Tiroida produce 2 hormoni: T4: tiroxina, tetraiodotironina T3: triiodotironina H tiroidieni sunt derivati iodurati ai compusului ipotetic tironina.

Ei se sintetizeaza in cel tiroidiene si la interfata dintre cel tiroidiene si coloid (miez gelatinos format din tireoglobulina). Sinteza: 1. Captarea iodului de catre tiroida : prin difuzie simpla sau prin transport activ dependent de ATP (pompa de iod). Captarea poate fi inhibata de saruri de Br si F, ioni de tiocianat 2. Oxidarea anionului I- la I+. Oxidarea iodului anorganic de catre H2o2 formata intracelular sub actiunea unei oxidaze NADPH dependente. Reactie catalizata de enzima tireoperoxidaza. NADPH + H+ + O2 ---------- NADP+ + H2O2 2I- + H2O2 + 2H+---------- 2I+ + 2H2O 3. Iodurarea tireoglobulinei Contine 8-10% glucide si pete 100 resturi tirozil pe molecula. Sub actiunea enzimei tireiperoxidaza aceste resturi sunt iodurate cu 1 sau 2 atomi de iod. Sub actiunea enzimelor resturile de tirozina sunt reasezate in structura tireoglobulinei si se formeaza resturi de T3 si T4. (Ele sunt inca prinse in structura proteinei, sunt ancorate de lantul polipeptedic) Prin endocitoza picaturile de coloid sunt internalizate . in celula tireoglobulina este hidrolizata si hormonii sunt eliberati. Tiroida secreta mai ales T4 si mai putin T3 (T3 plasmatic provine mai ales din deiodurarea tisulara a T4)

Transport H Tir circula mai ales legati de proteine (sunt insolubili in apa, sunt horm liposolubili, receptori intracelulari) dar o mica parte circula liberi. Reglarea secretiei: Sinteza se afla sub contrului TSH (tireotropina hipofizara) care la randul ei se afla sub control hipotalamic (TRH hormon eliberator de tireotropina). Nivel scazut de T3 stimuleaza TRH care detrmina sinteza de TSH. TSH actioneaza asupra tiroidei stimuland sinteza si sectretia de hormoni in sange. Somatostatina (horm peptidic secretat de cel delta din pancreas) inhiba TSH. Periferic T4 se poate transforma fie in T3 activ biologic fie in rT3 inactiv biologic. Rol biologic

Sunt anabolizanti: activeaza sinteza de GH (growth hormone), crsc metabolismul bazal, pe cord tahicardie. F important: intervin in maturarea sistemului nervos!! La conc mari devin catabolizanti: cresc catabolismul lipidic, proteic, glucidic Once released from the thyroid gland, thyroid hormone circulates in the bloodstream where free T4 and T3 are available to travel across the cell membrane. In the cytoplasm, T4 is deiodinated into T3, the active form of thyroid hormone. T3 combines with its nuclear receptor on thyroid hormone-responsive genes, leading to production of messenger RNA that, in turn, leads to production of proteins that influence metabolism and development. Effects of thyroid hormone include tissue growth, brain maturation, increased heat production, increased oxygen consumption, and an increased number of _-adrenergic receptors. Clinically, individuals who have excess thyroid hormone (thyrotoxicosis) will have symptoms of increased metabolism such as tachycardia and tremor, while individuals with hypothyroidism note symptoms of lowered metabolism like edema and constipation. Investigarea functiei tiroidiene