Gramatic i Vocabular (Grammar and Vocabulary)

Gramatic (Grammar)
Sunetele limbii engleze; alfabetul limbii engleze; clasificarea verbului, diateze, aspect, moduri, timpuri
verbale;
Prezentul simplu i continuu form i utilizare; Exerciii
Trecutul simplu i continuu form i utilizare; Exerciii
Prezentul Perfect simplu i continuu form i utilizare; Exerciii
ai mult ca perfectul simplu i continuu form i utilizare; Exerciii
!iitorul form i utilizare; Exerciii
odul "ondiional i If clause form i utilizare; Exerciii
"oncordana timpurilor form i utilizare; Exerciii
odul Sub#onctiv form i utilizare; Exerciii
odul $mperativ form i utilizare; Exerciii
%iateza pasiv form i utilizare; Exerciii
!erbe modale $ form i utilizare; Exerciii
!erbe modale $$ form i utilizare; Exerciii
$nfinitivul form i utilizare; Exerciii
&ormele 'n $ng utilizare; Exerciii
!erbe care primesc infinitive sau forma 'n $ng; Exerciii
!erbe complexe form i utilizare; Exerciii
!orbirea indirect form i utilizare; Exerciii
Prepoziii, "on#uncii form i utilizare; Exerciii
Substantivul form i utilizare; Exerciii
(rticolul form i utilizare; Exerciii
(d#ectivul form i utilizare; Exerciii
Pronumele form i utilizare; Exerciii
(dverbul form i utilizare; Exerciii
Vocabular (Vocabulary)
T)e car and *n t)e road
Travelling
+olida,s- Sta,ing in a )otel
&ood- (t t)e restaurant
S)opping
+ealt) service
Postal and telep)one service
Bibliografie:
oravec.*campo; (-, &arrugia, (- /imba Englez gramatica de baz, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 1222
Paidos, "onstantin 3ramatica limbii engleze !erbul, $nstitutul European, $ai, 1224
3leanu.&5rnoag, 3eorgiana; Sac)elarie./ecca, %oina . /imba Englez 'n conversaie, Editura
tiinific i enciclopedic, 0ucureti, 1264
3leanu, 3eorgiana Exerciii de gramatic englez, Timpurile verbale, Editura (lbatros, 0ucureti,
1272
8ranu, ariana /imba englez, Exerciii pentru nivelul superior, Editura "orint, 0ucureti, 1229
inisterul Educaiei i :nvm5ntului, ;niversitatea 0ucureti /imba Englez, Exerciii pentru
admiterea 'n 'nvm5ntul superior, Editura %idactic i Pedagogic, 0ucureti, 1276
isztal, ariusz Test ,our vocabular,, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 122<
isztal, ariusz Test ,our Englis) grammar, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 1222
=
T)e >e? $nternational @ebsterAs PocBet 0usiness %ictionar, of t)e Englis) /anguage Trident Press
$nternational, 1227
Pa?lo?sBa, 0arbara; CempinsBi, Dbignie? Teste de limba englez, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 1222
Timar, Eszter /imba englez 'n teste i exerciii, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 1222
")iriacescu, (driana; urean, /aura; 0arg)iel, !irginia; +ollinger, (lexander "oresponden de
afaceri 'n limbile rom5n i englez, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 122E
3eog)egan, "-3-; 3eog)egan, F-G- Engleza pentru negocieri, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 4HHH
Ioland, arie."laude; ast.3rand, art)a "! 'n limba englez, un pas spre anga#are, Editura Teora,
0ucureti, 4HHH
%a,an, (-; /indsa,, @-+-; FanaBie?icz, (-; arc)eteau, - Engleza pentru marBeting i publicitate,
Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 4HHH
0anta, (ndrei; Poreanu, Iodica /imba englez pentru tiin i te)nic, Editura >iculescu, 0ucureti,
122E
/aun, &lavia E- 0irotics and Telecommunication Explanator, %ictionar,, Editura %acia, "lu#.>apoca,
1229
nil, %-; Popa, "-; Popa, %-; Popescu, $--; !lad, !-$- ic dicionar poliglot de fizic, te)nic i
matematic, Editura (cora Press, 0ucureti, 122E
"otton, %avid Ce,s to management, /ongman, 1229
"otton, %avid; Iobbins, Sue 0usiness "lass, >elson Englis) /anguage Teac)ing, /ondon, 122=
/e %ivenac), Jloi Engleza 'n pres, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 1222
arc)eteau, ic)el 0erman, Fean.Pierre Savio, ic)el, Engleza comercial 'n <H de lecii, Editura
>iculescu, 0ucureti, 4HH1
I. Sunetele limbii engleze; alfabetul limbii engleze; clasificarea verbului; moduri; diateze; aspect;
timpuri verbale
!Sunetele limbii engleze
Vocale
Simbolul fonetic Exemplu Transcrierea fonetic
1- iK sea [siK]
4- i it [it]
=- e ten [ten]
<- L man [mLn]
E- aK part [paKt]
9- o dog [dog]
7- oK s)ort [oKt]
6- u booB [buB]
2- uK moon [muKn]
1H- sun [sn]
11- : first [fKst]
14- a []
"iftongi
1=- ei name [neim]
1<- ou )ome )oum]
1E- ai nine [nain]
19- au no? [nau]
17- oi bo, [boi]
16- i )ere [)i]
<
12- t)ere [M]
4H- o door [do]
41- u poor [pu]
#riftongi
44- ai fire [fai]
4=- au flo?er [flau]
Semivocale
4<- # ,es [#es]
4E- ? ?ell [?el]
$onsoane
Sonore
49- b big [big]
47- d da, [dei]
46- v ver, [veri]
42- g garden [gaKdn]
=H- z zero [zirou]
=1- pleasure [ple]
=4- d #am [dLm]
==- M t)is [Mis]
=<- r red [red]
=E- l lost [lost]
=9- m man, [meni]
=7- n not [not]
=6- t)ing [Ni]
Surde
=2- p pen [pen]
<H- t too [tuK]
<1- f five [faiv]
<4- B caBe [BeiB]
<=- s sa, [sei]
<<- s)e [iK]
<E- t c)ild [taild]
<9- N t)in [Nin]
<7- ) )orse [)oKs]
Vocala [i:] este o vocal lung- Este aproape identic cu i rom5nesc din cuvintele 'n care accentum
aceast vocal 'n mod deosebit, ca de pild 'n exclamaiaK biine! O'n sens de concesieP-
Vocala [i] este o vocal scurt, un sunet intermediar 'ntre i i e din limba rom'n-
Vocala [e] este o vocal scurt i foarte apropiat de e rom5nesc, fiind 'ns ceva mai desc)is- Ea
seamn 'ndeosebi cu e din limba rom5n, c5nd acesta e urmat de r, ca de exemplu 'n cuvintele mere,
pere etc-
E
Vocala [%] este o vocal scurt i ocup o poziie intermediar 'ntre a i e; [L] nu se poate compara cu
nici un sunet din limba rom5n- Se obine desc)iz5nd gura pentru a i pronun5nd e-
Vocala [a:] e o vocal lung i se formeaz 'n partea din fund a gurii, ceea ce 'i d o rezonan de sunet
profund- Pronun5nd un a rom5nesc prelungit i din fundul gurii vom obine un [aK] englezesc corect-
Vocala [o] este o vocal scurt- Ea nu poate fi comparat cu nici un sunet existent 'n limba rom5n-
Pentru cine cunoate 'ns limba mag)iar, sunetul englez este uor de pronunat, el fiind foarte apropiat
de vocala o din aceast limb- [o] este un sunet intermediar 'ntre sunetele a i o i se pronun mult mai
din fundul gurii dec5t o rom5nesc i cu gura mult mai desc)is-
Vocala [o:] este o vocal lung- Ea se deosebete de vocala [o] care este mult mai desc)is spre a.
Pronun5nd un o rom5nesc lung i din fundul gurii vom obine un sunet foarte apropiat de [oK] englezesc-
Vocala [u] este o vocal scurt, foarte apropiat de u rom5nesc- Se pronun cu buzele mai puin
rotun#ite dec5t 'n cazul lui u din limba rom5n-
Vocala [u:] este o vocal lung i seamn foarte mult cu un u rom5nesc prelungit-
Vocala [] e o vocal scurt i seamn foarte mult cu un a rom5nesc scurt- Pentru pronunarea lui []
este necesar s 'ntindem puin buzele lateral i s ponunm un a retrg5nd limba puin 'napoi-
Vocala [:] este o vocal lung, asemntoare lui rom5nesc prelungit- Pentru a o rosti corect trebuie s
inem maxilarele apropiate i buzele 'ntinse lateral- Este absolut necesar ca 'n timpul pronunrii lui [K]
buzele s fie numai uor 'ntredesc)ise-
Vocala [] este o vocal scurt, niciodat accentuat i corespunde vocalei din limba rom5n-
"iftongul [ei] se aseamn cu diftongul rom5nesc din cuvintele mei, tei, lei etc- Elementul al doilea al
diftongului este sunetul [i] scurt englezesc-
"iftongul [ou]- Primul element al acestui diftong este o vocal 'nc ne'nt5lnit, vocala [o]- * obinem
rotun#ind buzele pentru o i pronun5nd - (l doilea element al diftongului este [u], despre care
reamintim c este un sunet scurt-
"iftongul [ai] se apropie foarte mult de diftongul rom5nesc din cuvintele mai, cai, dai etc-, cu
deosebirea c elementul al doilea al difotngului este sunetul [i] scurt englezesc-
"iftongul [au] se apropie de asemenea foarte mult de diftongul rom5nesc din cuvintele dau, sau etc-
Elementul al doilea al diftongului este sunetul [u] scurt englezesc-
"iftongul [oi] se apropie de diftongul rom5nesc oi din cuvintele ca noi, doi, voi etc- Totui primul
element, [o], e mai desc)is dec5t 'n limba rom5n, iar cel de.al doilea element este [i] scurt englezesc-
"iftongii [i] i [u] conin sunete cunoscute- /a pronunarea lor trebuie s avem 'n vedere sunetele
specific englezeti [i] i [u]-
"iftongul [] conine o vocal nou, []- (ceast vocal este mai desc)is dec5t [e] i mai 'nc)is
dec5t [L]-
"iftongul [o]- Primul element al acestui diftong este vocala scurt [o] urmat fr efort de []
Oamintim c avem de.a face cu un o desc)is spre aP- (cest diftong tinde s fie 'nlocuit de vocala lung
[oK]-
#riftongul [ai] Pronunai 'ntr.o singur silab acest triftong, in5nd seama de caracterul vocalei
englezeti [i]K fire [fai], tired [taid]-
#riftongul [au] este format din sunete cunoscute- /a pronunarea lui trebuie s inem seama de
caracterul vocalei englezeti [u]-
>u.l pronunai pe [u] din triftongul [au] cu emitere puternic de aer, pentru a nu.l transforma 'n
semivocala [?]- *binei o pronunie corect a acestui triftong dac rostii 'ntr.o singur silab grupul de
sunete rom5neti a-
Semivocala [&] se pronun ca un u foarte scurt, cu puternic emitere de aer printre buze, semn5nd cu
sunetul u pe care 'l adugm 'n pronunare la 'nceputul unor cuvinte ca oal, oaie etc-
Semivocala ['], cea de.a doua semivocal din limba englez, se poate compara cu un i foarte scurt, cu
rezonan consonantic- Ea se 'nt5lnete i 'n limba rom5n 'n cuvinte caK este, ei, iarn, iertare etc-
9
$onsoana [d] prezint o particularitate fa de limba rom5n, 'n sensul c la articularea ei v5rful limbii
se spri#in pe alveole Ope rdcina dinilorP-
$onsoanele [b]( [v]( [g]( [z]( [m]( [n] pot fi considerate ca fiind identice cu consoanele corespunztoare
din limba rom5n-
$onsoana [] este aceeai ca i consoana rom5neasc din jar, ajun etc- Ieinei semnul [] pentru
sunetul j rom5nesc; reamintii.v c semnul [#] reprezint o semivocal asemntoare sunetului i din
cuvintele rom5netiK iarn, chiar, iat etc-
$onsoana [d] este corespondenta sonor a consoanei surde [t]- * 'nt5lnim 'n rom5nete 'n cuvinte caK
gimnastic, geam, legi etc- *bservai c 'n limba rom5n aceast consoan poate fi urmat numai de
vocale e sau i- Trecerea la oricare din celelalte vocale Oo, a, uP se face cu a#utorul unui i sau e de legtur-
%e exempluK geam, George, giulgiu- :n limba englez, trecerea de la [d] la oricare dintre vocale se face
direct- %e exempluK John [don], George [doKd]- >u pronunai deci cuv5ntul John ca gion- :n limba
englez, sunetul [d] termin cuv5ntul- %e exempluK Geroge [doKd], judge [dd]- >u pronunai
giorgi i giagi-
$onsoana [)] este o consoan sonor Oca b, g, m, z etcP pe care o putem rosti corect pronun5nd un d
Osau zP rom5nesc cu v5rful limbii 'ntre dini- Exerciiul trebuie repetat de foarte multe ori 'n faa oglinzii
pentru a controla poziia limbii-
$onsoana [r] se deosebete fundamental de consoana rom5neasc r, fiind de fapt cu totul alt consoan,
dei e reprezentat de aceeai liter a alfabetului- (stfel, 'n timp ce r rom5nesc este o consoan vibrant,
[r] englezesc se rostete fr vibraie Oca i consoanele s i j, de pildP- Pentru a obine [r] englezesc,
pronunai j cu gura mult desc)is- P5n c5nd v deprindei cu pronunarea fireasc a lui [r], cutai s
rostii un r rom5nesc c5t mai ters i fr ca v5rful limbii s ating cerul gurii-
$onsoana [l] . 'n limba englez exist dou variante ale consoanei [l]- :nainte de vocal, [l] este identic
cu l rom5nesc; de exemplu 'n cuvintele live, lily- :n poziie final sau 'nainte de consoan, [l] este un
sunet voalat- /a rostirea lui, partea posterioar a limbii se ridic spre cerul gurii- :ntr.un cuv5nt ca apple,
[l] este precedat de un foarte scurt- Pronunai deci [Lp'l] i nu [Lpl']-
$onsoana [] este asemntoare cu consoana rom5neasc n din cuvintele 'n care n este urmat de c sau
de gK nc, nghel, singular, unde n devine 'n parte gutural-
$onsoanele [p], [t], [*] sunt consoane surde- Spre deosebire de consoanele corespunztoare din limba
rom5n, ele sunt urmate c5nd nu sunt precedate de alt consoan i sunt 'n silab accentuat de un
uor sunet h- "onsoana [t] se pronun cu v5rful limbii spri#init pe alveole Ope rdcina dinilorP-
$onsoanele [f] i [s] pot fi considerate ca fiind identice cu consoanele corespunztoare din limba
rom5n-
$onsoana [] este aceeai ca i consoana rom5neasc !-
$onsoana [t] este aproape identic cu consoana rom5neasc din cuvinte caK cine, ceas, cel etc-, i se
pronun cu o uoar aspiraie, ca i [B], [p], [t]-
"onsoana englezeasc rm5ne 'ns perfect surd i poate fi urmat direct de orice vocal, fr a necesita
un e sau i de legtur, ca 'n limba rom5nK child [taild]-
%e semenea, consoana [t] final, spre deosebire de consoana corespunztoare din limba rom5n, nu este
urmat de un i asilabic Ocare nu formeaz silabP ca 'n cinci, pleci etc- %e exempluK much [mt]- Este
necesar s dm o deosebit atenie pronunrii acestei consoane c5nd este urmat de alte vocale dec5t i i
e, sau c5nd este 'n poziie final- %eci pronunai [taild] i nu ciaild, [mt] i nu maci-
$onsoana [+] este perec)ea surd a consoanei [M], care se deosebete prin aceea c la pronunarea ei
coardele vocale nu vibreaz- Pentru a pronuna sunetul [N], vom ine v5rful limbii 'ntre dini i vom
articula un t Osau sP rom5nesc, fr efort- "a i 'n cazul lui [M], exerciiile trebuie fcute 'n faa oglinzii-
"onsoanele [M] i [N] sunt reperezentate 'n scriere prin grupul th-
$onsoana [,] se pronun cu aspiraie Oemitere de aerP mai puternic dec5t 'n limba rom5n-
-! #,e .lp,abet
7
a [ei] n [en]
b [bi:] o [ou]
c [si:] p [pi:]
d [di:] / [*'u:]
e [i:] r [a:]
f [ef] s [es]
g [d0i:] t [ti:]
, [eit] u ['u:]
i [ai] v [vi:]
' [d0ei] & [dbl'u:]
* [*ei] 1 [e*s]
l [el] y [&ai]
m [em] z [zed]
2! $lasificarea Verbelor
Q "on#ugarea verbelor engleze se bazeaz pe trei forme principale- (cestea sunt formele de dic3ionar ale
verbelor englezeK
4 form a 445a form a 4445a form
OtoP ?orB ?orBed ?orBed
OtoP give gave given
Q !erbele engleze se clasific 'n verbe obinuite i speciale- "ele obinuite pot fi regulate sau neregulate,
iar cele speciale sunt 'mprite 'n verbe au1iliare i verbe modale-
Verbele obinuite au un sens propriu i pot avea funcia de predicat 'n propoziie-
Verbele speciale nu au un sens propriu i a#ut la formarea timpurilor verbale compuse-
a! Verbe regulate
!erbele regulate formeaz past tense i past participle prin adugarea terminaiei "#$- ExK %or&ed;
cleaned; closed
b! Verbe neregulate
!erbele neregulate formeaz past tense i past participle neregulat i aceste forme trebuie 'nvate-
!erbele neregulate se 'mpart 'n = categoriiK
- grupa verbelor care nu suport nici o modificare
cut cut cut
put put put
- grupa verbelor care suport o modificare
bring broug)t broug)t
meet met met
- grupa verbelor care suport dou modificri
do did done
ring rang rung
c! Verbe au1iliare
Sunt formatori temporali, a#ut la formarea timpurilor verbale compuse-
- "6 se folosete la present tense simple i past tense simple . forma interogativ i negativ; Odo, does,
didP
- B7 se folosete la formarea diatezei pasive i a timpurilor verbale continue; Oam, are, is, ?as, ?ereP
6
- 8.V7 se folosete la formarea timpurilor verbale perfecte; O)ave, )as, )adP
- S8.99( :499 se folosesc la formarea timpurilor verbale de viitor;
- S86;9"( :6;9" se folosesc la formarea lui &uture.in.t)e.Past i a modului "ondiional;
- 97# se folosete la formarea $mperativului pentru persoana $.a sg i pl i persoana a $$$.a sg i pl-
d! Verbe modale
Sunt o clas special de verbe care exprim permisiunea, abilitatea, probabilitatea, obligaia, necesitateaK
(G, $3+T, "(>, "*;/%, ;ST, >EE%, S+*;/%, *;3+T T*, +(!E T*, >EE% T*-
< =ormele Verbale se 'mpart 'n predicative pot forma predicatul 'n propoziie i au un subiect . i
nepredicative nu pot forma predicatul 'n propoziie Oinfinitivul, participiul, gerund5ulP-
< >odul 'nseamn maniera sau modul 'n care aciunea este exprimat de verb- odurile limbii engleze
suntK 4ndicativ, 4mperativ, Sub'onctiv i $ondi3ional-
< "iateza este forma verbului care indic dac o persoan sau un lucru face aciunea sau o sufer- :n limba
englez sunt 4 diatezeK
- "iateza activ ne indic faptul c o persoan sau un lucru care e i subiectul propoziiei face aciunea-
(ceasta poate fi suferit de o alt persoan sau lucru sau de acceai persoan care o realizeaz O ac'iune
refle(ivP-
ExK +er grandparents brought )er up-
$ )ash myself ever, da,-
- "iateza pasiv ne indic faptul c persoana sau lucrul care este subiectul gramatical al propoziiei sufer
aciunea fcut de altcineva Osubiectul logicP-
ExK Englis) is spo&en all over t)e ?orld-
+e )as educated in "ambridge-
< .spectul indic durata, realizarea complet sau incomplet a unei aciuni- .spectul simplu . aciunea este
vzut ca un fapt general, obinuit sau particular- .spectul continuu exprim o aciune 'n proces, 'n
desfurare la un anumit moment 'n timp-
ExK @e get up at six ever, morning-
$t is beginning to rain-
< #impurile verbale (#enses) sunt construcii verbale care exprim diverse relaii temporale- ( nu se
confunda time cu tenseR >oiunea de timp OtimeP este universal i independent de orice limb- Timpurile
verbale OtensesP difer 'n funcie de fiecare limb 'n parte-
Timpurile 'n limba englez indic dac o aciune este realizat 'n prezent, 'n trecut sau 'n viitorK
- Timpuri verbale legate de presentK
?resent #ense SimpleK T)e teac)er comes in-
?resent #ense $ontinuousK @)at are ?e doingS
?resent ?erfect SimpleK $ )ave been ill for t?o ?eeBs-
?resent ?erfect $ontinuousK @e )ave been ?riting for )im for )alf an )our-
- Timpuri verbale legate de trecutK
?ast #ense SimpleK @)en did ,ou come )omeS
?ast #ense $ontinuousK $t ?as raining all da, ,esterda,-
?ast ?erfect #ense SimpleK +e said )e )ad spent t?o mont)s t)ere-
?ast ?erfect #ense $ontinuousK 0, t)at time $ )ad been learning Englis) for five ,ears-
- Timpuri verbale legate de viitorK
=uture #ense SimpleK @e s)all meet t)em at seven-
=uture #ense $ontinuousK T)e, ?ill be travelling all nig)t-
=uture ?erfect #ense SimpleK $ s)all )ave done it b, four oAclocB-
=uture ?erfect #ense $ontinuousK 0, t)e first of Fanuar, t)e, ?ill )ave been ?orBing )ere for t)en ,ears-
II. #87 ?@7S7A# #7AS7 S4>?97 B #87 ?@7S7A# #7AS7 $6A#4A;6;S
#87 ?@7S7A# #7AS7 S4>?97
2
=orm
&ormai prezentul simplu folosind indicativul- (dugai s sau es pentru persoana a $$$.a singular la
afirmativ-
.firmativ
$ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, ?orB
+e T s)e T it ?orBs
Aegativ
$ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, do not ?orB
+e T s)e T it does not ?orB
4nterogativ
"o 5 $ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, . ?orBS
"oes )e T s)e T it ?orBS
Aegativ54nterogativ
"o $ not ?orBS "o ,ou not ?orBS "oes )e not ?orBS Etc-
=orma contras:
%o not U donAt
%oes not U doesnAt
;tilizare
Prezentul simplu se foloseteK
! pentru activit3i repetate( obinuite( permanente!
@e go to sc)ool ever, morning- OrepetatP
&at)er smo&es too muc)- OobinuitP
Fane )or&s in a big factor,- OpermanentP
-! pentru ac3iuni care sunt adevruri general valabile!
$ce melts in t)e sun-
T)e sun rises in t)e East and sets in t)e @est-
2! cCnd se vorbete despre orare i programe fi1e( cu sens de viitor!
T)e film starts at 1H-=H- O?ill startP
T)e c)ampions)ip starts next Saturda,-
T)e train leaves at 6-HH- O?ill leaveP
D! pentru a introduce un citat; En comentariile sportive; En proverbe( zictori; En prospecte de
medicamente( re3ete i instruc3iuni de folosire a diverselor aparate!
S)aBespeare saysK V>ot marble, nor t)e gilded monumentsT of princes s)all outlive t)is po?erful
r),me-W OSonnet EEP OcitatP
T)e goal.Beeper passes to aradona, but +agi intercepts; +agi to /ctu and )e shoots and itAs a goalR
Ocomentarii sportiveP
%espair gives courage to a co?ard- OproverbP
&irst, $ ta&e t)e potatoes and slice t)em- T)en, $ slice t)e tomatoes, fry t)e onionX- OreeteP
Aot
(dverbele de frecven sunt deseori folosite pentru a sublinia repetarea- "ele mai comune adverbe de
frecven suntK usually, al&ays, never, ever, often, seldom, rarely, sometimes, generally, occasionally-
Pentru a sublinia repetarea unei aciuni se mai poate folosi adverbul every 'n combinaie cu anumite cuvinte
ce definesc momente 'n timpK every dayT&ee*Tmont,Tyear etc-
#87 ?@7S7A# #7AS7 $6A#4A;6;S
=orm
&ormai prezentul continuu cu to be F Ging
.firmativ
$ am ?orBing
Gou are ?orBing
+e T s)e T it is ?orBing
1H
@e T ,ou T t)e, are ?orBing
Aegativ
$ am not ?orBing
Gou are not ?orBing
+e T s)e T it is not ?orBing
@e T ,ou T t)e, are not ?orBing
4nterogativ
.m $ ?orBingS
.re ,ou ?orBingS
4s )e T s)e T it ?orBingS
.re ?e T ,ou T t)e, ?orBingS
4nterogativ5Aegativ
.m $ not OarenHt 4P ?orBingS .re ,ou not OarenAt ,ouP ?orBingS 4s )e not OisnAt )eP ?orBingS
=orma contras este uzual 'n engleza vorbit-
$ am U $Am
Gou are U ,ouAre
$t isT )e isT s)e is U itAsT )eAsT s)eAs
$t is not U it isnAt sau itAs not
@e are not U ?eAre not sau ?e arenAt
T)e, are not U t)e,Are not sau t)e, arenAt
;tilizare
Prezentul continuu se foloseteK
1. pentru ac3iuni care se petrec En momentul vorbirii!
Cate is at sc)ool- S)e is reading a booB-
Pete is at )ome ?it) mum- +e is playing-
2. pentru ac3iuni care se petrec En prea'ma momentului vorbirii( dar nu neaprat En momentul
vorbirii; cu today( these days( this term( at the moment etc!
0eatrice isn*t studying Englis) t)is ,ear- S)e ?ants to concentrate on anot)er foreign language-
3. pentru a e1prima un aran'ament anume Entr5un viitor apropiat!
@)at are ,ou doing tomorro?S
4. pentru a e1prima viitorul( En special cu verbe de micare: to come+ arrive+ go+ leave.
*ur friends are arriving tomorro?-
+e is going to /ondon on &rida,
5. cu al)ays (EnsemnCnd Iprea multJ) pentru a e1prima iritarea!
Gour c)ildren are al&ays running on m, la?n-
$ canAt stand )im; )eAs al&ays interupting me-
6. pentru a e1prima o ac3iune temporar!
@e usuall, go to ?orB b, bus, but toda, ?e are going b, cab-
7. pentru ac3iuni En desfurare Entr5o perioad limitat En prea'ma momentului vorbirii!
Fo)n is loo&ing for a #ob-
8. pentru ac3iuni care indic o sc,imbare sau trecerea de la o stare la alta!
,s ,our Englis) improvingS
T)e traffic is getting ?orse and ?orse in ToB,o-
T)e c)ildren are gro)ing up ver, fast-
Aot
"u prezentul continuu se folosesc adverbele no& i 'ust, dar ele nu sunt menionate c5nd sensul lor este
sub'neles-
/ooB, t)e c)ildren are sleepingR
Verbe care nu se folosesc la timpul continuu:
! verbe de percep'ieK to feel, ,ear, notice, see, smell, taste-
11
"5nd verbele de percepie 'i sc)imb sensul, ele pot fi folosite la timpul continuu-
#o see
( avea o 'nt5lnire fixat, un interviu-
$ am seeing m, dentist on &rida,-
Fane is seeing t)e manager no?-
( face o vizit-
ar, is seeing t)e sig)ts so s)e ?ill be a little late-
To see about Oa face aran#amenteP-
*ur form master is seeing about t)e trip to t)e mountains-
To see to Oa aran#a ceva, a verificaP-
T)e mec)anic is #ust seeing to t)e engine of our car-
To see somebod, offTupTdo?nToutT Oa conduce pe cinevaP-
Tom is seeing )is grandfat)er off at t)e rail?a, station no?-
( avea )alucinaii-
$Am seeing t)ings-
#o ,ear
( primi tiri despre ceva sau cineva-
$Am )earing interesting t)ings about our ne? neig)bour-
( audia O'n cadrul #udectorieiP-
T)e #udge is )earing t)e ?itness-
#o feel
( avea o anumit senzaie-
T)e doctor is feeling t)e patientAs arm-
#o smell B to taste
(ciune voluntar
T)e girl is smelling t)e flo?ers in t)e garden no?-
, mot)er is tasting t)e soup as s)e ?ants to feed t)e bab,-
-! verbe care e(prim activit'i mentaleK to agree, believe, distrust, doubt, find, foresee, forget, guess,
imagine, *no&, mean, mind, remember, recognize, recollect, regard, suppose, t,in* t,at, trust,
understand-
#o forget
* pierdere gradual a memoriei-
$Am forgetting figures-
#o t,in*
( se g5ndi la ceva O nu se exprim nici o opinieP-
@)at are ,ou t)inBing aboutS $Am t)inBing about our ne? teac)ers-
#o mind
( avea gri# de cineva Oto looB afterP-
(t t)e moment (nn is minding )er sicB mot)er-
2! verbe care e(prim dorin'aK to desire, intend, &ant, &is,!
D! verbe care e(prim atitudini+ sentimente+ stri emo'ionaleK to ab,or, adore, detest, disli*e, displease,
li*e, love, ,ate, please, prefer-
K! verbe care e(prim posesiuneaK to belong to, ,ave, ,old, *eep, o&e, o&n, possess-
L! verbe care e(prim o stare+ o condi'ieK to appear, be, consist of, contain, differ, deserve, e/ual,
resemble, seem, suit
M! verbe diverseK to compare, e1pect, matter, result from, suffice-
71erci3ii:
?une3i verbele din parantez la prezentul simplu sau continuu!
1- $ OgoP out to get t)e evening paper- 4- X-- t)is booB ObelongP to ,ouS =- Gou Oal?a,s, beatP me at c)eesR <-
@)at time Ousuall,, get upP ,ouXS E- Ever,bod, OliBeP summer- 9- @e OgoP to t)e circus t)is evening- 7- $
O)aveP an appointment ?it) m, dentist at E oAclocB- 6- Fane OmaBeP all )er clot)es )erself- 2- (ll t)e students
in t)is class OreadP Englis) ?ell- 1H- $ OBno?P ?)at ,ou OmeanP- 11- T)e parB OlooBP beautiful in spring- 14-
+e,R Gou OdrinBP from m, glassR 1=- $ must go, mot)er O?aitP for me- 1<- T)e train OarriveP at t)e >ort)
Station at 9-=H- 1E- %onAt disturb )er, s)e OfeedP t)e bab,- 19- $ canAt go a?a,; $ OseeP t)e anager at t)e
14
beginning of next ?eeB- 17- %uring t)e ?eeB ?e generall, Oget upP earl,- 16- $ O)opeP our sc)ool team ?ill
?in t)e football matc)- 12- *ur aunt OcomeP to see us t)is afternoon- 4H- $ Onot approveP of ,our be)aviour-
41- @e OgetP a lot of sno? in t)e mountains in ?inter- 44- +e Ofl,P from 0uc)arest to Sibiu tomorro?- 4=-
Fo)n Oforever, boastP of ?)at )e )as done- 4<- T)e, O?antP to see ,ou for a minute- 4E- +e O?alBP to )ospital
ever, da,- 49- S)e OmoveP )er booBs into )er ne? booBcase- 47- +e usuall, OspeaBP )is mot)er tongue, but
toda, )e OspeaBP Englis)- 46- Gou OdrinBP coffe or teaS 42- Gou OunderstandP t)e Present Tenses in Englis)S
=H- +e Opla,P t)e piano liBe a professional musician- =1- Gou canAt speaB to ar, no?; s)e OsleepP- =4- $ Onot
)earP ?)at ,ou Osa,P- ==- $tAs autumn- T)e leaves OturnP ,ello? and OfallP do?n- =<- $ O?earP a raincoat
because it OrainP- =E- Somet)ing OburnP in t)e oven, $ OseeP t)at smoBe OcomeP out of it- =9- @e Onot drinBP tea
?it) milB in our countr,- =7- @e OspendP next ?eeB ?it) our parents; ?e OgoP on a trip ?it) t)em- =6- Gou
OgoP to to?n t)is afternoonS =2- , friend OcomeP to see us next mont)- <H- +ere OcomeP our long ?aited for
teac)erR
$,eia e1erci3iului:
1- am going 4- does t)is booB belong =- are al?a,s beating <- do ,ou usuall, get up E- liBes 9- are going 7-
am )aving 6- maBes 2- read 1H- Bno? mean 11- looBs 14- are drinBing 1=- is ?aiting 1<- arrives 1E- is
feeding 19- am seeing 17- get up 16- )ope 12- is coming 4H- do not approve 41- get 44- is fl,ing 4=- is forever
boasting 4<- ?ant 4E- ?alBs 49- is moving 47- speaBs; is speaBing 46- are ,ou drinBing 42- do ,ou
understand =H- pla,s =1- is sleeping =4- donAt )ear; are sa,ing ==- are turning; are falling =<- am ?earing; is
raining =E- is burning OcanP see; is coming =9- do not drinB =7- are spending; are going =6- are ,ou goingS
=2- is coming <H- comes-
III. #87 ?.S# #7AS7 S4>?97 B #87 ?.S# #7AS7 $6A#4A;6;S
#87 ?.S# #7AS7 S4>?97
:n funcie de modalitatea de formare a trecutului i a participiului trecut, verbele engleze se 'mpart 'n
regulate i neregulate Ovezi pagina 11P-
@eguli de ortografieK
1- c5nd infinitivul scurt se termin 'n e mut, se adaug numai d Oto dance " danced; to recite " recitedP-
4- c5nd verbele dintr.o silab se termin 'n consoan Ocu excepia lui c, w sau xP precedat de o vocal,
consoana final este dublat i se adaug ed Oto drop " dropped; to pat " pattedP-
=- verbele care se termin 'n c, primesc un k 'nainte de sufixul ed Oto panic " panic&ed; to picnic "
picnic&edP-
<- c5nd un verb format din mai multe silabe se termin nt!"# singu!$ c#ns#an$ p!ecedat$ de # %#cal$,
consoana final se dubleaz dac silaba final este accentuat Oto omit " omitted; to occur " occurredP-
ExcepiiK to &idnap " &idnapped; to handicap " handicapped-
E- c5nd infinitivul scurt se termin 'n & precedat de o vocal, "& nu se sc'im($- $ac & este precedat de
o consoan, se sc'im($ n i )i se adaug$ ed Oto play " played; to try " triedP-
=orm
&ormai afirmativul trecutului simplu al verbelor regulate adug5nd terminaia Bed infinitivului fr to-
4nfinitiv: #recutul simplu regulat:
To ?orB ?orBed O?orB Y edP
>egativul se formeaz cu did not F infinitiv
$nterogativul se formeaz cu did F subiect F infinitiv
.firmativ
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, )or&ed
Aegativ
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, did n#t ?orB
1=
4nterogativ
*id $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, ?orB S
Se folosete aceeai form pentru toate persoanele-
&orma contras a lui did n#t este didn+t-
4nterogativ negativK did t)e, n#t Odidn+t t)e,P ?orBS
&ormarea afirmativului verbelor neregulate nu urmeaz nici o regul- !erbele neregulate trebuie memorate-
4nfinitiv #recutul simplu neregulat
To go ?ent
To speaB spoBe
To bring broug)t
;tilizare
Trecutul simplu se foloseteK
! pentru o ac3iune finalizat En trecut cCnd este men3ionat momentul ac3iunii:
Tom arrived ,esterda,-
"olombus discovered (merica in 1<24-
(dverbele sau expresiile de timp pot fi o marc a trecutului simpluK yesterday, last &ee*, t&o years ago,
last summer, a mont, ago etc-
-! pentru o ac3iune finalizat sigur En trecut c,iar dac timpul nu este men3ionat:
0rutus assassinated Fulius "aesar-
$id ,ou ever see @inston ")urc)ill in personS
2! pentru o obinuin3 din trecut:
S)e al?a,s )o&e up earl, on sc)ool da,s-
Sara) never ate liver as a c)ild-
D! pentru o nara3iune En trecut:
$ stopped to bu, a ne?spaper and t)en sat do?n on a benc) to read it- T)e ne?s )as Zuite depressing-
So $ got up and too& a ?alB and tried to t)inB )app, t)oug)ts-
Aot
Trecutul simplu folosit pentru aciuni obinuite din trecut este adesea 'nsoit de adverbe de frecvenK
sometimes, al&ays, often, usually, rarely, seldom etc-
Aot
Traducerea lui Past Tense Simple 'n limba rom5nK
1. pe!fectul simplu, pe!fectul c#mpus-
@)en )e opened t)e door, )e sa? t)e dog-
"5nd a desc)is ua, vzu c5inele-
2. impe!fect-
T)e little bo, ?as ver, tired-
0ieelul era foarte obosit-
3. c#n.uncti% p!e/ent-
+elen said s)e felt lonel, before s)e met )im-
Elena a spus c se simea singur 'nainte s.l fi 'nt5lnit-
4. c#ndii#nal p!e/ent-
$ ?ould read t)at booB if )e gave it to me-
( citi cartea aceea dac el mi.ar da.o-
1<
5. p!e/ent-
$ didnAt Bno? s)e loved music-
>u tiam c.i place muzica-
6. %iit#!-
T)e girl said t)at s)e ?ould come )ere ?)en s)e ?as free-
&ata a spus c va veni aici c5nd va fi liber-
#87 ?.S# #7AS7 $6A#4A;6;S
=orm
&ormai trecutul continuu cu forma de trecut a lui to be F 5ing
.firmativ
$ T )e T s)e T it was ?orBing
Gou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, we!e ?orBing
Aegativ
$ T )e T s)e T it was n#t ?orBing
Gou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, we!e n#t ?orBing
4nterogativ
0as $ T )e T s)e T it ?orBingS
0e!e Gou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, ?orBingS
4nterogativ5negativ: 0as )e n#t Owasn+t )eP ?orBingS 0e!e t)e, n#t Owe!en+t t)e,P ?orBingS
"e re3inut N
;nele verbe nu pot fi folosite la timpurile continue- Ovezi pagina 16.12P
;tilizare
Trecutul continuu se foloseteK
! pentru ac3iuni trecute cu o anumit durat( dar ale cror limite precise En timp nu sunt cunoscute:
$t )as raining and getting colder-
-! pentru ac3iuni trecute care au Enceput i au continuat probabil dup un anumit moment dat:
(t noon t)e sun )as shining-
(t ten oAclocB at nig)t Ferr, )as studying-
>omentul dat poate fi e1primat i de o e1presie de timp la trecutul simplu:
@)en Tom arrived, t)e sun )as shining-
2! pentru descrieri En trecut:
T)e flo?ers )ere blooming, t)e birds )ere singing and t)e breeze )as blo)ing softl,-
D! pentru a indica o ac3iune care se desfoar ca fundal (bac*gorund) En momentul En care o alt
ac3iune( scurt( mai important (foreground)( are loc:
@)ile ar, )as crossing ObacBgorundP t)e road ,esterda,, s)e sa) OforegroundP a fl,ing saucer in t)e
sB,-
K! pentru a indica dou sau mai multe ac3iuni care se desfoar simultan( En trecut:
@)ile mot)er )as coo&ing, fat)er )as reading a ne?spaper and t)e c)ildren )ere playing in t)e garden-
L! pentru a indica o ac3iune repetat( care El irit pe vorbitor( se folosete Empreun cu adverbul
al)ays:
T)e t?o pupils )ere al)ays laughing during m, classes-
Aot:
*bservai diferenaK
Q @)en t)e bell !ang, Sam was 'a%ing breaBfast- OSam ?as in t)e middle of breaBfast ?)en t)e bell started
to ringP-
Q @)en t)e door bell !ang, Sam !an to open t)e door- OSam ran to t)e door as soon as t)e door bell rangP-
1E
71erci3ii:
?une3i verbele din parantez la trecutul simplu sau continuu:
1- +e OgoP to sc)ool b, bic,cle last ,ear- 4- , friends O?atc)P television ?)en $ p)oned t)em- =- T)e,
OinviteP me to see t)e film ?)en $ p)oned t)em- <- 0ob O?riteP t)e letter in ten minutes- E- &at)er OreadP t)e
ne?spaper ?)en $ came )ome- 9- @)ile )e O?riteP t)e letter, )is sister laid t)e table- 7- S)e OasBP me about
m, )olida,s ?)en ?e met- 6- $ OreadP a travel broc)ure ?)en ?e met- 2- @e OseeP a ver, good film ,esterda,-
1H- T)e sun Os)ineP ?)en ?e arrived- 11- +e OdriveP all t)e ?a, to /ondon- 14- $ sa? ar, #ust as s)e OgetP
into t)e classroom- 1=- T)e, OspendP a beautiful )olida, at t)e seaside last ,ear- 1<- S)e OrunP to t)e door t)e
moment s)e )eard t)e bell- 1E- @)en s)e reac)ed t)e door, t)e bell OringP still- 19- T)e, Ofl,P to "onstantza
last nig)t- 17- ic)ael missed t)e flig)t- T)e plane OtaBe offP ?)en )e arrived at t)e airport- 16- T)e )ouse
OburnP ?)en ?e came out- 12- ar, OtalBP al?a,s about fas)ion and t)is anno,ed )er friends- 4H- T)e 3rants
OliveP in 0raov ?)en $ met t)em-
41- &ire at 3rand +otel last nig)t- @illiam 0arnes OseeP it as )e O?alBP past- 44- +e O?aBeP t)e porter and
t)en Op)oneP t)e fire brigade- 4=- (fter t)at t)e, O?aBeP t)e )otel guests ?)o OsleepP in t)eir rooms- 4<-
argaret %avidson ?)o Osta,P in a room on t)e first floor, OgetP frig)tened and O#umpP out of a ?indo?- 4E-
ar, Stevens, from t)e same room, OgetP badl, burnt ?)ile s)e OrunP do?n t)e stairs and ObeP taBen to
)ospital- 49- Soon t)e fire brigade OarriveP- 47- *ne fireman ObreaBP )is leg ?)en )e Otr,P to get into t)e
building- >obod, else ?as )urt- 46- &inall, t)e, OputP out t)e fire- 42- 3eorge and +arr, Opla,P tennis
,esterda, ?)en it started to rain- =H- 3eorge ?ent )ome, but +arr, OdecideP to go out in t)e car- =1- +e ?as
driving along t)e street ?)en )e OseeP argaret, a friend from ?orB- =4- @)ile argaret OlooBP at a s)op
?indo?, +arr, called )er name- ==- argaret OgetP into t)e car and t)e, talBed for a long time- =<- T)e,
Ostill, talBP ?)en a policeman arrived and s)o?ed +arr, t)e V>o ParBingW sign- =E- Fust as t)e policeman
O?riteP do?n t)e number of +arr,As car )e O)earP a scream- =9- +e looBed up and OseeP an old lad, ?)o
OcrossP t)e road- =7- ( big dog ObarBP at )er fiercel,- =6- (s t)e policeman OcrossP t)e road to c)ase t)e dog
a?a,, +arr, and argaret OdriveP a?a, in t)e carR
=2- @)at X ,ou OdoP ,esterda, afternoon ?)en $ Op)oneP ,ouS <H- @)at time X ,ou Op)oneP meS
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
1- ?ent 4- ?ere ?atc)ing =- invited <- ?rote E- ?as reading 9- ?as ?riting 7- asBed 6- ?as reading 2- sa?
