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Definiie:
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Astmul bronic este o boal respiratorie: cu caracter inflamator cronic, produs pe fondul unei hiperreactiviti bronice primare fa de stimuli multipli, care determin obstrucia generalizat a arborelui bronic, manifestat clinic prin: crize paroxistice de wheezing (respiraie uiertoare) dispnee expiratorie tuse, fenomene reversibile spontan sau terapeutic.
Prevalenta
5-6% din populatie ~ 300 milioane pts. Mortalitate : 2-4 cazuri la 100.000 pts/an tari dezvoltate 2 10 % din prezentari la CG ~ 50% copii Max ~ 3 ani ~ 50% persista - decada 4
Etiopatogenie:
- Multifactorial - Iniierea. Exacerbarea. Persistena Factorii de risc:
Factorii predispozani:
predispozitia genetica atopia (rinita alergica, dermatita) sexul, etnicitatea (?)
Etiopatogenie:
Factorii cauzali: alergenii Factorii favorizani: infeciile respiratorii, fumatul, poluarea, clima,
Etiopatogenie:
Trigerii: factori emoionali, efortul fizic, AINS, refluxul gastro-esofagian
ASTMUL BRONSIC
Clasificare etiologica :
1. AB alergic (extrinsec) factorul declansant = alergenul, care produce astm prin mecanism alergenic de tip I (prin IgE) si tip III (IgG) 2. AB nonalergic (intrinsec) debut dupa 35 ani; factorul declansant = infectia de cai respiratorii superioare si factorii profesionali, poluarea
ASTMUL BRONSIC
INFLAMATIE SIMPTOME : constrictie toracica raluri, tuse dispnee
Hiperreactivitate cai aeriene Efecte biologice: 1. bronhoconstrictie 2. edem 3. hipersecretie mucus 4. leziuni epiteliale ale peretelui bronsic 5. infiltratia celulara a peretelui bronsic CRIZA DE ASTM
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alfa) and other triggers of airway epithelial cells release thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC, CCL17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC, CCL22) from epithelial cells, which attract TH2 cells via activation of their CCR4 receptors. These promote eosinophilic inflammation directly through the release of interleukin 5 (IL-5) and indirectly via the release of IL-4 and IL-13, which induce eotaxin (CCL11) formation in airway epithelial cells
Morfopatologie
Macroscopic: - plmn hiperdestins; - bronii proeminente pe seciune; - dopuri de secreie vscoas n lumen.
Microscopic: - denudarea mucoasei bronice; - ngroarea membranei bazale; - prezena de mastocite degranulate; - edemul corionului; - infiltrat inflamator cu eozinofile i limfocite - hipertrofia gld mucoase si a muschiului neted - spirale Curschmanns (frag. spiralate de mucus) - cristale Charcot-Leyden (bucati din eozinofile)
Fiziopatologie
Obstructia bronsica determina :
1. Tulburarea ventilatiei cu:
cresterea rezistentei la fluxul de aer hiperinflatie pulmonara hipoventilatie zonala cu scaderea PaO2 alveolar si cresterea Pa CO2 ventilatie inegala a diferitelor zone
Julius H Comroe
A born leader and teacher; The Lung put Pulmonary Function Testing on the map
APARATUL RESPIRATOR
SCHIMBURILE GAZOASE
SCHIMBURILE GAZOASE
maxime
FUNCIA VENTILATORIE
VENTILAIA = procesul prin care alveolele se umplu cu aer proaspt prin succesiunea inspiraie-expiraie
cuantificarea volumului de gaz din plmni n anumite circumstane - determinarea volumelor pulmonare determinarea vitezei de expulzare a aerului din plmn - determinarea debitelor pulmonare
maxime
CV
valori normale: CV = 80-120% din CV ideal CV = SINDROM RESTRICTIV
maxime
CV
valoare normal = 70% IPB = SINDROM OBSTRUCTIV
Example of printout
cauze: tuberculoz pulmonar, alte pneumopatii interstiiale difuze fibrozante cifoscolioze, obezitate
maxime
TESTELE BRONHOMOTORII
utilizate frecvent n clinic apreciaz efectul bronhomotor
indus de diferite substane administrate sub form de aerosoli pe baza modificrilor VEMS
TESTELE BRONHOMOTORII
Testele bronhoconstrictoare
de provocare a obstruciei
TESTELE BRONHOMOTORII
Testele bronhodilatatoare
