TRANSDISCIPLINARITATEA

(PARTEA II - Stiinte
umane)

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« Transdisciplinaritate » cuvânt
inventat în 1970 de Jean Piaget
1300: 7 discipline

1950: 54 discipline

1975: 1845 discipline

2006: > 8000 discipline

Un « dialog » impossibil în absenţa unei

metodologii
 2006: > 8000 discipline

EXPERT – 1 disciplină
IGNORANT - > 7999 discipline

Cum se poate lua astfel o decizie?

 MULTIDISCIPLINARITATE
Studiul unei probleme în mai multe discipline
simultan

INTERDISCIPLINARITATE:
transfer de metode de la o disciplină la
alta

TRANSDISCIPLINARITATE
studiază ceea ce este în acelaşi timp între
discipline, ceea ce traversează
disciplinele şi este
dincolo de orice disciplină
 TRANSDISCIPLINARITATE

Scop: înţelegerea lumii prezente

Finalitate: unitatea cunoaşterii

Multi- şi interdisciplinaritate
 studiul Obiectului
 Ramân în cadrul disciplinar

Transdisciplinaritate  studiul
linteracţiunii între Obiect şi Subiect

 Nouă cunoaştere
Galileo Galilei - postulatele ştiinţei
moderne:

1. Legi universale, cu caracter

matematic.
2. Descoperirea acestor legi prin
experienţa ştiinţifică.
3. Reproductibilitatea perfectă a datelor
experimentale.
 CUNOAŞTERE TRANSDISCIPLINARĂ
 IN VIVO
 Corespondenţa între lumea externă
(Obiect) şi lumea internă (Subiect)
 Înţelegere
 Nou gen de inteligenţă - echilibru între
mental, sentimente şi corp
 Orientat spre uimire şi solidaritate
 Logica terţului inclus
 Incluziunea valorilor
 BAZELE EPISTEMOLOGICE ALE
TRANSDISCIPLINARITĂŢII
 Fizica cuantică
 Ştiinţa modernă (ştiinţe exacte şi
ştiinţe umane)
 Logica modernă, dincolo de logica
binară
 REALISMUL CUANTIC

 Discontinuitate
 Principiul de suprapunere
 Non-separabilitatea
 Indeterminismul
 Spaţiul-timp – construcţie
antropomorfă
 METODOLOGIA
TRANSDISCIPLINARITĂŢII

3 axiome

1. Axioma ontologică

2. Axioma logică

3. Axioma de complexitate
 L’AXIOME ONTOLOGIQUE
DE LA TRANSDISCIPLINARITE

Il y a, dans la Nature et la societé et dans notre

connaissance de la nature et de la societé
différents
Niveaux de Realité
et différents
Niveaux de perception
 REALITATE
Ceea ce rezistă

• experienţelor noastre
• reprezentărior noastre
• descripţiilor noastre
• imaginilor noastre
• formulărilor noastre matematice
 Distinction entre
REALITE
Ce qui résiste - accessible à
notre connaissance

REEL
Ce qui est voilé pour toujours
 NIVEL DE REALITATE

Ansamblu de sisteme invariant la

acţiunea legilor generale

Discontinuitate între două nivele

Walter Thirring:

1. Legile oricărui nivel inferior nu sunt complet

determinate de legile nivelului superior.
2. Legile unui nivel inferior depind mai mult de
circumstanţele apariţiei lor decât legile
nivelului superior.
3. Ierarhia legilor a evoluat în acelaşi timp cu
Universul însuşi.
 Non-résistance à nos
expériences,
représentations,
descriptions,
images et
formalisations mathématiques
– due aux
limitations de notre corps, de nos
organes de sense
et de nos instruments
de mesure

Niveaux de Réalité de l’Objet +

zone complémentaire de non-résistance
Niveaux de Réalité du Sujet +
zone complémentaire de non-résistance
TERŢUL ASCUNS
 TD
TRANSREALITY
TD OBJECT TD SUBJECT

HIDDEN
THIRD
Planetary Political
A3 T3 non-A3 A3 T3 non-A3
Cosmic

Economic
A2 T2 non-A2 X A2 T2 non-A2 Social
Historical

Individual
Environment A1 non-A1 A1 non-A1
(natural and
artificial:
Quantum Religions
Macrophysical Spiritualities
Cyber-Space-Time Cultures
 Incompleteness of any level: laws governing
this level – part of totality of laws, which is itself
Incomplete – the presence of the Hidden Third
Gödelian structure of the
unity of levels of Reality of the Object and of
the Subject

