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nMRSZEXSVM~ WI RYQVE EQIVMGERYP 7XYEVX &PEGOXSR GEVI XVERWTYRI PE RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP <-PIE TI GIPYPSMH HIWIRIPI WYGGIWMZI HI TI FIR^MPI >SSXVSTYPYM (WEY 8IEXVYPYM STXMG), YXMPM^RH TVSGIHIYP HI RVIKMWXVEVI -QEKMRI GY MQEKMRI (SRI XYVR, SRI TMGXYVI). 4VMQIPI SFMIGXI ERMQEXI EWXJIP IWXI 1SXIPYP FRXYMX (1907), GEVI M-E HIXIVQMREX TI XILRMGMIRMM 'EWIM n+EYQSRX~, QEVM WTIGMEPM#XM R XVYGENI, WE WXYHMI^I S GSTMI E 3PQYPYM EQIVMGER TIRXVY E GYXE (MR ^EHEV) WJSVMPI SFMIGXIPSV R QM#GEVI. 0YM )QMPI 'SLP, XRV GEVMGEXYVMWX PE 'LEVMZEVM, MM VIZMRI QIVMXYP HIWGSTIVMVMM XVYGYPYM &PEGOXSR, IP VIEPM^RH ETSM TIWXI 120 HI 3PQI REMZI #M JIIVMGI HI ERMQEXI, GEVEGXIVM^EXI HI MQTVIZM^MFMPI QIXEQSVJS^I #M YR HMREQMWQ TYV.

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