efectuate cu medicamente adrenergice cu aciune rapid sau cu parasimpaticolitice inhalatorii la pacienii cu sindrom obstructiv deja constituit
fie n scop diagnostic (evidenierea originii spastice a obstruciei) fie n scop terapeutic (eficacitatea medicaiei)
maxime
Interpreting Spirometry
Normal
FEV1 >80%
FVC
>80%
>80%
<80%
<80%
Ratio
>70%
<70%
>70%
<70%
Teste functionale in AB :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Reducerea CV Reducerea VEMS Creste VR Pozitia respiratiei este deplasata spre inspir maximal Emfizem pulmonar obstructiv Reducerea PaO2 (hipoxemie), cresterea PaCO2 (hipercapnie)
ASTHMA DIAGNOSIS
STEP 1
Suspect asthma on basis of symptoms and signs, particularly if there is variability
STEP 2
Search for associated factors such as:
a. Atopy - allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, eczema b. Family history of asthma or other allergic disorders c. Onset of, or presence of, symptoms during childhood d. Identifiable triggers for symptoms and relieving factors such as improvement with a bronchodilator or deterioration with exercise e. Exposure to known asthma sensitizers in the workplace f. Reversibility shown on lung function tests g. Optional tests include:
Full blood count to check the eosinophil count Total serum IgE Skin prick tests or RAST in blood to look for evidence of atopy Methacholine or histamine or exercise challenge tests
ASTMUL BRONSIC
-
Rau astmatic Emfizem pulmonar obstructiv CPC si acut Pneumotorax spontan Insuficienta respiratorie cronica corticodependenta
Alte substante
Codeina Clorpropamida (+ etanol) Dextran 70 Dipiridamol Disulfiram Haloperidol (+ etanol) Hydrocortison N-acetilcisteina PGF2- alfa Propafenona Protamina Streptokinaza Urokinaza
Preventative/Avoidance Measures
A. Avoid exposure to personal and second-hand tobacco smoke
PHARMACOTHERAPY
(A) RELIEVERS : Act only on airway smooth muscle spasm i.e. Cause BRONCHODILATION
symptoms acutely - cough - SOB - wheeze/tightness Take when necessary
PHARMACOTHERAPY
(B) CONTROLLERS :
underlying INFLAMMATION and/or cause prolonged bronchodilation
i.e.
Take regularly, even when well For ALL asthmatics, except mild intermittent
Beta 2 mimeticele
Prezentare Dose Trat acut/croni c Posologie
Terbutalina
Fenoterol
250 500mcg/puff
200mcg/puff
Acut
Acut Acut
1-2 puffuri
1-2 puffuri 1-2 puffuri
Aerosoli- dozator
Pirbuterol
Autohaler
sistem
200mcg/puff
Posologie
Dose
Trat acut/cronic
Posologie
Terbutalina
comprimate
5mg/2 ml
Acut
1-5mg/h iv continuu
Acut
1-5mg/h iv continuu
Doza 50, 100, 125, 200, 250, 300, 400mg/gel 100, 175, 300mg/cpr
Perfuzie continua
- 0,6mg/kg/h - apoi in functie de teofilinemie
Anticolinergice
Prezentare Doza Posologie
Anticolinergice
Bromura de ipratropiu Bromura de oxitropiu Bromura de ipratropiu aerosoli aerosoli nebulizator 20mcg/puff 100mcg/puff 0,5mcg/doza 3-4 x 2 puffuri/zi 2-3 x 2 puffuri/zi 1-4 doze/zi
Asociatia Anticolinergice si Beta 2 mimetice Fenoterol(F) +bromura de ipratropiu(BI) Salbutamol +bromura de ipratropiu aerosoli 50mcg/puff F + 20mcg/puff BI 100mcg/puff F + 20mcg/puff 3-4 x 2 puffuri/zi 4 x 2 puffuri/zi
aerosoli
Corticoizi inhalatori
Beclomethazona Budesonide Flunisolide
Prezentare
Doza
Posologie
500-2000mcg/zi
500-2000mcg/zi
Nr prize/zi
2-4
2-4
2-4
3-4x 1 cpr/zi 3-4 x 2 puffuri/zi 3-4x1 amp/zi 2-4 x 2 puf/zi 2-4 x 2 puf/zi 1 cp/zi 2x1cps/zi
10mg/cp
1, 5, 10 mg/cp 4, 16, 32 mg/cp
1cp/zi
In tratamentul de urgenta
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Neuropsihice : convulsii, psihoza, euforie, depresie, miopatie proximala Metabolice: retentie hirdrosalina, diabet, alcaloza hipokaliemica, coma hiperosmolara Digestive: pancreatita, hemoragie digestiva, ulcer peptic Cardiovasculare: HTA Oftalmologice: glaucom
Anti colinergice Teofiline Nervositate , insomnie, tremor,cefalee, convulsii, confuzie Tahicardie, hTA, tulburari de ritm
Cromone
Ketotifen
Cefalee, vertij
Somnolenta, vertij, convulsii, confuzie Bradicardie, tahicardie
Iritatie faringiana
Greturi, varsaturi, constipatie
Gust amar
Uscaciunea mucoasei bucale