Knowledge is forever open:

Impossibility of a self-enclosed
complete theory
 Exemples

Systèmes naturels Systèmes sociaux:

• niveau quantique
• niveau macrophysique • niveau individuel
(classique) • niveau géographique et
•niveau cyber-espace- niveau communité
historique (famille, nation)
temps • niveau communité cyber-
• niveau supercordes espace-temps
• niveau planétaire
• niveaucosmique
 • Realitate
• percepţie
• terţ inclus

NIVELURI DE CONTEXTUALIZARE
• organizare • objectivitate
• structurare • subjectivitate
• integrare • complexitate

• representare/
• cunoaştere
interpretare
• înţelegere
• limbaj
• fiinţă
• confuzie
• materialitate
• ignoranţă
• spiritualitate
• intelligenţă
• non-dualitate
• contemplaţie
 MODELS OF REALITY

1. Bernard d’Espagnat (1981)

A la recherche du Réel, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1981

2. Werner Heisenberg (1942)

Gesammelte Werke, Vol. C-I, R.Piper GmbH§KG, Munich,1984

3. Pauli
K. V. Laurikainen, Beyond the Atom – The Philosophical Thought of
Wolfgang Pauli, Springer-Verlag, 1988

3. Transdisciplinary model (1985)

Basarab Nicolescu, Nous, la particule et le monde, Le Mail, Paris,
1985
Just ONE level of reality LR – the
empirical reality

Model not adapted for the dialogue

sciences/religions : total cut
between Real and Reality – no
communication possible
However its merit – underline the
necessity of including the zone of
non-resistance of the veiled Real
 HEISENBERG MODEL

Richer content – 3 levels of Reality:

 LR1- fields which embody objectivity in an independent

way from the knowledge process: classical physics,
electromagnetism, the two theories of relativity of Einstein
 LR2 - fields unseparable from the knowledge process:
quantum mechanics, biology, sciences of consciousness
 LR3 – fields created in connection with the knowledge
process: philosophy, art, politics, metaphors concerning
God, religious experience and artistic creative experience
 Problem:

The third level mixes levels and non-

levels: the religious experience and the
artistic creative experience can not be
assimilated to levels of Reality

Source of the problem: absence of the

notions of resistance and discontinuity
in Heisenberg’s model
 AXIOMA LOGICA A
TRANSDISCIPLINARITAŢII

Trecerea de la un nivel la altul

Logica terţului inclus

 AXIOMELE LOGICII CLASSICE
1. Axioma identităţii: A este A.

2. Axioma non-contradicţiei:
A nu este non-A

3. Axioma terţului exclus:

nu există un al treilea termen T
(« T » de la «  terţul inclus »)
care este în acelaşi timp A şi non-A
 Terţul inclus
T

Există un al
treilea termen NR1

T
care este NR2

A Non-A
A Non-A
 TERŢUL
ca
MEDIATOR al conflictelor

TERŢUL-MEDIAToR
 … este în acelaşi timp zi şi noapte…
 Tu eşti sau tu nu eşti ?
 Tu ai sau tu nu ai sentimentul că exişti?
 Eşti tu în centru sau eşti tu la periferie?
 Eşti tu vizibil sau eşti tu ascuns?
 Eşti tu pieritor sau eşti tu nemuritor?
 Eşti tu şi una şi alta sau tu nu eşti nici una
nici alta?
 În cele din urmà, exişti tu sau tu nu exişti?

 Attar( 1150-1220), filosof persan

 "La part de oui
 qu'il y a dans le non
 et la part de non
 qu'il y a dans le oui
 sortent parfois de leurs lits
 et s'unissent dans un autre lit
 qui n'est plus ni oui ni non.
 Dans ce lit court le fleuve
 Des plus vivent eaux.«