1H- ?as s)ining 11- drove 14- ?as getting 1=- spent 1<- ran 1E- ?as still ringing 19- fle? 17- @as taBing off
16- ?as burning 12- ?as al?a,s talBing 4H- ?ere living 41- sa?, ?as ?alBing 44- ?oBe, p)oned 4=- ?oBe,
?ere sleeping 4<- ?as sta,ing, got, #umped 4E- got, ?as running, ?as 49- arrived 47- broBe, ?as tr,ing 46-
put 42- ?ere pla,ing =H- decided =1- sa? =4- ?as looBing ==- got =<- ?ere still talBing =E- ?as ?riting,
)eard =9- sa?, ?as crossing =7- ?as barBing =6- ?as crossing, drove =2- ?ere ,ou doing, p)oned <H- did
,ou p)one
I1. #87 ?@7S7A# ?7@=7$# #7AS7 S4>?97 B #87 ?@7S7A# ?7@=7$# #7AS7
$6A#4A;6;S
#87 ?@7S7A# ?7@=7$# #7AS7 S4>?97
=orm
&ormai perfectul prezent cu prezentul lui ,ave F participiu trecut
Participiul trecut al verbelor regulate are aceeai form ca trecutul simpluK infinitiv F 5ed-
Participiul trecut al verbelor neregulate variaz i trebuie memorat-
.firmativ
$ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, 'a%e ?orBed
+e T s)e T it 'as ?orBed
Aegativ
$ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, 'a%e n#t ?orBed
+e T s)e T it 'as n#t ?orBed
19
4nterogativ
2a%e $ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, ?orBedS
2as )e T s)e T it ?orBedS
4nterogativ negativ: 2a%e t)e, n#t O'a%en+t t)e,P ?orBedS 2as s)e n#t O'asn+t t)e,P ?orBedS
=orme contrase
$ )ave $Ave; ,ou )ave ,ouAve; )e )as )eAs; s)e )as s)eAs; )ave not. )avenAt; )as not )asnAt
;tilizare
* aciune anterioar momentului prezent poate fi exprimat at5t prin Past Tense c5t i prin Present Perfect
Tense- %ar, 'n timp ce Past Tense prezint o aciune fr nici o referin la momentul prezent, Present Perfect
leag aciunea din trectut cu prezentul- Prezentul perfect simplu se foloseteK
1. pentru o ac3iune En trecut( nu ne intereseaz momentul En care a avut loc ci rezultatele ei En
prezent:
$ have visited an interesting museum- O$ still remember t)e t)ings seen t)ereP
2. pentru o ac3iune care continu En prezent i( poate( va continua i En viitor:
an, pupils have learnt in t)is sc)ool- Oin t)e past, some c)ildren learnt )ere, in t)e present ot)ers are
learning and, of course, in t)e future, ot)er pupils ?ill learn )ere, tooP
3. pentru a e1prima o ac3iune complet Entr5un trecut foarte apropiat de prezent! Se folosete cu: just,
lately, recently+ of late, latterly, till no), up to no), so far, up to the present, during the last )ee&, the
last fe) days, these t)enty minutes+ etc-
T)e train has just left-
@e have not seen FacB lately-
4. pentru a desemna o ac3iune care se desfoar Entr5o perioad de timp incomplet! Se folosete cu:
today, this )ee&, this month, this year, all day, all night, this night, etc-
/ast ?eeB ?e ?rote t)ree letters, but t)is ?eeB ?e have )ritten onl, one-
%ac t'is m#!ning, all nig't, all e%ening exprim o perioad de timp complet, atunci folosim Past
TenseK
$ have seen a good film t)is morning- O?e are before 14 oAclocB at noonP
$ sa) a good film t)is morning- O?e are in t)e afternoon or in t)e eveningP
5. cu ho) long pentru a e1prima o ac3iune care se e1tinde pCn En prezent:
-o) long have ,ou been illS O,ou are still illP
%ar c5nd este vorba doar de o aciune 'n trecut, avemK
-o) long did ,ou sta, in /ondon last ,earS
-o) long )ad ,ou Bno?n )im ?)en )e diedS
6. cu adeverbe de frecven3: ever, never, often, seldom, al)ays, several times:
@e have never visited >e? GprB-
-ave ,ou ever been to t)e >ort) PoleS
7. cu adverbele already i yet
9a interogativ pot aprea amCndou( lready e1prim surpriza c ac3iunea s5a desfurat de'a:
-ave ,ou got up alreadyS
$u yet vrem s aflm dac ac3iunea s5a terminat sau nu:
-ave ,ou got up yetS
lready poate s apar En propozi3ii afirmative:
T)e student has already translated t)e lesson-
On propozi3ii negative( yet are sensul de nu nc:
(lbert has not learnt t)e poem yet-
8. cu since i for!
Since arat momentul( punctul( cCnd Encepe ac3iunea care se e1tinde pCn En prezent! Se traduce En
limba romCn prin din+ de la+ de cnd:
T)e, have not seen (lice since 1262 T ")ristmas T s)e ?ent to /ondon-
.or e1prim perioada de timp care continu pCn En prezent! On limba romCn se traduce prin de
atta/timp:
T)ese bo,s have been )ere for )alf an )our-
17
3. pentru ac3iuni trecute( fr men3ionarea timpului:
-as Peter had lunc)S
14. En ziare( tiri de televiziune( pentru a introduce o ac3iune care va fi descris prin ?ast #ense:
( terrible accident has happened; a car ran into a group of c)ildren and &illed t)ree of t)em-
Aot
Go i be sunt diferite ca sensK
Ton, ,as gone to GorB- Oa plecat i e 'nc plecatP
Ton, ,as been to GorB- Oa fost 'n vizit 'n GorB i acum s.a 'ntorsP
#87 ?@7S7A# ?7@=7$# #7AS7 $6A#4A;6;S
=orm
&ormai timpul perfect prezent continuu cu perfectul prezent al lui to be F 5ing
.firmativ
$ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, 'a%e (een ?orBing
+e T s)e T it 'as (een ?orBing
Aegativ
$ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, 'a%e n#t (een ?orBing
+e T s)e T it 'as n#t (een ?orBing
4nterogativ
2a%e $ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, (een ?orBing
2as +e T s)e T it (een ?orBing
4nterogativ negativ: 2a%e $ n#t O'a%en+t $P (een ?orBingS 2as s)e n#t O'asn+t s)eP (een ?orBingS
=orme contrase: $ )ave $Ave; )e )as )eAs; $ )ave not )avenAt; )e )as not )asnAt
"e re3inutN
;nele verbe nu pot fi folosite la timpurile continue-
$ have &no)n Fim for five ,ears-
S)e has loved ,ou since t)at da,-
;tilizare
Prezentul perfect continuu se foloseteK
! pentru ac3iuni care au Enceput En trecut i continu pCn En momentul prezent:
$ have been )aiting for an )our and t)e museum )as still not openedR
-! pune accentul pe durat( pe continuitatea ac3iunii En prezent:
ar, has been )atering t)e flo?ers for )alf an )our- Os)e is still doing t)e #obP
;rmtoarele verbe se folosesc frecvent la perfectul prezent continuuK e1pect, learn, ,ope, live, sleep,
loo*, sit, rain, stand, stay, teac,, study, &or*, &aitK
$ have been learning Englis) since $ ?as a c)ild-
$ompara3i urmtoarele propozi3ii:
$ )ave been drinBing tea since E oAclocB- Oaciune ne'ntreruptP
$ )ave drunB t)ree cups of tea since E oAclocB- Oc5te ceti de ceai numrulP
71erci3ii:
?une3i verbele din parantez la trecutul simplu sau prezentul perfect:
1- $ OliveP in t)is cit, all m, life- , parents come O)ere ?)en t)e, ?ere ver, ,oung- 4- $t OrainP ver, muc)
in t)is region in t)e spring, but it Onot rainP muc) ever since- =- @e OseeP t)e famous +eroesA onument
several times so far- T)e last time ?e OseeP it ?as t?o ?eeBs ago- <- r- artin Oteac)P Englis) from t)ree
oAclocB to six oAclocB- +eAs no longer in t)e sc)ool- +e OleaveP )alf an )our ago- E- @e O)aveP a test almost
16
ever, da, t)is ?eeB- @e O)aveP t)e first test on onda, morning- 9- T)e ?eat)er ObeP terrible ever since last
Sunda,- $t OrainP ever, da, t)is ?eeBR 7- T)e plumber ObeP )ere for t)e past t?o ?eeBs- +e OrepairP t)e
radiators in all t)e rooms- 6- @e OlearnP a great deal of Englis) since ?e OcomeP to t)is sc)ool- 2- *ur
grandmot)er ObeP ?it) us for t)e last t)ree mont)s- S)e OgoP a?a, t)is morning- ot)er O)elpP )er ?it) )er
pacBing before s)e left- 1H- $ OreadP man, booBs on cooBing and no? $ can cooB a lot of dis)es- 11- r-
3rant O)aveP a car for ,ears but )e Onever driveP at nig)t- 14- ar, OmaBeP a lot of friends recentl,- 1=- Tom
al?a,s Opla,P in t)e parB in front of )is )ouse ?)en )e ?as ,oung- 1<- r- Plumb O)aveP a lot of trouble ?it)
)is car latel,- +e OrepairP it t?ice so far- 1E- VGou OmeetP (nnSW VGes, ?e OmeetP at t)e sc)ool festival t?o
?eeBs ago-W 19- r- 0arton is not )ere- +e OgoP out of to?n for t)e ?eeBend- 17- T)is famous ?riter O?riteP
several novels and last ,ear )e O?riteP a successful pla,- 16- T)e guests O)aveP a good time ever since t)eir
arrival- T)e, OarriveP b, plane t)ree da,s ago- 12- T)e students OstartP t)e exercise at 6 oAclocB- T)e, Onot
finis)P it ,et- 4H- $ OtaBeP a lot of p)otograp)s t)is )olida, but t)e, are not as good as t)ose $ OtaBeP last
)olida,- 41- argaret Obu,P a prett, dress for )er birt)da, part,- S)e Obu,P it at t)e ;nirea department store-
44- , friend ic)ael is in )ospital because )e ObreaBP )is legK )e ObreaBP it t?o ?eeBs ago in a car accident-
4=- $Am sorr,, $ OforgetP )is telep)one number- 4<- $ OreadP nearl, all $vasiucAs novels- /ast ?eeB $ OstartP to
read [T)e @aterA and $ nearl, Ofinis)P it no?- %uring t)e ?inter )olida, $ OreadP [T)e 0irdsA- 4E- ;p to no? $
OunderstandP ever, lesson in t)e booB- 49- >o one OfindP 0arbaraAs glasses ,et- S)e OloseP t)em during t)e
P),sical Education lesson- 47- @e OreceiveP )is telegram at six oAclocB ,esterda,- @e Oalread,, sendP )im a
special deliver, repl,- 46- $ Opa,P t)e telep)one bill at t)e beginning of t)e mont)- 42- 3randfat)er Onever,
fl,P in a plane before- T)is mont) )e Ofl,P t?ice- =H- r- artin is m, Englis) teac)er- +e Oteac)P in our
sc)ool for five ,ears- +e OgraduateP from t)e ;niversit, in 127H-
?une3i verbele din parantez la trecutul simplu( prezentul perfect simplu sau continuu:
1- Since ic)ael last OvisitP me, )e ObeP to man, places- 4- %an O?aitP for +enr, since eig)t oAclocB- $tAs no?
)alf past eig)t, but +enr, Onot arriveP ,et- =- @)ere O,ou, beP all t)is morningS $tAs nearl, noon no?- <-
@)ere ObeP Paul t)is morningS $ rang )im up several times before noon- E- $ Onever, readP suc) a good booB
as t)is- 9- r- 0ro?n OtellP @illiam to go to t)e grocerAs since breaBfast, but )e Onot goP ,et- 7- O,ou, ever,
seeP an, bearsS 6- (s soon as $ OdoP m, )ome?orB $All ?atc) television and t)en $[ll go to bed- 2- $ OBno?P
Peter for ,ears; as a matter of fact $ OBno?P )im since $ ObeP a little c)ild- 1H- Please excuse t)e disorder in
t)e )ouse- $ OmoveP furniture- 11- +o? long O,ou ?atc)P televisionS @e O?atc)P television since eig)t
oAclocB, but ?e OtalBP most of t)e time- 14- $ still Onot mendP t)e dress $ OtearP last ?eeB- 1=- $ Op)oneP ,ou
for at least t?o )ours- @)ere O,ou, bePS 1<- @e O?atc)P t)e T! programme several times t)is ?eeB- 1E-
O,ou, meetP %oris at five oAclocB on onda,S Ges, $ OdoP, but $ Onot meetP )er since- 19- T)e bab, Ocr,P for at
least t?ent, minutes- +e Ocr,P a lot recentl,- 17- @e Onot receiveP an, letter from )im ,et but ?e Oalread,,
getP a p)one call- 16- @)at O,ou, doP ?it) m, )andbagS $t ObeP )ere a moment ago- 12- Fim Ooften, tr,P to
#ump over t)e ?all- 4H- r- 0ro?n O?orBP on )is report since )e OcomeP in-
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
1- )ave lived, came 4- rained, )asnAt rained =- )ave seen, sa? <- taug)t, left E- )ave )ad, )ad 9- +as been,
)as rained 7- )as been, )as repaired 6- )ave learnt, came 2- )as been, ?ent, )elped 1H- )ave read 11- )as )ad,
)as never driven 14- )as made 1=- pla,ed 1<- )as )ad, )as repaired 1E- )ave ,ou met, met 19- )as gone 17-
)as ?ritten, ?rote 16- )ave )ad, arrived 12- started, )avenAt finis)ed it ,et 4H- )ave taBen, tooB 41- )as
boug)t, boug)t 44- )as broBen, broBe 4=- )ave forgotten 4<- )ave read, started, )ave finis)ed, read 4E- )ave
understood 49- )as found, lost 47- received, )ave alread, sent 46- paid 42- )as never flo?n, )as flo?n =H- )as
taug)t, graduated
1- visited, )as been 4- )as been ?aiting, )as not arrived =- )ave ,ou been <- ?as E- )ave never read 9- )as
been telling, )asnAt gone 7- )ave ,ou ever seen 6- )ave done 2- )ave Bno?n, )ave Bno?n, ?as 1H- )ave been
moving 11- )ave ,ou been ?atc)ing, )ave been ?atc)ing, )ave been talBing 14- )avenAt mended, tore 1=-
)ave been p)oning, )ave ,ou been 1<- )ave ?atc)ed 1E- did ,ou meet, did, )avenAt met 19- )as been cr,ing,
)as cried 17- )avenAt received, )ave alread, got 16- )ave ,ou done, ?as 12- )as often tried 4H- )as been
?orBing, came
1. #87 ?.S# ?7@=7$# #7AS7 S4>?97 B #87 ?.S# ?7@=7$# #7AS7 $6A#4A;6;S
#87 ?.S# ?7@=7$# #7AS7 S4>?97
&ormai mai mult ca perfectul cu ,ad F participiul trecut
12
=orm
.firmativ
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, 'ad ?orBed-
Aegativ
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, 'ad n#t ?orBed-
4nterogativ
2ad $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, ?orBedS
4nterogativ negativ: 2ad $ n#t O'adn+t $P ?orBedS
=orme contrase: $ )ad, ,ou )ad $Ad, ,ouAd; )adn not )adnAt
;tilizare
ai mult ca perfectul simplu se foloseteK
! ca ec,ivalentul trecut al ?rezentului perfect B e1prim o ac3iune care are loc Enaintea unei alte
ac3iuni din trecut:
T)e bo, explained t)at )e had seen somebod, in t)e garden-
@)en fat)er came )ome, %icB had done )is )ome?orB-
*bservai folosirea adverbelor &,en, before, no& t,at, as soon as i after 'n unele propoziii care
conin mai mult ca perfectul-
%icB had done )is )ome?orB before fat)er came )ome-
-! pentru a e1prima durata pCn la un anumit moment En trecut:
0y the time t)e rain started, ?e had dug t)e ?)ole garden-
2! cu just( al!ead&( hardly( barely( scarcely i no sooner pentru a arta c o ac3iune s5a terminat c,iar
Enaintea unei alte ac3iuni din trecut:
ar, told us t)at )er brot)er had just left-
$ had hardly1scarcely entered t)e room ?)en somebod, BnocBed at t)e door-
D! cu since i for cCnd punctul de referin3 este En trecut:
$n 126H $ had been a teacher for ten years-
$ Bne? s)e had not seen )im since 2hristmas-
K! pentru a e1prima o ac3iune viitoare care are loc Enaintea unei alte ac3iuni e1primate de =uture5in5
t,e past:
$ told m, friend t)at $ ?ould lend )im t)e booB after $ had read it-
L! cu verbe ca to e(pect( to hope( to intend( to mean( to thin& pentru a e1prima o speran3( inten3ie( din
trecut care nu s5a Endeplinit:
$ had hoped1 intended1 meant to find ticBets for t)at performance but $ ?asnAt able to-
#87 ?.S# ?7@=7$# #7AS7 $6A#4A;6;S
&ormai mai mult ca perfectul continuu cu ,ad been F 5ing
=orm
.firmativ
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, 'ad (een ?orBing-
Aegativ
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, 'ad n#t (een ?orBing-
4H
4nterogativ
2ad $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, (een ?orBingS
4nterogativ negativ: 2ad $ n#t O'adn+t $P (een ?orBingS
=orme contrase
$ )ad, ,ou )ad $Ad )ad, ,ouAd )ad; )ad not )adnAt
"e re3inutN
;nele verbe nu pot fi folosite la timpul continuu- Ovezi pagina 16.12P
;tilizare
ai mult ca perfectul continuu se foloseteK
1- pentru a sublinia continuitatea unei ac3iuni din trecut pCn la un alt moment din trecut sau doar
pCn foarte aproape de el:
T)e pupils had been reading t)e lesson for five minutes ?)en t)e sc)ool master entered t)e classroom-
71primarea unor ac3iuni obinuite sau repetate En trecut
(ciunile obinuite sau repetate legate de o perioad de timp din trecut se pot exprima folosindK
! trecutul simplu:
, fat)er al?a,s got up at da,breaB-
-! used to F infinitiv:
, fat)er used to get up at da,breaB-
2! &ould F infinitiv:
, fat)er )ould get up at da,breaB-
D! mai mult ca perfectul poate e1prima o ac3iune din trecut repetat( care a durat pCn la un moment
dat:
, fat)er had been getting up at da,breaB until )is accident-
.ten3ieN B Au confunda3i used t# 5 infiniti% cu t# (e used t# 5 "ingN
%r- >elson used to )or& late- Oobicei 'n trecutP
%r- >elson is used to )or&ing late- Oobicei 'n prezentP
71erci3ii:
?une3i verbele din parantez la trecutul simplu( mai mult ca perfectul simplu sau continuu:
1- 0, t)e time +elen Oreac)P t)e store, s)e OforgetP ?)at s)e ?anted to bu,- 4- T)e ground ObeP ?et because it
OrainP for five da,s- =- &irst t)e ?eat)er ObeP fine- /ater it OstartP to rain- T)en ?e OdecideP to go bacB )ome-
<- ic)ael OfeelP rat)er un?ell for a fe? da,s so )e OgoP to see )is doctor- E- 0, t)e end of last ,ear t)e,
Ostud,P Englis) for six ,ears- 9- Gesterda, ar, OtellP )er mot)er about a beautiful dress s)e OseeP a fe?
)ours earlier- 7- @)en Step)en t)e 3reat OdieP in 1EH<, )e OreignP for <7 ,ears- 6- T)e part, ?as a great
success- Tom OfeelP )appier t)an )e Oever, feelP before- 2- 0ill OgoP to t)e police station ?it) a purse )e OfindP
on t)e pavement- 1H- @e O?aitP for more t)an )alf an )our but t)ere ?as still no sign of ar,- 11- @)en $
Op)oneP 3erald, )e Onot finis)P )is )ome?orB ,et- 14- +e O?riteP to sa, t)at )e O#ust, bu,P a car- 1=- (fter
t)e, Opla,P records for an )our t)e, Ogo outP for a ?alB- 1<- Sall, ?as still singing at noon ,esterda,- S)e
OsingP all morning- 1E- Patricia OdesignP )erself a summer dress ,esterda,- S)e Onever, designP clot)es for
)erself before- 19- $ OseeP (lice ,esterda, afternoon- S)e OtellP me s)e O#ust, comeP bacB from )er )olida,- 17-
T)e telep)one OringP again a fe? minutes ago- $t OringP several times during t)e da,- 16- T)e brass bands
Opla,P ever since t)e first people OgetP into t)e parB- 12- 0, t)e time ?e OgetP to t)e cinema, t)e film Oalread,,
41
beginP- 4H- r- @ood OdriveP a fe? Bilometers before )e OrealizeP t)at one of )is t,res ?as flat- 41- (lice ?as
reading ?)en )er parents OcomeP )ome from ?orB- S)e OreadP for t?o )ours- S)e OreadP fift, pages-
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
1- reac)ed, )ad forgotten 4- ?as, )ad been raining =- ?as, started, decided <- +ad been feeling, ?ent E- )ad
been stud,ing 9- told, )ad seen 7- died, )ad reigned 6- felt, )ad ever felt 2- ?ent, )ad found 1H- )ad been
?aiting 11- p)oned, )adnAt finis)ed 14- ?rote, )ad #ust boug)t 1=- pla,ed, ?ent out 1<- )ad been singing 1E-
designed, )ad never designed 19- sa?, told, )ad #ust come 17- rang, )ad rung 16- )ad been pla,ing, got 12-
got, )ad alread, begun 4H- )ad driven, realized 41- came, )ad been reading, )ad read
1I. #87 =;#;@4#P
Exist mai multe modaliti de exprimare a aciunilor viitoare- (legerea unei anumite modaliti depinde de
felul aciunii viitoareK planificat, intenionat, ateptat, iminent sau dac face parte dintr.un program-
! #87 S4>?97 =;#;@7
=orm
&ormai viitorul cu s,all T&ill F infinitiv fr to
.firmativ
$ T ?e s'all ?orB
,ou T )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will ?orB
Aegativ
$ T ?e s'all n#t ?orB
,ou T )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will n#t ?orB
4nterogativ
6'all $ T ?e ?orBS
0ill ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, ?orBS
4nterogativ negativ: 6'all $ n#t Os'an+t $P ?orBS 0ill ,ou n#t Ow#n+t ,ouP ?orBS 0ill )e n#t Ow#n+t )eP
?orBS
=orme contrase
$ s)all $All; ,ou ?ill ,ouAll; )e ?ill )eAll; ?e s)all ?eAll
Aot
%eoarece 'n limba vorbit will 'l 'nlocuiete pe s'all, tendina actual este de 'nlocuire a lui s'all cu will
c)iar i 'n scris-
;tilizare
!iitorul simplu se foloseteK
! pentru a e1prima o reac3ie sau decizie spontan sau neplanificat( fcut la momentul vorbirii:
ar,, t)e p)one is ringing- *)- $s itS ,*ll ans)er it-
$Am too tired to go out tonig)t- $ t)inB ,*ll stay )ome-
Aot
Pentru deciziile neplanificate, fcute 'n momentul vorbirii, se folosete viitorul simplu- Pentru referirile
ulterioare la aceste decizii se folosete prezentul continuu cu sens de viitor sau forma cu g#ing t# 'n locul
viitorului cu will-
44
-! pentru evenimente probabile En viitor: pentru a transmite ceea ce vorbitorul )tie( c!ede( spe!$(
p!esupune( se teme( se nd#ie)te( se a)teapt$ s$( se nt!ea($ dac$ )tie c se va EntCmpla:
(fter t)is rain, summer, $ e(pect t)e )arvest )ill be good-
$ )ope /ucB, Fim )ill )in, $Ave bet 1HH \ on )im-
2! pentru a prezice evenimente viitoare:
0, t)e ,ear 4HEH ?e )ill all be driving electric cars-
D! pentru a te oferi s faci ceva:
$ canAt do m, )ome?orB- %onAt ?orr,- ,*ll help you-
pentru a accepta sau refuza s faci ceva:
"an ,ou give me a lift to t)e station tomorro? morningS *f course, ,*ll pic& you up at 6-=H-
pentru a promite c faciQ nu faci ceva:
,*ll say hello to Cat), for ,ou-
, )on*t tell an,bod, about ?)at )appened last nig)t-
pentru a cera cuiva s fac ceva:
$Am tr,ing to do some ?orB- %ill ,ou be 3uiet, pleaseS
Aot
0ill n#t Osau w#n+tP se folosete adesea pentru a exprima o intenie negativ foarte clarK
+e )on*t move )is car U +e !efuses to move )is car-
Aot
0ill se folosete cu adverbe de probabilitate, cum suntK p!#(a(l&, pe!'aps, ce!tainl&K
T)e factor, ?orBers )ill probably get a pa, increase t)is ,ear-
Aot
6'all se poate folosi pentru sugestii sau oferte la persoana $ singular i plural s'all I 78 6'all we 78
@)ere shall , put t)ese boxesS OU ?)ere do ,ou suggest $ put t)emSP
Shall )e go no?S
@spunsuri scurte i interoga3ii dis'unctive
Pentru a forma rspunsuri scurte, lui &es sau n# li se poate aduga structura su(iect 5 will
@ill it breaB if $ sit on itS Ges, it will-
-! #87 =;#;@7 $6A#4A;6;S
;neori se mai numete i viitorul progresiv-
=orm
&ormai viitorul continuu cu s,all Q&ill be F Ging
.firmativ
$ T ?e s'all (e ?orBing
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will (e ?orBing
Aegativ
$ T ?e s'all n#t (e ?orBing
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will n#t (e ?orBing
4nterogativ
6'all $ T ?e (e ?orBingS
0ill ,ouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, (e ?orBingS
4nterogativ negativ: 6'all $ not Os'an+t $P (e ?orBingS 0ill ,ou n#t Ow#n+t ,ouP (e ?orBingS 0ill )e n#t
Ow#n+t )eP (e ?orBingS
;tilizare
4=
!iitorul continuu se foloseteK
! pentru a e1prima ac3iuni En desfurare En viitor( cCnd timpul este men3ionat sau dedus:
argaret )ill be )earing )er usual red dress at t)e part, on Saturda, nig)t-
T)is time next ?eeB ,*ll be lying on a )ot sunn, beac)- @)at )ill you be doingS
-! pentru a e1prima ceva care a fost de'a plnuit sau decis( fr inten3ia vorbitorului i fr a se
men3iona un timp anume:
,*ll be going to t)e ne?sagentAs soon- "an $ get ,ou a ne?spaperS
2! pentru a Entreba politicos despre planurile altora! .ceast form sugereaz c dorim s ne
potrivim cu planurile celeilalte persoane( nu s le sc,imbm:
%ill you be using ,our car t)is eveningS >o, ?),S "ould $ borro? itS
2! #87 =;#;@7 ?7@=7$# S4>?97
=orm
&ormai viitorul perfect cu s,all Q &ill F ,ave F participiul trecut
.firmativ
$ T ?e s'all 'a%e ?orBed
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will 'a%e ?orBed
Aegativ
$ T ?e s'all n#t 'a%e ?orBed
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will n#t 'a%e ?orBed
4nterogativ
6'all $ T ?e 'a%e ?orBedS
0ill ,ouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, 'a%e ?orBedS
4nterogativ negativ: 6'all $ n#t Os'an+t $P 'a%e ?orBedS 0ill ,ou not Ow#n+t ,ouP 'a%e ?orBedS 0ill )e
n#t Ow#n+t )eP 'a%e ?orBedS
;tilizare
!iitorul perfect se foloseteK
! pentru a e1prima o ac3iune care se va fi petrecut de'a pCn la un anumit moment din viitor! 7ste
important men3ionarea momentului:
$ )ill have retired from ?orB (& t'e time $Am 9E-
FacB is running for t)e 6-1H train- +e looBs at )is ?atc); itAs no? 6-14- +e t)inBs to )imself, itAs useless
running, t)e train )ill have left (& n#w-
D! #87 =;#;@7 ?7@=7$# $6A#4A;6;S
=orm
&ormai viitorul perfect continuu cu s,all Q &ill F ,ave been F Ging
.firmativ
$ T ?e s'all 'a%e (een ?orBing
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will 'a%e (een ?orBing
Aegativ
$ T ?e s'all n#t 'a%e (een ?orBing
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will n#t 'a%e (een ?orBing
4nterogativ
6'all $ T ?e 'a%e (een ?orBingS
0ill ,ouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, 'a%e ?orBedS
4<
4nterogativ negativ: 6'all $ n#t Os'an+t $P 'a%e (een ?orBingS 0ill ,ou n#t Ow#n+t ,ouP 'a%e (een
?orBingS 0ill )e n#t Ow#n+t )eP 'a%e (een ?orBingS
;tilizare
!iitorul perfect continuu se foloseteK
! pentru a e1prima faptul c o ac3iune se va afla Enc En desfurare la un anumit moment En viitor:
T)e, )ill have been building t)at )ouse for 4 ,ears next ")ristmas-
Aot
%iferena dintre timpurile perfect prezent i timpurile viitoare perfecteK
9e!fect p!e/ent simplu-
r- Y rs- &ox have &no)n eac) ot)er for 7 ,ears-
1iit#!ul pe!fect simplu-
r- Y rs- &ox )ill have &no)n eac) ot)er for 6 ,ears next (pril-
GGGGGGGGGGG!! M years
past no&
GGGGGGGGGGG!! M years GG R years
past no& ne1t .pril
9!e/ent pe!fect c#ntinuu-
r- Y rs- &ox have been living toget)er for 7 ,ears-
1iit#!ul pe!fect c#ntinuu-
r- Y rs- &ox )ill have been living toget)er for 6 ,ears next (pril-
K! #87 =;#;@754A5#875?.S# S4>?97
=orm
&ormai viitorul 'n trecut simplu cu s,ould Q &ould F infinitivul scurt
.firmativ
$ T ?e s'#uld ?orB
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, w#uld ?orB
Aegativ
$ T ?e s'#uld n#t ?orB
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, w#uld n#t ?orB
4nterogativ
6'#uld $ T ?e ?orBS
0#uld ,ouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, ?orBS
4nterogativ negativ: 6'#uld $ n#t Os'#uldn+t $P ?orBS 0#uld ,ou n#t Ow#uldn+t ,ouP ?orBS
;tilizare
!iitorul 'n trecut se foloseteK
! pentru a e1prima o ac3iune viitoare vzut dintr5un punct de vedere trecut! Se folosete En
propozi3ii subordonate completive directe:
S)e told me t)at s)e )ould go t)ere soon-
L! #87 =;#;@754A5#875?.S# $6A#4A;6;S
=orm
&ormai viitorul 'n trecut continuu cu s,ould Q &ould F be F participiul prezent
.firmativ
4E
$ T ?e s'#uld (e ?orBing
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, w#uld (e ?orBing
Aegativ
$ T ?e s'#uld n#t (e ?orBing
GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, w#uld n#t (e ?orBing
4nterogativ
6'#uld $ T ?e (e ?orBingS
0#uld ,ouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, (e ?orBingS
4nterogativ negativ: 6'#uld $ n#t Os'#uldn+t $P (e ?orBingS 0#uld ,ou n#t Ow#uldn+t ,ouP (e ?orBingS
;tilizare
!iitorul 'n trecut continuu se foloseteK
! pentru a e1prima un viitor continuu dintr5un punct de vedere trecut:
T)e ?oman assured us t)at, in less t)an )alf an )our, )er bab, )ould be sleeping-
M! #6 B7 #6 =;#;@7
;tilizare
!iitorul cu t# (e t# se foloseteK
! pentru ceva care este destinat s se EntCmple:
T)e famous tennis pla,er began t)e matc) in ?)ic) he )as to brea& )is arm-
-! pentru un plan sau un aran'ament oficial:
T)e President )as to arrive at 1H oAclocB-
2! pentru voin3a unei persoane( alta decCt vorbitorul:
T)is bad ne?s is to be given to )im after )is exam-
D! pentru o datorie:
@)at exercises are )e to doS
K! pentru o posibilitate( probabilitate:
Prices are to be muc) )ig)er soon-
R! #6 B7 .B6;# #6 =;#;@7
;tilizare
!iitorul cu t# (e a(#ut t# se foloseteK
! pentru a e1prima ceva care e pe punctul de a se EntCmpla:
*ur guests are about to leave-
$ am about to go to t)e seaside
S! #6 B7 G64AG #6 =;#;@7 (#,e Aear =uture)
=orm
Se formeaz cu to be F going to F infinitiv
.firmativ
$ am T ,ou a!eQ )e, s)e, it isT ?e, ,ou, t)e, a!e g#ing t# ?orB
Aegativ
$ am T ,ou a!eT )e, s)e, it isT ?e, ,ou, t)e, a!e n#t g#ing t# ?orB
4nterogativ
:m $ T are ,ou T is )e, s)e, it T a!e ?e, ,ou, t)e, g#ing t# ?orBS
49
4nterogativ negativ: :m $ n#t Oa!en+t $P g#ing t# ?orBS :!e ,ou n#t Oa!en+t ,ouP g#ing t# ?orBS Is )e n#t
Oisn+t )eP g#ing t# ?orBS
;tilizare
&orma cu g#ing t# se foloseteK
! pentru a e1prima inten3ia de a face En viitor ceva ce nu a fost aran'at dar probabil se va EntCmpla:
Fim and Sue are going to move to /iverpool ?)en t)e, finis) t)eir training-
Sara) and Fo)n are going to get married next ,ear-
-! pentru a prezice o EntCmplare En viitor:
(cest timp se folosete pentru a exprima ceea ce credem c se va 'nt5mpla, 'n special atunci c5nd ceva
din situaia prezent indic un rezultat 'n viitorul imediat- Timpul nu este de obicei menionat-
/ooB )o? fast t)ose cars are moving- T)ere is going to be an accident-
T)at little girl isnAt looBing ?)ere s)eAs going- S)e is going to )al& into t)at tree-
2! forma cu ?asT?ere going to e folosit pentru a e1prima o inten3ie din trecut care nu s5a realizat:
$ )as going to phone ,ou last nig)t but $ fell asleep in front of t)e T!
, parents )ere going to go to Scotland for t)eir )olida,s but t)e, c)anged t)eir minds and ?ent to
$reland instead-
71erci3ii:
?une3i verbele din parantez la forma corect folosind will sau g#ing t#:
1- T)e fire )as gone out- *), ,esR $ OgoP and get some ?ood- 4- @)at are ,ou doing ?it) t)at panS $ OgetP
lunc) read,- =- r- %o,le )as #ust arrived- *), good, $ OmeetP )im at t)e lift- <- $ )avenAt boug)t an,
cigarettes because $ Otr,P to give up smoBing- E- $Ave got a )ole in m, trousers- 3ive t)em to me- $ OmendP
t)em for ,ou- 9- /ooB ?)at $ boug)t at t)e auction t)is morningR +o? nice, ?)ere O,ouT putP itS 7- %id ,ou
post t)at letter for meS $ completel, forgot- $ OdoP it no?- 6- @)at ?ould ,ou liBe to drinBK red or ?)ite
?ineS $ O)aveP red, please- 2- $ see ,ou are ?earing ,our overalls- XO,ouTfixP ,our carS 1H- +ave ,ou booBed
t)e flig)tS >ot ,et, $ OdoP it tomorro?- 11- $ OgoP s)opping later- Ieall,, $ OcomeP ?it) ,ou- 14- @)at O,ouTdoP
?)en ,ou leave universit,S $ donAt Bno? ,et; per)aps $ OtravelP around Europe for a ,ear- 1=- Gou looB
ex)austed- Sit do?n and $ OmaBeP ,ou a cup of tea- 1<- @)en O,ouTbu,P a ne? carS T)is one is falling to
pieces- $ canAt afford it no?, $ Oc)angeP it next ,ear ?)en $ get a pa, rise- 1E- O,ouTpassP me t)e salt, pleaseS
19- O,ouTparBP m, car for meS 17- $ OmaBeP a cup of coffee, if ,ou ?is)- 16- O,ouTdecorateP t)e ?)ole )ouse
,ourselfS 12- %o ,ou ?ant me to )elp ,ou ?it) t)at mat)s exercisesS >o, t)anBs $ OsolveP it m,self- 4H- $
Onot bu,P an, more ne? clot)es until $Ave lost five Bilos-
?une3i verbele din parantez la viitorul simplu sau continuu:
1- T)e ?eat)er Oprobabl,, beP fine tomorro? so ?e OgoP on a trip to t)e seaside- 4- @e OlieP on t)e beac) and
Os?imP in t)e ?ater bet?een 1H and 14 in t)e morning- =- (t noon ?e O)aveP lunc) in a restaurant on t)e pier-
<- T)en ?e O?alBP along t)e s)ore and OlooBP at t)e s)ips for a ?)ile- E- @e OeatP ice.creams and OlistenP to
t)e brass band bet?een < and E in t)e afternoon- 9- (bout E oAclocB in t)e afternoon ?e OgoP to our car and
OdriveP bacB )ome- 7- $n t)e evening ?e OsitP round t)e table in t)e living.room and OtellP #ocBes- 6- @e OgoP
to bed about 1H oAclocB- $Am sure ?e O)aveP a good time tomorro?-
?une3i verbele din parantez la forma corect: prezent( viitor sau viitor perfect:
1- 0, t)e time t)e ?riter OmeetP )is readers, )e O?riteP 4HH pages of )is novel- 4- $ OgiveP "at), ,our message
before ,ou OseeP )er- =- r- 0ro?n Oteac)P our class until 1H oAclocB- 0, 1H-HE )e OleaveP t)e classroom- <-
@)en fat)er OreturnP from )is trip, ?e Oalread,, leaveP on )olida,- E- T)e cooB OprepareP t)e dinner before t)e
guests OarriveP- 9- T)e next time ,ou OmeetP 3eorge, )e ObeP an engineer for t?o mont)s- 7- @)en ,ou OgoP
into t)e office, t)e post Oalread,, arriveP- 6- T)e, OcloseP t)e s)op b, t)e time ,ou OgetP t)ere- 2- T)e
compan, OdeliverP t)e materials until t)e beginning of t)e a,- T)e, OdeliverP ever,t)ing b, t)e first of
a,- 1H- @)en ,ou OseeP FacB next mont), )e Oalmost, finis)P )is militar, service-
?une3i verbele din parantez la prezent( prezentul perfect( viitor sau viitorul perfect (simplu sau
continuu):
47
1- @)at O,ou, doP ?)en ,ou OgraduatePS 4- 0, next %ecember, +enr, O?orBP in t)is factor, for t?o ,ears and
)e OlearnP a lot of useful t)ings- =- r- 0ro?n Ofl,P to (merica tomorro?- +e OeatP )is lunc) ?)ile )e Ofl,P
over t)e ocean- <- rs- 0arton O?aitP in t)e car ?)ile )er )usband OgetP t)e petrol- E- >ext ?eeB m, friends
OlieP on t)e beac) ?)ile $ O?riteP examination papers- $ O?orBP )ard for a ?eeB; ?)en $ Ofinis)P, $ ObeP
ex)austed- 9- $ Oalread,, )aveP lunc) b, t)e time ,ou OarriveP- 7- $ OgoP to bed as soon as $ Ofinis)P m, ?orB-
6- $ O#ust, comeP bacB from sc)ool b, seven oAclocB tomorro?- 2- @)en $ OliveP in t)is district for a fe?
mont)s, $ OBno?P t)e names of all t)e streets- 1H- T)e doctor OoperateP from eig)t to ten in t)e morning; donAt
let an,one get into t)e operating t)eatre-
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
Q1- $All go 4- $Am going to get =- $All meet <- $Am going to tr, E- $All mend 9- are ,ou going to put 7- $All do 6-
$All )ave 2- are ,ou going to fix 1H- $All do 11- $ am going to go, $All come 14- are ,ou going to do, $All travel
1=- $All maBe 1<- are ,ou going to bu, 1E- ?ill ,ou pass 19- ?ill ,ou parB 17- $All maBe 16- are ,ou going to
decorate 12- $All solve 4H- $Am not going to bu,
Q 1- ?ill probabl, be fine, ?eAll go 4- ?ill be l,ing, ?ill be s?imming =- ?ill be )aving <- ?ill be ?alBing,
?eAll looB E- @eAll be eating, ?eAll be listening to 9- @eAll go, ?eAll drive 7- @eAll be sitting, ?eAll be telling
6- @eAll go, ?eAll )ave
Q 1- meets, ?ill )ave ?ritten 4- $All give, see =- ?ill teac), ?ill )as left <- returns, ?ill alread, )ave left E-
?ill prepare, arrive 9- meet, ?ill )ave been 7- go, ?ill alread, )ave arrived 6- ?ill )ave closed, get 2- ?ill
deliver, ?ill )ave delivered 1H- See, ?ill almost )as finis)ed
Q 1- are ,ou going to do, graduate 4- ?ill )ave been ?orBing, ?ill )ave learnt =- $s fl,ing, ?eAll be eating,
?ill be fl,ing <- ?ill be ?aiting, gets E- ?ill be l,ing, $ am ?riting, $All ?orB, $All finis), $All be ex)austed 9-
$All alread, )ave )ad lunc), arrive 7- $All go, finis) 6- $All #ust )ave come bacB 2- $Ave lived, $All Bno? 1H- ?ill
be operating
1II. #87 $6A"4#46A.9 >66" .A" #87 I; <=:>6?
