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EFICIENTA ENERGETICA IN
ILUMINATUL ELECTRIC

Motto:
Știința fără religie este șchioapă. Religia fără știință este oarbă (A.Einstein)
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Iluminatul electric
reprezinta intre 8 si 60% din totalul consumului de energie a diferitelor tari
Media europeana este de 13-14%

Energy Efficiency Status Report 2012

Electricity Consumption and efficiency Trends in the EU-27
Lighting represents around 10% of the residential electricity consumption, being the
third main consumer after electricity for heating and cold appliances. Electricity
consumption of household lighting was estimated to be around 84 TWh in 2007. Since
then consumption decreased substantially compared to other appliance groups by around
5% resulting in an estimated electricity consumption of around 79.8 TWh in 2009. This
trend is expected to continue in the coming years.

In commercial buildings, lighting typically accounts for 20% to 50% of total energy
consumption (Ed. Knovel).
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[%] productivitate [%] oboseală vizuală

5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

0 200 400 600 800 E [lx] 0 200 400 600 800 E [lx]

[%] rebuturi [%] accidente de muncă

50
40 10
30
20 5
10

0 200 400 600 800 E [lx] 0 200 400 600 800 E [lx]

Fig. Influenţa nivelului de iluminare asupra productivităţii, oboselii vizuale,

rebuturilor şi accidentelor de muncă dintr-o încăpere industrială
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E [lx]

2000

1000
Domeniul Zona de confort
culorilor ireale vizual
500

Domeniul
100
culorilor reci
50
Tcc [K]
5

2000 4000 6000

Fig. Diagrama de confort vizual a lui Kruithof

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Valori ale indicelui de redare a culorilor

Tipul sursei Calitatea redării IRC
Iluminat de referinţă (lumina naturală) Ideală 100
Lampa cu incandescenţă clasică, LIC
Lampa cu incandescenţă cu halogeni, LIH Excelentă 90 …100
Lămpi fluorescente cu înaltă redare, LF
Lămpi fluorescente cu redare foarte bună, LF
Lămpi cu descărcare la înaltă presiune cu Foarte bună 70 .. 90
halogenuri metalice, MH
Lămpi fluorescente, LF Moderată – bună 50 .. 70
Lămpi cu descărcare în vapori de mercur la
înaltă presiune, LVF
Modestă 30 .. 50
Lămpi cu descărcare în vapori de sodiu la
înaltă presiune, LPN/SON
Lămpi cu descărcare în vapori de sodiu la joasă
Slabă 30
presiune, SOX
LED
f.buna ?? >80
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tendinţe contrarii.  Iluminatul fiind un consumator „vizibil” de energie electrică

 o reducere a nivelului de iluminare conduce la efecte negative, ca
de exemplu: scăderea calităţii produselor, creşterea procentului de rebuturi şi a
îmbolnăvirilor profesionale, scăderea moralului etc.
Pentru a satisface cele două tendinţe contrarii, s-a ajuns la concluzia că economisirea
energiei electrice necesare iluminatului, fără diminuarea productivităţii muncii, este
posibilă prin aplicarea următoarelor reguli:
 utilizarea unor surse de lumină performante;
 utilizarea optimă a fluxului luminos emis de lămpi;
 menţinerea echipamentului în stare de funcţionare bună;
Întreţinerea corectă a corpurilor de iluminat  nu trebuie neglijată:
iluminarea locurilor de muncă se poate reduce de 8 .. 10 ori datorită murdăririi
cdi cu substanţele prezente în spaţiile industriale (praf, noroi, condensat de
abur şi gaze etc.)  curatare periodica a cdi
 utilizarea unor scheme ale instalaţiei de iluminat cât mai economice (pierderi sau
consum propriu minim, factor de putere cât mai ridicat);
 controlul operaţiilor de comutare si utilizarea maximă a luminii naturale;
 considerarea efectelor decoraţiunilor interioare, utilizarea culorilor deschise
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Eficienţa energetică a unei instalaţii de iluminat se analizează in două etape:

- energia electrică se transformă in energie luminoasă, iar aceasta se converteşte in
- “nivelul de serviciu” necesar pentru prestaţia vizuală corespunzătoare desfăşurării
unei anumite activităţi umane.
Nivelul de serviciu este determinat de factori cantitativi (nivel de iluminare), dar si de
factori calitativi (culoare, modelare). Economisirea energiei in iluminat trebuie sa fie
obţinuta fără afectarea nivelului de serviciu, în ambele sale aspecte. In caz contrar,
costurile determinate de un iluminat slab cantitativ şi calitativ (erori, accidente,
disconfort) vor fi, cu siguranţă, superioare economiei realizate.

