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Corelativitatea drepturilor
Respectul fata de pacient
(respectul fata de fiinta umana)
• Respectul fata de fiinta umana presupune:
o Respectul drepturilor
o Drepturi fundamentale (viata si libertate)
o Drepturi constitutionale: dreptul la informare, dreptul la intimitate, dreptul la
ingrijire medicala, etc.
o Respectarea unicitatii fiintei umane, a umanitatii sale din perspectiva dubla a
moralitatii si legalitatii (drepturile omului)
• Respectul fata de pacient
o Pacientul este o fiinta umana in nevoie de ingrijire/asistenta medicala
o Pacientul este o persoana in suferinta (vulnerabila; orice pacient este o persoana
vulnerabila din perspectiva suferintei si a starii de boala). Orice persoana este
vulnerabila la un moment dat si poate redeveni (varsta, economic, boala fizica, boala
psihica, graviditate, etc.)
o Are toate drepturile unei fiinte umane dar are si urgenta/prioritizarea exercitiului
obligatiilor de corelativitate ale celorlalti fata de sine in sensul protejarii vietii si a
inlaturarii starii de pericol
o Umanitatea ingrijirii medicale, nevoia morala de reparatie fata de suferinta sa
Dreptul la ingrijire medicala
• a.Extras din Legea Drepturilor Pacientului nr. 46/2003, MO, Partea I nr.70/03/02/2003
• “Art. 1. In sensul prezentei legi:
• a) prin pacient se intelege persoana sanatoasa sau bolnava care utilizeaza serviciile de sanatate;
• Art. 2. Pacientii au dreptul la ingrijiri medicale de cea mai inalta calitate de care societatea dispune, in
conformitate cu resursele umane, financiare si materiale.
• Art. 3. Pacientul are dreptul de a fi respectat ca persoana umana, fara nici o discriminare.
• Art. 35 (1) Pacientul are dreptul la ingrijiri medicale continue pana la ameliorarea starii sale de
sanatate sau pana la vindecare.
• Un pacient are un cancer de colon multiplu metastazat dar inca in stadiul in care
se poate extirpa chirurgical. Operatia este dificila si cu riscuri inclusiv cel de
deces 15% si presupune anusul contra naturii. Daca evolueaza favorabil
postoperator prognosticul pe termen lung este de max 1 an timp in care insa va
purta anus contra naturii. Daca nu se opereaza prognosticul pe termen lung este
de circa 6 luni. Pacientul cere sa afle rezultatul investigatiilor si astfel I se aduce la
cunostiinta situatia lui medicala. Intelege si il autorizeaza pe medic sa decida in
baza experientei sale si in interesul sau cel mai bun. Nu are persoane ca
apartinatori.
Ce sa faca medicul? Sa trateze (sa opereze) sau sa nu trateze (sa nu opereze)?
• Pana cand medicul se gandeste ce sa faca, pacientul
face un stop cardio-respirator; este resuscitat si ramane
comatos in acea zi. In ziua urmatoare repeta al doilea
stop cardio-respirator care este iresuscitabil. Se
constata decesul.
1. Rezultatul este in conformitate cu valorile sociale? E conform
nivelului de asteptare al societatii de la medic?
2. Dar cu valorile academice? E ceea ce ne invata scoala?
3. Dar cu valorile corpului profesional? E ceea ce sustin codurile
deontologice si etice ca norme ale moralitatii (binelui) in
practica profesionala?
4. Dar cu cele personale? E ceea ce corespunde cu ceea ce a
considerat medicul ca reprezinta valori fundamentale ale
sale si pe care doreste sa le regaseasca prin ceea ce face? E
conform scopului si rolului profesiei asa cum s-a angajat prin
respectarea codului deontologic la intrarea in practica
medicala si corpul profesional?
• Dar daca moare acasa? Aceleasi intrebari. E vreo
diferenta?
• Abortion: Autonomy and nonmaleficence come into conflict in this issue. How much right does a woman have
over her body, and how does that right balance with the rights of the fetus? Are there some cases when a
therapeutic abortion is ethically mandated?
• Physician-assisted suicide: If we respect autonomy, can we deny a patient’s request to die? Should doctors,
traditionally committed to prolonging life, be involved in assisted suicide? How can providers honor the conflicting
requirements of nonmaleficence, beneficence, and autonomy at the same time with this issue?
• Conflicts of interest: For informed consent and patient autonomy to mean something, providers must tell patients
what matters to their decision, including the potential for conflicts of interest, such as provider relationships with
drug companies. Here, truthfulness is a primary ethical issue.
• Relief of suffering at the end of life: To honor the principle of beneficence, providers should try to relieve
suffering at to the best of their ability. However, some of the drugs that relieve suffering at the end of life can also
hasten death. The double-effect rule helps you make decisions in these difficult situations.
• Medical mistakes: Mistakes happen in all walks of life. But medical mistakes have the potential for hurting people
and thereby violating the principle of nonmaleficence. Learning how to prevent mistakes, openly reporting
mistakes, and learning from mistakes help you to respect the principles of nonmaleficence, justice, and
beneficence.
• Confidentiality: All four principles play a part in this issue. Can a patient’s medical information be kept confidential
in the electronic age? When can confidentiality be breached? And who is allowed access to confidential
information?
• Healthcare rationing: Justice is the principle that applies in this issue. How can we fairly allocate limited
healthcare resources to as many people as possible, without limiting resources to those who currently have them?
Is it possible to reach a bare minimum of care for all?
• Stem cell and genetic research: The frontiers of medicine exist in research. How can we balance beneficence and
justice if embryos must be destroyed to perhaps find cures for devastating diseases? Should a patient know
everything there is to know about his health and potential health risks? And can research be harmful to some in
order to benefit many?