#87 ?@7S7A# $6A"4#46A.9
=orm
&ormai condiionalul prezent cu verbul &ould Q s,ould F infinitiv
.firmativ
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, &ould . ?orB
Aegativ
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, &ould not . ?orB
4nterogativ
:ould $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, ?orBS
Aegativ54nterogativ
:ould $ not T &ouldnHt $ T ?orBS :ould ,ou not T &ouldnHt ,ou T ?orBS
=orma contras
$ ?ould U $Ad T ,ou ?ould U ,ouAd
+e ?ould not U )e ?ouldnAt T t)e, ?ould not U t)e, ?ouldnAt
S,ould poate fi folosit pentru toate persoanele pentru a exprima 'ndatorirea sau sugestiaK
$ s)ould ?orB toda, but $Am too tired- OdatorieP
(lan s)ould ?orB )arder to earn more mone,- OsugestieP
46
#87 ?7@=7$# $6A"4#46A.9
=orm
&ormai condiionalul perfect cu &ould Q s,ould F ,ave F participiu trecut
.firmativ
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, &ould ,ave . ?orBed
Aegativ
$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, &ould not ,ave . ?orBed
4nterogativ
:ould $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, ,ave . ?orBed
Aegativ54nterogativ
:ould $ not ,ave O?ouldnAt $ )aveP ?orBedS
;tilizare
Timpurile condiionale se folosescK
1. la fel ca viitorul simplu (future5in5t,e5past) cCnd verbul principal este la trecut:
$ thin& )e )ill come- $ thought )e )ould come-
2. pentru a face referiri la ac3iuni obinuite din trecut:
@)en ?e lived in (frica ?e )ould often spend our ?eeBends in t)e bus)-
@)en Elena ?as a bab, s)e )ould cry all nig)t long-
3. En propozi3ii subordonate dup: ad%ise, ag!ee, a!!ange, ask, (eg, c#mmand, decide, demand,
dete!mine, insist, #!de!, p!#p#se, !ec#mmend, !e@uest, suggest, (e anxi#us, (e dete!mined
T)e doctor decided Ot)atP t)e patient should )ave )is appendix out-
r- @alBer is an(ious Ot)atP )er son should get t)e #ob-
4. cu it is A was 5 ad.ecti% 5 t'at7 s'#uld
,t*s essential t)at t)e students should get to t)eir lesson on time-
,t )as strange t)at )e should sa, t)at-
5. dup can+t t'ink, d#n+t kn#w w'& sau see n# !eas#n w'&
$ see no reason )hy ?e should ?orr,-
$ don*t &no) )hy m, neig)bour should do t)at-
$ can*t thin& )hy &ranB should apologise-
6. cu oferte i cereri:
%ould ,ou prefer tea or coffeeS
%ould ,ou li&e to see m, stamp collectionS
Aot
:ould rat,erG 'nseamn a p!efe!a sa
$ )ould rather )ave coffee t)an tea-
@e )ould rather taBe t)e bus t)an ?alB-
7. En propozi3ii condi3ionale
Exist trei tipuri de propoziii condiionale O$& "luaseP
4= $lause B #ipul 4: pentru a indica probabilitatea
=orm
&ormai primul tip de propoziie condiional cu If 5 p!e/ent simplu i will A p!e/ent simplu A impe!ati% 5
infiniti% scu!t (En propozi3ia principal)
42
,f $ run, $ )ill catc) t)e train-
S)e smiles if ,ou greets )er-
4ead t)at booB, if ,ou find it-
Aot
&orma contras este cea uzual 'n engleza vorbit-
,f &ranB doesn*t come, )e*ll start ?it)out )im-
Aot
Este posibil inversarea subordonatei cu propoziia principalK
,f $ get )ome earl,, ,*ll phone ,ou-
,*ll phone ,ou, if $ get home earl,-
;tilizare
"ondiionalul de tip $ se folosete astfelK
1- cCnd situa3ia din propozi3ia condi3ional este probabil sau se presupune c se va EntCmpla! %ei
sensul poate fi de prezent sau viitor, verbul din propoziia condiional este 'ntotdeauna la timpul
prezent-
T)e vase )ill brea&, if ,ou drop it-
%ill ,ou get me some milB, if ,ou go to t)e supermarBetS
-! verbele modale precum can( may( must( s,ould El Enlocuiesc pe &ill En propozi3ia principal:
Gou can enter t)e stadium, if ,ou )ave a ticBet-
$f )e isnAt in, ,ou may leave a message-
Fo)n must ?orB ver, )ard, if )e ?ants to get elected-
$f ,ou ?ant to ?ear t)at dress t)is summer, ,ou should lose some ?eig)t-
2! cu dou timpuri prezente (unul En fiecare propozi3ie) pentru a indica rezultate automate sau
obinuin3e:
$f ,ou push t)at button, it comes on-
$f ,ou mi( red and blue, ,ou get purple-
Aot
6'#uld poate fi plasat dup sau En loc de if c5nd vorbim despre o posibilitate mai puin probabil- >otai c
subiectul este aezat dup s,ould-
$f $ should visit $ndia, $All go and see t)e Ta# a)al-
Should $ visit $ndia, $All go and see t)e Ta# a)al-
Aot
Pentru a indica sfatul, comanda sau cererea, 'n propoziia principal se pot folosiK could, &ould, ,ad better,
oug,t toK
0ill had better get )is )air cut, if )e ?ants to get t)at #ob-
$ )ould pa, t)e fine, if ,ou donAt ?ant to get into trouble ?it) t)e police-
D! cu timpuri prezente alternative (continue sau perfecte) En propozi3ia condi3ional:
$f ,ou are ma&ing a cup of coffee, $All have one too-
$f t)e c)ildren have finished dinner, $All )ash up-
Aot
;nless U 4f G not
5nless itAs a sunn, da, tomorro?, ?e ?onAt go on t)at picnic U ,f it is not a sunn, da, tomorro?, ?e ?onAt
go on t)at picnic-
6t,er&ise U or else
$f ,ou donAt stud,, ,ouAll fail t)e exam U ,ou must stud,, other)ise ,ouAll fail t)e exam U ,ou must stud,, or
else ,ouAll fail t)e exam-
4= $lause B #ipul 44 : pentru a indica improbabilitatea sau ipoteza
=orm
=H
&ormai al doilea tip de propoziie condiional cu If 5 past simple i w#uld 5 infiniti%ul scu!t (En
propozi3ia principal)
$f ,ou invited )er s)e )ould come-
$f ,ou did not invite )er s)e )ould not come-
Aot
Tipul $$ de condiional se refer la prezent sau la viitor- Trecutul din subordonata condiional nu are sens de
trecut- Este un con#unctiv care indic improbabilitatea sau ipoteza-
;tilizare
"ondiionalul de tipul $$ se foloseteK
! cCnd situa3ia din subordonata condi3ional este pu3in probabil s se petreac sau reprezint
e1primarea unei posibilit3i ipotetice:
$f $ )on t)e lotter,, $ )ould stop ?orBing- Obut $ donAt belive $ ?inP
-! cu referire la o situa3ie prezent sau viitoare( foarte improbabil sau ireal:
$f $ )ere you, $Ad buy a bigger car- Obut $Am not ,ouP
$f t)e distance to t)e train station )ere shorter, $Ad )al& t)ere- Ot)e distance is unliBel, to c)angeP
Aot
"on#unctivul verbului to be este we!e pentru toate persoanele- Totui, 'n engleza vorbit auzim uneori was la
persoana $ i a $$$.a-
,f , )as to visitX
,f it )as a nice da,X
2! pentru a face o sugestie politicoas sau pentru a e1prima o ipotez perfect realizabil:
$f ?e go in t?o cars, ?eAll be more comfortable-
$f ?e )ent in t?o cars, ?eAd be more comfortable-
Aot
"ondiionalul de tipul $$ este considerat mai politicos pentru a face o sugestie sau a da un sfatK
@ill $ catc) t)e s)ops open, if $ runS
Gou )ill catch t)em open, if ,ou )al&- Sau mai politicosK
Gou )ould catch t)em open, if ,ou )al&ed-
D! verbele modale la un timp trecut El pot Enlocui pe &ould! Sensurile se modific En mod
corespunztor:
$f r- /,nc) applied for t)e #ob, )e )ould get it- Osigur 'n mod virtualP
$f r- /,nc) applied for t)e #ob, )e might get it- OposibilP
$f r- /,nc) got t)e #ob, )e could start next onda,- OabilitateP
K! cu forme continue fie En subordonata condi3ional( fie En propozi3ia principal:
$f $ )eren*t at ?orB toda,, $ )ould be at )ome mo)ing t)e la?n-
$f $ )ere giving a presentation, $Ad use slides-
4= $lause B #ipul 444 : pentru a indica imposibilitatea
=orm
&ormai al treilea tip de propoziie condiional cu If 5 mai mult ca pe!fect i w#uld 'a%e 5 pa!ticipiu
t!ecut (En propozi3ia principal)
$f t)e, )ave invited %avid )e ?ould )ave gone-
&orma contrasK at5t I 'ad c5t i I w#uld U I+d
$f t)e,Ad in%ited %avid, )eAd 'a%e g#ne-
=1
Aot
Tipul $$$ de condiional se refer la trecut i indic imposibilitatea! Este imposibil 'ndeplinirea aciunii din
principal pentru c aciunea din subordonata condi3ional nu s.a petrecut-
;tilizare
"ondiionalul de tipul $$$ se foloseteK
! cCnd situa3ia din subordonata condi3ional este En trecut( deci imposibil:
$f ?e had ta&en an umbrella ?it) us last nig)t, ?e )ould not have got ?et- O@e didnAt taBe an umbrella
last nig)t so ?e got ?et-P
-! cu c#uld (cu referire la abilitate sau permisiune) i mig't (cu referire la posibilitate) En locul lui
w#uld En propozi3ia principal:
$ could have made a caBe, if ,ou had told me it ?as ,our )usbandAs birt)da,- OabilitateP
$ might have )on t)e sZuas) game last nig)t, if $ hadn*t eaten suc) a big meal before pla,ing-
2! cu forme continue fie En subordonata condi3ional fie En principal:
$f t)e driver hadn*t been going slo?l,, )e )ould have crashed into t)e car in front-
+e )ould have been driving faster, if )e hadn*t realised t)e danger-
Aot
:n engleza vorbit tipurile $$ i $$$ de condiional apar amestecateK
/ucBil, it didnAt rain- $f it had rained, $ )ould be )et no?-
$ didnAt pass m, driving test- $f $ had passed it, $ could be driving m, car no?-
4= 6A9P
If #nl& se poate folosi la toate cele trei tipuri de condiional pentru a sublinia sperana sau regretul
,f only t)e ?ind blo)s in t)e rig)t direction, ?eAll get bac& to t)e s)ore safe ans sound- Op!e/ent B spe!an$P
,f only ?e had an engine on t)is boat, ?e could get bac& in no time- Ot!ecut simplu B d#!in$P
,f only ?e had ta&en a siren ?it) us, ?e could have sent an S-*-S- Omai mult ca pe!fectul B !eg!etP
Aot
:ill Q &ould Q could Q s,ould i alte verbe modale nu se folosesc de obicei 'n propozi3ia condi3ional-
Exist i excepiiK
$f ,ou w#uld ask )im for me, $ w#uld (e g!ateful- Osolicitare politicoasP
$f m, brot)er w#uld tell me ?), )eAs so upset, per)aps $ c#uld 'elp- Opentru a indica voinaP
$f ,ou will eat so muc) all t)e time, ,ou a!e (#und to get fat- Opentru a indica voina, 'ncp5nareaP
Aot
$nversiuneK
If 'e 'ad t)e time, )eX
2ad 'e 'ad t)e time, )eX
71erci3ii
.lege3i s'#uld sau w#uld pentru a completa spa3iile En aceast povestire:
$t is onl, fair t)at ,ou X-O1P Bno? about +arr,As past before ,ou marr, )im- @)en )e ?as a c)ild )e X-O4P
al?a,s get )imself into trouble and )is fat)er al?a,s insisted t)at )e X- O=P tell us ?)ere )e ?as going-
*nce )e ?ent do?n to t)e river to fis), )e said- 0ut $ could see no reason ?), )e X-O<P taBe )is air.rifle
?it) )im- $ ?as so ?orried t)at $ begged t)at )is fat)er X-OEP follo? )im; )e did #ust t)at and to )is surprise
)e sa? t)at +arr, ?as s)ooting at t)e fis) instead of catc)ing t)em ?it) a rod- +is fat)er ?as so furious t)at
)e ordered t)at +arr, X-O9P )and )is rifle over to t)e police- +e said )e X--O7P but ?e suspect )e Bept it
)idden a?a, some?)ere because ?e X--O6P )ear s)ooting in t)e fields ever, no? and t)en- @ell m, dear, it
is better t)at ,ou X--O2P )ear t)ese t)ings before maBing an important decision- X--O1HP ,ou per)aps prefer
to meet +arr,Ad older brot)erS >o? )e is a completel, different personR
?une3i verbele din paranteze la forma corect: condi3ionalul 4( 44 sau 444:
1- @e OdriveP out of to?n after dinner unless ,ou are too tired- 4- $f $ ObeP able to spell correctl,, $Ad be so
)app,R =- $f ,ou )ad arrived in t)e da,time $ OmeetP ,ou at t)e station- <- $f ,ou Beep calm, ,ou OrememberP
=4
?)at to do- E- $f r- 0ro?n OdriveP more carefull, )e ?ouldnAt )ave )ad t)e accident- 9- S)e ?ould get too
)ot if ,ou OcoverP )er up- 7- +e ?ould )ave Bno?n ?)at ?as ?rong if )e OlooBP at t)e engine- 6- $f t)e
engine )ad been repaired )e Obe ableP to use t)e car- 2- T)e, ?ill send ,ou t)e spare parts ,ou need on
condition t)e, OgetP ,our order- 1H- (n interpreter O)elpP ,ou if ,ou cannot understand t)e "ustoms officer-
?une3i verbele din paranteze la forma corect: prezent( viitor( imperativ
1- ;nless 0ett, O)aveP enoug) mone,, s)e Onot be ableP to bu, t)e s?eater- 4- T)e bo,s Onot goP up t)e
mountain tomorro? if it ObeP fogg,- =- $f t)e television programme ObeP good on Sunda,s, m, parents al?a,s
Osta,P at )ome and O?atc)P T!- <- S)e Obu,P a large car provided s)e O?inP t)e lotter,- E- $f ,ou OputP sugar in
?arm ?ater, it OdissolveP-
?une3i verbele din paranteze la forma corect:
1- $f ,ou ?ould come ?it) me, $ Os)o?P ,ou t)e to?n- 4- $f $ ?ere ,ou $ ObeP more careful- =- S)e OgetP a #ob
as an interpreter on condition s)e Bne? t?o languages ?ell- <- +e ?ouldnAt start ?orB on t)e pro#ect unless
)is manager OagreeP to t)e plan- E- $f $ OBno?P t)is language ?ell, $ could translate t)e booB into Iomanian-
?une3i verbele din paranteze la forma corect:
1- !eraK T)anB goodnessR $ t)oug)t ,ouAd missed it- /auraK $ ver, nearl, did- @)at O,ou, doP if $ OmissP itS 4-
!eraK $ t)inB $ OgetP out of t)e train- T)en $ O?aitP for ,ou on t)e platform- =- /auraK $f $ Onot, findP a taxi $
Onot, getP )ere in time- <- !eraK $ t)oug)t ,ou ?ere coming b, bus- /auraK $ ?as, but it broBe do?n ?)en ?e
?ere )alf?a, )ere- $f $ O?aitP for anot)er one, $ Ocertainl,, missP t)is train- E- !eraK +o? lucB, t)at ,ou
found a taxi- /auraK *), ,es- $t ObeP a nuisance if ?e OmissP t)e train-
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
Q 1- S)ould 4- @ould =- S)ould <- S)ould E- S)ould 9- S)ould 7- @ould 6- @ould 2- S)ould 1H- @ould
Q 1- @eAll drive 4- @ere =- @ould )ave met <- GouAll remember E- +ad driven 9- "overed 7- +ad looBed 6-
@ould )ave been able 2- 3et 1H- @ill )elp
Q 1- +as, ?ill not be able 4- @ill not go, is =- $s, sta,, ?atc) <- @ill bu,, ?ins E- Put, dissolves
Q 1- @ould s)o? 4- @ould be =- @ould get <- (greed E- Bne?
Q 1- ?ould ,ou )ave done, )ad missed 4- @ould )ave got, ?ould )ave ?aited =- +adnAt found, ?ouldnAt )ave
got <- +ad ?aited, ?ould certainl, )ave missed E- @ould )ave been, )ad missed
1III. #87 S7T;7A$7 6= #7AS7S
Aot
"oncordana timpurilor 'n limba englez se aplic la trei tipuri de propoziii subordonateK subordonata
completiv direct, subordonata condiional i subordonata temporal-
:n continuare ne vom referi doar la dou din cele trei tipuri de subordonate, cea condiional fiind tratat 'n
capitolul ]$$-
"4@7$# 6BU7$# $9.;S7
OPropoziia Subordonat "ompletiv %irectP
>ainQ@egent $lause Subordinate $lause
OPropoziia principalP OPropoziia subordonatP
! ?rezent 6rice timp verbal cerut de
?rezentul ?erfect sensul subordonatei
Viitor
ar, e(plainsThas e(plainedT)ill e(plain t)at s)e goesT)ill goThas goneT)entThad gone to /ondon-
==
-! #impul trecut #recutul perfect
pentru o aciune anterioar
+e said t)at )e had seen t)e movie-
#impul trecut
pentru o aciune simultan
$ thought t)at t)e, )ere at )ome-
=uture5in5t,e5past
pentru o aciune posterioar
T)e, promised t)e, )ould )rite t)at exercise again-
Aot
Exist i c5teva excepiiK
1- !erbele t# ask, demand, insist, #!de!, !ec#mmend, !e@ui!e, u!ge, 'n propoziia principal, sunt urmate
de Sub#onctivul (nalitic O0ritis) Englis)P i de Sub#onctivul Sintetic O(merican Englis)P
S)e demands t)at ,ou should arrive in time-
S)e demands t)at ,ou arrive in time-
4- Pentru adevruri general valabile i ireversibile
$t )as proved t)at ?ater boils at 1HH "elsius degrees-
$ &ne) t)at s)e is a )ido)-
#4>7 $9.;S7
OPropoziia Subordonat TemporalP
@egul de bazK 'n propoziia temporal nu se poate folosi %iit#!ul-
>ainQ@egent $lause Subordinate $lause
OPropoziia principalP OPropoziia subordonatP
! Viitor #impul ?rezent
pentru aciuni simultane
ar, )ill tell us t)e trut) ?)en s)e &no)s it-
?rezentul ?erfect
pentru aciuni anterioare
T)e bo, )ill translate t)e lesson after )e has learnt t)e ne? ?ords-
-! #impul #recut #impul #recut
=uture5in5t,e5?ast pentru aciuni simultane
ar, visited us ?)enever s)e )as free-
$ promised mot)er $ )ould buy t)at booB ?)en $ sa) it-
#recutul ?erfect
pentru aciuni anterioare
T)e c)ildren )ent to bed after t)e, had done t)eir lessons-
@e understood t)at t)e, )ould come )ome after t)e, had finished t)eir ?orB-
Aot
:n alte tipuri de subordonate se folosesc acele timpuri verbale care sunt cerute de sensul subordonatei
respective, fr nici o constr5ngereK
Gesterda, $ bought a booB ?)ic) is very interestingT, )ill read this )ee&T, have been loo&ing for since pril-
Op!#p#/iie at!i(uti%$P
FacB played tennis t)at da, as he )ill never be able to play again- Op!#p#/iie c#mpleti%$ de m#dP
/ast ,ear ar, spo&e Englis) better than her sister does no)- Op!#p#/iie c#mpleti%$ de c#mpa!aieP
=<
, brot)er finished )is ?orB in t)e morning because he )ill go to a party this evening- Op!#p#/iie
c#mpleti%$ cau/al$P
71erci3ii
?une3i verbele din paranteze la forma corect (?rezent( timpul trecut( prezentul perfect( trecutul
perfect( viitor):
(- 1- (rnold Oto beP born in a village and )e Oto spendP )is c)ild)ood t)ere- +e Oto moveP to /eeds ?)en )e
Oto beP fifteen ,ears old and )e Oto liveP t)ere since )is sister Oto getP married- 4- (t present, )e Oto ?orBP in
an office but )e Oto useP to ?orB at a banB before- = -next ,ear )e Oto goP to /ondon to stud, at t)e
;niversit,, but onl, after )e Oto finis)P ?riting t)e novel )e Oto ?orBP at no?- <- $ Oto ?riteP to )im a long
letter several da,s ago and Oto asBP )im )o? man, c)apters )e alread, Oto ?riteP- E- (rnoldAs daug)ter )opes
t)at )er fat)er Oto finis)P )is booB b, t)e end of (ugust- 9- $ Oto seeP )er ,esterda, ?)ile s)e Oto crossP t)e
street- 7- @)en $ Oto talBP to )er, s)e Oto tellP me t)at s)e Oto beP ver, tired because s)e Oto t,peP all t)e
morning-
0- 1- (s soon as s)e Oto seeP us, s)e Oto stopP singing- 4- T)e tailor Oto promiseP me t)en t)at m, suit Oto beP
read, in a ?eeBAs time- =- @), didnAt ,ou explain to t)em ?)en ,ou Oto beP able to give t)em t)e mone,
bacBS <- $ ?ondered ?)ere )e Oto stud,P and )o? man, ,ears before )e Oto taBeP )is degree- E- 0efore paper
Oto beP invented, people Oto ?riteP t)eir t)oug)ts upon various ot)er materials- 9- +istor, Oto beP engraved on
stone monuments and our Bno?ledge of ?)at ancient people Oto doP, Oto beP c)iefl, taBen from t)e stone
tables and buildings ?)ic) t)e, Oto erectP-
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
(- 1- @as, spent, moved, ?as, )as been living, got 4- $s ?orBing, used to ?orB =- @ill go, )as finis)ed, is
?orBing <- @rote, asBed, )ad alread, ?ritten E- @ill finis) 9- Sa?, ?as crossing 7- TalBed, told, ?as )ad
t,ped
0- 1- See, stops 4- Promised, ?ould be read, =- @ere able <- +ad studied, tooB E- @as, )ad ?ritten 9- $s, )ave
done, is, erected
IC. #87 S;BU;A$#4V7 >66"
"on#unctivul a disprut aproape complet 'n englez- Se mai pstreaz anumite forme mai ales la trecut
pentru a exprima 'ndoiala, regretul sau situaiile ireale-
=orm
.! Sub'onctivul sintetic prezent
Sub#onctivul prezent are aceeai form ca Infiniti%ul f$!$ DE- (re aceeai form pentru toate persoanele-
3od save t)e BingR
T)e, be damnedR
6e f#l#se)teK
1. pent!u a exp!ima d#!ine, u!$!i sau exclamaii de%enite exp!esii
+eaven help us allR
0e t)at as it ma,R
3od forgiveTbless ,ouR
$amn ,ouR
3od bless ,ouR
2. n p!#p#/iiile c#ndii#nale
$f t)is be true, ?e must inform t)e aut)orities-
=E
3. n p!#p#/iiile su(#!d#nate int!#duse de D2:D cFnd n p!#p#/iia p!incipal$ se exp!im$ # d#!in$, #
ce!e!e, # #(ligaie, # necesitate
- 'n propoziii completive directe dup urmtoarele verbeK t# suggest, #!de!, demand, u!ge, !ec#mmend,
insist, c#mmand, p!#p#se, a!!ange, decide, ag!ee, a!!ange, dete!mine
$ insist t)at )e go- O,nsist s se ducP
S)e urged t)at )e sit do?n and listen crefull,-
- 'n propoziiile subiective dup urmtoarele construcii impersonaleK it is natu!al, imp#!tant, ad%isa(le,
necessa!&, p#ssi(le, imp#ssi(le
$t is important t)at )e go-
$t is necessar, t)at ,our friend arrive t)ere first-
B! Sub'onctivul sintetic trecut
Sub#onctivul trecut are aceeai form ca i trecutul simplu- !erbul be are forma ?ere pentru toate persoanele-
$tAs time ?e )ent )ome-
$ ?is) )e )ere nicer-
$! Sub'onctivul sintetic mai mult ca perfect
Sub#onctivul mai mult ca perfect are aceeai form ca mai mult ca perfectul-
@e ?is)ed ?e had had better ?eat)er-
6e f#l#se)te-
1. n p!#p#/iiile c#ndii#nale pent!u a exp!ima un <#ndii#nal p!e/ent sau un <#ndii#nal t!ecut
$f $ )ere ,ou, $ ?ould tr, to talB to )er-
T)e c)ildren ?ill liBe t)is film if t)e, sa) it-
$ ?ould )ave boug)t t)at booB if $ had found it-
2. pent!u a exp!ima i!ealitatea dup$ wis', as ifAt'#ug', e%en ifAt'#ug', w#uld !at'e!As##ne!, it+s 'ig'
time, supp#se Gt'atH
:4S8
0is' 5 0#uld 5Infiniti% Gnu este un su(.#ncti%IH exp!im$ # d#!in$ n %iit#!
$ ?is) )e ?ould ?rite to me-
0is' 5 9ast Dense 6imple
- pent!u a indica # situaie ne!eal$ n p!e/ent G!eg!et pent!u # aciune sau situaie ca!e se p!#duce sau
nuH
$ )ish t)e, agreed to m, proposal-
- wis' 5 c#uld
@)at a pit,R $ )ish ,ou could sing-
- cu !efe!i!e la #(iceiu!i, st$!i p!e/ente )i aciuni !egulate
$ )ish $ got up earl, in t)e morning-
- wis' 5 past tense c#ntinu#us cu !efe!i!e la aciuni ca!e se desf$)#a!$ la m#mentul p!e/ent sau aciuni
ca!e c#ntinu$ pe # pe!i#ad$ ca!e include )i m#mentul p!e/ent
$ )ish )e )ere playing in t)e parB-
- wis' 5 was g#ing t# pent!u !efe!ine n %iit#!
$ )ish $ )as going to do t)e )ouse?orB tomorro?-
wis' 5 9ast 9e!fect cu !efe!i!e la situaii d#!ite da! ca!e nu se p#t !eali/a sau pent!u aciuni n t!ecut
+e )ishes )e had bought )is ne?spaper-
wis'ed 5 9ast Dense " cele d#u$ aciuni sunt simultane
S)e )ished s)e )eren*t ill-
wis'ed 5 9ast 9e!fect cFnd aciunea d#!it$ se p!#duce sau nu nainte de m#mentul t!ecut exp!imat
de wis'ed
ar, )ished s)e hadn*t been ill during )er )olida,-
=9
>ain $lause Sub'unctive =orm
4 &is, U a vrea 1- Gou came U s vii
4 &is,ed U a fi vrut w#uld c#me no? U ce n.a da s vii
'ad c#me ,esterda, U s fi venit
.S 4=Q#86;G8
:s ifAt'#!ug' 5 9ast Dense 6imple " pent!u a indica nesigu!ana sau du(iul n p!e/ent Gaciuni
c#nt!a!e faptului p!e/entH
+e be)aves as if )e )ere a teac)er-
:s if 5 9ast Dense #f J#ing t# pent!u situaii ip#tetice n %iit#!
+e talBs as if it )ere going to rain-
:s if 5 9ast 9e!fect pent!u a indica nd#iala, ince!titudinea n leg$tu!$ cu # aciune t!ecut$
Gaciune c#nt!a!$ faptului t!ecutH
S)e talBsT talBed as if1 as though s)e had bought it-
>ain $lause Sub'unctive =orm
+e isT?as ?alBing as if )e did not Bno? . simultan
as t,oug, )e )ad alread, Bno?n .anterior
:6;9" @.#87@ Q S66A7@
0#uld !at'e! 5 Infiniti% Gpe!s#ana ca!e exp!im$ p!efe!ina este aceea)i cu su(iectul aciunii ca!e
u!mea/$H
0ill )ould rather play tennis t)an football-
0#uld !at'e! 5 Infiniti% pe!fect Gacela)i su(iectH
S)e )ould rather have travelled b, plane-
0#uld !at'e! 5 9ast Dense 6imple Gsu(iectul lui w#uld !at'e! este dife!it de su(iectul aciunii ca!e
u!mea/$H
$ )ould rather ,ou got up earl,-
0#uld !at'e! 5 9ast 9e!fect Gsu(iecte dife!iteH
$ )ould rather t)e, had left on time-
0#uld !at'e! 5 w#uld 5 infiniti% Gcu !efe!i!e la un e%eniment d#!it n %iit#!H
$ )ould rather ,ou )ould come tomorro?-
4= 6A9P
If #nl& 5 9ast Dense pent!u d#!ine ca!e se !efe!$ fie la p!e/ent fie la %iit#!, n special cu %e!(e ca!e
exp!im$ aciuni #(i)nuite, #(iceiu!i sau st$!i
,f only s)e didn*t eat so muc)R
If #nl& 5 9ast Dense <#ntinu#us pent!u a indica # d#!in$ ca!e se !efe! la %iit#! sau p!e/ent
$f onl, $ ?ere leaving, too-
If #nl& 5 9ast 9e!fect pent!u a exp!ima un !eg!et pent!u # aciune ca!e nu s"a p!#dus
,f only t)e, had come, t)is ?ouldnAt )ave )appened-
If #nl& 5 0#uld 5 Infiniti% pent!u a exp!ima # d#!in$ n leg$tu!$ cu %iit#!ul da! f$!$ spe!an$
,f only )e )ould buy me a ?atc)R
If #nl& 5 9!esent A ;utu!e Dense ca unec'i%alent pent!up!#p#/iiile ca!e ncep cu 2E9?
$ hope s)e )ill come in time-
,f only s)e comes in timeR
4#HS #4>7
It+s Dime 5 9ast Dense 6imple
,t*s time ,ou finished reading t)e ne?spaper-
=7
It+s time 5 9ast Dense <#ntinu#us pent!u a accentua natu!a p!#g!esi%$ a aciunii
,t*s time ,ou )ere decorating ,our )ouse-
It+s time 5 ;#! 5 Infiniti% a s#sit timpul s$ faci ce%a
,t*s time for ,ou to have lunc)-
It+s time 5 9ast Dense este de.a cam tF!/iu s$ mai faci ce%a
,t*s time ,ou had ,our lunc)-
>ain $lause Sub'unctive =orm
4 &ould rat,erQsooner U a prefera )e left no? U s plece
4f only U mcar dac
Suppose U dac cumvaR +e )ad arrived U s fi sosit
4t is ,ig, time U e vremea s
"! Sub'onctivul analitic
Sub#onctivul analitic este mai des folosit dec5t cel sintetic i poate aprea at5t 'n subordonat c5t i 'n
propoziia principal-
Este format dintr.un verb modal s'all, s'#uld, will, w#uld, ma&, mig't, can, c#uld )i Infiniti%ul 9!e/ent
sau 9e!fect-
6e f#l#se)te-
6'all 5 Infiniti%
Shall $ help ,ou ?it) ,our )ome?orBS
T)e, )ave decided t)at ,ou shall go t)ere- O,ou must goP
6'#uld 5 Infiniti% in main clauses
@), s)ould t)e, come so earl,S
6'#uld 5 Infiniti% dup urmtoarele construc'ii6 it isAwas imp#!tant, necessa!&, natu!al, su!p!ising,
ad%isa(le
,t*s necessary t)at ,ou should be present-
6'#uld 5 Infiniti% " dup urmtoarele verbe6 t# demand, insist, c#mmand, p!#p#se, !e@uest, suggest
T)e, suggested t)at ,ou should tell t)em t)e trut)-
6'#uld 5 Infiniti% " n propozi'ii subordonate de scop introduse de lest, f#! fea! Gt'atH, in case
@e left in a )urr, lest s)e should see us t)ere- OU ca s nu ne vadP
@)ere ?ould ,ou sleep in case ,ou should miss t)e trainS
6'#uld 5 Infiniti% " n propozi'ii subordonate atributive
+is desire t)at no one should enter t)at room surprised us-
6'#uld 5 Infiniti% " n propozi'ii concesive introduse de t'#ug', alt'#ug', w'ate%e!
@)atever s)e should say, donAt contradict )er-
Ka&A Kig't 5 Infiniti% " in main clauses
7ay all ,our dreams come trueR
Fust imagine, next ,ear ?e might have a carR
Ka&A Kig't 5 Infiniti% " n propozi'ii subordonate dup urmtoarele construc'iiit isAwas p#ssi(le,
p!#(a(le, likel&
,t is probable t)at our friend might have &no)n ,ou-
,t is possible t)at s)e may come toda,-
Ka&A Kig't 5 Infiniti% " n propozi'ii subordonate de scop introduse de t'at, in #!de! t'at, s# t'at
+e tooB a seat in t)e first ro? so that )e might hear t)e actors ?ell-
Ka&A Kig't 5 Infiniti% " n propozi'ii subordonate concesive introduse de t'#ug', alt'#ug', '#we%e!,
w'ate%e!, n# matte!
-o)ever painful it may be to ,ou, ,ou must Bno? t)e trut)-
8o matter )o? expensive t)at car might be s)e still ?ants to bu, it-
0#uld 5 Infiniti% " n propozi'ii completive directe dup wis'
T)e, )ish ?e )ould pay t)em a visit-
0#uld 5 Infiniti% " n propozi'ii subordonate de scop
S)e learnt all t)e ne? ?ords so that s)e )ould be able to translate t)e text-
<#uld 5 Infiniti% " pentru a e(prima scopul+ ca o alternativ la may1might+ avnd un grad mai mare de
certitudine
S)e studied a lot so that s)e could pass t)e difficult exam-
=6
71erci3ii
?une3i verbele din paranteze la forma corect: past tense simple( past perfect sau &ould F infinitiv:
1- @e )ad lots of fun at t)e part,- $ ?is) ,ou ObeP t)ere, too- 4- T)e plants need a lot of ?ater at t)is time of
t)e ,ear and it )asnAt rained for a long time- $ ?is) it OrainP no?- =- $ ?is) m, mot)er ObeP )ere no? to )elp
me- <- Tom forgot to bu, t)e sports ne?spaper t)is morning- +e ?is)es )e Obu,P it, as )e doesnAt Bno? t)e
football results- E- @e ?is) t)e teac)er OexplainP t)e grammar rules again next ?eeB- 9- $Ad liBe to go to t)e
concert, but $ )avenAt got a ticBet- $ ?is) $ Obu,P one t)is morning- 7- T)e lecturer is alread, )alf an )our late-
@e ?is) )e OcomeP- 6- $ didnAt liBe t)e film ,esterda,- $ ?is) $ Onot sta,P up to t)e end- 2- $ ?is) ,ou Opa,P
more attention to ,our spelling in t)e future- 1H- $ ?is) $ Ofollo?P t)e doctorAs advice- $ ?ouldnAt be so ill
no?- 11- T)e teac)er ?is)es someone OofferP to bring some coloured c)alB to sc)ool tomorro?- 14- $ ?is)
,ou OinformP me about t)is matter several mont)s ago-
#raduce3i urmtoarele propozi3ii En limba romCn:
1- $ ?is) ,ou ?ould listen more carefull, to ,our teac)er- 4- %o ,ou ?is) t)e, )ad sent ,ou a cardS =- $
?is)ed s)e )ad posted t)is letter for me- <- %onAt ,our friends ?is) ,ou ?ould go on t)e trip ?it) t)emS E-
ot)er ?is)es $ got better marBs at sc)ool- 9- T)e little bo,s ?is)ed t)e, ?ere allo?ed to s?im in t)e laBe-
7- %onAt ,ou ?is) it ?ere summer no?S 6- %oesnAt ,our teac)er ?is) ,ou ?ould improve ,our
pronunciationS
?une3i verbele din paranteze la forma corect:
1- +e is speaBing as if )e Oans?erP an examination- 4- $ al?a,s get seasicB ?)en $ travel b, sea- $f onl, $ Onot
taBeP t)e boat and OcomeP b, planeR =- $f onl, ,ou OgiveP me a c)ance to tr, again, "ecil, begged- <- $ ?is)
,ou Osta,P ?it) me for a ?)ile- $ feel ver, lonel,- E- S)e ?ent on talBing as if s)e Onot )earP ?)at $ )ad said-
9- $tAs time ,ou OstopP maBing a nuisance of ,ourself- 7- $tAs a pit, ,ou left so earl,- $Ad rat)er ,ou Osta,P a
little longer- 6- &or t)e first time in )is life )e felt as if )e ObeP in a )urr, to get ?)ere )e ?as going- 2- S)e
acted as t)oug) s)e ObeP born an actress-
#raduce3i urmtoarele propozi3ii En limba englez:
1- (na ar dori s nu fie at5t de ocupat sptm5na asta- 4- !a trebui s ateptm 4H de minute p5n la sosirea
trenului- "e pcat c am plecat de acas at5t de devremeR =- 0ieelul ar dori ca prinii s.l trimit 'n tabra
de var de la Sinaia, dar sunt sigur c ei 'l vor duce la ar la bunici- <- >umai de.a putea gsi cuvintele
cele mai potriviteR E- Se luda c a rezolvat singur toate problemele de matematic- >umai de l.ai fi auzitR 9-
( dori ca ea s treac acest examen dificil- 7- ai degrab m.a duce s vd un film dec5t s.mi pierd
timpul atept5ndu.te- 6- /una viitoare e primul examen; e timpul s te apuci serios de 'nvat- 2- ( trecut o
sptm5n de c5nd ai primit scrisoarea de la (ngela- E timpul s.i rspunzi la scrisoare- 1H- >umai de nu s.ar
opri motorul c)iar la mi#locul panteiR 11- %iana vorbete de parc n.ar ti nimic despre conferin- 14- ( fi
preferat ca el s spun adevrul- 1=- Se comport de parc el ar fi fcut toate pregtirile pentru serbare- 1<-
Toi prietenii mei #oac )andbal pe terenul de sport- "e pcat c nu tiu s #oc )andbalR
#raduce3i urmtoarele propozi3ii En limba romCn:
1- E ciudat c c)eltuiete aa de puini bani c5nd tie c scumpul mai mult pgubete- 4- E de necrezut c
citea c5nd trebuia s lucreze la teza de doctorat- =- E remarcabil c ei lucrau de dou ore i terminaser
treaba c5nd ai sosit- <- >u i se pare de necrezut s se strice untul aa de repedeS E- $nsist s treci deoparte,
fiindc stai 'n drum- 9- "opilul acesta e bun la toate #ocurile, aa c va #uca orice 'i ceri- 7- Dise c e
competent 'n meseria lui, ca s avem 'ncredere 'n el- 6- E 'nc5ntat de ideea de a merge la mare de parc n.ar
ti c.i prea frig acum acolo- 2- S trieti mult i s fii fericitR 1H- *rice ar fi gtit c5nd ai sosit tu, trebuia s.
i dea o porie-
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
=2
Q 1- )ad been 4- ?ere raining =- ?ere <- )ad boug)t E- ?ould explain 9- )ad boug)t 7- ?ere coming 6- )adnAt
sta,ed 2- ?ould pa, 12- )ad follo?ed 11- ?ould offer 14- )ad informed
Q 1- ce n.a da s o asculi mai atent pe profesoar- 4- (i dori s.i fi trimis o ilustratS =- ( fi dorit s 'mi fi
pus scrisoarea la pot pentru mine- <- >u 'i doresc prietenii ti s mergi cu ei 'n excursieS E- "e n.ar da
mama s iau note mai bune la coal- 9- 0ieeii i.ar fi dorit s aib voie s 'noate 'n lac- 7- >u i.ai dori s
fie var acumS 6- >u 'i dorete profesoara ta s 'i 'mbunteti pronuniaS
Q1- ?ere ans?ering 4- )adnAt taBen, )ad come =- ?ould give <- ?ould sta, E- )adnAt )eard 9- stopped 7- )ad
sta,ed 6- ?as 2- )ad been
Q 1- (nn ?is)es s)e ?erenAt T?asnAt so bus, t)is ?eeB- 4- @eAll )ave to ?ait for te?nt, minutes until t)e
train comes in- $ ?is) $ )adnAt left )ome so earl,R =- T)e little bo, ?is)es )is parents ?ould send )im to t)e
Sinaia summer camp, but $Am sure t)e,All taBe )im to )is grandparents in t)e countr,- <- $f onl, $ could find
t)e most suitable ?ordsR E- +e boasted )e )ad solved all t)e mat)s problems b, )imself- $f onl, ,ou )ad
)eard )imR 9- $ ?is) s)e ?ill pass T passes t)is difficult examinationR 7- $Ad rat)er go and see a film t)an
?aste m, time ?aiting for ,ou- 6- Gour first exam is next onda,, itAs time ,ou got do?n to ?orB- 2- $tAs a
?eeB since ,ou received (nglaAs letter- $tAs time ,ou ans?ered )er letter- 1H- $f onl, t)e engine ?ouldnAt stop
rig)t in t)e middle of t)e bendR 11- %iana is talBing as ifT as t)oug) s)e didnAt Bno? an,t)ing about t)e
conference- 14- $Ad rat)er )e )ad told t)e trut)- 1=- +e be)aved as if T t)oug) )e )imself )ad made all t)e
preparations for t)e festival- 1<- (ll m, friends are pla,ing )andball in t)e sportsground- $ ?is) T if onl, $
could pla, )andball-
Q 1- $t is strange t)at )e s)ould spend so little ?)en )e Bno?s t)at c)eapest is t)e dearest- 4- $t is unbelivable
t)at )e s)ould )ave been reading ?)en )e s)ould )ave been ?orBing on )is dissertation- =- $t is remarBable
t)at t)e, s)ould )ave been ?orBing for t?o )ours and )ad finis)ed t)e #ob ?)en ,ou arrived- <- %onAt ,ou
t)inB it unbelivable t)at t)e butter s)ould go bad so soonS E- $ insist t)at ,ou s)ould go aside because ,ou are
in t)e ?a,- 9- T)e bo, is clever at all games, so )e ?ill pla, an,t)ing ,ou asB )im to- 7- +e said )e ?as
competent at )is #ob so t)at ?e mig)t trust )im- 6- +e is delig)ted ?it) t)e idea of going to t)e seaside as
t)oug) )e did not Bno? it ?as too cold t)ere no?- 2- a, ,ou live long and be )app,R 1H- @)atever )e ma,
be cooBing ?)en ,ou arrived, )e oug)t to )ave given ,ou a )elping-
C. >6";9 4>?7@.#4V
=orm
4mperativul persoanei a 445a se formeaz cu Infiniti%ul f$!$ DE, fr subiect, pentru a face invitaii, cereri
sau pentru a da sfaturi, instruciuni i atenionri- >egativul se formeaz cu *E LED 5 Infiniti% f$!$ DE-
"omeR
%o not goR
4mperativul persoanei 4 se formeaz cu =?D 5 K?A>6 5 Infiniti% f$!$ DE pentru a da sugestii i a face
oferte- >egativul se formeaz cu *E LED 5 Infiniti% f$!$ DE-
/et me )elpR
/et us danceR
/etAs goR
;tilizare
Impe!ati%ul pe!s#anei a II"a se f#l#se)te-
1. pent!u a ce!e ce%a
<H
Give Fo)n t)is letter ?)en ,ou see )im-
$on*t tell ar, ?)at $ said last nig)t-
2. pent!u a face in%itaii
2ome to m, part, on Saturda, nig)t-
$on*t as& )im to sta, over t)e nig)t-
3. pent!u a da sfatu!i sau a ateni#na
9a&e an umbrella ?it) ,ou, itAs raining-
#at ,our vegetables- T)e,Are good for ,ou-
4. pent!u a da indicaii
9urn t)e engine off, open t)e bonnet and unscre) t)e cap slo?l,-
5. cu inte!#gaii dis.uncti%e- )ill1)on*t1)ould you: !i can1can*t1could you:
-ave somet)ing to drinB, )ill youS
Aot
Se poate folosi *E pentru a sublinia sensul imperativ
$o help ,ourself to an,t)ing ,ou ?ant-
Aot
$mperativele nu au subiect, dei uneori se adaug un substantiv sau pronume pentru a identifica persoana
creia i se vorbete-
-ave anot)er drinB, Bill-
$,ildren, be 3uiet, pleaseR
Impe!ati%ul cu =et se f#l#se)te-
1. cu Ke, pent!u a face #fe!te
;et me explain in more detail-
;et me get ,ou a drinB, +arr,-
2. cu >s, pent!u a #fe!i sugestii
$ t)inB ?e are lost- ;et*s as& a policeman-
;et*s not )atch T! tonig)t- ;et*s go out for a stroll-
3. cu inte!#gaii dis.uncti%e- )ill you: dup let meA let 'im etc. !i shall )e: dup let us
;et meTlet himTlet them etc- go first for once, )ill youS
;et*s not argue about it, shall )eS
4. cu !$spunsu!i scu!te la sugestii
$Am too tired to ?alB- S)all ?e taBe a taxiS <es+ let*s.