PERFORMANŢE Efficient Lighting = Efficient Lamps

OBIE EFICAC
CTIV
VIZUALE
ITATEA + Efficient Fixtures
ELE ENERG
ILUM
INAT
IEI SI A + Efficient Control
COSTU
ULUI CONFORT
VIZUAL ŞI
RILOR + Efficient Light Path
PLĂCERE

Fig. X.1
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UTILIZAREA UNOR SURSE DE LUMINĂ PERFORMANTE

Tipul corpului de iluminat Eficacitatea luminoasă l [lm/W]

Lămpi cu incandescenţă 8..20
Lămpi fluorescente tubulare 70..100
Baloane fluorescente 40..50
Lămpi cu decarcari in vapori 110..150
la Î.P. (Na, Hg, halogenuri)
LED >160…???

Rezidential:
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) still represent one of the most efficient solutions
available today for improving energy efficiency in residential lighting.
This increase in CFL penetration (more than 300 million CFLs have been distributed) was
strongly stimulated in many Member States with special national policies and measures like
the White Certificates schemes in Italy and energy suppliers obligations in the United
Kingdom.
LED lighting starts to penetrate the market for replacement lamps, and special purpose
lighting. The market price for LEDs was still very high in 2011.
(Energy Efficiency Status Report 2012) __ ?
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Commission Regulation (EC) No 244/2009 of 18 March 2009 implementing Directive

2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council introduced Ecodesign
requirements for non-directional household lamps  eliminarea progresiva a
lampilor incandescente incepand cu 2012
 This has left on the market the most efficient clear halogen lamps, with savings of
25-50% compared to the old equivalent incandescent lamps.
 Halogen clear lamps (xenon-filled) from energy class C will remain on the market
until 2016.
 all inefficient non-clear lamps (non-transparent lamps) = CFLs which save about
80% energy compared to incandescent lamps.
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The EU LED Quality Charter requirements (including ballast) (source EC)

Obs. Directional lamps DLS are defined as lamps having at least 80% light output with a solid
angle of π sr (corresponding to a cone with angle of 120°).

Măsurile de proiectare ecologică se bazează pe indicele de eficiență energetică (Energy

Efficiency Index - EEI) care este calculat ca raport între puterea nominală măsurată la
tensiunea de intrare nominală - corectată de anumiți factori de corecție specificați în
regulament - și o putere nominală de referință la tensiunea de intrare nominală.
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Energy efficiency classes for lamps under the new label (source [EC2012])
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Alimentarea lămpilor fluorescente la tensiuni de frecvenţă ridicată

Creşterea frecvenţei de alimentare a lămpilor fluorescente conduce la efecte pozitive
precum:
a) Creşterea eficacităţii luminoase a lămpilor
fluorescente
1,1
inductiv
Φ%
1,0 120
rezistiv
20W
0,9

0,8
capacitiv

0,7 110
40W

0,6

0,5
f [Hz]
0,4
50 100 150 200 250 300 100
0,1 …. 1 10 kHz

Fig.8.34 Influenţa frecvenţei tensiunii de alimentare

asupra eficacităţii luminoase Fig.8.35 Relaţia flux luminos-frecvenţă la Pl = ct.
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ua ua ua ua

ia ia ia ia

50Hz 50Hz 50Hz 5kHz

ballast rezistiv ballast inductiv ballast capacitiv ballast inductiv

Fig.8.36 Caracteristici dinamice ua =f(ia) ale lămpii fluorescente cu diferite balasturi şi alimentare la 50Hz şi 5kHz.

b) Scăderea tensiunii de aprindere

greutatea balastului inductiv folosit la 3kHz este 30%, iar la 30kHz este 3% din cea a
balastului similar folosit la 50Hz  lampi CFL = 3-4 ori mai eficiente şi având o
durată de viaţă de cca. 5 ori mai mare decât lâmpile cu incandescență

c) Creşterea duratei de funcţionare odată cu creşterea frecvenţei tensiunii de

alimentare este însoţită de menţinerea fluxului luminos la valoarea iniţială un timp
mai îndelungat (diminuarea factorului de depreciere).
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LED

