient 1h la 37ºC
2. Spalare
3. Incubare conjugat (Ac anti IgG uman x enzima)- 1h la 37ºC
4. Spalare
5. Incubare substrat 20 – 30 min la temp camerei
6. Citire la spectrofotometru – DO probe, martori, cut off, zona gri
TESTE DE CONFIRMARE
Tehnica
WESTERN BLOT
1. SDS-PAGE
2. BLOT (transfer)
3. DETECTIA ANTICORPILOR
WESTERN BLOT – detectia Ac serici
Substrate
Stop
Antiviral antibody
color
gp160 Western blot
gp120
in infectia HIV
p66
Criteriul minim de
pozitivitate
p55 • 2 env
p51 +
• 1 gag
gp41
p31
p24
p17
p10/11
p7/9
DIAGNOSTIC SEROLOGIC IN INFECTIA HIV
ELISA
NEGATIV= POZITIV IN DUPLICAT
ABSENTA
INFECTIEI HIV WESTERN BLOT
NEGATIV POZITIV=
INFECTIE HIV
! Ferestra INDETERMINAT
serologica -
-
repeta la 6-8 saptamini
alt test de confirmare
risc rezidual al
transfuziei = 2/1 milion
IZOLARE VIRALA
5 cycle = 32 Amplicon 4 16
5 32
6 cycle = 64 Amplicon
6 64
20 1,048,576
7 cycle = 128 Amplicon
30
1,073,741,822
The central dogma
RT- PCR
Reverstranscriere
+ PCR
DETECTIA AMPLICONULUI
• Electroforeza in gel de agar colorare cu
bromura de ethidiu si comparare cu
markeri de GM cunoscuta
• Fereastra serologica
Unidirectional workflow!
175
176
Adrese de Internet utile celor interesati de diagnosticul,
tratamentul si prevenirea infectiei HIV