Aot
Exist i o form de persoana a 4445a imperativK =?D 5 6u(stanti% sau c#mplement p!#n#minal 5
Infiniti% f$!$ DE Ocu sensul de a permiteP
;et ever,one come in no? in single file-
;et )im continue-
$on*t let t)em stop ,ou, itAs ,our decision-
CI. "4.#7V. ?.S4VW
>umai verbele tranzitive au diatez pasiv-
John cried- 2ry este un verb intranzitiv- >u are pasiv-
John sold the house- Sell este un verb tranzitiv- (re pasiv-
@egul general
Pentru a transforma o propoziie la diateza activ 'ntr.una la diateza pasivK
1. complementul direct devine subiect
2. (e are acelai timp ca verbul principal
3. verbul principal devine participiu trecut
<1
4. subiectul devine agentul, precedat de (&
Aot
(gentul se exprim de obicei cu (&- %ar c5nd agentul este o substan sau materie prim folosii wit'-
T)e novel ?as ?ritten by $efoe-
T)e floor ?as covered )ith mud-
(desea nu este necesar specificarea agentului-
T)e burglar ?as sentenced one ,ear in prison-
7c,ivalen3ele activ B pasiv:
+e *eeps t)e door open- T)e door is *ept open-
+e is selling t)e car- T)e car is being sold-
+e closed t)e ?indo?- T)e ?indo? &as closed-
+e &as opening t)e gate- T)e gate &as being opened-
+a ,as s,ut t)e booB- T)e booB ,as been s,ut-
+e ,ad &ritten t)e letter- T)e letter ,ad been &ritten-
+e &ill carry t)e bag- T)e bag &ill be carried-
+e &ould buy t)e pen- T)e pen &ould be boug,t-
+e &ould ,ave repaired t)e box- T)e box &ould ,ave been repaired-
+e is t)oug)t to ,ave arrested )er- S)e is t)oug)t to ,ave been arrested-
9oc*ing t)e safeX T)e safe being loc*edX
8aving rescued t)e bo,X T)e bo, ,aving been rescuedG
Aot
:n engleza vorbit, get O'n locul lui beP se folosete adesea pentru diateza pasiv-
T)e )ouse got sold- U t)e )ouse )as sold-
GouAll get hurt- U ,ouAll be hurt-
@eguli speciale
Pentru a transforma o propoziie la diateza activ 'ntr.una la diateza pasiv
1. 4nfinitivul activ devine 4nfinitiv pasiv
a. dup %e!(ele m#dale
.ctiv ?asiv
Tom may )rite t)e booB- T)e booB may be )ritten-
Gou must tell )im- +e must be told-
(. dup likeAl#%eAwis'Awant 5 c#mplement di!ect
.ctiv ?asiv
S)e li&ed us to )ater t)e S)e li&ed the flo)ers to be
flo?ers at da?n- )atered at da?n-
Aot
(lte combinaii %e!( 5 c#mplement 5 infiniti% formeaz 'n mod normal pasivulK
.ctiv ?asiv
T)e, told us to go- @e ?ere told to go-
+e is as&ing Sue to dance- Sue is being as&ed to dance-
$nfinitivele pasive sunt de obieci infinitive cu t#R
T)e, sa) Emm, jump- Emm, )as seen to jump-
+e ma&es Ed rest- Ed is made to rest-
<4
2. folosi3i t,atG s,ould F infinitiv pasiv
a. dup ag!ee, decide, a!!ange, demand 5 infiniti% 5 c#mplement
.ctiv ?asiv
@e agreed to ta&e 9im- @e agreed that 9im should be ta&en-
T)e, decided to reduce the price- T)e, decided that the price should
be reduced-
(. dup ad%ise, insist, p!#p#se, !ec#mmedn, suggest 5 f#!ma n ing 5 c#mplement
.ctiv ?asiv
S)e adivised finishing the job- S)e advised that the job should be finished-
Aot
%up need folosii un gerunziu sau infinitiv pasiv- Sensul este identic- (mbele propoziii sunt pasive-
T)e p)one needs repairing-
T)e p)one needs to be repaired-
3. dou forme alternative de pasiv se pot folosi En mod impersonal cu: assume, (eli%e, claim, estimate,
find, kn#w, p!esume, !ep#!t, sa&, supp#se, unde!stand
.ctiv ?asiv
9hey say that he is a genius- It is said t'at 'e is a genius-
2e is said t# (e a genius-
4. prepozi3iile sunt plasate dup verbul pasiv:
a! verbe comple1e (%e!( 5 p!ep#/iie)
.ctiv ?asiv
T)e, loo&ed for "- ever,?)ere- "- )as loo&ed for ever,?)ere-
b! verb F prepozi3ie F complement
.ctiv ?asiv
+e )ad to )rite to )is parents dail,- +is parents )ad to be )ritten to dail,-
5. propozi3iile cu dou complemente (complement direct i indirect) au dou forme posibile de pasiv:
.ctiv ?asiv
+e told her a lie- She ?as told a lie-
lie ?as told to )er-
T)e, sent him a letter- -e ?as sent a letter-
letter ?as sent to )im-
;tilizare
Pasivul se foloseteK
1. pent!u a su(linia aciunea )i nu agentul
T)e criminal )as arrested-
2. cFnd agentul este necun#scut, neimp#!tant sau e%ident
"linton )as elected president-
+e is said to be a bad.tempered man-
71erci3ii:
#raduce3i En limba englez urmtoarele propozi3ii
1- :n astfel de cazuri se trimite dup doctor- 4- 8i se ofer o 'ng)eat, de ce n.o ieiS =- ( fost ateptat dou
ore asear- <- i se arta casa, c5nd s.a stins lumina- E- >u 'mi pot 'nc)ipui de c5nd 'i cunoti pe aceti
scriitori- 9- >u.mi puteam aduce aminte 'n ce a fost presc)imbat veveria- 7- !a fi consultat doctorul 'n
aceast c)estiune i sper c va ti ce este- 6- !a fi fost aprat de toi dumanii 'nainte s cear a#utor- 2-
<=
!5ntorul prezise c se va trage 'n vulpe i nu va fi nimerit- 1H- %ac ai fi 'mpiedicat s.i faci temele,
copiii care o fac ar fi pedepsii- 11- (r fi fost el operat dac nu.l cunotea c)irurgulS
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
1- $n suc) cases a doctor is sent for- 4- Gou are offered an ice.cream, ?), donAt ,ou taBe itS =- +e ?as ?aited
for for t?o )ours last nig)t- <- $ ?as being s)o?n around t)e )ouse ?)en t)e lig)t ?ent out- E- $ canAt
imagine )o? long ,ou )ave been acZuainted ?it) t)ese ?riters- 9- $ could not remember ?)at t)e sZuirrel
)ad been c)anged into- 7- T)e doctor ?ill be consulted on t)is matter and $ )ope )e ?ill Bno? ?)at it is- 6-
+e ?ill )ave been defended from all )is enemies before )e asBs for )elp- 2- T)e )unter predicted t)e fox
?ould be fired at and missed- 1H- $f ,ou ?ere )indered from doing ,our )ome?orB, t)e c)ildren ?)o did t)at
?ould be punis)ed- 11- @ould )e )ave been operated on if t)e surgeon )ad not Bno?n )imS
CII. V7@B7 >6".97 4
>.P i $.A
(?ermisiune( probabilitate( abilitate)
a, i can sunt verbe modale sau a#uttoareK ele sunt verbe defective, deoareceK
- au numai = timpuriK indicativ prezent, indicativ trecut i condiional prezent
- nu primesc s la persoana a $$$.a singular
- nu primesc do, does, did la interogativ sau negativ
- sunt urmate de infinitivul fr #6
Timpurile care lipsesc sunt 'nlocuite cuK
- to be able to OabilitateaP
- to be allo)ed to
- to be permitted to OpermisiuneaP
- to be li&ely to OprobabilitateaP
>ay Q >ig,t
7ay se foloseste la prezent- 7ight la condiional prezent- (mbele sunt invariabile i sunt urmate de un
infinitiv fr To-
=orme contrase: ma,nAt T mig)tnAt
;tilizare:
1. Ka& se folosete cu referire la evenimente sau ac3iuni posibile sau probabile En prezent( adesea cu
sens de viitor! Kig't poate fi folosit pentru a sublinia o foarte redus posibilitate!
T)ereAs a blacB cloud above us- $t may rain-
(lice may get angr, if ,ou tell )er-
$f ,ou tr, )ard enoug), ,ou might convince )im to come-
Aot
&ormele alternative suntK
>aybe it ?ill rain-
$t is li*ely to rain-
2. pentru a cere( a oferi sau a refuza permisiunea politicos
7ay $ open t)e ?indo?S $tAs ver, )ot in t)is office-
Gou may not smoBe in m, car-
<<
7ight indic adesea teama vorbitorului de a nu primi un rspuns negativ, sau faptul c el cere prea
multK
7ight $ borro? ,our Iolls Io,ce for t)e ?eeBendS
Aot
&orme alternativeK
.m 4 allo&ed to open t)e ?indo?S
Pou are not permitted to smoBe in m, car-
3. cu well pentru a indica o foarte mare probabilitate
$ t)inB it may )ell rain toda,, looB at t)ose blacB clouds-
Put some mone, in t)e box, it might )ell be for a good cause-
Aot
&orme alternativeK
$ t)inB it is very li*ely to rain toda,-
Aot
Ka& A mig't as well are alt sensK
T)ere is not)ing interesting on T! t)is evening, $ may 1 might as )ell )ave an earl, nig)t-
4. cu o construc3ie perfect pentru a face referire la o presupunere En trecut
0ill isnAt in )is office, )e may have gone )ome earl,- O$tAs possible t)at )e ?ent )ome-P
5. cu o construc3ie perfect pentru a face referire la ceva care s5ar fi putut petrece En trecut dar nu s5
a petrecut( se poate folosi numai mig't
Gou might have burnt ,our )and ?)ile taBing t)at )ot tra, out of t)e oven Obut ,ou didnAtP-
$an Q $ould
2an se folosete la prezent, adesea cu sens de viitor- 2ould se folosete la trecut i condiional prezent-
(mbele sunt invariabile i sunt urmate de infinitiv fr To-
=orme contrase: canAt T couldnAt
;tilizare:
! <an se folosete pentru a cere( a acorda sau a refuza permisiunea( similar cu ma&( dar mai pu3in
formal
Gou can drive at seventeen in t)e ;C-
2an $ borro? ,our pen, pleaseS $Ave left mine at )ome-
Gou cannot go )unting out of season-
Aot
&orme alternativeK
Gou are permitted to drive at seventeen in ;C-
Gou are allo&ed to drive at seventeen in ;C-
Gou may drive at seventeen in ;C-
Aot
/a negativ, could i mig,t au sensuri diferite-
Cen could not be building t)e )ouse b, )imself- O$tAs impossible- $t is too muc) ?orB-P
Cen might not be building t)e )ouse b, )imself- O+e isnAt building t)e )ouse )imself- +e probabl, )as )elp-P
<E
-! pentru a face referire la probabilitate( posibilitate sau imposibilitate En prezent( En trecut sau la
condi3ional
/ooB, t)ereAs plent, of sno?, ?e can go sBiing toda,-
/etAs tr, )is office; )e could be t)ere-
2! pentru a face referire la abilitate sau EndemCnare En prezent( En trecut sau la condi3ional
2an ,ou la, bricBsS
, old car cannot go over 6H Bm an )our-
T)e girl can sing but s)e can*t dance for t)e life of )er-
2ould ,ou drinB as muc)S
Aot
Pentru alte timpuri se folosete t# (e a(le t#
S)e )ill be able to t,pe 1HH ?ords a minute soon-
D! folosi3i c#uld 5 infiniti% pe!fect pentru a v referi la o ac3iune care nu a avut loc
$ could have driven ,ou to t)e airport, but $ didnAt )ave m, car-
Sau cCnd nu tim dac ac3iunea s5a petrecut sau nu
+ave ,ou seen m, umbrellaS %an could have ta&en it; it ?as raining ?)en )e left-
Aot
&orme alternativeK
Gou mig,t )ave )urt ,our bacB lifting t)at )eav, table-
Gou &ould probabl, )ave )urt ,our bacB lifting t)at )eav, table-
Aot
>ay T mig,t i can T could se repet 'n 'ntrebri dis#unctive i rspunsuri scurte-
+e can*t go, can )eS
7ay Sall, come inS Ges, s)e may-
Aot
#o be able to exprim abilitatea- Este o alternativ formal pentru can T could 'n prezent, 'n trecut sau la
condiional- Pentru toate celelalte timpuri putem folosi numai to be able to-
71erci3ii:
#raduce3i En limba englez urmtoarele propozi3ii
1- (ceasta este o mas vec)e, pe care n.o poate ridica nimeni- 4- >u tia s 'noate, aa c atunci c5nd s.a
scufundat vasul, s.a inecat- =- >u ai dreptul s 'naintezi, acest teren e proprietate privat- <- >u ai dreptul s
vinzi ce nu.ti aparine- E- >u se poate s te fi )otr5t s.i refuzi orice a#utor tocmai c5nd are mai mare nevoie
de el- 9- $dila lui cu ea nu poate s fi durat mai mult de o lun- 7- E cu putin s se #oace c5nd i.am spus s.i
fac mai 'nt5i temeleS 6- (i s.i poi face pe plac, tiind c e aa de sensibilS 2- >iciodat n.am fost 'n stare
s in minte propoziii 'ntregi- 1H- Savantul a spus c tie de mult s numere- 11- Dise c.mi poate da sifon
dac mi.e sete- 14- Speram s pot merge pe #os p5n la gar, dar m.am oprit la o staie de autobuz- 1=- /.ai
putea atepta 'n birou dac ai vrea- 1<- (r fi putut s se aeze pe un scaun gol, dar a preferat s stea 'n
picioare- 1E- Puteai s te uii pe gaura c)eii, dac erai aa de curios-
1- Pot s te a#ut cu cevaS 4- :mi permii s te a#utS =- Poate c se plimb prin grdin, )abar n.am unde e- <-
Poate c spune adevrul, mai bine ai asculta ce are de spus- E- Poate c.mi voi fi terminat lucrarea p5n vii tu
s m a#ui- 9- Poate c btr5na sufla greu dup ce a urcat scrile acelea, fiindc liftul era defect- 7- Poate c
<9
voi fi a#uns la gar p5n va pleca trenul- 6- .am g5ndit c s.ar putea s plou, aa c mi.am luat umbrela- 2-
$.am spus c n.are nimeni voie s intre.n camera mea c5nd dorm- 1H- S.ar putea s tueasc dac a rcit- 11-
/a.i putea a#uta s.i duc geanta, dac.l vezi g5f5ind- 14- Puteai s.i 'mprumui nite bani, dac tiai c are
greuti-
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
1- T)is is an old table ?)ic) no one can lift- 4- +e could not s?im, so ?)en t)e s)ip sanB )e dro?ned- =- Gou
canAt proceed, t)is land is private propert,- <- Gou canAt sell ?)at does not belong to ,ou- E- Gou canAt )ave
resolved to den, )im all )elp ?)en )e most needs it- 9- +is romance ?it) )er canAt )ave lasted more t)an a
mont)- 7- "an )e be pla,ing ?)en $ told )im to do )is )ome?orB firstS 6- @ill ,ou be able to please )im,
Bno?ing )e is so sensitiveS 2- $ )ave never been able to remember long sentences- 1H- T)e sc)olar said )e
)ad been able to count for a ver, long time- 11- +e said )e could give me soda if $ ?as t)irst,- 14- $ )oped $
could ?alB to t)e station but $ stopped at a bus stop- 1=- Gou could ?ait for )im in t)e stud, if ,ou ?ould-
1<- +e could )ave taBen a vacant seat, but )e preferred standing- 1E- Gou could )ave peeped t)roug) t)e
Be,)ole if ,ou ?ere so curious-
1-"an $ )elp ,ouS 4- a, $ )elp ,ouS =- S)e ma, be ?alBing in t)e garden, $ )ave no idea ?)ere s)e is- <-
S)e ma, be telling t)e trut), ,ou )ad better listen to ?)at s)e )as to sa,- E- $ ma, )ave finis)ed m, paper b,
t)e time ,ou come to )elp me- 9- T)e old lad, ma, )ave been breat)ing )ard after s)e )ad climed all t)ose
stairs, because t)e elevator ?as out of order- 7- $ ma, reac)ed t)e station before t)e train leaves- 6- $ t)oug)t
it mig)t rain, so $ )ave taBen m, umbrella- 2- $ told )im no one mig)t enter m, room ?)en $ ?as asleep- 1H-
+e mig)t coug) if )e )as caug)t cold- 11- Gou mig)t )elp )im carr, )is bag if ,ou see )im gasping for
breat)- 14- Gou mig)t )ave lent )im some mone, if ,ou Bne? )e ?as in need-
CIII. V7@B797 >6".97 44
>;S#( A77"( 8.V7 #6( S86;9"( 6;G8# #6
(6bliga3ie i necesitate)
>ust, need, s,ould i oug,t to sunt verbe modale; ele sunt defective, av5ndK
- timpuri lips
- persoana a $$$.a singular fr s
- interogativul i negativul prezentului fr do sau does
- sunt urmate de infinitiv fr To
Aot
Toate timpurile care lipsesc sunt 'nlocuite cu verbe normaleK
#o ,ave to sau to need to
Aot
#o ,ave to exprim at5t obligaia c5t i necesitatea la timpurile la care el reprezint singura posibilitate
Oinfinitiv, trecut simplu, perfect prezent, viitor, forma 'n ing etc-P-
%ar la prezent, formele alternative nu sunt 'ntotdeauna 'nlocuibile reciproc- * form poate exprima
obligaia, iar cealalt necesitatea-
Fo)n must not s)out- OU Fo)n are obligaia de a nu striga-P
Fo)n doesnHt ,ave to s)out- OU >u e necesar ca Fo)n s strige-P
<7
#o need to exprim 'ntotdeauna necesitatea-
+arr, didnHt need to go on a diet- OU >u era necesar ca +arr, s in regim-P
>ust Q 8ave to Q Aeed to
>ust este invariabil pentru toate persoanele, 'n timp ce ,ave to i need to urmeaz regulile verbelor
normale-
=orme contrase: mustnAt
;tilizare:
! 2a%e t# se folosete Entotdeauna pentru a face referire la #(ligaie sau necesitate la prezent
afirmativ i interogativ( adesea cu sens de viitor! Kust se refer la #(ligaie!
$ must p)one m, )usband before )e leaves t)e office-
T)e builders have to finis) t)e ?orB before ?inter sets in-
Aot
>ust se folosete de obicei c5nd obligaia vine din partea vorbitorului care.i exprim propriile sentimente-
8ave to se folosete c5nd obligaia vine din partea unei a treia persoane-
Gou must tid, up ,our room before ,ou go out- OU :i ordonP
Gou have to drive on t)e left in 3reat 0ritain- OU (a spune legeaP
-! 9a forma negativ must i 'a%e t# au sensuri complet diferite:
Kust n#t 'nseamn c eti obligat s nu faci ceva-
*#n+t 'a%e t# sau 'a%en+t g#t t# 'nseamn c nu este necesarK
Gou mustn*t exceed t)e speed limit on t)e motor?a,- OU Eti obligat de lege-P
Gou haven*t got to go to t)at meeting if ,ou are too bus,- OU >u e necesar s te duci-P
Aot
:n general ,ave to i ,ave got to se folosesc la fel numai la prezent-
8ave got to este considerat mai formal-
8ave to se folosete pentru aciuni repetate, de obicei 'ntrit cu un adverb de frecven-
")ris has to visit )er ill mot)er ever, da,-
")irs has got to do some s)opping for )er ill mot)er toda,-
2! 2a%e t# poate fi folosit la toate celelalte timpuri!
$ have never had to ?orB so muc) before-
T)e police )ould have had to open fire if t)e criminals )adnAt surrendered-
Aot
%educia negativ se poate exprima cu canHt sau canHt ,aveK
$tAs onl, eleven oAclocB, Tim can*t be )ungr,R
T)e Smit)s are in ")ina- T)e, can*t have sent t)at post.card from Peru-
D! Kust se folosete pentru deduc3ii pozitive En prezent!
Kust 5 c#nst!ucie pe!fect$ se refer la deduc3ii pozitive En trecut!
T)e bab, is cr,ing- S)e must be )ungr,-
T)ere ?as no repl,; )e must have been ?orBing in t)e garden-
;tilizare: Aeed este considerat at5t verb propriu.zis c5t i auxiliar-
! Leed t#( ca verb propriu5zis( urmeaz formele verbelor regulate normale i este folosit pentru a se
face referire la necesitate!
Gou )ill need flour and ?ater to maBe bread-
$ don*t need to see t)e doctor- $ feel fine-
<6
Aot
8ave to exprim necesitatea, poate fi folosit i la negativ i interogativ-
@e didn*t have to booB t)e restaurant- T)ere ?as plent, of room-
$o ?e have to rus)S
-! Leed ca au1iliar este un verb modal i are aceeai form pentru toate persoanele! ?oate fi folosit
numai la p!e/ent (adesea cu sens de viitor) mai ales En construc3ii negative sau interogative!
"onstrucie negativK Aeed not este similar cu donHt ,ave to- (mbele exprim absena unei obligaii sau
necesiti-
@e need not rus)- T)ereAs plent, of time-
"onstrucie interogativK
8eed ?e rus)S T)ereAs plent, of time-
2! Leed n#t 5 infiniti% pe!fect se refer la o ac3iune trecut care s5a petrecut fr a fi fost necesar!
Gou needn*t have told )er about t)e accident- S)e ?ill onl, ?orr,-
Aot
Aeed not F infinitiv perfect difer de did not need to-
FacB need not have gone to t)e dentist- OU FacB s.a dus, dar nu era necesar-P
FacB did not need to go to t)e dentist- OU >u era necesar ca FacB s se duc, dar nu tim dac s.a dus sau nu-P
6ug,t to Q S,ould
6ug,t to i S,ould au sens identic i pot fi folosite la fel- Ele sunt invariabile pentu toate persoanele i pot fi
urmate de infinitiv fr 9o-
=orme contrase: oug)tnAt T s)ouldnAt
;tilizare:
! $u referire la o obliga3ie sau Endatorire!
$ ought to mo? t)e la?n t)is ?eeBend; itAs overgro?n-
/ittle girls shouldn*t tell lies-
Poate urma i forma 'n "ing-
Tim oughtn*t to be )atching T!- +e ought to be doing )is )ome?orB-
@e should be standing in t)at Zueue, not t)is one-
-! ?entru a cere i a da sfaturi!
%o ,ou t)inB $ should )ave m, )air cut s)ortS
iBe ought to see a doctor if it )urts so muc)-
2! $u referire la ceea ce consider c este corect sau incorect din punct de vedere moral!
@e should all )elp t)e poor-
People oughtn*t to treat animals badl,- T)e, belong )ere, too-
D! $u referire la o EntCmplare probabil!
$All prepare dinner tonig)t- $ should be )ome Zuite earl,-
$ told )im several times, so )e ought to remember-
K! $u o construc3ie perfect pentru a face referire la ceva ce urma s se petreac En trecut( dar nu s5a
petrecut! Sau cu referire la ceva ce a constituit o greeal!
T)e plane should have arrived at seven oAclocB, but it ?as dela,ed because of fog-
ic)ael FacBson ought to have started )is tour last nig)t, but )e ?as taBen ill-
71erci3ii:
<2
1- ( replicat c trebuie s aib gri# de silueta ei- 4- >u tiam c trebuie s pltesc amend dac.mi parc)ez
maina aici- =- >u se poate s nu stai la masR <- >eaprat s.mi ari roc)ia ta cea nouR E- E precis la birou,
complet5nd formulare, cum face zilnic- 9- >u.l vd pe aici, trebuie c #oac basc)et pe undeva- 7- >u e
acas, precis colind strzile i t5rguiete cu )rnicie- 6- Se vede c cicatricea a fost o ran grav mai de
mult- 2- Se vede c studia la bibliotec atunci c5nd 'l cutai- 1H- "opiii nu trebuie s vorbeasc cu primarul
c5nd e ocupat- 11- ( trebuit s ascult de dou ore vorbele lui suprtoare, dar n.am de g5nd s mai tolerez
acest lucru- 14- &uncionarul declar c a trebuit s vorbeasc cu nevasta lui despre sc)imbarea slu#bei,
fiindc 'nt5rziase de prea multe ori- 1=- E nevoie s vin azi la bibliotec, ori poate atepta p5n m5ineS 1<-
>u era nevoie s vin aa de cur5nd, puteam atepta- 1E- >u era nevoie s cumpere ea plria, avea el de
g5nd s i.o cumpere-
1- /ectorul medit unde s.i in urmtoarea prelegere- 4- Pianistului i.ar fi plcut s i se spun ce s c5nte-
=- "5ntreaa de oper nu tia a cui ofert s.o accepte- <- &otograful vru s tie dac s fac una sau dou
fotografii- E- %e ce l.ai a#uta, dac nu te roagS 9- %ac s.ar 'nt5mpla s se 'nt5lneasc 'ntr.o cafenea, i.ar
vedea toi 'mpreun i oamenii ar 'ncepe s b5rfeasc- 7- (r trebui s 'i spun c era exact ce merita- 6- (r fi
trebuit s se logodeasc de mult, dar prinii ei s.au opus cstoriei- 2- (r fi trebuit s.i mrturiseti 'n cele
din urm c i.ai furat ceasul, fiindc nu vroiai s plece at5t de iute- 1H- Studenii ar fi trebuit s asculte
expunerea asear-
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
1- S)e retorted s)e must taBe care of )er figure- 4- $ did not Bno? $ must pa, a fine if $ parBed m, car )er- =-
0ut ,ou must sta, for dinnerR <- Gou must s)o? me ,our ne? dressR E- +e must be at )is office, fiiling in
forms, as )e does dail,- 9- $ do not see )im around, )e must be pla,ing basBetball some?)ere- 7- +e is not at
)ome, )e must be roaming t)e streets and s)opping ?it) industr,- 6- T)at scar must )ave been a bad in#ur, a
?)ile ago- 2- +e must )ave been stud,ing at t)e librar, ?)en ,ou ?ere looBing for )im- 1H- ")ildren must
not talB to t)e ma,or ?)en )e is bus,- 11- $ )ave )ad to listen to )is offensive ?ords for t?o )ours, but $ am
not going to put up ?it) it an, longer- 14- T)e officer stated t)at )e )ad )ad to talB to )is ?ife about
c)anging )is #ob because )e )ad been late too man, times- 1=- >eed )e come to t)e librar, toda, or can )e
?ait untill tomorro?S 1<- T)e, neednAt )ave come so soon, $ could )ave ?ited- 1E- S)e neednAt )ave boug)t
t)at )at, )e ?as going to bu, it for )er-
1- T)e lecturer meditated ?)ere )e s)ould deliver )is next lecture- 4- T)e pianist ?ould )ave liBed to be told
?)at )e s)ould pla,- =- T)e opera singer did not Bno? ?)ose offer s)e s)ould accept- <- T)e cameraman
?anted to Bno? if )e s)ould taBe one or t?o p)otograp)s- E- @), s)ould ,ou assist )im if )e does not asB
,ouS 9- $f t)e, s)ould meet in a caf^, ever,one ?ould see t)em toget)er and people ?ould start gossiping- 7-
$ oug)t to tell )im it ?as exactl, ?)at )e deserved- 6- T)e, oug)t to )ave been engaged long ago, but )er
parents ob#ected to t)eir marriage- 2- Gou oug)t to )ave confessed to )im eventuall, t)at ,ou )ad stollen )is
?atc) because ,ou did not ?ant )im to leave so soon- 1H- T)e students oug)t to )ave been listening to t)e
exposition last nig)t-
CI1. 4A=4A4#4V;9
=orm
&ormele principale de infinitiv suntK
4nfinitiv prezent to ?orB
4nfinitiv prezent continuu to be ?orBing
4nfinitiv perfect to )ave ?orBed
4nfinitiv perfect continuu to )ave been ?orBing
4nfinitiv pasiv to be ?orBed
;tilizare: 4nfinitivul cu #6
4nfinitivul cu to se poate folosi caK
EH
=. Subiect
9o leave t)e front door unlocBed is risB,-
%ar este mai folosit propoziia care 'ncepe cu itK
4t is risB, to leave t)e front door unlocBed-
>. complement
principalele verbe urmate de infinitiv cu toK
agree+ appear+ arrange+ as&+ attempt+ be about+ care choose+ consent+ decide+ do one*s best+ decline+ demand+
e(pect+ fail+ forget+ happen+ hate+ hope+ hurry+ learn+ li&e+ love+ manage+ mean1intend+ neglect+ offer+ plan+
prefer+ prepare+ pretend+ promise+ prove+ refuse+ remember+ seem+ tend+ try+ turn out+ volunteer+ )ant+ be able
to afford+ ma&e up one*s mind
T)e couple appears to be )app,-
$ can*t afford to study abroad-
S)e refused to go ?it) )im-
Aot
;nele verbe li*e, love, ,ate, prefer, care, mean, intend pot fi urmate de infinitivul cu to i de forma 'n
Bing-
S)e liBes to s&ate-
S)e liBes s&ating-
*ri condiionalul
,*d love to see Eve-
%ould you prefer to do it no?S
#,atG s,ould (be) este o construcie care poate urma i dup agree, arrange, as*, decide, demand-
T)e girls agreed to organize a part,-
T)e girls agreed that they should organize a part,-
T)e girls agreed that a part, should be organized-
4nfinitivul continuu urmeaz adesea dup appear, ,appen, pretend, seem-
$t seems to be raining-
T)e c)ildren pretended to be hiding-
?. pentru a e1prima scopul:
T)e dog buried t)e bone to )ide it-
In #!de! i s# as pot fi folosite pentru a sublinia scopul:
att is memorizing t)e rules in order to pass t)e test-
@e cut t)e )edge so as to improve t)e vie?-
?entru a e1prima scopul sau func3ia unui obiect( folosi3i infiniti%ul cu DE sau f#! 5 "ing
+e used t)e scissors to cut t)e rope-
+e used t)e scissors for cutting t)e rope-
Aot
"5nd dou subiecte diferite fac necesar folosirea unei subordonate, folosii so t,at pentru a introduce
subordonata i a exprima scopul-
$ deposited t)e mone, in t)e banB so that m, son can use it in later ,ears-
Aot
Pentru a exprima nega3ia punei not 'naintea infinitivului cu #6-
+e ran in order not to be late-
Aot
&olosii and O'n loc de #6P pentru a exprima scopul dup go sau come-
@e s)ould go and bu, some milB-
"ome and visit usR
@. dup un verb urmat de '#w( w'at( w'en( w'e!e( w'&!
Principalele verbe suntK as&+ decide+ discover+ find out+ forget+ &no)+ see+ learn+ remember+ understand+
thin&+ )onder
E1
@e ?ondered ho) to do it-
$ couldnAt decide )hat to )ear-
Aot
:,et,er F infinitiv cu to poate fi folositK
%up )onder i &no)-
(lex ?ondered )hether to &noc& or ?ait outside-
%up formele interogative i negative ale verbelor decide, &no), remember-
%id ,ou finall, decide )hether to go camping or notS
A. dup un verb urmat de complement
verbele principale suntK advise+ allo)+ command+ enable+ encourage+ forbid+ e(pect+ force+ invite+ oblige+
order+ permit+ persuade+ remind+ re3uest+ teach+ tell+ li&e+ help+ )ant
Ton, advised me to finish t)e #ob ZuicBl,-
@e invited our friends to s&i ?it) us-
Aot
4nfinitivul cu to poate 'nlocui o propoziie relativK
%up the only, the last, the first, the second etc-
Foe ?as the first to board t)e submarine- OU Foe a fost primul care s.a 'mbarcat pe submarin-P
%up substantive T pronume, pentru a arta care le este utilizarea-
$ need a pot to ma&e a tea- OU (m nevoie de un ibric 'n care s pot face ceai-P
Aot
4emind, teach i tell pot fi i ele urmate de t,atK
+e reminded Sue to come on time-
+e reminded Sue that s)e )ad to Ts)ould come on time-
%ar tell 'i sc)imb sensul 'n funcie de construcieK
Tod told her to stop- U Tod ordered )er to stop-
Tod told her that t)e ?ater ?as boiling- U Tod informed )er t)at t)e ?ater ?as boiling-
B. dup pasivul verbelor assume( (elie%e( c#nside!( feel( kn#w( unde!stand( supp#se
T)e, are assumed to be fair pla,ers-
(ceste verbe pot fi urmate de complement F infinitiv cu #6 i de t,atK
+e assumes them to be fair pla,ers-
+e assumes that they are fair pla,ers-
Aot
Suppose ii poate sc)imba sensul la pasivK
Gou a!e supp#sed t#7 'nseamn #ste datoria ta s/
C. dup anumite substantive
principalele verbe suntK ability1inability+ ambition+ decision+ demand+ desire+ determination+ effort+
failure+ offer+ plan+ promise+ refusal+ )ish
@e made our )ish to help t)em Zuite obvious-
+illar,As failure to pass t)e exam disappointed t)em-
D. dup anumite ad'ective
principalele ad#ective suntK cruel+ good+ rude+ an(ious+ glad+ &ind+ nice+ pleased+ surprised+ easy+
difficult+ li&ely+ prepared+ ready+ late+ early
S)e ?as pleased to hear from us-
Gou are li&ely to meet t)em-
Aot
:n construciile cu it, of F pronumeQsubstantiv, urmeaz adesea dup ad#ectiv-
E4
$t ?as nice of you to come-
$t ?as rude of the man to slam t)e door-
E. dup t## 5 ad.ecti%Aad%e!( i dup ad.ecti%Aad%e!( 5 en#ug' i dup 'a%e 5 en#ug' 5 su(stanti%
T)e soup ?as too hot to eat-
T)e ?ater ?asnAt )arm enough to s)im in-
@e didnAt )ave enough time to finish t)e test-
Aot
=or F substantivQpronume pot fi introduse 'n faa infinitivuluiK
+e ran too fast for us to follo?-
4nfinitivul fr #6
4nfinitivul fr #6 poate fi folosit dupK
1. verbe modale
may+ can+ must+ shall+ should+ )ill+ )ould
@e may come tomorro?-
2. feel( see( 'ea!( watc'( let la forma activ
"laire heard )im cough-
Aot
&orma 'n " ing se folosete adesea dup feel, see, hear, )atch Oat5t forme active c5t i pasiveP
"laire heard )im coughing- T +e ?as heard coughing-
3. 'ad (ette! i w#uld !at'e!
%an had better study )arder-
4. make
T)e teac)er made Ellen correct )er errors-
Aot
/a forma pasiv ma&e este urmat de infinitiv cu T*K
Ellen )as made to correct )er errors Ob, t)e teac)erP-
5. (ut sau except
FacB and Caren do not)ing but argue-
$Ave done it all e(cept do t)e calculations-
6. w'& sau w'& n#t
%hy )aste ,our energ, on suc) a )opeless causeS
%hy not go and asB )im no?S
7. folosi3i infinitivul perfect fr to:
"u must pentru a exprima deducii pozitive 'n trecutK
T)ereAs (lAs cap- +e must have come )ome-
"u canHtQcouldnHt pentru a exprima deducii negative 'n trecutK
$ can )ear noise- T)e, can*t have gone to bed ,et-
71erci3ii:
1- ( fost vzut cum fur batista unei btr5ne- 4- Se tie c a 'mbl5nzit o cprioar- =- Se pare c i s.a terminat
za)rul- <- S.a dovedit c )oul a spus adevrul- E- >.a vrea s fi plecat singur de acas- 9- :i ordon s pleci
c)iar acum- 7- "red c s.a mritat de mult- 6- (tept s pleci- 2- Se zice c s.a 'ntors din strintate- 1H- $ s.a
E=
ordonat s uite tot ce a vzut- 11- %in 'nt5mplare 'nc n.a sosit- 14- "u cine se zice c seamnS 1=- %e ce se
zice c e )oS
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
1- +e ?as seen to steal an old lad,As )andBerc)ief- 4- S)e is Bno?n to )ave tamed a deer- =- +e seems to
)ave run out of sugar- <- T)e t)ief turned out to )ave told t)e trut)- E- $ s)ould not liBe )im to )ave left alone-
9- $ order ,ou to leave rig)t no?- 7- $ t)inB )er to )ave got married long ago- 6- $ am ?aiting for ,ou to leave-
2- +e is said to )ave returned from abroad- 1H- +e ?as ordered to forget ever,t)ing )e )ad seen- 11- +e
)appens not to )ave arrived ,et- 14- @)om is s)e said to looB liBeS 1=- @), is )e said to be a t)iefS
C1. =6@>797 OA B 4AG (?articipiul i Gerund5ul)
%in punct de vedere gramatical, forma En Bing poate fi sau un gerund sau un participiu- :n ambele cazuri,
forma este aceeai-
=orm: forma En Bing regulat se obine adug5nd Bing infinitivului fr #6- Ogo goingP
G7@;A"
3erund.ul poate fi folosit caK
! subiect
Smo&ing is dangerous for ,our )ealt)-
-! complement
Emil, loves teaching-
2! interdic3ii scurte
>o fishing-
D! dup prepozi3ii
Verbele care urmeaz dup prepozi3ii trebuie s fie la f#!ma n ing
&rancis is interested in learning Polis)-
$ am sorr, for hurting ,our feelings-
Verbele care urmeaz dup verbele comple1e cu prepozi3ie sunt de obicei la f#!ma n "ing
, fat)er )as #ust given up smoBing-
$ am loo&ing for)ard to seeing ,ou soon-
"ar
unele verbe comple1e cu prepozi3ie pot fi urmate de infinitiv
T)e researc)er set out to prove )is t)eor,-
Aot
"uv5ntul #6 este o surs de confuzii- ;neori to este o prepoziie urmat de ing- (lteori to intoduce un
infinitiv complet-
Cevin looBed for?ard to seeing )er-
Cevin ?anted to see )er-
$ am used to stud,ing until late- U $ am accustomed to stud,ing late-
$ used to stud, until late- U $ al?a,s studied until late-
K! dup anumite verbe i e1presii
Principalele verbe i expresii suntK admit+ avoid+ delay+ detest+ enjoy+ finish+ imagine+ mind+ miss+ postpone+
practise+ remember+ resist+ stop+ can*t stand+ can*t help+ be )orth+ be busy+ be no good+ be no use+ deny+ &eep+
ris&
%id ,ou mind selling ,our )ouseS
$ missed listening to )er pla, t)e piano-
@e stopped studying in t)e summer-
Aot
>otai diferena dintreK
+e !emem(e!ed w!iting to us- U :i amintea c ne.a scris-
E<
T)e, !emem(e!ed t# w!ite to us- U >u au uitat s ne scrie-
+e st#pped eating- U El a terminat de m5ncat-
+e st#pped t# eat- U S.a oprit din alte treburi ca s mn5nce-
Aot
:dmit, den&, !emem(e! primesc i pe t,atK
T)e, remembered that t)e, )ad sent us t)e bill-
Aot
2ate, like, l#%e, p!efe! pot primi infinitiv F to-
$ love dancing- U $ love to dance-
%ar la condiional ele primesc de obicei infinitiv cu toK
$Ad love to dance-
L! dup anumite verbe F ad'ectiv posesivQ complement pronominal
Principalele verbe suntK disli&e+ dread+ mind+ remember+ resent+ stop+ understand+ object to+ appreciate+
e(cuse+ forgive+ prevent+ FdisGapprove of
$ donAt mind his1him staying ?it) us-
$ trul, appreciate their1them being so )ospitable-
;tilizarea ad#ectivului posesiv este mai formalK
T)e committee resented 'is being so franB-
;tilizarea complementului pronominal este mai rsp5ndit 'n engleza vorbitK
$ certainl, understand 'im getting upset-
Aot
$at c5teva modificri ortograficeK
! "ispare Be final!
/ive living
3ive giving
"ar nu pentru:
0e being
(ge ageing
%,e d,eing
3lue glueing
-! =inala En Bie se sc,imb En By!
%ie d,ing
/ie l,ing
2! Se dubleaz consoana final!
Stop stopping
Travel travelling
0egin beginning
"ar nu i pentru:
Iead reading
Peel peeling
Suffer suffering
?.@#4$4?4;9
Participiul poate fi folositK
! la timpurile continue!
+e is )or&ing-
Gou )ere singing-
-! ca ad'ective!
annoying+ frightening+ depressing+ embarrassing+ rela(ing+ e(citing+ shoc&ing+ charming+ interesting+
boring
2! En substantive compuse!
a )ashing machine+ a diving board+ a se)ing &it+ a )al&ing stic&+ a fishing rod+ a gardening tool
EE
D! dup spend i waste (timp( bani( effort( energie)!
T)e, spent a fortune building t)at )ouse-
+e )asted all )is energ, getting t)at contract-
K! dup g# i c#me (activitate fizic)!
$Am coming shopping ?it) ,ou-
Eileen and Paul are going s)imming-
L! dup see( 'ea!( feel( listen t# ( n#tice( watc' F complement!
T)e entire famil, )atched 9im s&ating-
Aot
(celeai verbe pot fi urmate i de c#mplement 5 infiniti% fr DE-
+e heard the baby cry-
M! dup catc'( find( lea%e F complement!
T)e baBer caught the boy stealing rolls-
R! En locul subordonatelor:
.! En locul unei subordonate relative
@e ?atc)ed t)e bo, )or&ing- OU @e ?atc)ed t)e bo, )ho )as )or&ing-P
B! En locul subordonatelor!
cCnd dou ac3iuni se petrec la acelai moment En timp!
Smiling ?arml,, s)e s)ooB +ectorAs )and- OU S)e smiled ?arml, as s)e s)ooB +ectorAs )and-P
;earning to sBi, Sam broBe )is leg- OU @)ile Sam ?as learning to sBi, )e broBe )is leg-P
pentru a Enlocui o propozi3ie care Encepe cu since sau (ecause!
9hin&ing Foan ?as )onest, )e lent )er t)e mone,- OU 0ecause )e t)oug)t Foan ?as )onest, )e lent )er t)e
mone,-P
0eing curious, )e looBed t)roug) t)e Be,)ole- OU Since )e ?as curious, )e looBed t)roug) t)e Be,)ole-P
cCnd ac3iunea unei subordonate se petrece En mod clar Enainte de ac3iunea celeilalte subordonate se
folosete participiul perfect!
-aving got divorced once, (l decided not to marr, again- OU (fter )e )ad got divorced once, (l decided not
to marr, again-P
C1I. V7@B7 $.@7 ?@4>7S$ 4A=4A4#4V7 S.;
=6@>. OA B4AG
=orm: !erbele care urmeaz altor verbe au una din formeleK infinitiv F to sau forma En Bing-
!erbele se 'mpart 'n patru categorii principaleK
! Verbe care pot fi urmate numai de infinitiv F #6!
@e agreed to meet at noon-
-! Verbe care pot fi urmate numai de forma En Bing!
Gou ris& being late-
2! Verbe care pot fi urmate fie de un infiniti% 5 DE fie de f#!ma n ing fr a Enregistra o modificare
de sens!
$ see +arr, )as started to play golf again- OU 'n generalP
$ see +arr, )as started playing golf again- OU 'n general sau numai 'n momentul de faP
D! verbe care pot fi urmate de infiniti% 5 t# fie de f#!ma n ing dar cu o sc,imbare ma'or de sens!