 Lights accounts for 19% of electricity consumption worldwide

 British experimenter H. J. Round (1907)  Electroluminescence
 Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927
 The first LEDs were produced in the 1950s
 appearance of blue LEDs in the 1990s
 led to the first white LEDs, which were made by coating blue LEDs with
phosphor
 advances in LEDs technology  dramatic increase in their use
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LED
ADVANTAGES
 Their luminous efficiency is one of the best among the light sources.
 Excellent lamp life that lowers the maintenance costs, but also suited for
locations where changing the lamp can be very difficult or expensive.
 No filament  LEDs are a great choice for high vibration locations.
 Perform very well in cold environments  Excellent for coolers and freezers
 Built in low profile or small package  great for any confined area.
 Almost instant on light source  good for low frequency strobe lights.
 great option for when you want colored light
 very directional output  for accent/spot lighting, flashlights, etc.
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LED market penetration

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Total 2014 LED Unit Installations by Application in USA

Note: 88% of installations

were in indoor applications
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2014 Penetration Rates of LED Lighting Applications

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II. LED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

FORMER BARRIES IN ADOPTING LEDs
 price
 different rules and application technologies (standards, changes in regulations
or imposed conditions for drivers, control of lighting systems, luminaires etc.).
 the shortened life due to overheating in standard fixtures

PRESENT:
 New standards and regulations have been adopted European eco-design
regulation DIM2 (released in September 2013)  sets minimum
performance requirements for avoiding low-quality lamps from the market
 new higher quality products are released
 Lower prices
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II. LED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Relative manufacturing cost evolution for LEDs
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II. LED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

LEDs price improvement ($/klm)

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II. LED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

LEDs systems expansion  not necessary followed by the extinction of high

intensity discharge (HID) or linear fluorescent (LFL)
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II. LED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

• New lighting project or retrofit??
• Interchangeability of LED lighting
products will be important in the
years ahead and it should be define
standards and published over the
next few years

Polar plots of luminous

intensity distribution for
three different A lamps 
especially in retrofit
attention to be paid for
lamps compatibility
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III. LED EFFICIENCY

• energy efficiency of lighting  LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY
= ratio between the luminous flux and the electricity consumption [lm/W]
• ? Efficiency [lm/W] vs Efficacy [%] ?

 L   S  E E p.u. = electric efficiency = ratio of (luminous) radiated power

output to electrical power input (or lamp capability to produce
photons from the input power source)
S [lm/W] = spectral efficacy  how efficient are distributed the
photons inside of the visible spectrum
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III. LED EFFICIENCY

 L   S  E E p.u. = electric efficiency = ratio of (luminous) radiated power
output to electrical power input (or lamp capability to produce
photons from the input power source)
S [lm/W] = spectral efficacy  how efficient are distributed the
photons inside of the visible spectrum

Incandescent lamps  high E but low S

A blackbody at the temperature of the Sun

results in a luminous efficacy of S = 93
lm/W (only 37% of its light falls within the
visible band 380-760 nm), peaking at 6640
K and 96.1 lm/W.

LEDs  lowest E, but a much better S.

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III. LED EFFICIENCY
• two common ways to get white LEDs & the combination
phosphor converted blue
(PCB) method
phosphoric coatings on the
interior of protecting lens
cheaper and most widely
used
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combination of the light mixt method
output of red, green, and
blue LEDs
Multi-chip, RGB system
best
efficiency(theoretically)
highest cost (5% market)
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III. LED EFFICIENCY

phosphor converted blue (PCB)

method
currently Highest Efficiency
160lm/W(cool white)
lowest cost
95%market share

Three phosphorus white LED spectrum.