 Roberto Juarroz (1925-1995)
 L’ AXIOME
DE COMPLEXITE

La structure de l’ensemble des

niveaux de Réalité est une
structure complexe

Chaque niveau est ce qu’il

est parce que tous les autres
niveaux existent à la fois
L’axiome de complexité est la forme
moderne de l’ancien principe de
Les 3 axiomes méthodologiques
de la transdisciplinarité
Impliquent un nouveau
Principe de Relativité
aucun niveau de Réalité ne
constitue un lieu privilégié d'où
l'on puisse comprendre tous les
autres niveaux de Réalité
 Ce Principe de Relativité est
fondateur d'un nouveau regard
sur la culture, la religion, la
politique, l'art, l'éducation, la vie
sociale
 Aucune culture et aucune religion
ne constituent le lieu privilégié
d'où l'on puisse juger les autres
cultures et les autres religions
 C'est l'être humain, dans sa totalité
ouverte, qui est le lieu sans lieu du
transculturel
et du
transreligieux
c'est-à-dire de ce qui traverse et
dépasse les cultures et les religions
PREMODERNITY
MODERNITY
POSTMODERNITY
TRANSMODERNITY
FIZICA CONTEMPORANĂ
ŞI
TRADIŢIA EUROPEANĂ
 Dialogue between science and
spirituality

Horizontal meaning

Vertical meaning

Meaning of meaning
 FIRST PROBLEM

- there is no ONE science :

8000 scientific disciplines
SCIENCES
- there is no ONE religion or ONE culture:
10000 religions and religious movements
 6000 tongues
RELIGIONS, CULTURES

Such a « dialogue » impossible in the

absence of a of a model of Reality and of
a methodology their « conversation »
would generate confusion
 SECOND PROBLEM
- Different nature of sciences and religions
Sciences are (at best) cataphatic while
religions are apophatic (from the point of
view discussed here: cataphatism vs.
apophatism)

Definitions (dictionary):

CATAPHATISM: the religious belief that

God has given enough clues to be known
to humans positively and affirmatively

APOPHATISM: the religious belief that

God cannot be known but is completely
« other » and must be described in
negative terms
 Of course, nuances of distinction of
apophatism between the Eastern patrististic
tradition – direct experience- and via
negativa of the Western theology –
intellectual negation.

 The poet Lucian Blaga: knowledge by

deepening of Mistery, not by destroying it.

 Also, two types of apophatism (Dumitru

Staniloaie):
1. Mystery which can be experienced but is
non-rationalisable.
2. Mystery which is both impossibble to
experience and impossible to be
rationalized.
 IMPORTANT REMARK
 Theology, in the Western meaning of this
word, belongs to the field of sciences (the
region of the Object) – it is a human science.
Paradoxically, it has a cataphatic character
even if it treats about apophatic matters
 Religions, cultures, spiritualities cross all
three regions: Object, Subject, Hidden Third
This explains why the dialogue sciences-
theology is much easier than the dialogue
sciences-religions
 1st question
Is there a model of Reality compatible
with the great number of different
sciences and religions ?
 2nd question:

What is really « universal » today?

What is really « invariant » in spite of the

continuous and chaotic changes in the
contemporary world?
 3rd question
Is there a methodology at the same
time cataphatic and apophatic ?
The TD model of Reality –
both cataphatic and apophatic

Hidden Third – zone of non-resistance

between levels AND between the Subject
and the Object

The Hidden Third conferes the apophatic

character of the TD model of Reality

Levels of Reality – cataphatic character

 There is a planetary need for a
New Spirituality
conciliating technoscience and wisdom:
the cata-apophatic dialogue
sciences-religions contribute to the
emergence of this new spirituality

This dialogue does not mean that sciences will become

religious or that religions will become scientific.
By respecting the values of sciences, religions will
become more tolerant and more open to the modern
world and sciences will become more responsible
for the destiny of the human being.
One of the greatest dangers leading to a
possible self-destruction of our species is
Spiritual poverty

based on:
• fear
• violence
• hate
• dogmatism
 Building a

New Spirituality

Conciliating technoscience and wisdom

Spiritual dimension of democracy

TRANS-SPIRITUALITY
- TD takes the science-tradition
dialogue as major axis of action

- TD is a focal point in building a

trans-spirituality

- TD eradicates the spiritual

poverty on the earth
 Transdisciplinarity

Transculturality

Trans-spirituality
« … this opening to the world which is, at
the same time, the ‘world of God’,
finally remains the highest happiness
that the world could offer us: the
conscience of being home »

Heisenberg, The Manuscript of 1942

 BIBLIOGRAFIE
 Basarab Nicolescu, Noi, particula şi
lumea, Junimea, 2007
 Basarab Nicolescu,
Transdisciplinaritatea, manifest,
Junimea, 2007
 Site Internet al Centrului Internaţional
de Studii Transdisciplinare (CIRET)
http://nicol.club.fr/ciret/