$ forgot to go to t)e banB ,esterda,- OU >u m.am dusP
$ )ave forgotten going to t)e banB ,esterda,- OU >u.mi amintesc s fi fostP
;tilizare:
E9
! 4nfinitivul F to se folosete de obicei dupK afford+ agree+ appear+ arrange+ as&+ attempt+ decide+ e(pect+
fail+ help+ hope+ learn+ manage+ mean+ offer+ plan+ prepare+ pretend+ promise+ refuse+ seem+ tend+ threaten+
)ant+ )ish
$ canAt afford to buy a ne? car no?-
$ fail to see t)e point ,ou are maBing-
Aot
&orma negativ este not to F infinitiv-
"live @aston decided not to accept t)e ne? #ob offer-
Aot
%up ,elp, #6 este opional-
EmmaAs mot)er al?a,s )elps )er OtoP do )er )ome?orB-
%ar canHt ,elp 'nseamn Va nu putea evitaW i aici se folosete forma En Bing-
$ can*t help thin&ing about ?)at s)e said last nig)t-
Seem, appear i pretend pot primi i un infinitiv continuu Oto be doingP sau un infinitiv perfect Oto )ave
doneP-
0ill seems to be sleeping a lot latel,-
T)e criminal pretended to have lost )is memor,-
%up as&+ decide+ e(plain+ &no)+ remember+ forget+ understand urmate de cuvinte interogativeK ,o&, &,at,
&,en, &,ic,, &,ere, &,et,er etc-
$ donAt Bno? ho) to get to t)e cat)edral from )ere-
T)e teac)er ?ill explain )hat to do tomorro?-
%up as&+ enable+ force+ get+ invite+ order+ persuade+ remind+ teach+ tell+ )arn F complement-
"an ,ou as& them to leave, pleaseS
$ persuaded Jane to come )iBing ?it) me tomorro?-
%up make 'n propoziii pasive-
@)en $ ?as at sc)ool, $ ?as made to ?ear a uniform-
-! =orma En Bing este de obicei folosit dupK admit+ avoid+ consider+ delay+ deny+ disli&e+ enjoy+ fancy+ feel
li&e+ finish+ give up+ imagine+ involve+ &eep on+ mind+ miss+ postpone+ practise+ ris&+ stand FHbearG+
suggest+ mention+ recall+ regret
+e admitted stealing t)e #e?els-
+ave ,ou considered moving abroadS
Aot
&orma negativ esteK not F 5ing
$ en#o, not having to ?orB-
Aot
&orma pasiv este posibil i cu being F participiu trecut-
+elen en#o,s being involved in t)e local comunit,-
!erbe caK admit+ deny+ mention+ recall+ regret pot primiK ,aving F participiu trecut cu referire la aciuni
finalizate 'n trecut-
Tom no? regrets having moved to Paris-
Aot
%upK admit+ deny+ regret+ suggest se poate folosi i t,at-
Sam denied that he had shot )is ?ife-
Sau
Sam denied shooting )is ?ife-
%up verbe complexeK carry on+ end up+ give up+ go round+ &eep on+ put off+ set about
E7
Gou carry on thin&ing ?)ile $ eat m, lunc)-
&ranB is al?a,s tr,ing )ard to give up smo&ing-
2! Se pot folosi at5t infinitivul F #6 c5t i forma En Bing fr diferene de sens dup verbeleK begin+
continue+ hate+ li&e+ love+ prefer+ start
$ began to play sZuas) t)ree ,ears ago-
$ began playing sZuas) t)ree ,ears ago-
orris loves to drive fast cars-
orris loves driving fast cars-
D! 4nfinitivul F to sau forma En Bing au sensuri foarte diferite dupK remember+ forget+ try+ stop+ go on+
regret
+ave ,ou forgotten posting t)at letterS OU (i trimis.o dar nu.i amintetiP
+ave ,ou forgotten to post t)at letterS OU >u ai trimis.oSP
$ stopped smo&ing cigarettes because t)e, ?ere bad for me- OU >u mai fumezP
$ stopped to smo&e a cigarette- OU .am oprit i am fumat o igarP
71erci3ii:
?une3i verbele din parantez fie la infinitiv fie la gerund:
1- +e used OdanceP a lot but )e )asnAt )ad an, opportunit, of OdoP is since )e began OprepareP for t)e entrance
examination- 4- T)e, ?ere used to OliveP alone, so t)e, didnAt reall, mind t)e lonel, life t)e, led on t)e
moon- =- $ liBe OsBateP and OsBiP, but it is ver, difficult for me Osa,P ?)ic) $ liBe better- <- @e got tired of
O?aitP for )im OcomeP and eventuall, decided OgoP out ?it)out OleaveP an, notice to )im- E- $ remember
O)earP )er Osa,P t)e flo?ers needed O?aterP- 9- @e )ig)l, appreciate O,ou, ?antP O)elpP our son, but itAs time
)e began OdoP )is )om?orB b, )imself- 7- @e donAt remember O,ou, sa,P before t)at Fo)n ?anted Obu,P our
car- 6- $ ?onder ?), )e )ated O$, smoBeP at t)e office since )e often en#o,s OsmoBeP a cigarette )imself- 2- $t
is no use O,ou, asBP me OinsistP on OiBe, comeP in time as )e canAt get rid of )is bad )abit; )e often tried
ObeP punctual but )e al?a,s failed- 1H- @)erever $ set to ?orB, $ recollect Om, fat)er, sa,P t)at if a #ob is
?ort) OdoP at all it is ?ort) OdoP ?ell-
#raduce3i En limba englez urmtoarele propozi3ii folosind Gerund5ul:
1- !ara florile au nevoie de ap Ode a fi udateP 'n fiecare zi- 4- :mi face mult plcere s.i accept invitaia
deoarece ea 'ntotdeauna reuete s gteasc m5ncruri foarte gustoase- =- $ertai.m c v deran#ez, avei
cumva un c)ibritS <- :mi place s mn5nc 'ng)eat c)iar c5nd e frig- E- ! deran#eaz dac desc)id fereastra
pentru c5teva minuteS E un aer foarte inc)is aici- 9- >.are nici un rost s pleci miercuri, se ateapt ca tu s
fii acolo s5mbt- 7- (u insistat s le scriu 'n fiecare zi, dar asta m exaspereaz deoarece mie nu.mi place s
scriu scrisori- 6- Ei au refuzat s ne permit s intrm fr a cumpra bilete, dei fusesem invitai la premier-
2- ( trebuit s ne am5nm plecarea pentru c Fane era bolnav- 1H- >u.mi place ca cineva s se uite la mine
c5nd 'ncerc s 'nv a merge pe biciclet-
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
1- To dance, doing, to prepare 4- /iving =- SBating, sBiing, to sa, <- @aiting, to come, to go, leaving E-
+earing, sa, Osa,ingP, ?atering 9- Gour T ,ou ?anting, to )elp, doing 7- Gour T ,ou )aving said, to bu, 6-
, T me smoBing, smoBing 2- Gour T ,ou asBing, to insist, iBeAs T iBe coming, to be 1H- , fat)er sa,ing,
doing, doing
1- $n summer flo?ers need ?atering ever, da,- 4- $ am ver, pleased to accept )er invitation as )e al?a,s
succeeds in cooBing ver, tast, dis)es- =- &orgive m, bot)ering ,ou, do ,ou )appen to )ave a matc)S <- $
en#o, eating ice.cream even ?)en it is cold- E- %o ,ou mind m, opening t)e ?indo? for a fe? minutesS $tAs
E6
ver, stuff, in )ere- 9- T)ere is no need for ,our leaving on @ednesda,, ,ou are expected t)ere OonP Saturda,-
7- T)e, insisted on m, ?riting to t)em ever, da,, but it puts me beside m,self because $ )ate ?riting letters-
6- T)e, refused to let us in ?it)out bu,ing ticBets alt)oug) ?e )ad been invited to t)e first nig)t- 2- @e )ad
to dela, our departure because of FaneAs being ill- 1H- $ disliBe being looBed at ?)ile attempting to learn )o?
to ride a bic,cle-

C1II. V7@B7 $6>?97X7
;n verb complex este o combinaie 'ntre un verb Y prepoziie T particul adverbial-
Sensul unui verb complex fie nu are legtur cu elementele componente luate separat, fie este rezultatul
elementelor componente Overb Y prepoziieTadverbP luate ca 'ntreg-
!erbele complexe pot fi 'mpite 'nK
! Verb F prepozi3ie
Verb F prepozi3ie F complement prepozi3ional
@e apologise for an, inconvenience caused b, t)e dela,-
Verb F prepozi3ie F V G ing
T)e, succeeded in boosting pre.tax profits-
Aot
"5nd verbele complexe sunt urmate de un verb, acest verb este de obicei la forma n "ing-
Aot
>u folosim prepoziii dup urmtoarele verbeK
ans)er+ as&+ call+ phone+ ring+ discuss+ enter+ meet+ reach+ suit+ tell
Aot
71emple de verbe F prepozi3ie:
ag!ee t# somethingI ag!ee wit' somebody1somethingI all#w f#! somethingI am#unt f#! somethingI
ap#l#gise f#! somethingI appl& f#! somethingI app!#%e #f somebody1somethingI attend t#
somebody1somethingI c#mplain Ft# somebodyG a(#ut somebody1something, c#nf#!m t# somethingI c#nsent
t# somethingI c#nsist #f somethingI depend #n somethingI 'ea! a(#ut somethingI 'ea! f!#m somebodyI
'#pe f#! something, insist #n somethingI l##k at somebody1somethingI l##k f#! somebody1somethingI l##k
f#!wa!d t# somethingI pa& FsomebodyG f#! somethingI !efe! t# somethingI !el& #n somebody1somethingI
succeed in somethingI t'ink a(#ut something FH concentrate onGI t'ink #f something FH considerGI wait f#!
somebody1something
-! Verb F complement F prepozi3ie
1e!( 5 c#mplement 5 p!ep#/iie 5 c#mplement p!ep#/ii#nal
Protect us from unfair competition
1e!( 5 c#mplement 5 p!ep#/iie 5 17 ing
Prevent us from entering t)e Fapanese marBet-
Aot
Prepoziia from se folosete dup verbe care exprim refuzulK prohibit+ restrain+ forbid+ prevent+ ban+ veto+
stop
T)e, prevented us from exporting t)e goods-
Aot
%up verbe care exprim acceptul se folosete complement F infinitivK allo)+ authorise+ help+ permit+
enable+ encourage
T)e, helped us to e(port t)e goods-
Aot
71emple de verbe F complement F prepozi3ie:
accuse s#me(#d& #f somethingI ad%ise s#me(#d& #fAa(#ut something, c#mpa!e s#me(#d&As#met'ing wit'
somebody1somethingI c#ng!atulate s#me(#d& #n somethingI c#n%ince s#me(#d& #f somethingI desc!i(e
s#met'ing t# somebodyI di%ideAcutAsplit s#met'ing int# somethingI d# s#met'ing a(#ut
E2
somebody1somethingI explain s#met'ing t# somebodyI inte!est s#me(#d& in somethingI p!efe!
s#me(#d&As#met'ing t# somebody1somethingI p!e%ent s#me(#d&As#met'ing f!#m somebody1somethingI
p!#tect s#me(#d&As#met'ing f!#m somebody1somethingI p!#%ide s#me(#d& wit' s#met'ingI !emind
s#me(#d& #f somethingI spend m#ne& #n somethingI tell s#me(#d& a(#ut something
2! Verb F adverb (p,rasal verb)
1e!( 5 ad%e!( 5 c#mplement 5 !estul p!#p#/iiei
&ill in t)is form in duplicate
Turn up earl, at t)e stand
Aot
"ele mai frecvente adverbe folosite suntK about+ along+ a)ay+ bac&+ do)n+ for)ard+ in+ off+ on+ out+ over+
round+ through+ up
Aot
;nele dintre phrasal verbs 'i pstreaz sensul individual al verbului Y cel al adverbuluiK
$Ave brought bac& t)e plans- @ould ,ou liBe to see t)emS
(lte phrasal verbs au un sens diferit de cel al elementelor componenteK
+e made up a ?onderful stor, about )is adventures in Iotaronga- OmaBe up U inventP
Aot
71emple de ?,rasal verbs:
M!eak d#wn Fstop )or&ingGI (!ing a(#ut FcauseGI call #ff FcancelGI call !#und FvisitGI cl#se d#wn Fstop the
operations ofGI c#me al#ng FcomeGI fill in Fcomplete by )riting in relevant informationGI find #ut
FdiscoverGI l##k #%e! Fe(amine 3uic&lyGI make up FinventGI m#%e in Fta&e possesssion of ne) premisesGI put
#n Fturn onGI send (ack FreturnGI speak up Fspea& louderGI speed up Fma&e fasterGI t'!#w awa&I tu!n d#wn
FrejectGI tu!n up FarriveGI walk t'!#ug'I w!ite d#wn
71erci3ii:
#raduce3i En limba englez folosind get ca p,rasal verb:
1- Tom promise c se va apuca serios de treab dar numai 'ncep5nd de lunea viitoare- 4- _terge.o- %egeaba
'ncerci s m cucere!ti- =- %e c5nd i s.a publicat lucrarea nu 'i mai 'ncape 'n piele de m5ndrie- <- _i.a dat
seama c nu po'i rmne nedescoperit c5nd faci o crim- E- i scpat ieftinR 9- _tie cum sJo ia pe mtua ei
i s.o fac s.i cumpere tot ce.i dorete-
#raduce3i En limba englez folosind gi%e i ca!!& ca p,rasal verb:
1- Talentatul scriitor a luat premiul pentru literatur- 4- _tie s vorbeasc fr s se trdeze cu nimic- =-
fost scos din fire de obrznicia cu care 'i replica putiul- <- &usese prea sigur c norocul nuJl va prsi- E-
(ceast fereastr d spre malul mrii-
#raduce3i En limba englez folosind l##k ca p,rasal verb:
1- !a trebui s te descurci fr s te ngrijeasc 7ary- 4- !tept cu nerbdare s.mi spui c ai e(aminat
c)estiunea cu gri#- =- (cum treburile lui promit s mearg mai bine- <- 9reci s m vezi m5ine dup ora
cinci-
#raduce3i En limba englez folosind make i (e ca p,rasal verb:
1- "ei doi veri nu se mpac deloc bine- 4- _tiu c nu e perfect, dar calitile lui 'i compenseaz lipsurile- =-
>u 'i pot descrifa scrisul, e prea necite- <- ;ucrm numai cu materialul clientului- E- &ilmul acesta ruleaz
de o lun, trebuie s fie bun- 9- -ai s ne mpcamR
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
9H
Q 1- Tom promised to get do?n to ?orB but onl, beginning ?it) next onda,- 4- 3et along ?it) ,ouR Gou
are tr,ing in vain to get round me- =- Since )e )ad )is ?orB publis)ed )e )as simpl, got above )imself- <- +e
realized one canAt get a?a, ?it) crime- E- Gou got off c)eapl,R 9- S)e Bno?s )o? to get round )er aunt and
maBe )er bu, )er ?)atever s)e ?is)es-
Q 1- T)e gifted ?riter carried off t)e Prize for /iterature- 4- +e Bno?s )o? to talB ?it)out giving )imself
a?a, at all- =- +e ?as carried a?a, b, t)e impudence of t)e urc)inAs retorts- <- +e )ad been too sure )is lucB
?ould not give out- E- T)is ?indo? gives on OtoP t)e seas)ore-
Q 1- GouAll )ave to manage ?it)out ar, looBing after ,ou- 4- $Am looBing for?ard to ,our telling me ,ouAve
looBed into t)e matter carefull,- =- +is affairs seem to be looBing up- <- /ooB me up tomorro? after five
oAclocB-
Q 1- T)e t?o cousins donAt get on ?ell at all- 4- $ Bno? )e is not perfect but )is Zualities maBe up for )is
defects- =- $ cannot maBe out ,our )and ?riting, it is reall, illegible- <- *nl, customersA materials made up
)ere- E- T)is film )as been on for a mont); it must be a good one- 9- /etAs maBe it upR
C1III. V6@B4@7. 4A"4@7$#W
!orbirea indirect se folosete pentru a relata cuvintele unei alte persoane- Principalele categorii ale vorbirii
indirecte suntK afirmaii, interogaii, comenzi-
!orbirea indirect poate avea dou formeK
! 6 propozi3ie principal cu un verb al relatrii F o propozi3ie subordonat
T)e, say t'at )e )ill receive the confirmation ne(t )ee&.
-! o propozi3ie principal cu un verb al relatrii F un infinitiv cu #o
T)e, as&ed us to send confirmation as soon as possible-
Iegula de baz pentru a determina timpul verbal din subordonat este dup cum urmeazK
"ac %e!(ul !elat$!ii este la: On vorbirea indirect:
Prezent
!iitor nici o sc)imbare
Prezent perfect
"ac %e!(ul !elat$!ii este la: On Vorbirea indirect:
Trecut present XX- past
Trecut perfect past XX--- past T past perfect
present perfectX-past perfect
?ill XXX-- ?ould
Aot
"ondiionalele de tipul $$ i $$$ nu se modific 'n vorbirea indirect- "ondiionala de tipul $ se modific 'ntr.
una de tipul $$-
Fo saidK V$f $ listen, $ )ill learn-W
Fo said t)at if )e listened, )e )ould learn-
Verbele modale se modific astfelK
"an could; ma, mig)t; ?ill ?ould; s)all s)ould; must mustT)ad to; could could; mig)t mig)t;
s)ould s)ould; oug)t to oug)t to; ?ould ?ould; used to used to
?ronumele i ad'ectivele se modific astfelK
91
Vorbirea direct Vorbirea indirect
$ T ,ou )e T s)e
@e T ,ou t)e,
e T ,ou )im T )er
;s T ,ou t)em
, T mine )is )er T )is )ers
Gour m, )is )er our t)eir
Gours mine )is )ers ours t)eirs
*ur T ours t)eir T t)eirs
T)is T t)ese t)at T t)ose
Aot
"5nd vorbitorul 'i relateaz propriul discurs, pronumele i ad#ectivele rm5n nesc)imbate-
$ saidK V4 am angr,-W $ said t)at 4 ?as angr,-
.dverbele i expresiile adverbiale se modific astfelK
Vorbirea direct Vorbirea indirect
+ere t)ere, in t)at place
>o? t)en, at t)at time
Toda, t)at da,
Gesterda, t)e da, before
T)e da, before ,esterda, t?o da,s before
Tomorro? t)e da, after
T)e da, after tomorro? in t?o da,s
(n )ourT?eeBTmont) ago an )ourT?eeBTmont) before
>ext ?eeBT,ear t)e follo?ing ?eeBT,ear
/ast ?eeBTmont) a ?eeBTmont) before
Aot
Principalele verbe ale vorbirii indirecte sunt say i tell-
9ell cere persoana cu care se vorbete
Say poate funciona singur sau poate primi to Y persoana cu care se vorbeteK
Tom told us t)at )e ?as leaving-
Tom said t)at )e ?as leaving-
Tom said to us t)at )e ?as leaving-
(lte verbe ale vorbirii indirecte pot fiK
accept+ add+ admit+ affirm+ agree+ allege+ announce+ ans)er+ apologieze+ argue+ assert+ claim+ comment+
communicate+ convey+ declare+ demonstrate+ disclose+ divulge+ emphasise+ e(plain+ highlight+ imply+ indicate+
inform+ maintain+ notify+ object+ offer+ promise+ protest+ prove+ recount+ refuse+ remar&+ reply+ report+ restate+
reveal+ sho)+ state+ stress+ suggest+ transmit
4nteroga3ii
Topica verbelor interogative 'n interogaia direct se modific 'n interogaia indirect devenind topica
verbelor afirmative
$ asBedK W@)o did she go ?it)SW
$ asBed ?)o she had gone ?it)-
Exist dou tipuri de 'ntrebri directeK 0'"@uesti#ns i &esAn# @uesti#ns-
:n vorbirea indirect se menin cuvintele interogative cu %hJ
%hen exactl, ?ill ,ou be in PolandS
+e asBed )hen exactl, $ ?ould be in Poland-
Pentru ntrebrile cu yes1no, folosim if i &,et,erK
%oes ,our compan, provide investment adviceS
94
S)e asBed if1)hether our compan, provided investment advice-
Aot
!erbe ale relatrii utilizate pentru 'ntrebriK as&+ demand+ e(amine+ in3uire+ investigate+ 3uery+ 3uestion
$omenzi( cerin3e( sfaturi
:n vorbirea indirect verbul de la imperativ se tranform 'n verb urmat de c#mplement 5 infiniti%ul cu DE
+e saidK V"laire, stand upRW
+e told 2laire to stand up-
Pentru o comand negativ, forma indirect primete pe >*T 'naintea infinitivului
0arbara saidK V%onAt touc)RW
0arbara asBed meTus n#t t# touc)-
")iar dac 'n comanda direct nu este menionat complementul, la forma indirect este necesar un
complement pronominalR
+e saidK VStand upRW +e told her1him1us to stand up-
Aot
!erbele relatrii folosite pentru comenzi, cerine, sfaturi suntK as&+ beg+ brief+ call for+ command+ direct+
implore+ instruct+ invite+ press+ re3uest+ re3uire+ tell+ urge
Aot
(lte verbe folosite 'n vorbirea indirect- ;nele dintre aceste verbe cer o propoziie subordonat O1P, altele un
infinitiv cu To O4P, iar altele cer ambele varianteO1,4PK
convince F=+>G+ encourage F=+>G+ entreat F>G+ indoctrinate F>G+ invite F>G+ motivate F>G+ persuade F=+>G+
threaten F>G+ urge F=+>G+ )arn F=+>G
71erci3ii:
;rmtoarele propozi3ii sunt En vorbirea direct:
%onAt ?ait for me if $Am late-
@ill ,ou marr, meS
+urr, upR
"an ,ou open ,our bag, pleaseS
Please slo? do?nR
%onAt ?orr,, Sue-
ind ,our o?n business-
"ould ,ou repeat ?)at ,ou said, pleaseS
%o ,ou t)inB ,ou could give me a )and, TomS
.lege3i una dintre aceste propozi3ii pentu a completa propozi3iile de mai 'os! =olosi3i vorbirea
indirect:
1- 0ill ?as talBing a long time to get read,, so X-
4- Sara) ?as driving too fast, so $ asBed X-
=- Sue ?as ver, pessimistic about t)e situation- $ told X
<- $ couldnAt move t)e piano alone, so $ X
E- T)e customs officer looBed at me suspiciousl, and X
9- $ )ad difficult, understanding )im, so $ X
7- $ didnAt ?ant to dela, (nn, so $ X
6- Fo)n ?as ver, muc) in love ?it) ar,, so )e X
2- +e started asBing me personal Zuestions, so X
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
So $ told )im to )urr, up-
So $ asBed )er to slo? do?n-
$ told )er not to ?orr,-
So $ asBed Tom to give me a )and-
9=
(nd asBed me to open m, bag-
So $ asBed )im to repeat ?)at )e )ad said-
So $ told )er not to ?ait for me if $ ?as late-
So )e asBed )er to marr, )im-
So $ told )im to mind )is o?n business-
CIC. ?@7?6V4Y44 Z4 $6AU;A$Y44
?repozi3iile sunt 'n mod normal aezate 'n faa substantivelor sau pronumelor i dup verbe- Ele pot de
asemenea preceda verbele 'n ing-
Exist puine reguli referitoare la prepoziiile limbii engleze- &oarte adesea utilizarea lor trebuie 'nvat pe
dinafar- Prepoziiile creeaz probleme considerabile celor care 'nva engleza deoarece o anume propoziie
care 'n propria sa limb va cere o anumit prepoziie va avea 'n englez o alt prepoziie-
?repozi3ii de micare
1. Ki)ca!e n susAn .#s
"o&n (to) up (to) on (to) off
"o&n: o micare 'n #os sau scdere a respectului statutului-
Sam broBe )is arm ?)en )e fell do)n t)e slope-
T)e "onservative 3overnment ?ent do)n at t)e last elections
"o&n to: o micare ctre sud-
$ ?as sta,ing in Paris but $ ?ent do)n to >ice to visit an old friend of mine-
;p: o micare 'n sus sau a dob5ndi respect social-
>ext doorAs cat al?a,s climbs up a tree to )ide ?)enever it )ears our dog barB-
%r- 0arnard ?ent up in peopleAs estimation ?)en )e performed t)e first )eart operation-
;p to: o micare ctre nord sau o micare 'n sus a statutului social-
Fo)n ?orBs in Iome no? but )e is being moved up to ilan next ?eeB-
Foe )as done ?ell in )is career; )eAs been promoted up to managing director in #ust four ,ears-
6n(to): o micare spre o suprafa mai 'nalt-
$ )ad to move t)e booBs onFtoG t)e top s)elf so m, c)ild couldnAt reac) t)em-
6ff: o micare spre o suprafa mai #oas-
@)en t)e cat sa? a mouse running across t)e floor it #umped off t)e sofa to c)ase it-
Aot
;tilizare special- Este destul de comun folosirea structurilor.tip, precumK
;pQdo&n t)e street
;p toQdo&n to t)e supermarBet
6nQoff a bus, bic,cle, plane, s)ip, sau orice alt mi#loc de transport- OdarK intoQout of a carP
2. *eplasa!e p!int!"un spaiu
.cross along by past t,roug, over
.cross: o micare dintr.o parte spre cealalt, pe sau aproape de suprafa-
$t taBes a long time to sail across t)e (tlantic-
.long: a parcurge lungimea a ceva
$f ,ou ?alB along t)e ")amps El,sees ,ou ?ill eventuall, reac) t)e Eiffel To?er-
By: a se mica de.a lungul sau 'n apropierea a ceva-
$f ,ou pass by t)e s)ops toda,, ?ill ,ou get me a litre of milBS
?ast: a se mica de pe o parte a ceva pe cealalt-
$ am sure $ sa? a t)ief move past t)e ?indo?-
9<
#,roug,: a se mica printre lucruri-
T)e gate?a, ?as so narro? t)at t)e trucB driver )ad problems getting through it-
6ver: a se mica pe deasupra unei suprafee dintr.o parte 'n alta a ceva-
$tAs ZuicBer to fl, over t)e (tlantic t)an to sail across it-
3. *i!ecii
.round at a&ay from for into onto out of to to&ards
.round: micri pe o traiectorie circular-
$ ?ent all around t)e )ouse to find an open ?indo?, but $ couldnAt-
.t: ctre ceva sau cineva-
+e looBed at me as if $ ?ere a criminal-
.&ay from: a prsi, a pleca de la cineva sau ceva-
@)en $ ?as a bo, $ ran a)ay from sc)ool because $ didnAt liBe it-
.&ay from poate fi folosit i 'n sens abstractK U free from ever,t)ing-
$ canAt ?ait to get a)ay from it all-
=or: a se mica cu o destinaie precis-
S)erlocB +olmes left for 3lasgo? as soon as )e received t)e ne?s of t)e murder-
4nto: a se deplasa ctre interiorul a ceva-
T)e last t)e, sa? of t)e explorer ?as ?)en )e ?ent into t)e #ungle to )unt for tigers-
6nto: a aeza ceva peste altceva-
T)e professor put )is papers onto t)e lectern and began )is lesson-
6ut of: a iei din ceva-
T)e prisoner ?as let out of prison after a ten ,ear sentence-
#o: a se delpasa 'n direcia unei anumite persoane sau a unui lucru-
"an ,ou give me a lift to ?orB tomorro? morning, pleaseS
#o&ards: a se delpasa ctre ceva sau cineva
$ t)inB ?e s)ould )ead to)ards t)e mountain; itAs muc) coller t)ere at t)is time of t)e ,ear-
Aot
Gou s)out at somebod, Oc5nd eti nervosP
0ut ,ou s)out to somebod, Oc5nd vrei s atragi ateniaP
Gou t)ro? somet)ing to somebod, Oc5nd vrei s prind ce arunciP
0ut ,ou t)ro? somet)ing at somebod, or somet)ing Oc5nd vrei s loveti pe cineva sau cevaP
4. Ki)c$!i c#mpa!ati%e
.fter a,ead of Q in front of be,ind
.fter: a urma sau urmri
T)e s)op.Beeper ran after t)e bo, ?)o smas)ed )is ?indo?-
.,ead of Q in front of: a preceda pe cineva sau ceva
$All go on ahead of 1 in front of ,ou and find a place to camp for t)e nig)t-
Be,ind: a urmri pe cineva sau ceva, a urma cuivaX
9E
T)e old lad, drove so close behind me t)at, ?)en $ braBed, s)e cras)ed into me-
?repozi3ii de pozi3ie
1. 9#/iii pe %e!tical$
.bove after belo& do&n in on over to under(neat,) up
.bove: mult mai sus dec5t altceva, c)iar i figurativ
$ am above )is insults-
.fter: ceva puin inferior unui alt lucru
"arl /e?is came in second in t)e 1HH meters after /inford ")ristie-
Belo&: ceva imediat inferior unui alt lucru, sau mai puin important
$n a compan, structure a sales representative comes belo) a sales manager-
"o&n: a fi partea inferioar a ceva, i a avea mai puin respect pentru cineva
S)e ?ent do)n in m, estimation ?)en s)e said t)ose t)ings-
6n: similar cu above, dar 'n contact cu ceva
T)ereAs a telep)one on t)e ?all over t)ere-
6ver: similar cu above, dar obiectul este mai aproape de ceva
T)e )orse #umped over t)e obstacles beautifull,-
#o: estimri relative
T)e arBeting anager of $-0-;- reports to t)e 3eneral anager-
;nder: similar cu belo&, dar obiectul este mai aproape de ceva
T)at bridge is too lo? for t)at trucB to go under-
;nderneat,: la fel ca under dar mai formal
T)e tunnel underneath t)e Englis) ")annel ?as opened in t)e summer of 122<-
;p: contrarul lui do&n
V$s t)is t)e s)opSW V>o, itAs furt)er up t)e street-W
4n: un spaiu 'nc)is
, little bo, closed )imself in t)e bat)room and couldnAt get out-
2. 9#/iii !elati%e
.gainst along alongside around at beside by on t,e rig,t Q on t,e left of near ne1t to
to&ards
.gainst: 'n contact cu altceva sau altcineva
%onAt lean against t)at post- $tAs #ust been painted-
.long: de.a lungul a ceva
(n (venue usuall, )as trees along it-
.longside: aezat alturi de ceva sau cineva
T)e ne?l, ?eds ?alBed alongside eac) ot)er do?n t)e aisle-
.round: vecintate
+e must be around )ere some?)ere; $ can see )is footprints-
.t: o poziie precis
99
$f ,ou donAt ?ait at t)e bus stop, t)e bus ?onAt stop-
Beside: similar cu alongside
T)e anxious mot)er sat beside )er ill bab, all nig)t-
By: 'n vecintatea
0illAs ver, lucB,; )e )as a summer )ouse by t)e sea-
6n t,e rig,t of Q on t,e left of: aezat la dreapta T st5nga a ceva sau a cuiva
T)ereAs a suspicious looBing man standing on the left of t)e president-
Aear: aproape de ceva sau cineva
$ live near m, office, so $ can ?alB to ?orB-
Ae1t to: 'n direcia a ceva sau a cuiva
>ig)ts get darBer as ?e get to)ards ")ristmas-

3. 9#/iii #puse
.cross after before be,ind facing in front of opposite over
.cross: trecut de o anumit limit
$f ,ou looB across t)e field ,ouAll see t)e c)urc)-
.fter: o poziie consecutiv
, best friend )ad five c)ildren, one after t)e ot)er-
Before: a se desfura 'nainte de altceva
Gou must learn to ?alB before ,ou run-
( se desfura 'n prezena cuiva
Stand before t)e Fudge and s?ear to tell t)e trut)-
Be,ind: aezat 'n spatele a ceva sau al cuiva
%onAt turn round, FacB- T)ereAs a snaBe behind ,ou-
=acing: privind 'n direcia a ceva sau a cuiva
Turn ,our seat facing me so $ can see ,ou properl,-
4n front of: aezat 'naintea a ceva sau cuiva
T)ereAs a long Zueue in front of me- $ canAt possibl, ?ait-
6pposite: similar cu facing
T)e, built a ?are)ouse opposite m, )ouse and blocBed out m, vie? of onte !ecc)ia-
6ver: ceva aflat de cealalt parte a altceva
%over is over t)e ")annel from "alais-
?repozi3ii de timp
1. Dimpul pe ceas
.bout around at in on
.bout: un timp aproximativ
, appointment at t)e dentistAs is at 1H-HH oAclocB, but )eAs al?a,s about )alf an )our late-
.round: la fel ca about
, dentis is never punctual; )eAs al?a,s around )alf an )our late-
.t: timpul exact
97
T)e film starts at 6 oAclocB-
Aot
.t se folosete i pentru a face referiri la perioada din prea#ma srbtorilorK
$ al?a,s go sBiing for a ?eeB at ")ristmas-
4n: o parte a zilei, luni, anotimpuri i ani
$ liBe to )ave a big breaBfast in t)e morning-
$t doesnAt rain muc) in 3reece in summer-
6n: cu zile ale sptm5nii T date T zile anumte
T)e road ?orBs ?ill start on onda, and finis) on @ednesda,-
$ last sa? )im on Ful, <
t)
-
Aot
Se spuneK
4n t)e morningT afternoon T evening
%ar
.t nig)t
2. timpul de dinainte )i de dup$7
after before by past to
.fter: mai t5rziu dec5t un timp sau eveniment dat
(s m, first appointment is after nine, $ can catc) a later train-
Before: 'naintea unui timp sau eveniment dat
0efore ?e start, $Ad #ust liBe to introduce m,self-
By: ceva care se petrece 'nainte sau nu mai t5rziu de un moment dat
(pplications must be sumitted by Fune E
t)
-
?ast: similar cu after dar mai colocvial, folosit i pentru a exprima ora
$Am tired- $tAs past m, bed time-
#o: folosit de asemenea pentru a exprima ora
$tAs a Zuarter to midnig)tK onl, 1E minutes to go before t)e >e? Gear-
3. *u!ata n timp
.bout bet&een during for in since until
.bout: durata estimat
T)e pla, ?ill probabl, last about t?o and a )alf )ours-
Bet&een: de la un punct dat 'n timp la un altul
T)e period bet)een leaving sc)ool and going to universit, ?as a stressful one-
"uring: o perioad stabilit 'n timp
$ managed not to do an, ?orB during m, )olida,, t)oug) $ s)ould )ave-
=or: durata unei perioada date de timp
@orld @ar $$ ?ent on for six ,ears-
4n: o anumit durat
$Am going to t)e s)ops- $All be bacB in an )our-
Since: de la punctul de 'nceput din trecut p5n 'n prezent
96
$tal, )as been a republic since 12<E-
;ntil: durata p5n la un punct dat 'n timp
+ong Cong ?ill belong to England until 1227, ?)en it goes bacB to ")ina-
"iverse
Because of: cauza
T)e ;C is suffering because of t)e economic crisis-
=or: similar cu because of dar legat 'n general de credine
>adir T,lon lived and died for )is countr,-
Scop
( Bnife is used for cutting t)ings-
4n: parte a unui proces
>o?ada,s a lot of aluminium is used in t)e car industr,-
6f: cauza unei aciuni
/ots of people in $ndia are d,ing of )unger-
:it,: un sentiment care determin o aciune
Susana cried )ith #o, ?)en s)e read )er exam results-
folosirea unui instrument
%onAt put t)at scre? in )ith a )ammer- %o it )ith a scre?driver-
By: prin aciunea sau creaia cuiva T a ceva
Fo)n /ennon ?as Billed by an assassinAs bullet-
9i*e: un anumit comportament
, )usband acts li&e a c)ild ?)en )e canAt get )is o?n ?a,-
pentru a compara fiineTlucruri similare
Even t)oug) t)e, are t?ins t)e, donAt looB li&e eac) ot)er-
.s: profesia cuiva
S)e ?orBs as a nurse in 3u,s +ospital /ondon-
But: cu excepia a ceva sau cineva
+e tooB ever,t)ing but t)e Bitc)en sinB- OExpresieP
.t: abiliti 'ntr.o anume activitate
, daug)ter, Emma, )as al?a,s been good at dra?ing-
4n: similar cu at, dar nu se poate folosi cu good sau bad
, daug)ter, Emma, )as al?a,s been interested in dra?ing-
=rom: originea
, famil, come from @arrington in ")es)ire-
:it,: legtur, ataament
T)e little girl al?a,s goes to sleep )ith )er cuddl, tedd,-
:it,out: opusul lui &it,
$ al?a,s drinB coffee )ithout sugar-
=or: ceva sau cineva potrivit sau destinat
T)is grammar booB is for foreign students of Englis)-
92
$on'unc3iile sau cuvintele de legtur se folosesc pentru a lega propoziii-
(cest capitol se ocup cu perec)i de cuvinte de legtur care ar putea provoca anumite confuzii pentru cei ce
studiaz engleza-
;tilizare:
$on'unc3ii de timp
! as( &,en( &,ile se folosesc cu referire la o aciune care se petrece 'n acelai timp cu alta-
%hen m, alarm clocB rings at 7 oAclocB $ get up-
s $ ?as looBing out of t)e ?indo?, $ sa? )im arriving-
%hile ,ou ?ere out s)opping, Fo)n rang-
-! after( as soon as( before( &,en se folosesc cu referire la o aciune care se petrece imediat dup o alta-
fter $ left universit,, $ ?ent to ?orB abroad-
s soon as $ )eard )im speaB on T!, $ c)anged t)e c)annel-
%hen $ finis)ed t,ping t)ose letters, $ posted t)em-
T)e client put t)e p)one do?n before $ could give an explanation-
2! until Q till se refer la durata 'n timp a unei situaii-
$ canAt go out until m, mot)er comes bacB-
$ canAt c)ange m, car till $ )ave finis)ed pa,ing for it-
Aot
Uust poate fi folosit 'n faa acestor con#uncii pentru a sublinia apropierea 'n timp a acelor dou aciuni
Just as )e noticed )e ?as being ?atc)ed, )e ran off-
$on'unc3ii contrastive
! alt,oug,( even t,oug,( t,oug, se folosesc cu referire la afirmaii opuse sau contraste, 'naintea
subiectului sau verbului-
lthough )e is a good ?riter, )e )as never publis)ed a booB-
#ven though t)ereAs a speed limit )e al?a,s exceds it-
Aot
#,oug, este o alternativ mai puin formal pentru although i even though- :n engleza vorbit apare de
obicei la sf5ritul propoziiei-
3eorge studied )ard- +e didnAt manage to pass )is exam though-
-! in spite of sau despite se folosesc cu referire la afirmaii opuse sau contrastante, 'n faa unui substantiv,
pronume sau gerunziu-
,n spite of the traffic, )e still managed to get )ere in time-
$espite the )eather, ?e decided to go an,?a,-
Aot
4n spite of i despite pot fi folosite i cu t,e fact t,at-
,n spite of the fact that )e ?as ver, bus,, )e tooB time off ?orB-
2! &,ile( &,ereas se folosesc cu referire la contrastul dintre dou afirmaii-
0rian eats a lot, )hile +enr, )ardl, eats at all-
, old car ?as ver, slo?, )hereas m, ne? one is muc) faster-
D! ,o&ever se folosete cu referire la contradicia dintre dou propoziii-
T)e secret agent ?as told to be at t)e meeting point at 9 oAclocB s)arp- -o)ever, ?)en )e arrived, )is
contact ?asnAt t)ere-
$on'unc3ii de cauz i efect
7H
! because( because of( as( since se folosesc cu referire la motivele de a face o aciune-
T)e bab, cried because it ?as )ungr,-
%ad is not going to ?orB toda, because of t)e striBe-
s itAs raining, ,ou )ad better taBe an umbrella-
Since t)e president is abroad, t)e vice.president ?ill taBe )is place toda, at t)e presentation-
Aot
Because, because of, as i since au acelai sens dar folosesc construcii diferite-
Because se folosete 'nainte de subiect i verb-
Because of se folosete 'nainte de substantiv-
.s i since se folosesc am5ndou la 'nceputul propoziiei-
-! so, t,erefore se refer la rezultatul unei aciuni-
Foe )as exams all next ?eeB, so )e canAt go out in t)e evenings-
T)e a,or )as attend an urgent meeting- 9herefore )eAll )ave to cancel t)e lunc) engagement-
Aot
So i t,erefore au acelai sens- So este mai frecvent 'n engleza vorbit-
CC. S;BS#.A#4V;9
Substantivele au diferite funcii 'ntr.o propoziie-
Ele pot fiK
Subiectul sau complementul direct sau indirect al unui verb
Aumele predicativ al verbelor be, become i seem
$omplement prepozi3ional
:n cazul genitiv O3enitivul saxon sau sinteticP
:n englez substantivele au 'n toate aceste cazuri aceeai form cu excepia genitivului sintetic-
Aot
:n englez toate propoziiile trebuie s aib subiect- Subiectul poate fi un substantiv sau un pronume-
Substantivele 'n limba englez se pot 'mpri 'n patru tipuriK
Substantive proprii: (nn, ")ina, Paris, %r ood,
Substantive comune: doll, apple, plate, tree
Substantive abstracte: )appiness, love, )onest,, fear
Substantive colective: famil,, group, )erd, staff
Aot
Substantivele proprii se scriu 'ntotdeauna cu iniial ma#uscul-
Substantivele limbii engleze pot varia dup gen i numr-
G7A;9
1- "ele mai multe substantive au aceeai form pentru toate genurile-
friend child doctor cousin baby teenager artist coo&
dancer driver teacher
71
genul poate fi indicat de un pronume 'nsoitor-
, friend sent ,er son a present-
T)e doctor opened ,is bag-
2hild i baby pot fi considerate neutre-
T)e bab, closed its e,es and fell asleep-
>umele de ri sunt i ele considerate neutre-
/atel,, Cen,a )as greatl, improved its econom,-
4- ulte substantive care denumesc oameni i animale au o form feminin i una masculin
Son+ daughter nephe)+ niece uncle+ aunt
ctor+ actress )aiter+ )aitress gentleman+ lady
.ather+ mother husband+ )ife man+ )oman
0achelor+ spinster heir+ heir)ss hero+ heroine
7ale+ female bull+ co) rooster+ hen
3enul poate fi indicat combin5nd substantive fr gen cuK boy+ girl+ male+ female+ man+ )oman
0oyfriend+ girlfriend male pilot+ female pilot
7an dentist+ )oman dentist policeman+ police)oman
Aot
Iecent, 'n 'ncercarea de a elimina Vdiscriminarea de genW, exist o tendin de a 'nlocui VterminaiileW
man i )oman cu person sau de a le elimina complet- :n alte cazuri au fost create alte expresii sau alte
cuvinte lipsite de gen-
Vec,ea folosire Aoua folosire
Salesman, sales?oman salesperson
")airman, c)air?oman c)airperson, c)air
Ste?ard, ste?ardess flig)t attendant
A;>W@;9
:n enlgez substantivele se 'mpart 'n dou categoriiK numrabile i nenumrabile-
Substantivele numrabile se pot numra, adic au numr- Pot avea at5t forme de singular c5t i de plural-
/a singular pot fi precedate de a(n) sau one-
?lural
=orme regulate:
1- /a ma#oritatea substantivelor se adaug Bs formei de singular-
0ooB, booBs da,, da,s )ouse, )ouses
%onBe,, donBe,s safe, safes girl, girls
4- Substantivele terminate 'n o, c,, s,, s sau 1 primesc Bes-
Potato, potatoes c)urc), c)urc)es brus), brus)es
0us, buses box, boxes Biss, Bisses
=- Substantivele terminate 'n consoan F y pierd pe y i primesc Bies-
74
0ab,, babies factor,, factories fl,, flies
Aot
Exist excepiiK &ilo+ &ilos photo+ photos piano+ pianos radio+ radios soprano+ sopranos
=orme neregulate
1- ;nele substantive elimin Bf Q fe de la final i primesc Bves-
2alf+ calves )ife+ )ives )olf+ )olves
;oaf+ loaves leaf+ leaves life+ lives
Shelf+ shelves thief+ thieves &nife+ &nives self+ selves
4- ;nele substantive 'i modific vocalele-
.oot+ feet tooth+ teeth goose+ geese man+ men
%oman+ )omen mouse+ mice louse+ lice
Aot
(tenieR 2hild+ children person+ people
=- ;nele substantive au aceeai form la singular i la pluralK
Sheep+deer+ aircraft+ trout+ series+ species+ salmon+ means+ fish+ head3uarters
<- ;nele substantive exist numai la forma de plural-
2lothes+ pants+ pyjamas+ scissors+ glasses+ scales+ stairs+ savings+ outs&irts+ grounds+ goods+ earnings+
valuables+ surroundings+ arms F)eaponsG+ archives+ belongings+ proceeds+ )ages+ premises+ the 7iddle
ges+ braces+ customs+ trousers
Aot
Kolice este considerat a fi la plural-
T)e police are inspecting t)eir )ouse-
Aot
(ceste substantive nu sunt Aiciodat precedate de numere Oone, t?o, t)ree etc-P- pentru a indica numrul,
folosii some, a little, etc- sau pairQset, group etc- F of-
9en pairs of pants+ three sets of archives+ a roomful of belongings etc.
E- ;nele substantive 'mprumutate pstreaz pluralul greces, italian sau latin-
2risis+ crises cactus+ cacti phenomenon+ phenomena
$atum+ data libretto+ libretti fungus+ fungi
8ucleus+ nuclei stimulus+ stimuli criterion+ criteria
0asis+ bases thesis+ theses oasis+ oases
(is+ a(es medium+ media bacterium+ bacteria
Aot
Engleza modern folosete adesea data, media i bacteria cu sens plural dar cu un verb la singular
T)e latest data is )ig)l, encouraging-
9- >umele de familie se pot folosi la plural pentru a indica 'ntreaga familie- >umelui i se adaug un Bs- >u
au loc sc)imbri de ortografie-
9he Lennedys are ?orld.famous-
7- Substantivele colective se refer la un grup de oameni sau lucruri- Sunt 'n mod normal folosite la
singular- :n engleza britanic se pot folosi at5t verbe la singular c5t i la plural- :n engleza american au
'ntotdeauna un verb la singular-
.amily aristocracy enemy company council
8obility gouvernment group proletariat press
Mpposition gang jury community army public
7=
udience cre) navy staff team committee
T)e jury are about to give t)eir verdict- Oengleza britanicP
T)e public is opposed to t)e ne? tax-
Aot
Spre deosebire de substantivele numrabile normale, substantivele colective nu pot fi direct precedate de
numere sau VsomeW-
&ive *& T+E group sta,ed past midnig)t-
Some *& T+E opposition s?itc)ed sides-
Aot
*cazional substantivele colective sunt folosite la plural i sunt numrabile-
Iomeo and Fuliet came from t?o feuding families-
*nl, t?o teams can get to t)e finals-
Substantivele nenumrabile nu pot fi numrate, adic nu au numr- %e obicei au numai form de singular-
Au pot fi precedate de a(n) sau de numere-
Substantivele nenumrabile se 'mpart 'n urmtoarele grupuriK
1- substantive concrete
)ater )ood metal paper grass glass oil
silver gold sand sno) rain bread mil&
coffee butter )ine fire food salt
4- substantive abstracte
love beauty hope relief e(perience advice
purity joy freedominformation courage
design duty capacity education evil
time patience reality intelligence
Aot
:or* este nenumrabil dar 'ob este numrabilK
+arriet is looBing for )or&- Fo)n )as found t?o jobs-
:or*s 'nseamnK fabric, parte mecanic, producie literar, fapte sau acte-
ot)er T)eresa of "alcutta is Bno?n for )er good )or&s-
Aot
$at c5teva substantive nenumrabile care 'n alte limbi se pot deseori numraK
dvice baggage luggage furniture
$amage hair shopping home)or& information
Lno)ledge money )eather research progress
0usiness spaghetti ne)s e3uipment
=- Substantive verbale Ogerunzii sau verbe 'n ingP-
2amping dancing shopping jogging singing
Smo&ing is bad for ,our )ealt)-
<- >ume de limbi
German #nglish 2hinese ,talian Spanish
E- ;nele nume de boli, tiine i #ocuri au form de plural dar 'n mod normal primesc un verb la singular-
Sunt considerate nenumrabile-
7easles mumps billiards dominoes
Khysics politics ethics acoustics
Statistics mathematics ne)s electronics
7<
7athematics is an important subiect-
Aot
;nele substantive sunt at5t numrabile c5t i nenumrabile- %ar sensul lor e diferit 'n fiecare caz-
numrabile nenumrabile
a paper paper
a light light
a )ood )ood
a glass glass
an iron iron
a hair hair
+e bu,s a paper ever,da,- T)e student )ad ?ritten an interesting paper on Ceats- Kaper is made of ?ood
pulp-
Aot
Substantivele nenumrabile nu sunt niciodat precedate de numere Oa, an, one, t?o, t)ree etcP- $at c5teva
expresii folosite pentru a indica numrulTcantitateaK
. piece of informationTfurnitureTadviceTeZuipmentTglassTpaperTne?s
. type of atmosp)ereTbe)aviourTviolence
.n item of luggageTne?sTbaggage
. case of mumpsTmeaslesTflu
. ray of )opeTsuns)ine
. lot of streng)tTsecurit,
.d'ective folosite ca substantive
&olosii t,e F ad'ectiv pentruK
1- grupuri de persoane cu aceleai caracteristici- ;rmeaz un verb la plural-
9he rich are not al?a,s as )app, as ?e imagine-
4- calitate impersonal- ;rmeaz un verb la singular-
9he impossible has strong attraction for some people-
=- naionalitate Odac exist un cuv5nt separatP-
9he .rench the 2hinese the #nglish the Japanese
$ar
9he Koles the Germans the Scots the .inns
Substantive compuse
Substantivele compuse sunt formate din dou sau mai multe cuvinte care, 'mpreun, creeaz un nou
substantiv cu un nou sens
0abysitter checJ&up s)imming pool motherJinJla)
Substantivele compuse pot fiK
! scrise ca un singur cuv5nt, cuvinte separate sau cu cratim- %ac avei 'ndoieli cel mai bine e s
consultai 'ntotdeauna dicionarul-
rmchair can opener coverJup oneJ)ay street
-! numrabile sau nenumrabile
alarm cloc& fast food
compact disc human race
toothbrush drin&ing )ater
)aiting room )elfare state
yello) pages poc&et money
2! compuse din dou substantive- ?rimul substantiv este folosit ca ad#ectiv i este la singular-
2hain factory Oa factor, for c)ainsP
7E
2otton s&irt Oa sBirt made of cotonP
tenJyearJold girl Oa girl ?)o is ten ,ears oldP
2ar accident Oaccident involving carsP
t)oJ)ee& cruise Oa cruise lasting t?o ?eeBsP
D! substantivele compuse numrabile formeaz pluralul aplic5nd regulile normale de plural ultimului
substantiv-
ail boxes dis) ?as)ers sleeping bags T.s)irts
Aot
;neori Odar rarP substantivele la plural pot fi folosite ca ad#ectiveK
Sports car customs department clothes store
Sales divison savings ban& ne)s item
K! substantivele compuse formate din verbe complexe sau substantive legate cu of i in au plurale
neregulate-
Passers.b, runners.up sisters.in.la?