Yellow Phosphor: Y3Al5OO12 : Ce
Green Phosphor: SrGa2S4 : Eu
Orange Phosphor: SrS : Eu
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III. LED EFFICIENCY

Three-LED (blue, green, red) mixture giving a A "warm" LED light spectrum. One blue LED
white-ish light. pumps a broad-band yellow phosphor.
The theoretical limits to spectral luminous efficacy for lights that could be
perceived as white, is in the range of S = 250–370 lm/W [5]
 improvements in the efficacy of LED lighting  primarily involve
advances in photon generation efficiency rather than spectral conditioning
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III. LED EFFICIENCY

CURRENT GOAL
Deeper: Electrical Efficiency E 80% 95%
 S   IQE  Extr  Conv
Internal Quantum Efficiency IQE 80% 100%
Extraction Efficiency Extr 70% 90%
White Conversion Efficiency Conv 60% 100%

μCone LEDs:
Light Extraction by Roughening
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III. LED EFFICIENCY

The reality:
•Fixture Efficiency all over the map 30-
80%
•HEAT is a BIG Problem
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III. LED EFFICIENCY
The reality:
•At present, most LEDs present on the market offer an average of L =115 lm/W
•Author’s opinion: this parameter must be presented not for the lamps, but only
for the luminaires
•Optical system of luminaire has an important contribution to the global luminous
efficiency
•custom made lenses  possible to improve eff. in some cases
•Not all LED manufacturers include the driver efficiency in the global efficiency
Opinion:
•LEDs luminous efficiency is not a sufficient criteria for a decision (a small
increase in efficiency will not justify an important increase of the luminaire price)
•better understanding we obtain using Lighting power density [W/m2] or better
with Normalized lighting power density [W/m2/100 lux]
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III. LED EFFICIENCY

• LEDs require a power supply ( “driver”)
• may also include supplementary electronics for dimming and/or color correction
control.
• Conversion (AC) to (DC)  15% losses in energy  the currently available LED
drivers are typically about 85% efficient

Progress Projection for LED Package Efficacy (lm/w)

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Warm White LED Luminaire Performance Progress Targets.[3]

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IV. LIFETIME
• Rated lamp life:
• For incandescent, fluorescent and HID lamps  the time until 50%
of lamps is expected to have failed
• LED based lamps  period after which the luminaire emits only a
certain percentage of its original output
• because 30% reduction in light output represents the threshold for
detecting gradual reductions in light output  „time to L70”
• where light output is not critical, the time to L50 may be more suited
• standards state that during these times, the LED should not exhibit any
major shifts in chromaticity
• Good-quality white LEDs in well-designed fixtures are expected to have a
useful life of 30,000 to 50,000 hours or even longer
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IV. LIFETIME
• Rated lamp
life:
LED
Performances
Compared to
Other Lighting
Technologies
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IV. LIFETIME
The reality:
LED components can emit light for a very long time – proven fact, BUT:
•How much light at 50,000h depends on many factors and is not easy to
verify
•LEDs operated at high stress can degrade faster
•NOT ALL LEDs are equal (Materials and manufacturing methods are key)
LED lamps consists of many components
The driver has 50+ components of which the electrolytic capacitors are
considered the weakest link

Consumers primary concern is cost at a good enough “rated lifetime”

~10,000h
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V. COLOR RENDERING

• higher quality light yields numerous benefits, including increased worker

productivity
• common assessment is based on the Color Rendering Index (CRI) 
maximum value of 100 is reached by the Sun or incandescent lamps
• a minimum CRI of 80 is recommended for interior lighting, with CRIs of 90
or higher indicating excellent color rendering

BUT: Higher CRI products are less efficient

• More blue LED light is converted into red which the eye can’t see most
of it
• For outdoor CRI of 60 is the best compromise

NOTICE: Try different products to determine which one is best for the
particular illumination purpose
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V. COLOR RENDERING
There are three categories in LEDs lighting technology depending on correlated
color temperatures (CCTs)
-Cool-white LEDs which offer higher efficacy at low cost (due to lower losses when
phosphor converting) but have very high correlated color temperatures (bluish in
appearance) for this cause is not acceptable in interior lighting applications
-Neutral-white (3500K to 4000K) in some cases appropriate in interior lighting
applications
-Warm-white (2700K to 3000K) appropriate in interior lighting applications  are less
efficacious due to the “conversion distance”

LED Color Quality

compared to HPS
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VI. COST AND RETURN OF INVESTMENT