/ilies of t)e valle,

?osesia: of i genitivul sintetic
Posesia se poate exprima folosindK
1- 6=
:n multe cazuri folosim of pentru a exprima posesia- Substantivele, folosite ca ad#ective, pot i ele uneori
indica posesia-
$oor of the car car door
.rame of the picture picture frame
-ead3uarters of the company company head3uarters
9he color of the )all the )all color
8eedles of the pine tree pine tree needles
#ngine of the car car engine
Aot
(d#ectivele nu au numr- Substantivele care devin ad#ective sunt la singular-
T)e tops of t)e boxes- T)e bo( tops
4- Genitivul sintetic
:n cazul persoanelor i animalelor folosim genitivul sintetic pentru a exprima posesia-
=orm: formai genitivul saxon adug5nd [s sau [ substantivelor
[s [
toate substantivele singulare substantivele plurale terminate
substantivele plurale care 'n s
>; se termin 'n s
8ancy*s the teachers*
James*s the Gallaghers*
-is mother*s the %aleses*
7y children*s his sistersN
;tilizare: folosii genitivul sinteticK
! pentru a exprima posesia cu referire la persoane i animale
-elen*s mot)er is ill-
T)e old horse*s mane is still ver, beautiful-
-! 'n expresii temporale
one )ee&*s pay today*s ne)s a year*s leave
79
t)o hour*s )ait a month*s holiday yesterday*s partyt)e T)e plane )ad an hour*s dela,-
$n t?o )ee&s* time $All be l,ing on t)e beac) in 0ali-
2! cu pronume ne)otr5te caK everybody+ someone+ anybody+ anyone+ nobody+ no one mai ales dac sunt
'nsoite de else-
$tAs nobody*s fault-
T)at must be somebody else*s bag-
D! cu anumite instituii, grupuri, expresii geografice
T)e government*s decision ?ill be made public tomorro?-
T)e )orld*s laBes and rivers are in a disastruous condition-
K! singur, c5nd al doilea substantiv 'nseamnK store+ shop+ studio+ office+ restaurant+ church sau cathedral-
3o and bu, a loaf of bread at t)e ba&er*s Os)opP-
T)eir ?eeding ?as at St.Katric&*s Ocat)edralP-
L! cu *& Oposesiv dubluP-
and, is a friend of nn*s- U and, is one of (nnAs friends-
Aot
*biectul posedat pierde articolele i pronumele care 'l preced c5nd este folosit cu un genitiv sintetic-
+is c)ild o?ns T+(T bic,cle- $t is broBen- +is c)ildAs bic,cle is broBen-
Aot
>; folosim genitivul sinteticK
"u ad#ective folosite ca substantiveK
-e intends to improve the condition of the poor.
"5nd posesorul este determinat de propoziii subordonate sau expresii lungi-
,*d li&e you to meet the mother of the boy )ho )on first prize.
71erci3ii:
.lege3i forma potrivit a verbelor! 6bserva3i diferen3a de sens a substantivelor care primesc atCt
verbe la singular cCt i la plural-
1- +is p)onetics isTare muc) better t)an )ers- 4- , trousers isTare flared- =- T)e scissors isTare lost for ever,
$ guess- <- Statistics isTare )is favourite stud,- E- "od eatsTeat a variet, of food- 9- (coustics isTare a branc)
of p),sics- 7- T)e ne? statistics s)o?sTs)o? a great increase in manufactured goods- 6- Gout) toda, isTare
turning a?a, from t)e c)urc)- 2- @)at isTare t)e most efficient means of dealing ?it) t)is problemS 1H- T)e
pliers isTare on t)e table- 11- T)e acoustics of t)e >ational T)eatre +all isTare excellent- 14- Politics isTare t)e
art of t)e possible- 1=- Poultr, ?asT?ere expensive t)at ?inter- 1<- @)at isTare ,our politicsS 1E- T)e people
of t)e countr, livesTlive be,ond t)eir means- 19- +e )ad no time for visitors ?)ile t)e poultr, ?asT?ere
being fed- 17- Ever,bod,As means isTare being tested- 16- at)ematics isTare given top priorit, no?ada,s-
12- @)at isTare cattle good forS 4H- T)e police )asT)ave made no arrest ,et- 41- &res).?ater fis)
includesTinclude salmon, trout, carp and eels- 44- 3,mnastics isTare not given enoug) attention in our sc)ool-
4=- T)e $talian clerg, ?asT?ere opposed to divorce- 4<- (dvice isTare readil, given on all t)e tec)nical
aspects-
$ombina3i e1presiile partitive din coloana . cu substantivele nenumrabile din coloana B! #raduce3i5
le En limba romCn!
. B
(n article of sugar
( bar of meat
( caBe of bread
( grain of paper
77
( )eap of soap
(n item of c)ocolate
( loaf of land
( lump of rice
( pice of rubbis)
( pile of evidence
( s)eet of information
( slice of advice
( strip of luggage
( ?ord of furniture
>e?s
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
1- (re 4- (re =- (re <- $s E- Eat 9- $s 7- S)o? 6- (re 2- $s 1H- (re 11- (re 14- $s 1=- @as 1<- (re 1E- /ive
19- @ere 17- (re 16- $s 12- (re 4H- +ave 41- $nclude 44- (re 4=- @ere 4<- $s
a lump T a piece of sugar Oo bucat de za)rP
a piece of meat Oo bucat de carneP
a slice T loaf of bread Oo felie de p5ine T o franzel, o p5ineP
a s)eet T piece of paper Oo foaie T bucat de )5rtieP
a caBe T bar of soap Oun spunP
a bar T piece of c)ocolate Oun baton de ciocolatP
a piece T strip of land Oo bucat, o f'ie de pm5ntP
a grain of rice Oun bob de orezP
a pile T )eap of rubbis) Oo grmad de gunoiP
a piece of evidence Oo probP
a piece T an item of information Oo informaieP
a piece T ?ord of advice Oun sfatP
a piece of luggage Oun baga#P
a piece T an article of furniture Oo pies de mobilierP
a piece T an item of ne?s Oo tireP
CCI. .@#4$69;9
=orm: :n englez articolele au dou formeK ne)otr5t . sau .A i )otr5t #87- (rticolele sunt invariabile
i nu au gen-
! . se folosete 'n faa cuvintelor care 'ncep cu un sunet consonantic c)iar dac prima liter e o vocal- .n
se folosete 'n faa cuvintelor care 'ncep cu vocal sau , mut- (mbele se pot folosi numai cu
substantive numrabile la singular!
( dog a computer
( desB a universit, Osunet consonanticP
( man a )ouse
(n orange a son
(n umbrella an )our O) mutP
(n idea an )onour O) mutP
( building an example
Aot
D'e se pronun OM`P c5nd st 'n faa unui substantiv care 'ncepe cu un sunet consonantic i OMiKP 'naintea
unui substantiv care 'ncepe cu un sunet vocalic-
76
-! #,e se folosete 'n faa oricrui substantiv numrabil sau nenumrabil, at5t la singular c5t i la plural-
T)e dog t)e dogs
T)e atmosp)ere t)e ?ine
T)e )ouse t)e time
T)e eggs t)e information
T)e rice t)e apple
Aot
"5nd ne referim la acelai lucru sau aceeai persoan pentru a doua oar, folosim de obicei pe t,e-
T)ere is an apple and an orange for t)e dessert- $All eat the apple-
;tilizare: . sau .A se folosescK
1- 'naintea unui substantiv pentru a ne referi la ceva sau cineva pentru prima dat-
$Ave received a postcard from a friend of mine in t)e ;S-
4- pentru a exprima ce este ceva sau cineva, inclusiv slu#be sau profesii-
, next.door neig)bour is a dentist and )is ?ife an architect-
Fenn, doesnAt eat meat; s)eAs a vegetarian-
T)at ?as a &ind thing to sa,-
=- dup verbul be sau verbe copulative urmate de un ad#ectiv sau substantiv sau c5nd este urmat de
locuiuni prepoziionale sau propoziii relative care ofer mai mult informaie despre cineva sau cevaK
FacBAs son is a talented artist-
$ boug)t a painting that reminded me of my childhood home-
<- cu unele expresii numerice 'nsemn5nd unu sau cu expresii ale preului, vitezei, raportului i cantitii-
)undred guests ?ere invited-
Petrol costs a 1-EH a litre in England-
+eAs craz, driving at 12H Bilometres an )our-
Aot
. Q .n i one sunt uneori intersc)imbabile dar nu 'n toate cazurile-
SpunemK
)undred pounds sau one )undred pounds
%ar
a lot of T a great deal of
E- cu substantive numrabile la singular pentru a da definiii, a face afirmaii generale, exclamaii sau c5nd
exprimm dorine-
dog is more compan, t)an a cat-
$Ad liBe a nice cool glass of beer-
n apple a da, Beeps t)e doctor a?a,-
;tilizare: #87 se foloseteK
1- 'naintea unui substantiv singular numrabil sau nenumrabil sau a unui substantiv plural numrabil
pentru a face o nou referire la ceva ce a fost de#a menionat sau la care s.a fcut de#a aluzie-
+e ?anted to go to a ban& to c)ange some mone,, but all the ban&s ?ere on striBe-
%o ,ou remember the fun ?e )ad ?)en ?e ?ere at sc)ool toget)erS
4- pentru a face referire la cineva sau ceva anume-
$ liBe the painting above the fire place-
9he merican economy is suffering at t)e moment-
=- 'n faa unui substantiv reprezent5nd o anume persoan sau un lucru sau un grup de persoane sau lucruri-
S)all $ drive the carS Oaceast mainP
72
@ill ,ou maBe the tea, pleaseS Oceaiul pe care ne pregtim s.l bemP
<- cu referire la ceva unic 'n mod absolut-
9he sun rises in t)e east and sets in the )est-
9he Kresident of the 5nited States visited the Kope last a,-
E- 'n faa ad'ectivelor pentru a face referire la un anumit grup sau clas de oameni- :n acest caz nu este
nevoie de substantiv-
*nl, the strong survive-
Iobin +ood stole from the rich to give to the poor-
9- 'n faa unui substantiv la singular pentru a se referi la un anume grup de oameni, animale sau obiecte-
9he ,ndian elephant is smaller t)an the frican elephant-
9he customer is al?a,s rig)t-
Aot
Exist excepii-
*ma)a is in 8orth merica-
T)e branc) manager ?as sent to SouthJ#ast sia on a reconnaissance trip-
7- 'naintea unor substantive proprii pentru a denumi zone geografice, nume de mri i r5uri, lanuri
muntoase, grupuri de insule, nume la plural de ri i deerturi-
9he (tlantic, the 0a, of 0isca,, the iddle East, the nort) of England, the @est of $reland, the $vor,
"oast, the 0lacB "ountr,
9he editerranean Sea, the Englis) ")annel, the Iiver t)ames, the I)ein, the Straits of 3ibraltar
9he +imala,as, the Pennines
9he ")annel $slands, the +a?aiian $slands, the &alBlands
9he ;nited States of (merica, the >et)erlands
9he (rizona %esert, the 3ibbon %esert
Aot
#,e nu se folosete cu nume de muni izolaiK
0en 8evis is t)e )ig)est mountain in Scotland-
Aot
Au se folosete t,e cu nume de lacuri-
;a&e %indermere+ ;a&e Superior+ ;a&e Oictoria
6- 'n faa numelor de instrumente muzicale-
9he guitar )as al?a,s been m, favourite instrument-
%o ,ou t)inB ,our fat)er ?ill let us pla, the drums in )is garageS
2- 'n faa unor ad#ective naionaliti cu referire la oameni dintr.o anumit ar. aici se folosete un verb
la plural-
9he &renc) and the 0ritis) )ave ?orBed toget)er to build t)e V")annelW-
9he %utc) are said to be )ard ?orBers-
Aot
:n anumite cazuri se pot folosi numai substantive la plural-
9he 3ermans ?ere upset about losing t)e semi.finals-
9he (mericans )osted t)e 122< @orld &ootball ")ampions)ip-
1H- 'naintea ad#ectivelor superlative i a numeralelor ordinale-
>eil (rmstrong ?as the first man to ?alB on t)e moon-
T)at is the silliest t)ing $ )ave ever )eard-
Aot
;neori numeralele ordinale pot fi folosite fr t,e atunci c5nd se face referire la ordinea 'n care se petrec
evenimentele-
6H
0rendan came first and "ollin second in t)e 1HH meters-
@e ?ent to an)attan first, t)en on to 0rooBl,n-
;tilizare: Au se folosete articolulK
=. 'n faa substantivelor nenumrabile sau numrabile la plural c5nd se face o afirmaie general-
Kollution in big cities is ver, ?orr,ing-
$ogs maBe good companions-
(ceste cuvinte sunt adesea precedate de determinani caK some+ any+ a piece of+ a lot of
$s t)ere any bread in t)e Bitc)enS
(re t)ere any apples in t)e bo?lS
Aot
$at o list de substantive care sunt de obicei la singular i nenumrabile 'n englez, dar uneori nu i 'n alte
limbiK
;uggage+ baggage+ furniture+ ne)s+ information+ advice+ behaviour+ damage+ permission+ traffic+ )eather+
)or&+ accommodation+ bread+ luc&+ progresss+ hair
>. 'n faa substantivelor abstracte c5nd sunt folosite 'n mod genericK beauty+ happiness+ fear+ hope+
&no)ledge+ intelligence; cu excepia cazurilor c5nd sunt folosite cu sens mai bine specificat-
Lno)ledge comes to us t)roug) our senses-
S)e got t)e #ob because s)e )as a &no)ledge of Englis)-
0eauty is in t)e e,e of t)e be)older-
@)at a beautyR
?. 'n faa substantivelor proprii, nume de persoane i numele unei companii, cu excepia situaiilor c5nd se
vorbete de familie ca de un tot-
+e ?orBs for 5nimotor ;td-
-elene and Geoff Kar&er are coming to dinner tonig)t-
%ar 9he Kar&ers are coming to dinner tonig)t-
@. pentru a vorbi despre sporturi, 'n faa numelor de ec)ipe
+e loves football but s)e isnAt Been of golf-
S)e supports 7anchester 5nited-
A. 'naintea numelor meselor zileiK brea&fast+ lunch+ dinner+ supper.
@)ere did ,ou )ave brea&fastS
B. 'naintea cuvintelor home+ church+ university+ prison+ hospital+ mar&et, atunci c5nd ele reprezint o
instituie sau o idee general- 9he se folosete totui atunci c5nd se face o referire special la locul
respectiv-
Fo)n 0ragg ?as arrested and put into prison for corruption-
+is ?ife can go to the prison once a ?eeB to visit )im-
Emma and Sam are at school-
T)eir mot)er often goes to the school to talB to t)eir teac)er-
71erci3ii:
.lege3i articolele: a( an( t,e( \
1- >earl, all X furniture )ad been taBen out of X dining.room- 4- X big piano ?as put in X corner and
t)en t)ere came X ro? of flo?er pots and t)en t)ere came X gold, c)airs- =- T)at ?as for X concert- <-
@)en Sun looBed in X ?)ite.faced man sat at X piano not pla,ing, but banging at it- E- +e )ad X bag of
61
X tools on X piano and )e )ad stucB )is )at on X statue against X ?all- 9- So t)e, ?ent into t)e dining.
room; X red ribbons and X bunc)es of X roses tied up X table at X corners- 7- $n X middle ?as X laBe
?it) X rose.petals floating on it- 6- [T)atAs ?)ere X ice.pudding is to beA said X "ooB- 2- T?o silver lions
?it) X ?ings )ad X fruit on t)eir bacBs- 1H- (nd all X ?inBing glasses and s)ining plates, and all X foodR
11- [(re X people going to eat X foodSA asBed Sun- 14- @)ile t)e, ?ere being unbuttoned X ot)er
looBed in ?it) X ?)ite t)ing over )er s)oulders; s)e ?as rubbing X stuff on )er face- 1=- [$All ring for t)em
?)en $ ?ant t)em, X >urse-A
.lege3i articolele: a( an( t,e( \
1- *ut of X ignorance )e made X mistaBe after X mistaBe- 4- T)e, sailed t)roug) X Straits of agellan-
=- X sc)ool and X )ome ?ere far a?a,- <- $All start as X decB bo, at X pound X mont)- E- X c)ildren of
X lane used to pla, toget)er in X fieldK X 0ro?ns, X Pages, little Tom X cripple- 9- T)e, ?alBed along
X >ort) Strand Ioad till t)e, came to X &inlandia +ouse and t)en turned to X rig)t along X @)arf Ioad-
7- $ ?ent from X room to X room singing- 6- (t X !ictoria Station X cro?d of X people pressed to X
carriage doors- 2- T)atAs an order, said X a#or %unn- 1H- X police officer %an Ta,lor stood guard over )er
outside X St- &rancis +otel- 11- X #udge Fames Ta,lor ?as not lenient- 14- X ")inese language is totall,
unliBe X Fapanese- 1=- X Fapanese )ave transcribed t)eir language into X Ioman alp)abet as ?ell- 1<- $
t)oug)t about it X da, and X nig)t- 1E- T)e, transmitted television pictures bacB to X eart)- 19- X eart)
s)one X brilliant blue green, curved at X )orizon, against X blacBness of X space, belo? t)e t?o s)ips as
X So,uz trailed X (pollo- 17- S)e settled do?n to sip X tea from X paper cup- 16- X crocodiles can be
bred commerciall, #ust liBe X co?s or X pigs- 12- X lava and X as) from X erapi !olcano, X "entral
Fa?a )ave forced 17H families to flee t)eir )omes- 4H- X female crocodile la,s about <H eggs X ,ear- 41- X
farm life doesnAt agree ?it) t)em- 44- S)e ?as training for X S?an /aBe- 4=- X lacB of X parBing space
forces X motorists to double.parB reducing X ?ide streets to X narro? lanes- 4<- T)e, discovered X
fossils of X bon, fis)es on X field trip to X Ellesmore $sland in X (rtic- 4E- T)e fire broBe out near X
/aBe +emet, sout) of X mountain resort of X $d,ll?ild, and burned to X sout)east-
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
1- T)e, t)e 4- T)e, a, a, t)e =- T)e <- a, t)e E- (, b, t)e, a, t)e 9- b, b, b, t)e, t)e 7- T)e, a, b 6- T)e, b 2- b,
b 1H- T)e, t)e 11- b, t)e 14- b, a, b 1=- b
1- b, b, b 4- T)e =- b, b <-a, a, a E- T)e, t)e, t)e, t)e, t)e, t)e 9- T)e, b, t)e, t)e 7- b, b 6- b, a, b, t)e 2- b
1H- T)e, b 11- b 14- T)e, b 1=- T)e, t)e 1<- b, b 1E- b 19- T)e, a, t)e, t)e, b, t)e, t)e 17- b, a 16- b, b, b
12- b, b, b, b 4H- (, a 41- b 44- b 4=- T)e, b, b, b, b 4<- b, b, a, b, t)e 4E- b, t)e, b, t)e
CCII. ."U7$#4V;9
=orm: ad#ectivele limbii engleze sunt invariabile- Ele nu au gen sau numr-
Aot
(d#ectivele demonstrative sunt S$>3;I( excepie- (ceste ad#ective sunt variabile- 9his+ that se folosesc su
substantive la singular- 9hese+ those se folosesc cu substantive la plural-
9his s)irt )as been ironed- 9hat blouse looBs dirt,-
9hese flo?ers are beautiful- 9hose bus)es need cutting-
?ozi3ie: ad#ectivele sunt aezateK
=. 'n faa substantivelor-
$Am reading an interesting booB-
>. dup verbeleK be+ become+ seem+ appear+ feel+ sound+ taste+ ma&e+ &eep+ loo& FH appearG+ get1turn1gro)
FH becomeG
$ feel sad-
T)e ?eat)er gre? cool-
+e maBes Fanice happy-
64
?. dup un complement direct
Fane found t)e programme boring-
S)e painted )er nails bright red-
Aot
;nele dintre aceste verbe pot avea alte sensuri atunci c5nd sunt determinate de adverbeK
3lad,s loo&ed OU appearedP attractive-
3lad,s loo&ed OU examinedP carefull, t)e price tag-
#ipuri: ad#ectivele se 'mpart 'n ase tipuriK calificative( posesive( interogative( cantitative( demonstrative
i distributive-
! .d'ectivele calificative
=orm: exemple de astfel de ad#ective suntK young+ empty+ small+ spacious+ blac&+ elegant+ ugly+ strong+
lonely+ intelligent+ round+ happy
T)e old man ?as sitting in t)e sun-
Aot
(d#ectivele pot fi folosite ca substantive- Ele cer un verb la plural-
9he young are often impacient.
Aot
&acei diferena 'ntre little OU micP, little OU nu multP i a little OU o cantitate micP-
S)e bab,sits for a little girl-
&is) eat little food-
+e lent me a little mone,-
Participiile prezente Oformele 'n ingP i participiile trecute Oformele de tipul edP sunt folosite ca ad#ective
calificative- Participiile prezente au sens activ, iar participiile trecute au sens pasiv-
?articipiu prezent ?articipiu trecut
0oring bored
(musing amused
$nteresting interested
Tiring tired
&rig)tening frig)tened
T)e student gre? bored during t)e lecture-
SpielbergAs ne? film is frightening-
Aot
Kretty este at5t ade#ectiv c5t i adverb-
Ellie is a pretty girl- OU attractiveP
(rnold is pretty ric)- OU rat)erP
Aot
(d#ectivele sunt determinate de adverbe-
T)ose boots are very tight-
$ feel totally e(hausted-
;tilizare: ad'ectivele i prepozi3iile
(d#ectivele sunt adesea urmate de prepoziii-
6=
.t to about of
0ad married sad rude
Expert cruel sincere stupid
3ood Bind sorr, Bind
Slo? lo,al sure nice
cuicB polite t)rilled polite
Excited fait)ful ?orried sure
S)ocBed sensitive curious generous
Surprised rude ent)usiastic
(mused anxious
:it, on in
%elig)ted dependent interested
%isgusted expert
Pleased successful
Satisfied
3enerous
Aot
;nele ad#ective 'i sc)imb sensul c5nd primesc o alt prepoziie-
Todd is good at algebra- TTodd is good to )is sister-
T)e, are al?a,s &ind to us- T $tAs &ind of +elen to )elp-
#opica
"5nd dou sau mai multe ad#ective sunt folosite 'mpreunK
1- ad#ectivele subiective sau de opinie Oboring+ lovely+ lazyP sunt aezate 'n faa ad#ectivelor obiective sau
concrete Oold+ red+ s3uareP-
(nn is an active young lad,-
4- ad#ectivele obiective sau concrete stau 'n umrtoarea ordineK
dimensiune B vCrst B form B culoare B origine B material B scop
a small oval plate T an anti3ue .rench table T a blac& metal )al&ing sticB T an enormous blac& steel lifting
device
=- dup un verb ultimele dou ad#ective sunt legate cu (>%-
Sam gre? bitter and aggressive-
T)e bread smelled fresh+ fragrant+ and appetizing-
$ompara3ia ad'ectivelor
.! "omparativul i superlativul ad#ectivelor se formeazK
1- adug5nd Ber i Best la sf5ritulK
ad#ectivelor monosilabice
ad#ectivelor terminate 'n By( 5er( 5ly
Aot
(d#ectivele de o silab terminate 'ntr.o consoan, dubleaz consoanaK fat+ fatter+ fattest
(d#ectivele terminate 'n consoan F yK transfomr pe y 'n iK pretty+ prettier+ prettiest
4- adug5nd more i most 'naintea ad#ectivelor de dou sau mai multe silabe
$ompara3ia regulat
.d'ectiv comparativ superlativ
%arm )armer the )armest
-appy happier the happiest
2lever cleverer the cleverest
6<
0oring more boring the most boring
#(cited more e(cited the most e(cited
$ompara3ia neregulat
.d'ectiv comparativ superlativ
Good+ )ell better the best
0ad )orse the )orst
;ittle less the least
7uch+ many more the most
.ar farther the farthest
further the furthest
old older the oldest
elder the eldest
late later the latest
the last
near nearer the nearest
the ne(t
Aot
Good i &ell au sensuri diferiteK
0et) is good- OU be)aves ?ellP
0et) is )ell- OU s)e is in good )ealt)P
=art,er i furt,er se refer ambele la distan, dar furt,er mai poate 'nsemna i n plus 1 e(tra
0oston is farther 1 further t)an Pl,mout)-
.urther testing ?ill be necessar,-
6lder i elder se refer ambele la v5rst, dar elder se folosete pentru relaii de familie
T)e cat)edral is the oldest building in to?n-
Fason is the eldest brot)er-
#,e latest 'nseamn cel mai recent, t,e last 'nseamn cel final, ultimul
9he latest ne?s ?as broadcast five minutes ago-
9he last ne?s report is at midnig)t-
#,e nearest se refer la distan, t,e ne1t la timp T cronologie
9he nearest )otel is ten miles a?a,-
9he ne(t train is leaving in )alf an )our-
B! pentru a face comparaii, folosiiK
1- as F ad'ectiv F as 'n propoziii afirmative pentru a exprima egalitatea
asQso F ad'ectiv F as 'n propoziii negative
Gour e,esig)t is as good as mine-
Peter isnAt as1so short as )is brot)er-
4- ad'ectivul la comparativ F t,an pentru a exprima diferena
T)at ?atc) is more e(pensive than t)is Timex-
Aot
Pentru a forma comparaii cu substantive, pronume i verbe 'n ing, folosii prepoziia li*e
+e ?orBs li&e a dog-
Tr, to be)ave li&e him-
$tAs li&e tal&ing to a bricB ?all-
$ompara3i
"omparaiile pot fi fcute cu more c5t i cu less
Paris is more interesting t)an +ouston-
+ouston is less interesting t)an Paris-
Aot
Exist o diferen 'ntre engleza formal i cea familiar-
&ormalK t,anQas F iQ,eQs,eQ&eQt,ey F verb
6E
&amiliarK t,anQas F meQ,imQ,erQusQt,em
=ormal =amiliar
Gou are as tall as , am- Gou are as tall as me-
0ill is older t)an she is- 0ill is older t)an her-
Aot
"5nd acelai verb se repet 'n aceeai propoziie, folosii un auxiliar pentru al doilea verb-
T)is "% sounds better t)an t)at "% sounds- U T)is "% sounds better t)an t)at "% does.
2! comparativ F and F comparativ
pentru a exprima creterea sau descreterea gradat a calitii
T)e bab, is gro?ing bigger and bigger-
$Am feeling more and more irritated ?it) Eric-
D! t,e F ad'ectiv la superlativG F ofQin
pentru a exprima superioritatea sau inferioritatea
6= se folosete pentru a indica un grup de oameni sau obiecte-
4A se folosete pentru a indica un loc-
T)is is the oldest booB in t)e librar,-
T)is booB is the best of1in t)e series-
2! .d'ectivele posesive
=orm: ad#ectivele posesive suntK
7y your his1her1its our your their
Aot
4ts este ad#ectiv posesiv-
4tHs este forma contras a lui it Y is-
;tilizare: ad#ectivele se folosescK
1- pentru a face referire la posesor-
$ tooB off my coat-
@e drove our car-
4- cu pri ale corpului i )aine-
T)e c)ildren ?as)ed their )ands before dinner-
Fim puts on his ne? )iBing boots-
=- cu o)n, pentru a 'ntri ideea de posesie-
S)e cleaned her o)n room-
Aot
(d#ectivele posesive sunt invariabile- Ele au aceeai form pentru substantive la singular i la plural-
7y boo&+ my boo&s his pen+ his pens
2! .d'ectivele interogative
=orm: Exist trei ad#ective interogativeK )hat+ )hich i )hose
;tilizare: (d#ectivele interogative se folosesc astfelK
1- &,at se folosete pentru lucuriK
%hat booB are ,ou readingS
&,ic, se folosete pentru persoane sau lucuri 'n cazul unei alegeri limitateK
69
%hich booB do ,ou preferS
&,ose se folosete pentru persoane i exprim posesiaK
%hose car )ave t)e, borro?edS
Aot
(d#ectivele interogative sunt invariabile- Ele au aceeali form pentru substantive la singular i la plural-
%hat photo+)hat photos 1 )hich pen+)hich pens 1 )hose coat+)hose coats
4- &,ose preced substantivul pe care 'l determin-
%hose cat is t)isS
%hose bags are over t)ereS
=- c5nd &,atQ&,ic,Q&,ose F substantiv #oac rolul de subiect al unei propoziii, verbul este la forma
afirmativ-
c5nd &,atQ&,ic,Q&,ose F substantiv #oac rolul de complement al unei propoziii, verbul este la
forma interogativ-
Subiect $omplement
%hat team ?onS %hat team did you applaud:
%hich trainarrived lateS %hich train did ar, taBeS
%hose coat lost a buttonS %hose coat did 0en borro?S
D! .d'ective cantitative
=orm: ad#ectivele cantitative suntK much+ many+ little+ fe)+ some+ any+ no i toate numerele-
;tilizare: .! muc,( many( little( fe&
1- many i fe& se folosesc cu substantive numrabile-
muc, i little se folosec cu substantive nenumrabile-
7any magazines, fe) in)abitants
7uch mone,, little )appines
4- muc, i many se folosesc de obicei 'n propoziii negative i interogative- :n propoziii afirmative
folosii a lot of, plenty of( a great deal of, a large number of-
Aeagativ i interogativ
T)ere isnAt much ice in t)e freezer-
%o ,ou )ave many friendsS
.firmativ
T)e plum tree )as pleanty of plums t)is ,ear-
=- muc, i many se pot combina cu ,o&-
-o) much mone, do ,ou needS
-o) many birds live in t)at nestS
Aot
>uc, i many se folosesc uneori 'n propoziii afirmative-
7any guests complained-
7uch time )as been ?asted-
Aot
8o& muc, Q many F substantiv poate fi subiect sau complement- !erbul din propoziie se modific 'n mod
corespunztor-
-o) much mone, did )e taBeS
-o) much is missingS
B! some( any( no sunt adesea denumite partitive-
1. some i any indic o anumit cantitate
no 'nseamn nici unele+ nici unii+ deloc
Se folosesc cuK substantive la plural-
67
substantive nenumrabile la singular-
T)ere is some bread but no milB in t)e Bitc)en-
+ave ,ou boug)t any biscuitsS
2. some se folosete 'nK
propoziii afirmative
@e earned some mone, picBing stra?berries-
:ntrebri, c5nd se ateapt un rspuns afirmativ
+avenAt ,ou lost some buttons on t)at #acBetS
*ferte i cereri
@ould ,ou liBe some coffeeS
3. any se folosete 'nK
propoziii negative
$ canAt lend ,ou any flour-
Propoziii interogative
%oes Sara) )ave any talentS
Propoziii subordonate cu ifQ&,et,er
@e donAt Bno? if t)ere are any survivors-
%up ?it)out
+e left for /ondon ?it)out any baggage-
Propoziii afirmative cu un substantiv la singular, cu sensul de tot+ oricare+ indiferent care
ny advice is ?elcome-
0u, any brand of toot)paste-
4. no se folosete 'nK
propoziii afirmative pentru a exprima negaia
, )usband speaBs no Spanis)-
8o drinBs ?ere offered during t)e flig)t-
%up )ith
+e left for /ondon ?it) no baggage-
Aot
Some( any( no se combin cu Bone( 5body( 5 t,ing form5nd cuvintele compuseK someone+ somebody+
something+ anyone+ anybody+ anything+ no one+ nobody+ nothing
(ceste pronume urmeaz aceleai reguli-
%oes anyone ?ant to accompan, meS
T)e, sa? something strange t)at nig)t-
8o one ans?ered t)e p)one-
T)e test flig)t tooB place ?it)out anybody on board-
5. .d'ectivele demonstrative: t'is, t'at, t'ese, t'#se
1- %emonstrativele sunt singurele ad#ective variabile din limba englez- Se acord 'n numr cu
substantivul determinat-
Singular plural
9his rug these rugs
9hat tree those trees
4- #,is( t,ese se refer la persoane i lucruri din apropierea vorbitorului-
#,at( t,ose se refer la persoane i lucruri aflate mai departe de vorbitor-
9hese pastries are delicious-
9his c)air is rat)er uncomfortable-
9hat airplane is fl,ing too lo?-
66
9hose clouds looB fluff,-
6. .d'ective distributive: eac', e%e!&, all, (#t', eit'e!, neit'e!
;tilizare: .: eac,( all( every
1- eac, 'nseamn Vconsiderat separat sau individualW- E urmat de substantiv la singular-
#ach c)ild received a prize-
4- all 'nseamn Vconsiderai 'mpreunW, ca grup- Substantivele numrabile care urmeaz sunt la plural-
ll men are created eZual-
=- every poate 'nsemna Vconsiderai 'mpreunW sau Vconsiderai separatW- ;rmeaz un substantiv la
singular-
#very girl )ad a red )air ribbon-
$! bot,
bot, 'nseamn Vam5ndoi, am5ndouW
$Ave read both booBs-
"! eit,er( neit,er
eit,er 'nseamn Voricare din ceiTcele doiTdouW- ;rmeaz un substantiv la singular-
#ither dress is suitable for t)e part,-
neit,er 'nseamn Vnici unulTuna din ceiTcele doiTdouW- ;rmeaz un substantiv la singular- !erbul
trebuie s fie afirmativ-
8either dress is suitable for t)e part,-
Aot
7it,er G or implic o alegereK
Gou can )ave either eggs or bacon for breaBfast-
Aeit,er G nor subliniaz cele dou negaiiK
8either ?omen nor c)ildren ?ere admitted-
:n acest timp de expresie substantivele numrabile sunt la plural-
Aot
(d#ectivele sunt adesea urmate de construcii infinitivale-
T)atAs nice to &no)R
$t ?as foolis) to do t)atR
@e found it eas, to memorize-
$t is dangerous to s&i t)ere-
71erci3ii:
.lege3i forma corect a ad'ectivului din parantez:
1- T)is is t)e X booB $ )ave read for a long time OgoodP- 4- +e )as one of t)e X cars on t)e road OfastP- =-
T)e ?orB ,ou are doing toda, is X t)an t)e ?orB ,ou did ,esterda, Oeas,P- <- (nn often ?ears X dresses
t)en )er mot)er OexpensiveP- E- @)ic) is t)e X pla, ,ou )ave latel, readS OinterestingP- 9- T)e actress on t)e
stage ?as t)e X girl $ )ave ever seen OstriBingP- 7- Tom is X t)an )is friend OtallP- 6- T)e, )ave a X garden
t)an ours Olovel,P- 2- +e said t)is ?as t)e X da, in )is life OimportantP- 1H- +e ?as X t)an )is ?ife ?)en
t)e c)ild broBe t)e ?indo? Oangr,P- 11- +e ?as t)e X man in t)e ?orld to do t)at OlateP- 14- (K [@)ic) ?as
,our X sub#ect at sc)ool and ?)ic) ?as ,our X Ogood, badPSA 0K [P),sics ?as m, X and )istor, m, X
Ogood, badP-A 1=- $s 0uc)arest or Prague t)e X from /ondon OfarPS 1<- Tom is 17 ,ears old, )is brot)er FacB
is 12 and )is sister Fane is 1E- T)erefore Fane is t)e X and FacB is t)e X O,oung, oldP-
.lege3i forma corect a ad'ectivelor din parantez:
62
1- @)at is t)e OlateP information ,ouAve gotS 4- +er OoldP brot)er is called Fim- =- @e ?ere in a )urr, to catc)
t)e OlateP bus- <- @)ic) is OoldP of t)e t?oS E- @)o is t)e OoldP member of t)e studentsA clubS 9- T)e, got
do?n to business ?it)out OfarP dela,- 7- $Ave got a still OoldP edition of t)e dictionar,- 6- T)e OoldP sister ?as
t?ent, ,ears OoldP t)en t)e ,oungest- 2- T)e OlateP )alf of a, ?as Zuite rain,- 1H- $ ?as told to ?ait until
OfarP notice- 11- $ ?is) $ )ad boug)t it at t)e OnearP s)op- 14- +e provided t)em ?it) OfarP information as
agreed- 1=- T)e OnearP station is "alea !ictoriei- 1<- Fo)nAs OlateP novel ?as a OgoodP seller and for sure it
?onAt be )is OlateP one- 1E- +e is t)e OlittleP ?riter of t)e t?o- 19- $ sa? )im meet )er at t)e OfarP end of t)e
street- 17- $ s)all need OfarP )elp ?it) t)is-
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
1- 0est 4- &astest =- Easier <- ore expensive E- ost interesting 9- ost striBing 7- Taller 6- ore lovel, 2-
ost important 1H- (ngrier 11- /ast 14- 0est, ?orst, best, ?orst 1=- &art)er 1<- Goungest, oldest
1- /atest 4- Elder =- /ast <- *lder E- *ldest 9- &urt)er 7- *lder 6- Eldest, older 2- /atter 1H- &urt)er 11-
>earest 14- &urt)er 1=- >ext 1<- /atest, best, last 1E- /esser 19- &art)est 17- &urt)er
CCIII. ?@6A;>797
Pronumele 'nlocuiesc substantive- "ele ase tipuri de ad#ective Ocalitativ, posesiv, interogativ, cantitativ,
demonstrativ, distributivP au forme pronominale- Ele urmeaz 'n general reguli identice- Exist de asemenea
i pronume personale i refle(ive-
! .d'ective $alificative F oneQones ] ?ronume
! ad'ectiv calificativ F oneQones 'nlocuiete un substantiv care a fost menionat mai devreme-
$ ?onAt lend ,ou m, ne? pen- Gou can borro? m, old one-
-! superlativele i culorile pot fi folosite singure-
Sandra is the best OdancerP-
%onAt ?ear ,our blue s)oes- 9he blac& OonesP looB better-
-! ?ronume ?osesive
=orm: pronumele posesive suntK
7ine ours
<ours yours
-is1hers theirs
;tilizare: pronumele posesive 'nlocuiesc ad#ectivele posesive- Substantivul care lipsete a fost menionat
'nainte-
T)is is m, booB- T)is booB is mine-
"ome to m, )ouse, not his-
Aot
6f yours 'nseamn one of your F substantiv
6f mine 'nseamn one of my F substantiv
Fo)n is a friend of ours- U Fo)n is one of our friends-
2! ?ronume 4nterogative
Pronumele interogative suntK &,o( &,om( &,ose( &,at( &,ic,
;tilizare: pronumele interogative se folosesc astfelK
?ersoane 9ucruri
Subiect ?)o ?)at
@)ic) ?)ic)
$omplement ?)om, ?)o ?)at
@)ic) ?)ic)
2H
?osesiv ?)ose
Aot
Pronumele interogative sunt invariabile- Ele au o singur form-
%ho is t)at girlS
%ho are t)ose menS
Aot
:,ic, se folosete 'ntr.un context cu alegere limitat- :n rest se folosete &,at-
%hat do ,ou seeS Opoi vedea oriceP
%hich OoneP is singingS Ocare persoan, din grupul respectiv, este cea care c5ntSP
! pronumele interogative ca S;B47$#
c5nd )ho+ )hat+ )hose i )hich sunt subiectul unei propoziii, verbul este afirmativ-
%ho is calling meS
%hat )appenedS
-! pronumele interogative ca i $6>?97>7A#
c5nd )ho+ )hom+ )hat+ )hose+ )hich sunt complementul unei propoziii, verbul este la interogativ-
%hom did ,ou callS
%hat )as )e doneS
Aot
:n engleza formal &,om este folosit ca i complement obiect direct- Engleza vorbit 'l folosete pe &,o-
&ormalK %hom did ,ou seeS
!orbitK %ho did ,ou seeS
2! pronume interogative ca i $6>?97>7A#
?@7?6V4Y46A.9
%hom+ )hat+ )hich ca i complemente prepozi3ionale-
%ith )hom did eg speaBS
,n )hat are ,ou interestedS
9o )hich of t)e t?o addresses did t)e, send itS
Aot
Engleza modern prefer s transfere prepoziiile la S&dI_$T;/ propoziiei- :n acest caz &,om devine
&,o-
%ho did eg speaB )ith:
%hat are ,ou interested in:
%hich of t)e t?o addresses did t)e, send it to:
Aot
:,at F be^ i &,at F be G li*e^ Sunt 'ntrebri diferite-
%hat is r- ParBerS +e is a la?,er-
%hat is r- ParBer li&eS +e is s)ort and arrogant-
D! ?ronume $antitative
Pronumele cantitative suntK muc,( many( little( fe&( some( any( none!
;tilizare: muc,( many( little( fe&
! many i fe& 'nlocuiesc substantive numrabile
muc, i little 'nlocuiesc substantive nenumrabile
7any are called but fe) are c)osen-
+e didnAt spend much mone,- :n fact )e spent ver, little-
21
-! muc, i many se folosesc 'n mod normal 'n propoziii negative i interogative- :n propoziii afirmative
folosii a lotQlots sau a great deal!
T)e bab, isnAt eating much- $t usuall, eats a great deal-
%id ,ou bu, many booBsS Ges, $ boug)t lots-
Aot
>uc, i many se pot combina cu ,o&-
-o) much did it costS
-o) many cameS
Some( any( none
1- some( any i none 'nlocuiesc substantive la plural sau nenumrabile la singular-
4- some se folosete 'nK
a- propoziii afirmative
b- 'ntrebri c5nd se ateapt ca rspunsul s fie afirmativ
c- oferte i cereri
T)ere are deer in t)e parB- @e sa? some toda,-
Gou need some medicine- %id t)e doctor prescribe ,ou someS
$Ave #ust lost all m, mone,- "ould ,ou lend me someS
=- any se folosete 'nK
a. propoziii negative
b. propoziii interogative
c. subordonate cu if1)hether
d. dup )ithout
$ meant to bu, a dozen eggs but t)e, )adnAt got any-
(renAt t)ere any in t)e fridgeS
$f ,ou see any, let me Bno?-
@)at about mone,S +e left ?it)out any-
<- none se folosete 'nK
a. propoziii afirmative pentru a exprima negaia
b. dup )ith
$f all friends ?ere liBe +arr,, $Ad rat)er )ave none-
Sam )ates car,ing suitcases- +e travels ?it) none-
Aot
Pronumele somebody+ someone+ something+ anybody+ anyone+ anything+ no one+ nobody+ nothing urmeaz
aceleai reguli-
K! ?ronumele "emonstrative
Pronumele demonstrative suntK t,is( t,at( t,ese i t,ose
;tilizare:
1- Pronumele demonstrative se acord 'n numr cu substantivul pe care 'l 'nlocuiesc-
9his OumbrellaP is mine- 9hat is )is-
4- t,is( t,ese se refer la obiecte din prea#ma vorbitorului-
t,at( t,ose se refer la obiecte aflate mai departe de vorbitor-
9his OoneP is )ere, that OoneP is t)ere-
=- t,is se folosete pentru a face prezentrile sau la telefon-
rs Fones, this is m, friend, (lison +ug)es-
L! ?ronumele "istributive:
24
7ac,( all( everyoneQeverybody( everyt,ing( bot,( eit,er( neit,er
;tilizare: eac,( all
1- eac, 'nseamn Vconsiderai individualW- ;rmeaz un verb la singular-
#ach c)ose t)e colour )e preferred-
4- all 'nseamn Vconsiderai 'mpreunW- ;rmeaz un verb la plural-
ll are ?elcome-
=- eac, i all pot fi urmate de *& Y substantiv T pronume-
#ach of the boys felt as)amed-
ll of the trees are d,ing-
7veryone( everybody( everyt,ing
1- everyone i everybody 'nseamn Vtoat lumeaW
#verybody in t)e room applauded-
4- everyt,ing 'nseamn Vtoate lucrurileW
#verything ended ?ell-
Bot,
1- bot, 'nseamn Vcei doiTcele douW
0oth refused t)e invitation-
4- bot, poate fi urmat de *& Y substantiv T pronume
0oth of )is grandparents are still living-
Aot
ll i both se pot folosi pentru a 'ntri subiectul pronominal- :n acest caz ele sunt plasate 'n faa verbului
principal-
Gou )ave all been ver, Bind to me-
@e both came-
7it,er( neit,er
1- eit,er 'nseamn Vunul dintre cei doiW-
neit,er 'nseamn Vnici unul dintre cei doiW-
4- eit,er, neit,er pot fi urmate de *& Y substantiv T pronume
#ither of ,ou can go-
8either of t)e men ?anted to do it-
M! ?ronume ?ersonale
=orm: subiect complement
, me
<ou you
-e him
She her
,t it
%e us
9hey them
;tilizare:
2=
1- toate verbele limbii engleze Ocu excepia imperativelorP trebuie s aib un subiect pronominal-
9hey disliBe inefficienc,-
dar
"ome )ereR
4- complementele pronominale Odirecte sau indirecteP urmeaz o prepoziie sau verbul Ocu funcie de
complemente directe sau indirecte-P
$ spoBe to her ,esterda,-
@e sa) them on t)e beac)-
Aot
%e obicei complementul indirect preced complementul direct-
S)e sent me a long letter-
"ar
%up verbe caK e(plain+ introduce+ translate+ describe+ say+ suggest+ recommend
"ar
%ac ambele complemente sunt pronumeK
"omplementul direct este primul iar complementul indirect e introdus printr.o prepoziie-
S)e sent it to me-
$ explained it to them-
=- you i one sunt folosite impersonal cu sensul de everyone, no one sau anyone- Mne are aspect formal-
<ou este frecvent folosit 'n engleza vorbit-
<ou1one s)ould al?a,s tell t)e trut)-
<- t,ey este folosit impersonal cu sensul de Vlumea spuneW, Vse ziceW
9hey sa, )eAs dis)onest- OU People sa, )eAs dis)onest-P
E- it F be se foloseteK
pentru lucruri sau fiine cu genul necunoscut-
@)ereAs m, booBS ,t is on t)e s)elf-
"u un substantiv T complement pronominal pentru a se referi la persoane-
@)oAs at t)e doorS ,t*s *livia-
:n expresii despre vreme, temperatur, timp, date, distane
,t*s cold outside-
@)at time is itS ,t*s nine oAclocB-
,t*s t)e fourt) of Ful,-
+o? far is it to ")icagoS ,t*s ten miles.
"u un ad#ectiv pentru a introduce o subordonat infinitival
,t is difficult to understand )er-
R! ?ronume @efle1ive
=orm: singular plural
7yself ourselves
<ourself yourselves
-imself themselves
-erself
,tself
Aot
2<
Exist o diferen 'ntre yourself i yourselves-
%id ,ou en#o, yourself at t)e part,S
%id Fo)n and ,ou en#o, yourselves at t)e part,S
;tilizare: Pronumele reflexive se folosescK
1- cu verbe reflexive-
"ele mai frecvente verbe reflexive suntK
9o enjoy oneself+ to amuse oneself+ to help oneself+ to hurt oneself+ to trouble oneself+ to cut oneself+ to
)ash oneself
T)e little bo, hurt himself during t)e game-
ulte verbe care sunt 'n mod normal reflexive 'n alte limbi >; sunt reflexive 'n englez- (stfel de verbe
suntK to )ash+ dress+ comb+ shave+ meet, etc-
Sue and 0rian met last ,ear-
4- cu funcie de complemente prepoziionale
S)e looBed at herself in t)e mirror-
@), are ,ou so angr, )ith yourselfS
=- pentru 'ntrire
T)e president himself attended t)e meeting-
Aot
By F pronume refle1iv 'nseamn singur
;n pronume reflexiv folosit cu un verb nereflexiv 'nseamn Vfr a#utorul nimnuiW-
$ live by myself- U $ live alone-
$ fixed it myself- U $ fixed it ?it)out an, )elp-
Aot
7ac, ot,er 'nseamn reciprocitate 'ntre dou persoane-
71erci3ii:
=olosi3i it sau t'e!e( acolo unde e necesar:
1- X is time to go to bed- 4- X is t)ree miles to t)e Doo- =- X is a long time since $ gave up smoBing- <- X
is so muc) ?orB to do t)at $ )avenAt time to t)inB about m, o?n problems- E- X is time to finis) t)e
cleaning before ?e go- 9- X is ver, strange t)at t)e, s)ould )ave arrived at t)e same time- 7- X is no place
liBe )ome- 6- X is t?o ,ears since t)e, married- 2- X is onl, a s)ort ?a, no?- 1H- %onAt eat t)at X is a
poisonous mus)room- X are man, of t)em in t)ese parts- 11- X is a s)ame t)at even toda, X are so man,
unBempt gardens around- 14- X is no time to stop and talB- X is a bus to catc), X is a fair distance to t)e
stop-
$ompleta3i spa3iile cu muc', man&, GaH little, GaH few:
1- T)e people involved are onl, as X as )alf a dozen- 4- (sB X to )ave X - =- X )ave no record at all- <-
T)e ?orBers ?ere Zuite upset; X t)reatened to do?n tools; X c)ose to go on ?orBing- E- T)e, donAt give
,ou X for t)is Bind of ?orB, do t)e,S 9- X is being done to la, t)eir suspicions- 7- @)at about busesS X
are broBen do?n, X are in good repair- 6- Some go for crisps but Zuite X go for popcorn in a big ?a,- 2- (K
[(n,t)ing to drinBS T)e pineapple sZuas) is ver, nice indeed-A 0K [Ges, please, $All )ave XA- 1H- $t ?as Zuite
a s)ocB for all of t)em, but X ?ere seriousl, in#ured-
=olosi3i eit'e!, neit'e! sau n#ne:
2E
1- a- $ liBe X of t)e t?o- b- $ donAt liBe X of t)e t?o, t)e, are bot) too fanciful for m, taste- 4- X ?as ?ort)
mentioning- =- (K [@)ic) of t)e t?o paintings did ,ou bu,SA 0KAXA- <- $t doesnAt matter ?)ic) ,ou c)oose-
a- $ donAt liBe X b- $ liBe X E- (K [@)ic) of )er friends do ,ou liBe bestSA 0K [$ liBe X of t)em-A 9- (K [+ave
,ou seen m, )usband or m, sonSA 0K [$Ave seen X of t)em-A 6- (K [+ave ,ou read t)e Englis) of t)e
Iomanian versionSA 0K [$ )avenAt read X of t)em-A
$ompleta3i spa3iile goale cu w'#, w'#se, w'#m, w'ic', t'at:
1- T)e girl X umbrella ,ou tooB is raging against ,ou- 4- T)e apples X )e sa? on t)e table ?ere not big at
all- =- T)e pla, X ?e sa? last ?eeB ?as rat)er dull- <- T)e girl ?it) X ,ou sa? me ,esterda, studies
Spanis)- E- T)e student to X ,ou ?ere talBing looBed ver, clever- 9- T)e bo,s X are pla,ing football under
,our ?indo?s are brot)ers- 7- T)e raft on X )e ?as standing ?as caug)t in a ?)irl- 6- T)e, )ave cut do?n
t)e tree X used to stand )ere- 2- T)e onl, opponenet X can defeat )im is Foe 0ugner- 1H- T)e onl, opponent
X )e is afraid of is Foe 0ugner- 11- T)e most unusual booB X )as appeared t)is ?inter is a booB on
caterpillars- 14- &ranB is no t)e man X )e ?as- 1=- +ereAs t)e man X car ?as stolen- 1<- $s t)is t)e box X
,ou tooB it out ofS 1E- $tAs librar, X ob#ect is to serve t)e neig)bouring villages- 19- Ever,bod, X one asBs
sa,s )e is innocent- 17- T)is is t)e funniest stor, X )e )as ?ritten- 16- S)e is t)e sort of girl X ?ill do )er
best to persuade )im- 12- (ll X t)e, can do is pacif, )im- 4H- GouAre t)e onl, man X $Ave ever met X can
reall, pla, bridge-
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
1- $t 4- $t =- $t <- T)ere E- T)ere 9- $t 7- T)ere 6- $t 2- $t 1H- $t, t)ere 11- $t, t)ere 14- T)ere, t)ere, it
1- &e? 4- uc), a little =- an, <- an,, fe? E- uc) 9- /ittle 7- &e?, man, 6- &e? 2- ( little 1H- &e?
1- >eit)er, eit)er 4- >one =- >eit)er <- Eit)er, neit)er E- >one 9- >eit)er 7- >one 6- Eit)er
1- @)ose 4- T)atT?)ic) =- @)ic)Tt)at <- @)om E- @)om 9- @)o 7- @)ic) 6- T)at 2- @)o 1H- @)omTt)at
11- T)at 14- T)at 1=- @)ose 1<- @)ic)Tt)at 1E- @)ose 19- OT)atP 17- OT)atP 16- T)at 12- OT)atP 4H- OT)atP,
?)o
CCI1.."V7@B;9
=orm: (dverbele se formeaz 'n diferite feluriK
=. unele adverbe sunt cuvinte independenteK
often+ )hen:+ no)+ very+ soon+ al)ays
>. unele adverbe au aceeai form ca ad#ectiveleK daily+ early+ fast+ lo)+ straight+ )ell+ bac&+ enough+ far+ ill+
little+ long+ pretty+ near+ )rong+ still+ short+ late+ high+ left+ right+ hard
Aot
%intre aceste adverbe, unele au i o form 'n /G dar sensul este altulK
+ard/G U ver, little T)e, ?ere )ig)l, impacient-
/ate/G U recentl, $t )asnAt rained latel,-
>ear/G U almost %inner is nearl, read,-
S)ort/G U soon, briefl, r- Smit) ?ill be )ere s)ortl,-
Pretti/G U attractivel, T)e bab, ?as prettil, dressed-
>ot
%up be( become( feel( get( loo*( seem( folosii un ad#ectiv Onu un adverbP-
S)e felt )app,-
rs- Poole looBs tired-
?. unel adverbe O'n special cele de mod i gradP se formeaz adug5nd ad#ectivelor terminaia B9PK
Bind, Bindly automatic, automatically slo?, slo?ly
simple, simply )app,, )appily careful, carefully
29
Aot
(dverbul corespunztor lui Good este :ell-
Aot
;nel cuvinte terminate 'n /G sunt ad#ective Onu adverbePR
;onely+ lovely+ li&ely+ friendly+ ugly+ silly
6rtografie:
y final se sc)imb 'n BiK merry+ merrily Odar shy+ shylyP
5e final se pstreazK )ise+ )isely Odar true+ trulyP
dac se termin 'n consoan
P Jle, "e dispare i se adaug JyK gentle+ gently
cuvintelor terminate 'n ic scientific+ scientifically
li se adaug all,K Odar public+ publiclyP
#opica:
Topica adverbelor variaz- Ea depinde 'n primul r5nd de tipul de adverbe folosit- :ntrirea poate i ea afecta
topica-
Exist trei poziii de baz pentru adverbeK
1- la Enceput:
(dverbul e plasat 'nainte de subiect-
5nfortunately, $ couldnAt identif, t)e t)ief-
4- la sfCrit:
(dverbul este plasat dup complement sau, dac nu exist complement, imediat dup verb-
T)at ,oung man liBes elanie very much-
Aot
>u plasai niciodat un adverb 'ntre verb i complementR
$ drinB coffee slo?l,- OAu $ drinB slo?l, coffee-P
=- la mi'loc:
(dverbul este plasatK
'nainte de verbul principal-
+e usually comes for tea-
dup verbul be!
S)e is al)ays smiling-
dup primul verb auxiliar sau modal-
T)e, )ave rarely come to visit-
'nainte de used to, ,ave to, oug,t to-
@e certainly oug)t to be more careful-
#ipuri de adverbe
(dverbele se 'mpart 'n apte tipuri diferiteK de mod( loc( timp( frecven3( opinie( grad i interogative-
27
! .dverbe de mod
_indly( easily( &ell( ,appily( fast( carefully( secretly( beautifully( reluctanty( foolis,ly( badly etc!
(dverbele de mod arat "; se petrece o aciune-
Poziia lor esteK
de obicei la sfCrit, adic dup verb i complement-
Pavarotti sang beautifully-
Aot
:n propoziii cu pasivul, @E// i 0(%/G sunt plasate 'nainte de participiul trecutK
T)e booB ?as )ell ?ritten-
'nainte de verb, %("e exist un complement lung-
T)e teac)er carefully picBed up all the e(am papers scattered over the floor-
(dverbele referitoare la caracter sau inteligen Ofoolish+ generously+ s)eetly+ &indly+ stupidly etc.P 'i
sc)imb sensul 'n funcie de poziie-
$ stupidly replied- OU $t ?as stupid of me to repl,-P
$ replied stupidl,- OU $ gave a stupid repl,-P
-! .dverbe de loc
8ere( up( abroad( out( outside( in( a&ay( every&,ere( some&,ere( no&,ere( t,ere etc!
(dverbele de loc arat ;>%E se petrece aciunea-
Poziia lor esteK
de obicei la sf5rit, adic dup verb i complement-
T)e, ?ent every)here-
Aot
(dverbele de loc funcioneaz adesea i ca prepoziii-
Foe ran do)n t)e stairs-
Aot
+EIE T T+EIE Y be T come T go Y subiect substantivK
T)ereAs 8enryR +ere comes t,e trainR
%ar
+EIE T T+EIE Y subiect pronume Y be T come T goK
T)ere ,e isR +ere it comesR
2! .dverbe de timp
Pesterday( no&( after&ards( still( soon( eventually( t,en( today( at once( till( tomorro&( since t,en
etc!
(dverbele de timp arat "d>% se petrece aciunea-
Poziia lor esteK
de obicei la Enceput O'naintea subiectuluiP sau la sfCrit Odup verb i complementP-
9omorro) ?ill begin t)e next lesson-
cu imperativeK la sfCrit
%o it no)R
"u GETK la sfCrit
GET se folosete mai ales la negativ i interogativ- :nseamn Vp5n acumW-
26
r Fones )asnAt finis)ed yet-
+ave ,ou asBed )im yetS
"u ST$//K dup 0E i 'naintea tuturor celorlalte verbe-
ST$// se folosete la afirmativ, negativ, i interogativ- El subliniaz continuarea unei situaii T stri de
fapt-
Step)anie is still un?ell-
"u (/IE(%GK dup 0E sau primul auxiliar i 'nainte de verbul principal-
(/IE(%G se folosete mai ales la afirmativ- :nseamn Vde#aW-
+e is already fifteen ,ears old-
Aot
Since t,en se folosete cu timpurile perfecte-
@e )avenAt seen t)e >elsons since then-
Aot
%e obicei adverbele au urmtoarea ordineK
>6" B 96$ B #4>?
T)e bab, slept )ell yesterday-
arB ?orBed hard at school last year-
D! .dverbe de frecven3
.l&ays( usually( never( ever( ,ardly ever( often( t&ice( once( continually( seldom( rarely(
periodically etc!
(dverbele de frecven arat "dT %E %ES se petrece o aciune-
Poziia lor esteK
de obicei la mi'loc, adicK
Enainte de verbul principal i have to+ used to+ ought to
dup verbul 0E i primul auxiliar-
Gou can sometimes parB over t)ere-
T)e little girls are al)ays pla,ing dolls-
2ontinually+ fre3uently+ occasionally+ once+ t)ice+ often+ sometimes+ normally i repeatedly pot fi plasate
i la sfCrit Odup verb i complementP sau la Enceput O'nainte de subiectPK
+e comes to see us often-
4epeatedly, t)e pupils made t)e same mistaBe-
Expresiile adverbiale de frecven Oevery day+ once a monthP sunt plasate la sf5rit sau 'nceputK
*ur c)ildren ?alB to sc)ool every morning-
Aot
>E!EI se folosete cu verbe afirmative- :nseamn VniciodatW-
$ )ave never been to Fapan-
E!EI se folosete 'n special 'n propoziii interogative sau superlative- :nseamn Voric5nd T vreodatW-
+as Ted ever studied statisticsS
FacB 3allag)er is t)e best pla,er ?e )ave ever )ad-
>*T Y E!EI U >E!EI
$ )aven*t ever read Pinter- U $ )ave never read Pinter-
22
K! .dverbele de opinie
?ersonally( obviously( fran*ly( certainly( luc*ily( actually( probably( definitely( surely etc!
(dverbele de opinie exprim opinia vorbitorului-
(ceste adverbe se pot 'mpri 'n dou grupuriK
a- actually+ certainly+ apparently+ clearly+ obviously+ probably+ definitely+ undoubtedly-
Poziia adverbelor din grupul ( este la mi'loc:
T)e c)ild is actually ver, brig)t-
b- perhaps+ maybe+ possibly+ fran&ly+ naturally+ luc&ily+ unluc&ily+ honestly+ fortunately+ unfortunately-
Poziia adverbelor din grupul 0 este de obicei la EnceputK
Kerhaps ?e can go out tonig)t-
L! .dverbe de grad
=airly( /uite( ,ardly( too( almost( pretty( rat,er( barely( completely( enoug,( nearly( really( 'ust( so (
even( very etc!
(dverbele de grad determin 'n general ad#ective sau adverbe care indic extinderea sau intensitatea
OgradulP-
Poziia lor esteK
'n mod normal c)iar 'naintea ad#ectivului sau adverbului-
+e is entirely rig)t-
T)e s)oes are too ?ide-
E>*;3+ urmeaz dup ad#ectiv sau adverb-
, steaB isnAt big enough-
Aot
E>*;3+ st 'naintea unui substantivK
@e donAt )ave enough mone,-
(dverbele de grad determin uneori verbe- * list parial includeK almost+ barely+ enough+ hardly+ just+
only+ much+ a lot+ nearly+ 3uite+ rather+ really+ scarcely-
Poziia lor este 'nainte de verbul principal-
;"+ i E>*;3+ sunt excepii i urmeaz dup verb-
F;ST i *>/G se afl exact 'naintea verbului determinat-
T)e, could barel, )ear t)e speaBer-
%ar
T)e pianist )asnAt practiced enough-
$ liBed )im a lot-
$ )ave just deposited t)e mone,- OU $ deposited it a little ?)ile ago-P
$ deposited just t)e mone,- OU $ deposited t)e mone, and not)ing else-P
Aot
!EIG se folosete cu ad#ective i adverbe-
!EIG ;"+ se folosete cu verbe-
@e are very )app, to be )ere-
%ar
T)anB ,ou very much-
Aot
1HH
c;$TE poate 'nsemna i VcompletW-
GouAre 3uite rig)tR OU GouAre completel, rig)t-P
$ompara3i sensurile a cinci adverbe de grad folosite cu ad'ective i adverbe!
Slab Puternic
fairly rat,erQpretty /uite very
T)e boxer is fairly strong- OU )e is moderatel, strong-P
Gour caBe is pretty good- OU it is certainl, not bad-P
T)at music is 3uite loud- OU it is considerabl, loud-P
Gour result is very good- OU it is close to excellent-P
M! .dverbe interogative
:,en^( &,ere^( &,y^( ,o&^
(dverbele interogative se folosesc 'n 'ntrebri-
Poziia lor este la Enceput, 'naintea auxiliarului, subiectului i verbului principal-
%hy is "ind, cr,ingS
%here does s)e teac)S
%hen did t)e, send t)e letterS
-o) do ,ou spell ,our nameS
Aot
+*@ poate fi folosit cuK
:d.ecti%eK
-o) tall is )eS
Kuc' A man&-
-o) much milB does s)e drinBS
:d%e!(eK
-o) often does ")ris go dancingS
$ompara3ia adverbelor
=orm: comparativul i superlativul adverbelor se formeazK
! adug5nd Ber i Best adverbelor de o silab
-! pun5nd, more i most 'n faa adverbelor de dou sau mai multe silabe
pozitiv comparativ superlativ
fast faster t)e fastest
slo?l, more slo?l, t)e most slo?l,
Aot
Earl, earlier t)e earliest
$omparative neregulate
@ell better t)e best
0adl, ?orse t)e ?orst
/ittle less t)e least
uc) more t)e most
&ar fart)erTfurt)er t)e fart)estTfurt)est
Aot
=art,er Q fart,est se refer numai la distan
+e ran farther t)an planned-
=urt,er Q furt,est se folosete mai mult 'n general-
1H1
+e inZuired further into t)e matter-
;tilizare: pentru a construi comparaii adverbiale, folosiiK
1- (S Y adverb Y (S 'n propoziii afirmative pentru a exprima egalitatea,
(STS* Y adverb Y (S 'n propoziii negative-
Pam +ard, ran as fast as s)e could-
T)e pupp, doesnAt eat as1so )ell as $ )opped-
4- adverbul "*P(I(T$! Y T+(> pentru a exprima diferena-
Eric ?rites better than 0rian-
=- T+E Y adverb S;PEI/(T$! pentru a exprima superioritatea Osau inferioritateaP- T+E este adesea
omis- Superlativul poate fi urmat de *& Y substantiv T pronume-
+e pla,s tennis Ot)eP best of all-
%an sBied Ot)eP fastest Oof all t)e racersP-
Aot
"5nd acelai verb apare 'n ambele pri ale propoziiei, folosii un auxiliar pentru cel de.al doilea verb- (stfel
evitai repetiia-
$ donAt t)inB as muc) as ,ou do-
4nversiunea
(numite adverbe sau expresii adverbiale pot fi plasate la 'nceput pentru 'ntrire- Subiectul i verbul care
umeaz se inverseaz-
$at o list parial a adverbelor i expresiilor adverbiale care se pot folosi astfelK in1under no circumstances+
neither1nor+ never+ no sooner / then+ not only+ only by+ only in this )ay+ only lately+ only then+ little+ so+
seldom+ on no account-
*nl, in t)is ?a, can you master t)e language-
*n no account is Jody to turn on t)e gas-
Seldom )ave , met suc) a fascinating ?oman-
71erci3ii:
.lege3i cuvCntul potrivit:
1- Gou are an excellent cooB- T)e food tastes Ogood, ?ellP- 4- $t ?as a lovel, da, ?it) birds singing and t)e
sun s)ining Obrig)t, brig)tl,P and girls ?earing Obrig)t, brig)tl,P. coloured dresses- =- $ )ate taBing medicine-
$t tastes Obitter, bitterl,P- <- $ donAt t)inB )e is ill- +is voice sounds Omerr,, merril,P- E- $t rains O)eav,,
)eavil,P- 9- $t is Onear, nearl,P five oAclocB- 7- Gou must ?orB O)ard, )ardl,P for ,our exams- 6- +e spoBe so
OZuicB, ZuicBl,P t)at ?e could O)ard, )ardl,P follo? )im- 2- @)en did ,ou Olast, lastl,P see )imS 1H- $ am
Odirect, directl,P interested in ?)at ,ou t)inB- 11- +e couldnAt move as )e ?as Odead, deadl,P tired- 14- +is
e,es )urt )im Obad, badl,P- 1=- r Fones )eld it Otig)t, tig)tl,P- 1<- $t ?as six oAclocB as Onear, nearl,P as )e
could guess- 1E- Olast, lastl,P $ must account for m, sisterAs be)aviour-
?une3i adverbele En ordinea corect:
1- Tim and 0ecB, )ad been ?andering Ofor man, )ours, about t)e caveP- 4- Fim ?as to recite )is poem Ot)at
ver, morning, in t)e centre of t)e examination )allP- =- T)oug) $ ?as ver, bus, $ snatc)ed a minute to
ans?er )is letter O,esterda,, at t)e officeP- <- Tom, +ucB and Foe decided to run a?a, Oat da,breaB, from
)omeP- E- $ ?is) $ ?ere Ono?, over t)ereP- 9- T)e, returned Oin t)e evening, to t)e camp, lateP- 7- $ )ad t)e
pleasure of meeting a fine ?oman of about fift, Ot)e ot)er da,, in >e? GorB, )ereP- 6- , brot)ers and m,
)usband ?ill be Osoon, )omeP from t)e s)ooting- 2- 0at)ing is ver, good, ?)en t)e sea is mostl, calm O)ere,
1H4
in summerP- 1H- T)e great fire broBe out, and aided b, t)e east ?ind, burnt do?n t)e ?ooden )ouses of
?)ic) a large proportion of t)e to?n ?as built Oin 1999, in /ondon, in a baBerAs s)op, in SeptemberP-
$,eia e1erci3iilor:
1- 3ood- 4- 0rig)t, brig)tl,.coloured =- 0itter <- err, E- +eavil, 9- >earl, 7- +ard 6- cuicBl,, )ardl, 2-
/ast 1H- %irectl, 11- %ead 14- 0adl, 1=- Tig)t T tig)tl, 1<- >ear 1E- /astl,
1- Tim and 0ecB, )ad been ?andering about t)e cave for man, )ours 4- Fim ?as to recite a poem in t)e
centre of t)e examination )all t)at ver, morning =- T)oug) $ ?as ver, bus, at t)e office ,esterda,, $
snatc)ed a minute to ans?er )is letter <- Tom, +ucB and Foe decided to run a?a, from )ome at da,breaB E- $
?is) $ ?ere over t)ere no? 9- T)e, returned to t)e camp late in t)e evening 7- T)e ot)er da,, )ere in >e?
GorB, $ )ad t)e pleasure of meeting a fine ?oman of about fift,- 6- , brot)ers and m, )usband ?ill be
)ome soon from t)e s)ooting- 2- 0at)ing is ver, good )ere, in summer, ?)en t)e sea is mostl, calm- 1H- T)e
great fire broBe out in a baBerAs s)op in /ondon in September 1999 and aided b, t)e east ?ind, burnt do?n
t)e ?ooden )ouses of ?)ic) a large proportion of t)e to?n ?as built-
CC1. #87 $.@ B 6A #87 @6." B "@4V4AG . $.@
Basic Vocabulary
#raffic circulaie, trafic
#raffic lig,ts semafor, stop
#raffic 'am blocare a circulaiei Odin pricina traficului intensP
#raffic policeman agent de circulaie
#raffic accident accident de circulaie
#raffic police&oman agent de circulaie
#raffic5&arden O'n (ngliaP persoan care controleaz parcarea mainilor i traficul rutier
?edestrian pieton
Vebra Q crossing trecere de pietoni
?avement trotuar
4sland refugiu pentru pietoni
@oad mar*ing indicator rutier Ope oseaP
_erb bordur, margine a trotuarului
9amp5post st5lp de felinar
@oad sign semn de circulaie
@oad conditions condiii de drum, starea drumului
Built5up area zon locuit
>ilestone piatr indicatoare de mile Ode.a lungul drumuluiP
"riving licence permis de conducere
_ilometer5stone piatr de Bilometra#, born de Bilometra#
@us,5,our or de v5rf
"riving test examen pentru obinerea permisului de conducere
@oad . drum, cale, osea
>otor&ay autostrad
1H=
>ain street strad principal
8ig,&ay osea
Side street Q by5street strad lateral
Band band de circulaie
Boulevard bulevard
.sp,alt asfalt
#,oroug,fare fNrfg arter important
$obble5stone piatr de pava#
.venue drum, cale, alee Oplantat cu pomiP
9ane 1- drum 'ngust, crare- 4- band de circulaie
$ul5de5sac Q blind alley fundtur, strad 'nfundat
(foot) pat, potec, crare
$arriage &ay band de circulaie; parte carosabil, osea
$ar main, autoturism
#a1i Q cab taxi
$ar5par* parcare
#ram tramvai
?etrol station staie de benzin
#ube Q underground metrou
Bus autobuz
Stop staie
$oac, autocar
9orry camion
@e/uest stop staie facultativ
=are bilet, costul unei cltorii
Van furgonet
$onductor conductor, taxator, vatman
>obile s,op auto magazin
#op dec* O'n (ngliaP partea de sus a unui autobuz cu eta# Odouble dec*er)
@ail&ay Station gar
=ire Station post de pompieri
Bus Station autogar
General ?ost56ffice pota central
>ar*et 8all )al, piaa central
#o&n 8all primrie
#elep,one 71c,ange central telefonic Oa unei localitiP
:,eel roat
Spare &,eel roat de rezerv
71,aust pipe eav de eapament
Bonnet capot
>udguard aprtoare Ode noroiP
Bumper bar de protecie
Aumber plate plac cu numrul mainii
:indscreen parbriz
:indscreen &ipers tergtoare
8eadlig,t far, faza mare
#raffic indicator lig,t Q trafficator semnalizator de direcie ?ar*ing lig,t lumin de poziie
"ipped lig,t faza scurt
9uggage boot portbaga#
#yre anvelop, cauciuc
7ngine motor
@adiator radiator
@adiator grill masca radiatorului
Battery baterie, acumulator
8orn claxon
$lutc, ambreia#
Steering &,eel volan
1H<
8andbra*e fr5n de m5n
=ootbra*e fr5n de picior
.ccelerator accelerator
Gear lever sc)imbtor de vitez
Speedometer vitezometru
"as,5board tablou de bord
?etrol tan* rezervor de benzin
?etrol gauge indicator de combustibil
4gnition *ey c)eie de contact
?lug bu#ie
8eater sistem de 'nclzire
$arburettor carburator
Ventilation ventilaie
Suspension suspensie
#ransmission transmisie
=lat tyre cauciuc dezumflat
$ongested par*ing parca# aglomerat
?uncture pan de cauciuc
Brea*do&n pan de motor
=aulty traffic lig,ts semafoare defecte
Broad Q &ide lat, larg Odespre drumP
:et ud
Aarro& 'ngust
4cy 'ng)eat
Straig,t drept
$ro&ded aglomerat
:inding erpuit
.mber lumina galben a semaforului
?aved pavat
@ed rou Ola semaforP
;npaved nepavat
Green verde Ola semaforP
#o drive . a conduce Oun autove)iculP
#o cross a traversa
#o &atc, out (for) Q to loo* out a fi atent OlaP
#o slo& do&n a 'ncetini
#o give &ay a ceda trecerea
#o overta*e a depi
#o &arn a avertiza
#o bra*e a fr5na, a pune fr5n
#o overturn a se rsturna
#o run into a intra 'n
#o ,ave a cras, a avea T a suferi un accident
#o come into a collision &it, a se ciocni de
#o par* a parca
#o in'ure a rni
#o endanger a pune 'n pericol
#o catc, (a bus) a prinde autobuzul
#o get on (a bus) a se urca 'n autobuz
#o get off (a bus) a se cobor' din autobuz
#o turn t,e ignition *ey a porni maina, a face contact
#o pump up t,e tyres a umfla cauciucurile
#o ease out t,e c,o*e a trage ocul
#o release t,e ,andbra*e a da drumul la fr5na de m5n
#o depress t,e clutc, a apsa pe ambreia#
#o press t,e accelerator a apsa pe accelerator
#o select first gear a bga 'n viteza 'nt5i
#o sound t,e ,orn a claxona
1HE
#o rev t,e engine a ambala motorul
#o run out of petrol a i se termina benzina
#o fill up t,e car a umple, a alimenta maina
#o c,ec* t,e tyre pressure a verifica presiunea cauciucurilor
#o drive under t,e influence of alco,ol a conduce sub influena alcoolului
#o e1ceed t,e speed limit a depi viteza legal
#o pay a fine a plti amend
#o be c,arged &it, motoring offence a fi acuzat de o contravenie de la legea circulaiei
#o ,ave oneHs driving licence endorsed a i se 'nregistra 'n permis contravenia comis
8ig,&ay $ode Iegulamentul de circulaie
Bend to rig,t curb la dreapta
Slippery road drum alunecos
Side road intersecie cu un drum fr prioritate
$rossroads intersecie, 'ncruciare de drumuri
@oad &or*s a,ead lucrri
# 'unction interesecie 'n form de T
@oundabout sens giratoriu
#&o5&ay traffic zon de circulaie 'n ambele sensuri
6ne5&ay traffic sens unic
?edestrian crossing a,ead atenie, trecere pentru pietoni
;neven road drum cu denivelri
9evel crossing &it, gate or barrier trecere la nivel cu bariere
9evel crossing &it,out gate or barrier trecere la nivel fr bariere
_eep straig,t on mergei drept 'nainte
4tHs ne1t door toG . e alturi deX
#urn rig,t Q left facei la dreapta T la st5nga
4tHs oppositeG . e vizavi deX
6n t,e corner . pe T la col
Aot far from nu departe deX
.t t,e end of tocmai la captulX
8o& can 4 get toG^ cum pot s a#ung laXS
$ould you tell me t,e &ay toG^ putei s.mi spunei care e drumul spreXT cum s a#ung laXS
71cuse me( does t,is bus go toG^ scuzai.m, autobuzul acesta merge laXS
71cuse me( can you tell me &,ere to get off^ scuzai.m, putei s.mi spunei unde s coborS
$.@ #.9_
Gou donAt need to c,ange gears Os schimbi vitezeleP- T)is is an automaticR
$tAs reall, )ot- *pen t)e sunroof, please-
$f ,ou donAt mind, $All turn on t)e air conditioning Oaer condi'ionatP-
T)is car is ver, manoevrable and reall, easy to par*- $tAs got po&er steering OservoJdirec'ieP-
$Am afraid ,ouAll )ave to climb in t)e bacB- T)is is a t,ree5door-
T)is is an (merican car- $tAs got cruise control Odispozitiv de control automat al vitezeiP- T)atAs ?), $
)avenAt got m, foot on t)e acceleratorQgas pedal-
"ip ,our ,eadlig,ts Oa mic!ora lumina farurilorP- GouAre blinding t)e cars on t)e ot)er side of t)e roadR
T)e ?indo?s are all frosted over Onghe'ateG- $All turn on t)e ,eated rear &indscreen-
%onAt bot)er locBing your side- $tAs got central loc*ing Osistem central de nchidere al u!ilorP-
%onAt ?orr,, itAll fit in t)e boot- T)ereAs loads of luggage space-
@e can parB )ere and )ave a game of cards- T)e front seats s&ivel round Oscaunele frontale sunt
rotativeP, ,ou Bno?- T)e, do on people carriers-
T)ereAs so muc) ,eadroom and legroom- $tAs reall, comfortable-
@o?R $ #ust love t)e leat,er up,olstery Otapi'erie din pieleP and t)e &alnut das, Obord din lemn de
nucP
1H9
T)e interior trim Ocptu!eala interioar a ma!iniiP is so st,lis)R
$t ,andles Oa se manevraP liBe a dreamR
@)at a smoot, ride and reall, lo& road noise Ozgomot de drum sczutPR
Ges, itAs got fully independent suspension-
$ ?anted a reall, smart car, so $ opted for alloy &,eels Oro'i legate ntre eleP as an optional-
@)at size engine )as t)is car gotS
$tAs a 1,< Oone point fourP-
$tAs got great acceleration- $t does H Onoug)tP to 9H in 7 seconds from a standing start Ode la punctul de
pornireP-
T)is is a reall, po?erful engine- @)at insurance group is it inS
>obod, can steal m, car- $tAs got t)e most sop)isticated car alarm on t)e marBet- (nd if an,one tries to
drive it a?a, ?it)out putting t)e Be, in t)e ignition, itAs got an immobiliser OimobilizatorP t)at cuts t)e
engine off Oa se opri motorulP-
Even if m, car gets stolen $All al?a,s be able to find it- $Ave )ad a satellite5trac*ing device Oun sistem
de urmrire prin satelitP installed-
$ didnAt ?ant to bu, a foreign car because sparesQspare parts Oelemente de rezervP are al?a,s more
expensive-
T)is car s)ould *eep its value- $t doesnAt depreciate ZuicBl, so $ s)ould be able to trade it in Oa
comercializaP for a good price in a couple of ,ears if $ *eep it in good condition-
T)e on5t,e5road price Opre'ul de cumprare+ finalP including delivery and !(T ?as about fifteen
t)ousand dollars-
T)is cost a bit more t)an t)e standard version because itAs got metallic paint-
$tAs reall, fuel5efficient Ocompetitiv din punct de vedere al combustibiluluiP- $t does about <H miles per
gallon OmpgP-
T)is must be t)e most environment5friendly Ocare protejeaz mediulP car on t)e marBet- $t uses
unleaded fuel Obenzin fr plumbP and )as got a catalytic converter Oconvertor cataliticP-
0ut are all t)e bod, parts recyclableS
>o, but itAs got a computerised engine management system and $ can s&itc, Oa schimba+ a trece peP
from petrol to natural gas even ?)ile $Am on t)e road-
=6;@5:7797" :6A"7@S
;ntil 12H<, ?)en t)e ;S( tooB t)e lead in car production, &rance )ad been t)e largest automobile
manufacturer OproductorP, giving us ?ords suc) as c,assis O!asiuP, garage and coupe- T)e first cars ?ere
built b, craftsmen Ome!te!ugariP, using t)e same met,ods and materials as )ad been used to build ,orse5
dra&n carriages Otrsuri trase de caiP- T)is )as given us ?ords suc) as coac,&or* Ostructura e(terioar a
ma!iniiP, still sometimes used to describe t)e body&or* Ocorpul ma!iniiP of a car, and das,board Otablou de
bordP Ot)e panel in front of t)e driver ?it) t)e gauges Oelementele de msur) and indicatorsP
OindicatoareleP, ?)ic) ?as originall, t)e board placed at t)e front of a carriage to prevent dirt and mud
fl,ing up onto t)e driver and passengers of t)e coac,- Earl, cars ?ere steered OconduseP liBe a boat, ?it) a
tiller OcrmP rat)er t)an a steering &,eel-
@oads and =uel
3raduall, t)e ?orld began to c)ange to accommodate t)e car; alt)oug) road building ?as at first ver, slo?
in t)e ;S, in 0ritain t)e #ar5>acadam "ompan, ?as establis)ed in 12H1, producing t)e smoot) road
surface ?e no? Bno? as #armac or asp,alt O;SP- T)e first roadside fuel pumps Opompe de benzin pe
1H7
$n 1792 >ic)olas "ugnot built t)e first self.propelled
ve)icle, a steam.po?ered tractor, but in 166< 3ottlieb
%aimler built t)e ?orldAs first real passenger car- T)is ne?