• LED product price is not always a clear indicator of performance 
relatively low prices are often associated with some form of compromise
• current prices for LED products are substantially higher than for more
established technologies
• the warm white LED package have declining from 18$ per(kilolumens)
in 2010 to 12$ per (klm) in 2011 (about one-third) and the price CLOSE
TO 2$ per (klm) in 2015
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VI. COST AND RETURN OF INVESTMENT

Discussions:
-Usual  linear calculus, with no special difficulties
-After some experience  different approach (some gaps are hidden, and
solving them are not easy)

Entry data:
•Energy price: For the first step, data are available. But for the bigger company, the
price is periodically negotiate, and thus, confidential! Another problem, if the energy
metering is on medium voltage, the losses of power station must be estimate, in the
daily and annual global regime.
•Annual energy price index: could be found in statistical data, but when we are forced to
realize estimation for ten years, a high level of incertitude occurred.
•Power lossless in lighting systems (old or modernized): detailed of electrical network
must be available.
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VI. COST AND RETURN OF INVESTMENT

Discussions:
Entry data:
•Maintenance cost and program for lighting system (old and modernized). This activity is
neglected, without documents or cost analysis
•Equipment and installation works: also confidential, difficult to be estimated
•Lamps and ballast price: acquisition prices are different from catalog prices.
•Maintenance costs for LEDs luminaire, especially by the electronic driver livelong. The
average of this parameter is not well documented, and special proofs must be obtained
•Daily average time of functioning: very important, especially when we try to compare
with the old situation (with NO light or maximum economy)
•Life period of classical lamps: difficult to accept the catalog data, due the temperature, or
on/off cycle, quality of electricity

Result: Cost and Return on Investment represent a

very technical effort, based on accuracy of the entry
data, unknown by the investor, itself
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VII. POSSIBLE HAZARDS IN LEDs USE?

1- Environmental Impacts
LEDs = an energy efficient and mercury-free source of lighting,
but may have some negative environmental impacts like other electronic
goods. LEDs contain a large number of earth metals: lead, copper, nickel,
silver, gold and arsenic, which have toxic properties and/or are scarce. 
extensive use of LEDs will produce more toxic waste as also electronics
(computers, mobile phones etc.)
concerns about how to manage them at end-of-life

Nearly all of the lamps (regardless of technology) exceeded at least one

California threshold—typically for copper, zinc, antimony, or nickel;

The greatest contributors were the metal screw bases, drivers, ballasts, and
wires or filaments
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VII. POSSIBLE HAZARDS IN LEDs USE?

2- Blue Light Hazard (BLH)
In 2011 a French test lab announced that light from LEDs is dangerous (blue
light could harm/dry retina)
The portion of blue light in LED is not higher than the portion of blue light in
lamps using www.cpmt.org/scv LED lighting explained other technologies at
the same color temperature (CELMA (European Lamp Companies Federation):
Optical Safety of LED Lights report July ’11)

Blue light exposure is important to human beings. Blue light with a peak at
around
460‐480nm regulates the biological clock.

Blue and cool white light sources can be used to create lighting conditions such
that people will receive their daily portion of blue light to keep their
physiology in tune with the natural day‐night rhythm
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VII. POSSIBLE HAZARDS IN LEDs USE?

3- Ultraviolet Radiation (UV)
LEDs do not emit any UV radiation (unless specifically designed for that particular
purpose)

4- Infrared Radiation (IR)

LEDs hardly emit IR light (unless specifically designed to emit a certain type of IR) 
do not pose any risks to human

5- Effects of Flicker
AC input source is sent into a full wave rectifier, causing the absolute value of the input
voltage to be sent to the load.

The IEEE Standards Working Group, IEEE PAR1789 in their study assigns no health
risk to the biological effectsof flicker in the various LED lamps
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CONCLUSIONS
- to judge a lighting solution it is not enough to consider only the lumens per
watts ratio. Among others: color attributes, spatial distribution of light,
electrical and mechanical compatibility, rated lifetime, warranty, and cost.
- In the next few years, LED will become the most energy-efficient and
versatile technology for general lighting
- LED lighting is mostly included as one of the components of the energy
saving or renewable energy promotion package
- need to avoid environmental impacts (such as the other technology) 
recycling and recovery for spend bulbs, informing policymarkers abut waste
management needs and using precaution during cleanup of bulbs that break
at a residence or workplace or in a vehicle accident.
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ÎNTREBĂRI?