ve)icle ?as at first Bno?n b, a number of names, suc) as
locomotive, road locomotive, )orse.less carriage or
motorised bugg,; t)e t?o names ?)ic) ?on out are t)ose
?e use toda, automobile and car-
marginea drumuluiP ?ere introduced in t)e ;S in 12H9 and so t)e filling station or gas station ObenzinrieP
?as born- >otor fuel ?as Bno?n as gasoline or gas in t)e ;S, but in 0ritain t)e ne? ?ord petrol )ad been
coined Oa inventaP in 162=- T)is difference in terms still survives, as do man, ot)ers-
#erms of 7ndurance
an, terms ?e still use toda, ?ere coined surprisingl, earl, on- ( blo&out Oe(plozieP, for example, ?as
first used in 121E to describe a burst tyre and a ,ear later drivers ?ere alread, being told to step on t,e gas
Oa acceleraP Odrive fasterP b, speed.t)irst, passengers- $n 12HE, 0ritis) motorists formed t)e .utomobile
.ssociation O((P expressl, to ?arn eac) ot)er about police5operated speed traps Ocapcane ale poli'iei
pentru vitezP- T)e @oad =und 9icence Oroad ta1P ?as first levied Oa fi perceputP in 0ritain in 121H- an,
famous names also appeared earl, on in t)e )istor, of t)e carK for example, $,evrolet ?as named after a
S?iss engineer, ?)o ?as t)en sacBed, and @over cars ?ere given t)eir name because t)e, ?ould allo? t)e
driver to rove t,e country Oa cutreiera prin 'arP; in 1217 t)is name ?as also given to a ve)icle designed to
explore t)e moon t)e 9unar @over-
;S "omination
$n 12H= t)e =ord motor company ?as founded, and t)e ;S soon became t)e ?orldAs biggest car
manufacturer- T)e famous model # appeared in 12H6 famousl, available in Vany colour so long as itHs
blac*W- &ordAs mass production tec,ni/ues Otehnici de producere n masP led to t)e democratisation of
car o&ners,ip and car engineering under?ent rapid development; t)e features Oelementele, trsturileP ?e
taBe for granted toda, began to appear electric &indscreen &ipers ?ere introduced in 124=, and electric
dipping ,eadlig,ts in 124<- $ar radios ?ere ?idel, available as earl, as 1247- T)e )uge gro?t) in t)e
number of cars during t)e inter.?ar ,ears led to developments in t)e road safety Osiguran'a drumuluiP and
traffic control Ocontrolul traficuluiP- $n 0ritain, for example, Belis,a Beacons t)e orange flas)ing lig)ts at
pedestrian crossing Otrecere pentru pietoniP ?ere introduced in 12=E, and t)e same ,ear sa? t)e founding
of t)e compan, ?)ic) produced t)e reflective studs called cats5eyes Oochi de pisicP Odesigned for nig,t
drivingP ,ou can see do?n t)e middle of 0ritis) roads- *n t)e do?nside, speeding tic*ets Oamend pentru
dep!irea vitezeiP also appeared around t)is time in t)e ;S, as did par*ing meters, first used in *Bla)oma
"it, in 12=E- (merica, )o?ever, ?as eagerl, adapting to t)e car- T)e first drive5in cinema Ocinema cu
vizionare din ma!inP appeared in 12==; 9u1urious Grand #ourers drove t)e ric) to t)eir countr, estates,
and t)e +oll,?ood stars ?ere c,auffeured around in fabulous ?ac*ards or $adillacs- 0ut during t)e
Second @orld @ar production s)ifted to military ve,icles; one ve)icle ?it) lasting popularit, appeared in
12<H, t)e ;S arm,As General5?urpose ve,icle or G? pronounced UeepR (fter t)e ?ar, t)e post.?ar boom
in t)e ;S meant t)at car production tooB off again- ")eap petrol, a national mood of confidence and a
fascination ?it) t)e po?er of modern science led to t)e arc)et,pal fifties cars designed b, +arle, Earl- T)e
most t,pical of t)ese designs ?as t)e AE2 "adillac after t)is beaut,, design became less exaggerated and
t)e sixties sa? t)e muscle car, ?it) t)e emp)asis no? on t)e brute po&er and performance-
"o&nsizing
European design, )o?ever, )ad never copied t)e big (merican cars; in 12E2 t)e .ustin >ini revolutionised
small car design, and in 127= t)e big gas5guzzlers Omari consumatori de benzinP ran into trouble as t)e
*PE" countries raised oil prices and precipitated t)e oil crisis- =uel economy became a selling point
Oelement al vnzriiP, and ne? consumer a&areness Ovigilen'a consumatorilorP meant t)at compact cars,
economical on fuel, ?ere no? in demand- $n t)e ;S, a K` miles per ,our speed limit ?as imposed to cut
fuel consumption- Fapanese cars made )uge inroads Oatac, nvalP into t)e auto mar*et, offering economy
and reliability-
Green and Safe
Toda,As customers ?ant t)eir cars to be safe, environment5friendly and efficient- %esigners reflect t)e
desire to Beep fuel consumption lo? b, minimising aerodynamic resistance Oreducere a rezisten'ei
aerodinamiceP- (s for t)e future, car design is becoming ever more sop)isticated, but t)e internal
combustion engine Omotor cu combustie internP looBs safe for t)e time being alt)oug) cars must become
greener OecologiceP-
1H6
T)e common or garden saloon ?ill lose ground to S;Vs OSport5;tility Ve,iclesP, >?Vs O>ulti5?urpose
Ve,icleP people carriers and tin, >icro cars, ?)ic) can cope &it, Oa face fa'P cit, traffic and parBing-
0ut amid all t)is frenzied OfreneticP development, old and revered Ovenerat, adoratP maBes survive and
flouris) t)e t)rill and fascination of t)e car ?ill never disappear-
G7##4AG #87@7
.s*ing for directions:
Excuse me, could ,ou tell me t)e ?a, to t)e to?n )all, pleaseS
"ould ,ou tell me )o? to get to t)e ulberr, ParB?a,, pleaseS
@)ic) ?a, to t)e universit, campus, pleaseS
Excuse me, ?)ereAs t)e nearest garageS
Giving directions:
3o straig)t onX
3o do?n t)is streetX
TaBe t)e first rig)tTt)e first turning on t)e rig)tX
&ollo? t)e main road, t)en bear rig)t at t)e forB-
Turn left at t)e lig)ts-
3o straig)t acrossTover t)e lig)tsX
3o bacB t)e ?a, ,ouAve #ust come-
@)en ,ou get to t)e T.#unction, turn left-
Ceep in t)e rig)t.)and lane and ,ou canAt go ?rongR
3o straig)t acrossTover t)e roundabout-
TaBe t)e t)ird exit off t)e roundabout-
4n t,e ;S( many to&ns are laid out on a grid pattern:
3o nort) t?o blocBs, t)en )ang a left-
3o east along +uron St- t)en turn sout) on %earborn St-
.t a gas station (;S) or petrol station (;_):
1H gallons, please-
&ill )er upR
;nleaded, please-
&ive gallons of four star, please-
+ig) octane, please-
$Ad liBe a full tanB of diesel, please-
4n t,e ;S( you may need a *ey if you &ant to use t,e toilet:
"an $ )ave t)e Be,s to t)e bat)room, pleaseS
4f you need somet,ing from t,e pump attendant in t,e ;S:
$ need an oil c)ange-
"ould ,ou c)ecB t)e t,res please, $ t)inB t)e,Are a bit lo?-
@ould ,ou c)ecB t)e s)ocBsS
"ould ,ou c)ecB t)e batter,, pleaseS
"an ,ou give it a ZuicB rec)argeS
@ould ,ou clean t)e ?indscreen, pleaseS
4f t,e police stop you for speeding( ,ere are a fe& t,ings you mig,t ,ear:
%o ,ou Bno? )o? fast ,ou ?ere travellingS
%o ,ou Bno? t)e speed limit )ereS
%o ,ou Bno? t)at ,ou ?ere going EH miles an )our in a =H mile an )our zoneS
@)ereAs t)e fireS
"ould $ see ,our licence, pleaseS
4f youHre luc*y( t,e officer &ill say:
1H2
$All let ,ou off ?it) a ?arning t)is time but donAt let it )appen again-
@6." SPS#7>
;S @oad Systems
$f ,ouAre planning a serious coast5to5coast road tour, ,ouAll probabl, spend a fair amount of time on t)e
4nterstate 8ig,&ay system- Some of t)ese roads are t,ousands of miles long $nterstate 1H, for example,
goes from FacBsonville, &lorida, to Santa onica, "alifornia, t)e entire &idt, of t)e continentR *n t)e road
signs and maps, t)e $nterstate +ig)?a,s are indicated ?it) a capital [4H Ofor $nterstateP plus a numberK for
example 45`- (s t)ese numbers are extensivel, used, itAs muc) easier to plan your route b, ?riting do?n
t)e numbers t)an t)e place namesK t)e name of ,our destination ma, not even appear on t)e $nterstate road
signR ;nliBe 0ritainAs motor?a,s, t,e e1its from t)e $nterstates are often ver, far apart, so taBe great care
not to miss ,ours- Exits often lead off t)e fast lane Obanda de lng a(ul drumuluiP, so get into t,e rig,t
lane long before ,ou need to turn off- $f ,ou do overs,oot t,e e1it Oa rata ie!ireaP, on no account t)inB of
bac*ing up Oa da napoiP- *n turnpi*es Obarier a ora!uluiP ,ou are given a distance card before entering
and ,ou pa, ?)en ,ou reac) ,our exit- Some e1press&ays, bridges and tunnels also levy Oa percepeP a
small toll Ota(P, so ithA a good idea to Beep some loose c,ange OmonedeP )and,- $n to?ns and cities, ,ou
?ill find t)at streets are laid out according to t)e four compass bearings Opunctele cardinalePK 7ast5:est
and Aort,5Sout,- @)en asBing for directions, ,ou are liBel, to be told to [go Aort, on /a 0rea until ,ou
get to Sunset 0oulevard, t)en go :estA, for example- T)ese instructions are easy to follo& as ever, street
corner )as a sign indicating t)e bloc* number Onumrul cvartaluluiP Ot)e )ouse numbers at t)at cornerP
and t,e direction it runs in-
#,e Britis, @oad System
@)en deciding )o? to get from cit, to cit, in 0ritain, c)oose t)e motor&ay OautostradP, if one exists-
T)ese are all numbered and preceded ?it) a capital [>H Ofor motor?a,K for example, t)e >KP and marBed
in blue on road maps and road signs- 71its, ?)ic) are al?a,s from t)e slo& lane, include t)e destination,
and are fairly fre/uent- $f t)ere is no motor?a,, taBe an . road, or main road- (gain, t)ese are numbered
Ofor example, t)e .2LP and are marBed in red on t)e map Obut not on road signsP- . roads often )ave dual
carriage5&ays Odou pr'i carosabileP at various points, to allo? ,ou to overta*e slo&er ve,icles Oa dep!i
vehiculele cu vitez redusP- &ailing t)at, ,ou ?ill )ave to taBe a minor road, or B road, again numbered
Ot)e B2R, for exampleP and marBed in bro&n or yello& on t)e map- &inding ,our ?a, about in to?ns and
cities is not al?a,s Zuite as simple- $n /ondon, for example, not onl, is t)ere a 0elsize S/uare Opia'P,
0elsize @oad O!oseaP, 0elsize .venue ObulevardP, 0elsize >e&s OgarajeP, 0elsize ?ar* OparcP, 0elsize
Grove OpduriceP, 0elsize Street and 0elsize #errace OterasP; t)ere are also four 0elsize Ioads and t)ree
0elsize (venues in different areas- 3et a cop, of #,e . to V of 9ondon, taBe a deep breat) and give
,ourself an )our more t)an ,ou normall, ?ouldR $f ,ou get lost, asB a cab driver; t)e,Are usuall, Zuite
)elpful-
@oad >ar*ings
$n t)e States, lines marBing t)e separation of t&o5&ay traffic are yello&, ?)ereas lines separating traffic
travelling in t,e same direction are &,ite- /ines along t,e edge of t,e road OdeJa lungul marginii
drumuluiP to guide traffic in poor visibility are &,ite or, in certain cases, yello&- $n 0ritain, lines marBing
t)e separation of traffic are al?a,s ?)iteK if t)e line is continuous, ,ou must not overta*e under an,
circumstances; if t)e line closest to ,ou is bro*en, ,ou ma, overtaBe if it is safe to do so- $n some parts of
t)e countr, ,ou ?ill find ?)ite road studs O'inte pentru drumP in t)e middle of t)e road t)at reflect t)e lig)t
from ,our ,eadlamps at nig)t- T)ese are commonl, called catsH eyes- %o not parB on t)e side of t)e road if
,ou see double yello&s lines- Gou ?ill almost certainl, get a fine or find ,our car clamped OblocatP ?)en
,ou return- ( single yello& line means restricted par*ingK looB for t)e yello& sign t)at tells ,ou ?)en ,ou
cannot par*, for example 6 am 9 pm-
#87 9.: B Speeding( par*ing and cras,ing
?unis,ment
11H
$f ,ouAre given a spot fine Oamend pentru e(cesul de vitezP in t)e ;S ,ou ma, find ,ourself pa,ing about
\EH plus anot)er \E for every mile an ,our ,ou ?ere travelling over t,e limit- $f ,ou get a par*ing tic*et
Oamend pentru parcare nepermisP in t)e ;C, pa, it ZuicBl, leave it for too long and ,ouAll )ave to pa, a
lot more- $f ,ouAve parBed ,our car in a no5par*ing zone, ,ou ma, onl, find a parBing ticBet, or ,ou ma,
return to find ,our carAs been to&ed a&ay OremorcatP- $f t)is )appens, ,ou go to t)e car pound OdepozitP and
pa, often after a long ?ait to be able to drive ,our car a?a,- (lternativel,, ,our car ma, )ave been
clamped- $n t)e ;S t)is clamp is called t)e "enver Boot as it ?as first tried out in %enver- GouAll find a
note on t)e &indscreen( ?)ic) tells ,ou ?)ere to go and pa, t)e fine- *nce again, ,ouAA probabl, )ave to
?ait for some time before t)e police arrive to unloc* t)e clamp- $n 0ritain and t)e ;S t)e police often sub.
contract clamping and to?ing to private companies ?)o get paid on a per car basis so t)e,Are ver,, ver,
BeenR
#,e ?olice
$f ,ou get stopped b, t)e police, do be polite and if ?)en, travelling in t)e ;S ,ou see flas,ing lig,ts
be)ind ,ou, pull over and ?ait for t)e police officer to come to ,ou- Sta, cool, *eep your ,ands on t,e
&,eel and donAt maBe an, movements t)at mig)t maBe t)e officer nervous- %onAt, for example, open t)e
glove compartment OtorpedouP to get ,our licence and car documentsK t)e officer mig)t t)inB ,ouAre
reac)ing for a gunR
Brea*do&n
$f ,ou )ave engine problems on t)e road in t)e ;S, contact t)e 8ig,&ay ?atrol or call t)e Police ?)o ?ill
)elp ,ou contact t)e +ig)?a, Patrol- $n 0ritain, contact t)e Police; if ,ou are on t)e motor&ay, ?ait on t)e
,ard s,oulder Obanda de avarie+ refugiuP until a patrol ve,icle Oma!in de patrulareP sees ,ou or use one of
t)e emergency p,ones along t)e motor?a,-
.ccidents
$f ,ou )ave an accidentK
$nform t)e police
Exc)ange name, address and telep)one number ?it) t)e ot)er driver
Exc)ange insurance details
aBe a note of t)e ma*e and registration number of t)e ot)er car
aBe a note of t)e &eat,er conditions and road conditions
%ra? a map of t)e situation before and after t)e accident, s)o?ing distances bet&een ve,icles and t)e
distances from 'unctions
>ote street names
>ote t)e direction and speed of t)e cars involved
>ote an, s*id5mar*s Osemne de derapajP
3et t)e name and address of an, &itnesses-
@6." S.=7#P B .voiding accidents
#,e "oHs and "onHts
0e a?are of ?)atAs going on around ,ou scan t,e road a,ead constantl,-
Ceep an adeZuate separation distance from t)e ve)icle in front follo?ing too close is called
tailgating-
;se ,our mirrors constantl,, especiall, ?)en ,ouAre pulling out, overta*ing or c,anging lanes-
Iemember t)at t)e door pillars and &indo& frames Otocurile geamurilorP of t)e car ?ill bloc* your
vision of some areas, creating blind spots Olocuri fr vizibilitateP- %onAt get in ot)er driversA blind
spots-
%onAt tr, to beat t,e traffic lig,ts Oa ajunge la semafor+ dac e!ti departeP b, accelerating across t)em
?)en ,ou t)inB t)e, are about to c)ange-
%onAt start ,our manoeuvre immediatel, after signalling-
Give &ay to buses pulling out-
111
Ceep an e,e out for pedestrians appearing from be)ind a stationary Ocare sta'ioneazP bus-
&ollo? t)e mirrorTsignalTmanoeuvre routine if ,ou need to turn or pull outK c,ec* for traffic be)ind
,ou in t)e rearvie& mirror Ooglinda retrovizoareP, signal and t)en &,en itHs safe, carr, out ,our
manoeuvre-
TaBe care ?)en approac)ing a 'unction or a bend remember t)at anot)er ve)icle ma, emerge
suddenl,-
S)o? patience and consideration to?ards ot)er drivers-
%onAt #ust looB at ?)atAs )appening act on &,at you see-
:atc, your speed al?a,s maBe sure ,ouAre able to stop ?it)in t)e distance t)at ,ou can see to be
clear a)ead-
.nticipate ot,er driversH actions-
%onAt use ,our ,orn aggressivel,-
3ive ,ourself enoug) time to react to an, potential danger-
Travel at a speed( ?)ic) is suitable for t)e road and traffic conditions-
Safety c,ec*
@oad5craft Omiestria de a conduceP isnAt #ust about being able to ,andle a car &ell it also involves t)e
abilit, to t)inB about ?)atAs going to )appen, to drive according to circumstances and to drive safely and
considerately- T)e first step is to c,ec* your ve,icle before driving off- ;se t)e acron,m ?565:575@ to
)elp ,ou rememberK
?etrol maBe sure ,our tan* is full enoug) to get ,ou ?)ere ,ouAre going; running out can leave ,ou
stranded On pan+ aflat n nevoieP in a dangerous situation-
6il allo?ing ,our oil level to drop too lo? can lead to brea*do&n and can ruin ,our engine- ;se ,our
dipstic* and c)ecB t)e oil level-
:ater )ave ,ou ever been standing at t)e roadside ?it) t)e bonnet (;CP or ,ood O;SP up, ?it) steam
billo?ing ever,?)ereS ")ecB t)e ?ater before ,ou set offR
7lectrics c)ecB t)e lig,ts, &ipers and &as,ers and donAt forget t)e ,ornR
@ubber all t)ose rubber parts ?)ic) ma, &ear out Oa se uza+ a se roadeP more ZuicBl, t)an ,ou
expect &iper blades and tyres; c)ecB t)ese for adeZuate tread dept, Oadncimea !an'urilorP and
pressure-
$ras,N
$t )appens to t)e best of us someone pulled out too ZuicBl, in front of ,ou, ,ouAve cras)ed into t)em and
)ad a collision Oaccident n care dou sau mai multe ma!ini sJau lovitP, a fender5bender O;SP Oaccident de
ma!in cu avarii minoreP or a smas, Oaccident grav de circula'ieP- $f itAs a little one itAs onl, a bump Oun
accident n care ma!ina este lovit+ dar !oferul nu a p'it nimicP, and all t)at itAs done is leave a dent Ogaur
prin lovireP or a scratc, OzgrieturP- $t ma, be ?orse t)an ,ou t)inB t)oug), as t)e &,eel ma, be buc*led
Ovolanul curbat+ ndoitP or t)e a1le bent Oosia ndoitP and ?)o Bno?s ?)atAs come looseR Oce se mai
poate ntmplaP $f itAs so bad t)at t)e car cannot be repaired, t)en ,our carAs a &rite5off Orabl, hrbP-
Be ?reparedN
(part from selling fuel Ounleaded, four star or dieselP, man, garages O;CP or gas stations O;SP )ave a
s)op ?)ic) ma, sell an,t)ing from food to fan belts Ocurea pentru ventilatorP- +ere are a fe? items t)e
&ell5e/uipped driver ma, needK a &arning triangle Otriunghi de avertismentP to place be)ind ,our car if
,ou brea* do&n on t)e road; spare bulbs Obecuri de rezervP in case somet)ing goes ?rong ?it) ,our
lig,ts- $f t)ereAs an electrical fault, a ne? fuse Osiguran'P ma, do t)e tricB- $f ,ou find ,ourself ?it) a flat
battery Opan de baterieP and passing motorist )as stopped to )elp, ,ouAll need some 'ump leads Ocabluri
groase folosite pe)ntru a lua curent de la alt baterieP- $f ,ou still canAt start t)e car, a to& rope Ocablu de
tractareP ?ill be necessar,- $f ,ou donAt ?ear tig)ts, itAs ?ise to carr, a spare fan belt Ocurea de rezerv
pentru ventilatorP, too- $f ,ouAre travelling in ?inter and t)e &indscreen is iced up, ,ouAll need a de5icer
spray- "amp OumiditateP in t)e engine or tig,t nuts and scre&s O!uruburi !i piuli'e blocateP can often be
sorted out ?it) one of t)ose magic anti5damp sprays; asB for @%.<H in 0ritain- ( can or 'errycan
OcanistrP is useful for carr,ing petrol and donAt forget t)e bra*e fluid Olichid de frnP- $f ,ouAve got an,
114
mone, left, ?), not bu, one of t)ose gadgets OdispozitiveP for ,our das)board t)at )olds ,our coffee cup
stead,S (nd ,ou t)oug)t ,ou ?ere #ust going to get some gasR
CC1I. #@.V7994AG
Basic Vocabulary
#ravel cltorie
Uourney cltorie, voia# Omai ales pe uscatP
Voyage cltorie, voia# Ope apP
>otoring automobilism
$ycling mers cu bicicleta, ciclism
8itc,5,i*ing f)it)aiBig autostop
#rip cltorie, excursie, voia# de agrement
6ne5&ay trip cltorie 'ntr.un singur sens
@ound trip cltorie dus i 'ntors
$ircle trip cltorie 'n circuit
6fficial( businessQ pleasure trip cltorie 'n interes de serviciu, de afaceriT de plcere
"eparture Q t,e eve of t,e departure plecare T a#unul plecrii
.rrival sosire
Stopover escal
"elay 'nt5rziere
$onnection legtur
"estination destinaie
#ranzit transit
>eans of transport mi#loace de transport
#a1i ran* staie de taxi.uri
9uggage T baggage baga#
9uggage5rac* plas pentru baga#e O'n trenP
8and baggage baga# de m5n
#rolley crucior de baga#e
BagQ sac*Q net5s,opping bag geant, poet, valiz, sacT saco
Suitcase geamantan
#run* cufr de voia#
@uc*sac* rucsac
Briefcase serviet
String bag plas, saco
#ic*et bilet
#ravel tic*et bilet de cltorie
Single tic*et bilet pentru o singur cltorie
@eturn tic*et bilet dus.'ntors
=ull tic*etQ ,alf fare bilet 'ntreg, i bilet
:ee*endQ supplementary tic*et bilet pentru ?eeBend, supliment
=irst5class bilet clasa $
Second5class bilet clasa a $$.a
Season tic*et abonament
Seat reservation rezervare de locuri
@educed fare bilet cu pre redus
#imetable mersul trenurilor, avioanelor, etc-
@oute rut
#rain tren
71press trainQ non5stop train expres
=ast train rapid, accelerat
Slo& train personal, curs
?assenger train tren de pasageri
Goods train marfar
8overcraft ve)icol pe pern de aer
11=
9ocal train tren local, curs
9ong5distance train tren de curs lung
#,roug, train tren direct
"o&n train tren care circul din capital sau oraele principale spre localiti de provincie
;p train tren care circul din localitile de provincie spre capital sau oraele principale
@ail&ay stationQ main station gar, staieT staie principal
#ravel agency agenie de voia#
Boo*ing5office cas de bilete Ola garP
4nformation des* T in/uiry office birou de informaii
9eft5luggage office depozit de baga#e
9eft5luggage tic*et recipis pentru baga#ele lsate la depozit
?arcels office coletrie
@efres,ment office T buffet bufet Omai ales la garP
Station restaurant restaurantul grii
?latformQ platform tic*et peronT bilet de peron
Boo*5stall stand de cri, c)ioc de ziare
Slot5mac,ine . automat
:aiting5room sal de ateptare
7ngine T locomotiveQ engine driver locomotivT mecanic
$arriage T car vagon de pasageri
"ining5car T restaurant car vagon restaurant
Sleeping5car T sleeper vagon de dormit
Buffet car vagon cu bufet
Smo*er vagon pentru fumtori
Aon5smo*er vagon pentru nefumtori
9uggage van vagon de baga#e
>ail van vagon potal
Bert, cuet
$ompartment compartiment
$orridor coridor
9abel etic)et
#ag etic)et, carte de vizit at5rnat de baga#e
@ails ine
Uunction pod feroviar
$ommunication cord semnal de alarm
Starting signal semnal de plecare
=erry5boatQ larboardQ cargo s,ip( freig,ter bacQ babordT cargobot
Sailing5boardQ life aQ ro&ing aQ motor aQ fis,ing a barc cu p5nzeT j de salvareT j cu v5sleT j cu motorT j
de pescuit
#rain ferry feribot
Pac,t ia)t
6cean liner transatlantic
#an*er petrolier
Submarine submarin
@aft plut
Barge lep
>an5of5&ar vas de rzboi
#ug remorc)er
Sea route rut maritim
>ast catarg
@udder c5rm
?ort,ole . )ublou
"ec*Q main a Q belo& a punteT j principalT j secundar
Bell clopot
9ife5belt colac de salvare
=unnel co de vapor
$,art )art maritim
11<
$raneQ derric* crane macaraT macara turl
$olours pavilion, steag
Sail p5nz
9og5boo* #urnal de bord
$aptainHs bridge punte de comand
#an* rezervor
7ngine room sala motoarelor
Starboard tribord
=leetQ navy flotT flot de rzboi
>erc,ant marine marina comercial
AavalQ naval officer navalT ofier naval
>ateQ first mate ofierT ofier secund
Brea*&ater. dig
9anding stageQ &,arf debarcader
"oc*Q doc*erQ floating a . docT doc)erT doc plutitor
?ort aut,orities autoriti portuare
S,ip&rec*Q &rec*Q s,ip&rec*ed naufragiuT epavT naufragiat
S!6!S! (save our souls) S-*-S- Osalvai sufletele noastreP
BeaconsQ flag signals semnaleT semnale cu drapele
.ntennaQ antenna of radio beacons antenT j pentru semnale radio
?ilot pilot
Vessel vas, vapor
Steamer vapor
S,ip nav
"ept, of t,e sea ad5ncimea mrii
$oast coast
Gulf( bay golf
4slandQ peninsula insulT peninsul
Seascape peisa# marin
9and pm5nt
Straits str5mtoare
$,annelQ canal canalT canal artificial
?ierQ /uay c)ei
Buoys geamanduri
9ig,t,ouse far
SeaQ oceanQ la*eQ riverQ broo*( rivulet( streamQ spring mareT oceanT lacT r5uT p5r5uT izvor
8arbourQ seaport portT port maritim
8ydro5electric po&er station . )idrocentral
S,ipyard antier naval
#o steer a c5rmi
#o go on a cruise a pleca 'ntr.o croazier
#o land a debarca
#o &eat,er a storm a 'nfrunta o furtun
#o loadQ to unload a 'ncrcaT a descrca
#o sail forQ to&ards a naviga spre, 'nspre
#o raise t,e gang&ay a ridica pasarelaT scara
#o sin* a se scufunda
.irportQ aviationQ air force aeroportT aviaieT aviaie militar
.irfield teren de aterizare, aerodrom
Ground pm5nt, teren, sol, pm5nt solid Osub picioareP
#erminal terminus, cap de linie
?laneQ scouting a Q ambulance a avionT j de recunoatereT j sanitar
.ircraftQ air liner aparat de zbor, nav OaerianP, avionT avion mare
UetQ supersonic passenger plane avion cu reacieT avion supersonic
Balloon balon
.irs,ed( ,angar )angar
8elicopterQ ,eliport elicopterT aeroport pentru elicoptere
Seaplane )idroavion
11E
.viation engineer inginer de aviaie
.ircraft mec,anic mecanic de bord
Space boatQ space s,ip nav spaial
?arac,ute paraut
Ground staff personal terestru
"ive( nose5dive pica#
.utomatic pilot pilot automat
GliderQ gliding planorT planorism
@oc*etQ space roc*et rac)etT rac)et cosmic
@adar e/uipment ec)ipament radar
:ireless operator radio.telegrafist
.d'ustableQ recicling c,air scaun rabatabilT 'nclinat
;ndercarriage tren de aterizare
GoodQ poor visibility vizibilitate bunT redus
=ig,ter planeQ bomber avion de v5ntoareTavion de bombardament
Seat5belt curea de siguran
$oc*pit carling
=uselage fusela#
?ropeller( airscre& elice
:ing arip
.erial anten
$ontrol to&er turnul de control
$abinQ compartment cabinT compartiment pentru pasageri
Soundproof cabin cabin izolat fonic
9aggageQ baggage ,old cabinT cal pentru baga#e
Blind landing aterizare fr vizibilitate
#o ma*e a forced landing a face o aterizare forat
#o ,i'ac* a deturna, a rpi un avion
#o fly over a zbura peste, deasupra
#o refuel a se alimenta
$ommander comandant de aeronav
$re& ec)ipa#
4ntercom sistem de comunicare intern a avionului
=lig,tQ motorless aQ blind a zborT j fr motorT j fr vizibilitate
=lig,t numberQ j coupon numrul zboruluiT talon de zbor
@eturn reservation rezervare dus 'ntors
=ree baggage allo&ance cantitatea de baga#e permis Opentru care nu se plteteP
71cess baggage c,arges tax pentru greutate suplimentar
$,ec*5in time timpul de sosire Ola aeroportP
Sc,edule orar
$afeteria bufet cu autoservire
$urrency e1c,ange sc)imb valutar
$ar5,ire 'nc)iriere de maini
?ublic address system sistem de anunareTinformare a pasagerilor O'n aeroportP
Baggage reclaim unit locul de colectare a baga#elor care vin de la avion
$ustoms formalities formaliti vamale
$ustoms clearence area zona de control vamal
@andom c,ec*s verificri prin sonda#
$itizen cetean
?ersonal belongings lucruri personale
Tuestionnaire c)estionar
#o fill in a /uestionnaire a completa un c)estionar
@ead t,is list t,roug,! 4t mentions t,e articles liable of duty( duty5free and pro,ibited citii lista
aceasta- (ici sunt trecute articolele impozabile, scutite de vam i cele interzise
#,e e1tension of your stay permit &as granted on condition t,at G . v.a fost aprobat prelungirea
permisului de edere cu condiia ca--
?articulars detalii
"ocuments( papers documente, )5rtii
119
=ragile fragil
71portQ import licence permis, licen de exportT import
$ustoms regulations regulament vamal
StrangerQ foreigner strin de locT de ar
$ustoms duties taxe vamale
#o be t,roug, &it, t,e customs a termina cu formalitile vamale
@estrictions restricii
#ourist visa viz turistic
#o produce t,e passport a prezenta paaportul
?assenger pasager
$ommuter navetist
Station5master ef de gar
Guard ef de tren
#ic*et5collector controlor de bilete
#ic*et5inspector inspector de tren
?orter )amal
Ae&spaper boy v5nztor de ziare
$ler* funcionar
?ilot pilot
.ir ,ostessQ ste&ardess stevardes
$ramped T cro&ded aglomerat
$omfortable confortabil, comod
$,eap ieftin
71pensive scump
"angerous periculos
=ast iute, rapid, repede
#o travel by land pe uscat
by car cu maina
by train T by rail a c$l$t#!i cu trenul
by air T by plane cu avionul
by sea cu vaporul T pe mare
#o go on a trip( 'ourney a pleca 'ntr.o excursie, cltorie
#o ta*eQ ma*e a trip a face o excursie
#o set out on foot a pleca pe #os
#o go abroad a pleca 'n strintate
#o boo* (tic*ets) T to reserve a rezerva bilete
#o /ueue up a sta la coad
#o arrive a sosi
#o depart a pleca
#o see (somebody) off a conduce pe cineva la gar, aeroport, etc-
#o brea* oneHs 'ourney a.i 'ntrerupe cltoria
#o deposit luggage a depune Obaga#eleP
#o insure t,e luggageQ baggage a asigura baga#ele
#o get onQ off t,e train a se urca 'n trenT a cobor' din tren
#o get into t,e compartment a intra 'n compartiment
#o s,o& oneHs tic*et a prezenta biletul la control
#o send someone to fetc, t,e baggage a trimite pe cineva s ridice baga#ele
#o c,ec* a controla, a verifica
#o &eig, a c5ntri
#o declare a declara
#o inspect a controla, a inspecta
#o confirm a confirma
#o reconfirm a reconfirma
#o cancel a anula
#o postponeQ put off a am5na
#o announce a anuna
#o get information a se informa, a obine informaii
117
#o ta*e off a decola
#o land a ateriza
#o fasten a fixa, a lega
#o operate on sc,edule a merge conform orarului
#o &ander around a )oinri, a merge fr un scop precis
#o come into operation a intra 'n vigoare
#o &al* about to&n a merge, a se plimba prin ora
#o pac* a 'mpac)eta
#o travel lig,t a cltori cu baga# puin
#o be air5sic* a avea ru de avion
#o be car5sic* a avea ru de main
#o be sea5sic* a avea ru de mare
#,e train is in trenul a sosit
#,e train is off trenul a plecat
PouHll ,ave to ,urry up va trebui s v grbii
#,e train is due out in ten minutes trenul trebuie s plece peste zece minute-
:ill you c,ange seats &it, me^ vrei s sc)imbai locul cu mineS
4 am sorry( did 4 tread on your foot^ scuzai.m, v.am clcat pe piciorS
#,e train pulls out slo&ly trenul se pune 'n micare 'ncet
"onHt lean out of t,e &indo&( itHs dangerous nu te apleca peste fereastr, este periculos
"o you mind if 4 open t,e &indo&^ v supr dac desc)id fereastraS
4tHs rat,er stuffy ,otQ cold ,ere aerul este cam 'mb5csit Oeste caldT frig aiciP
4tHs a bit draug,ty trage puin- Este curent-
S,all 4 pull upQ do&n t,e &indo&^ s ridicT cobor fereastraS
S,all 4 turn onQ off t,e ,eating^ s desc)idT s 'nc)id 'nclzireaS
:,at time do &e arrive inQ at ^ la ce or sosim 'nT laS
8urry up and get ,old of t&o seats one facing t,e engineQ one bac* to t,e engine grbete.te i ocup
dou locuri, unul cu faa spre locomotiv, unul cu spatele la locomotiv
6ur company runs ,ome and international routes! societatea noastr deservete linii interne i
internaionale
:ould you li*e to ,ave any of your luggage registered^ dorii s predai vreunul din baga#ele %vs- la
vagonul de baga#e^
:ill you lend me a ,and to put t,is bo1 on t,e rac*^ m a#utai s pun cutia aceasta 'n plasS
:ill you *eep an eye on my luggag &,ile 4 try toG^ vrei s supraveg)eai baga#ele mele 'n timp ce
X-S
"id you ,it any air5poc*ets^ ai 'nt5lnit vreun gol de aerS
#,e passengers begin to alig,t pasagerii 'ncep s coboare
#,e plane &as delayed on account of a ,eavy storm avionul a fost 'nt5rziat din cauza unei furtuni
puternice
#,e &,ole vie& is blotted out 'ntreaga privelite este estompat
:ill you s,o& me to t,e seat^ vrei s.mi artai care este locul meuS
#,e pilot steers east&ard to&ardsG . pilotul vireaz spre est ctreX
#,e plane begins to ta1i along t,e run &ayQ to pic* up speedQ to climb /uic*lyQ to gain ,eig,t avionul
'ncepe s ruleze pe pista de decolareT s prind vitezT s urce repedeT s ia 'nlime
:ill you tell me( please( t,e name of G^ vrei s.mi spunei numeleX, v rogS
$an 4 boo* t&o tic*ets on t,e plane bound for Berlin via ?rague^ pot reine dou bilete la avionul
pentru 0erlin via PragaS
4s t,e s,ip bound to >arseilles^ vaporul are ca destinaie arsiliaS
4s t,e s,ip sure to call at Aaples on ,erQ t,e &ay to 9ondon^ vaporul face sigur escal la >eapole 'n
drum spre /ondraS
:,en does t,e >an,attan &eig, anc,or^ c5nd ridic ancora vaporul an)attanS
8o& long does t,e passage ta*e^ c5t dureaz cltoriaS
:,en can 4 embar* forG^ c5nd pot s m 'mbarc pentruXS
.re &e allo&ed to go as,ore^ putem s cobor5m pe uscatS
:,at /uay does t,e boat lie^ la ce c)ei este acostat vasulS
4 ,ave secured a first5class cabin on board t,e IStarJ am reinut o cabin de clasa $ la bordul vasului
VStarW
116
:,ere ,as t,e s,ip been doc*ed^ unde se afl vaporulS
"onHt lean against t,e railing nu te rezema de balustrad
#,e s,ip is pitc,ing ,eavily vaporul tang)eaz puternic
Ao& t,e stern dips( no& t,e bo& dips ba se afund pupa, ba se afund prora
#,is s,ip sails into t,e ,rabourQ drops anc,orQ pic*s up and drops passengers( cargoes and mail
vaporul intr 'n portT arunc ancoraT ia i las pasageri, 'ncrcturiT mrfuri i pota
71cuse me( is t,is t,e &ay toG^ scuzai.m, acesta este drumul spreXS
:ill you *indly s,o& me t,e &ay to Victoria Station^ suntei amabil s.mi artai drumul spre gara
!ictoriaS
$an you tell meG^ putei s.mi spuneiXS
=ollo& t,is street to t,e end mergei pe strada asta p5n la capt
Go straig,t on mergei drept 'nainte
Pou are going on t,e rig,tQ &rong &ay mergei 'n direcia bunT greit
8o& long &ill it ta*e me to get toG^ c5t timp 'mi ia s a#ung laXS
4s it a long &ay toQ far^ este departe p5nXS
"oes t,is bus go toG^ autobuzul merge spreXS
4nsert a penny into t,e pay5bo1 introducei un penn, 'n caseta de autotaxare
#ear off a tic*et detaai un bilet
#,ere is a vacant seat at t,e front este un loc liber 'n fa
Bag t&o seats( &ill you^ ocup dou locuri, te rog
>ove up to t,e front( please avansai, v rog
"rive me to t,e .storia ,otel du.m la )otelul (storia
"rop me at t,e corner of t,e street las.m la colul strzii
:,atHs t,e fare care este taxaS
9etHs call a ta1i s c)emm un taxi
96A"6A .4@?6@#
V 0ritis) (ir?a,s brings ,ou to +eat)ro?, /ondonAs main airport- +eat)ro? 'andles more inte!nati#nal
flig'ts t)an an, ot)er airport in t)e ?orld, so t)at its passenger arrangements )ave to be good- De!minal 3,
?)ere intercontinental travellers a!!i%e and depa!t, )as been muc) enlarged to meet t)e (ig".et era,
inaugurated b, t)e 0oeing 7<7-
%o?n a flig)t of stairs marBed b, ,our flig't num(e! is ,our (aggage !eclaim unit- T)e cust#ms clea!ance
a!ea is close at )and, and ,ou must decide on t)e red or green c)annel- Ied means ,ou )ave somet)ing to
decla!e, and ,our baggage ?ill be inspected- 3reen means not)ing to declare, and t)e cust#ms men maBe
onl, !and#m c'ecks-
Gou ?ill probabl, be able to manage ,our luggage ,ourself, ?it) t)e )elp of a t!#lle&- Porters are
recognizable b, t)eir blue uniforms ?it) red lapels- *nce troug) customs ,ou are in t)e a!!i%al 'all ?it)
bar, cafeteria, toilets, and cu!!enc& exc'ange facilities and t)e desBs of t?o ca!"'i!e fi!ms- T)e ans?er to
ever, problem is to be found at t)e Inf#!mati#n *esks of 0ritis) (ir?a,s and t)e (irport (ut)orit,-
$f ,ou ?ant to announce ,our arrival to friends ?)o )ave missed ,ou for some reason, t)e pu(lic add!ess
s&stem is at ,our disposal-
V6$.B;9.@P ?@.$#4$7
=ill in t,e blan* spaces &it, t,e &ords given belo&:
1- @)en arriving at t)e airport, passengers usuall, taBe a trolle, to carr, t)eir luggage to t)e XX-- to )ave
t)eir bags ?eig)ed and taBen to t)e plane- 4- (t t)e c)ecB.in desB passengers receive a XX ?)ic) allo?s
t)em to get on t)e plane- =- Ever, passenger s)o?s )is passport for XX-- before going t)roug) Securit,
")ecB- <- (ll passengers )ave to go t)roug) XX- ?)ere t)e )and luggage is also c)ecBed- E- Passengers
?ait in t)e XX- for t)eir flig)t to be announced- 9- @)ile ?aiting in t)e departure lounge passengers can
visit t)e XX- ?)ere t)e, can bu, goods at c)eaper price- 7- @)en t)e, )ear t)e announcement for t)eir
flig)t, passengers proceed to t)e X-- to board t)e plane- 6- Gou )ave to follo? t)e X-- sign if ,ou are ending
,our #ourne, to /ondon or transferring to anot)er flig)t ?it)in ;C- 2- Gou must )ave ,our passport and an,
necessar, visa read, for control ?)en ,ou XX- 1H- 3o do?n.stairs to t)e XX to collect ,our baggage; free
trolle,s are available for ,our bags- 11- "lear "ustoms b, taBing t)e Ied ")annel if ,ou )ave XX and t)e
3reen ")annel if ,ou )ave XX- 14- Gou ?ill t)en be in t)e XX- for transport into /ondon or transfer to
ot)er flig)ts- 1=- @)en ?aiting for a flig)t ,ou can parB ,our car in t)e XX 1<- *utside t)e airport, t)ere
112
are cabs and ,ou can taBe one if ,ou ?ant to go to a )otel- Sa, to t)e driverKX-- 1E- (t t)e )otel, first ,ou
?ant toXX 19- Gou ma, asB for a X-- if ,ou are alone or a X-- if ,ou are accompanied- 17- $f ,ou ?ant to
be sure t)at ,ou ?ill )ave a room on a certain da, in a )otel ,ou )ave to X-- before or maBe XX 16- @)en
,ou got into ,our room ma,be t)ere are some t)ings out of order and ,ou ?ant to X-- 12- 0ecause ,ou )ave
a ver, important appointment in t)e morning, ,ou ?ant X-- 4H- Gou dial for t)e X-- if ,ou ?ant to XX
ca! pa!k, t'ings t# decla!e, c'eck"in, an ea!l& m#!ning call, dut&"f!ee s'#p, a!!i%al 'all, secu!it& c'eck,
d#u(le !##m, passp#!t c#nt!#l, gate, a!!i%al, #pe!at#!, a !ese!%ati#n, c#uld &#u take me t# t'e :st#!ia
'#tel8, (##k it, (aggage !eclaim, depa!tu!e l#unge, (#a!ding pass, single !##m, n#t'ing t# decla!e,
make a c#mplain, make a call, <'eck"in desk, g# t'!#ug' <ust#ms.
4A=6 B6X
+eat)ro?, /ondonAs main airport, )andles more international flig)ts t)an an, ot)er airport in t)e ?orld-
Ever, <E seconds a plane taBes off or lands )ere and all t)e four terminals are extremel, bus,- (not)er
airport, Stansted ?as built in t)e 126HAs to relieve t)e congestion of +eat)ro?- T)e airport at 3at?icB also
)andles man, international flig)ts-
4A=6 B6X
T)e first underground rail?a, in t)e ?orld ?as /ondonAs etropolitan line, built in 169=- /ondoners call
t)eir underground t'e tu(e- T)ere are 47= different stations no? and t)e deepest station is +empstead, E6
metres belo? t)e ground-
.# #87 @.49:.P S#.#46A
+ere ?e are at t)e rail?a, station- *ur friends are going a?a, for t)eir )olida,s- T)e, )ave (##ked t'ei!
tickets in ad%ance, so t)ere is no need for t)em t# @ueue up at t'e (##king #ffice no?-
(s it is rat)er earl,, and t)eir train )as not arrived ,et, t)e, )ave to ?ait in t)e waiting !##m- >ext door to
t)e ?aiting room is t)e !ef!es'ment !##m; and t)ere are ot)er notices over t)e entrances to offices and
roomK stati#n maste!+s #ffice, in@ui!& #ffice, left"luggage and pa!cels #ffice-
T)e p#!te!s are bus, carr,ing t)e luggage to t)e train or pus)ing it on t)eir t!#lle&s-
(ll Bind of trains are passing t)roug) t)e stationK passenge! t!ains express, fast or slo? g##ds t!ains,
l#cal and l#ng distance t!ains-
(fter a ?)ile, t)e pu(lic add!ess s&stem announces t)at our friendsA train is in- T)e, pass t)roug) onto t)e
platf#!ms and t)e ticket" c#llect#! examines t)eir ticBets- O$n 0ritis) rail?a, stations, t)ere is a gate at t)e
end of eac) platforms- T)e ticBet.collector stands at t)e gate and c)ecBs t)e travellersA ticBets-P
$mmediatel, be)ind t)e engine are t)e f!#nt luggage %an and t)e gua!d+s %an, follo?ed b, passengers*
carriages of t)e first and second class, ?it) sm#king and n#n"sm#king c#mpa!tments-
T)e train also )as dining ca! and a sleepe! ?it) upper and lo?er (e!t's- (s t)e, ?alB along t)e platform,
t)e, pass t)e (##kstall ?)ere people are bu,ing ne?spapers and magazines to read during t)e .#u!ne&-
&inall,, t)e, find t)eir compartment a second.class non.smoBer- T)e, put t)eir bags on t)e luggage !ack
and open t)e ?indo?-
T)e large )and of t)e station clocB points to =H minutes- T)e gua!d ?aves )is flag and blo?s )is ?)istle-
D'e t!ain is #ff- T)e travellers ?ave good.b,e to t)e people ?)o )ave come t# see t'em #ff-
T)e train moves slo?l, out of t)e station-
4A=6 B6X
#,e ;nion Uac* is t)e name of t)e 0ritis) flag- $t consists of t)ree crossesK of England, Scotland and
$reland- T)e 'ac* used to be t)e name of t)e flag, ?)ic) )ung from t)e bacB of a s)ip-
;ncle Sam is t)e nicBname for federal government or t)e t,pical citizen of t)e ;S(- $t arose in t)e
neig)bour)ood of >e? GorB about 1614, as a colloZuial ?a, of reading t)e initials ;S, freZuentl, used on
government supplies to t)e arm,-
14H
B@4#4S8 .4@:.PS 4A#7@$6A#4A7A#.9 #4>7#.B97
?assenger 4nformation
@eservations
(irlines maBe ever, effort to provide seats for ?)ic) reservations )ave been made- >evert)eless, no absolute
guarantee of seat availabilit, is denoted b, t)e expression [reservationsA and [booBingsA and t)e timing
attac)ed to t)em-
Pour fare includes
*n 0ritis) (ir?a,s services ,our fare includes all meals and gratuities in flig)t and on t)e ground from t)e
departure of t)e aircraft until arrival at t)e airport of destination s)o?n on t)e flig)t coupon of ,our ticBet-
Stopovers
$n most cases, ,ou ma, breaB ,our #ourne, at one or more places on route, and retain t)e benefit of t)e
t)roug) fare, provided notice is given at t)e time of reservation- +otel expenses at eac) stopover ?ill be ,our
responsibilit,-
Validity
TicBets issued at normal one ?a,, round or circle trip fares are valid for one ,ear-
@educed fares
3roup travel offers big reductions for members of an organization travelling toget)er- &ull details on reZuest-
8ealt, regulations
!alid certificates of inoculation andTor vaccination, issued on a special international form, are definitel,
reZuired b, most countries-
?ortable electronic e/uipment
Please do not s?itc) on portable radio receivers, transmitters or television sets ?)ilst on board as t)e, can
cause serious interference ?it) t)e aircraft radio navigation eZuipment- Portable recorders, )earing aids and
)eart pacemaBers ma, be used on board-
?unctuality
@)ile ever, effort is made to ensure t)e punctualit, of our services, 0ritis) (ir?a,s cannot accept
responsibilit, for t)e dela, or suspension of a service, nor guarantee t)at connections ?ill be made ?it)
ot)er services-
Baggage free allo&ance
*n &irst "lass services t)e free baggage allo?ance is =H Bilos- *n Econom, "lass services it is 4H Bilos-
71cess c,arges
0aggage in excess of t)e free allo?ance is normall, c)arged at 1k of t)e &irst "lass single fare per Bilo-
Pour departure
T)e departure time s)o?n in t)is timetable and on ,our ticBet.coupon is t)e sc)eduled taBe.off time- T)e
c)ecB.in time at t)e airport or to?n terminal s)o?n on ,our ticBet.cover allo?s minimum time to complete
all t)e formalities- $n ,our o?n interest ,ou s)ould plan to arrive at t)e to?n terminal or airport in good time
as t)is ?ill )elp to ensure t)at ,our aircraft operates on sc)edule-
@econfirmation B cancellations
$f ,ou )old a return reservation, it is necessar, to reconfirm ,our intention to travel ?it) t)e local
Ieservations *ffice of t)e "arrier at least 74 )ours before departure-
#ravel advice
PacB all ,ou need during t)e flig)t in a small cabin bag- (ll ot)er articles s)ould be pacBed in registered
baggage- "arr, ,our passport and )ealt) certificates ?it) ,ou- %o not pacB t)em- "arr, an, valuables, suc)
as #e?eller,, personall,- &or furt)er details please see our booBlet [0efore ,ou taBe offW-
CC1II. 8694".PS! S#.P4AG 4A . 86#79
Basic Vocabulary
8oliday concediu, vacan, zi de odi)n
?ac*age ,oliday T all in price ,oliday excursie 'n grup organizat, cu traseu fix, pltit dinainte
Sporting ,oliday excursie cu profil sportiv
Study tour excursie de studii
71cursion excursie
141
6ff season sezon mort
?ea* mont, lun de v5rf
=ortnig,t dou sptm5ni
=is,ing pescuit
Bat,ing baie, scldat
Sunbat,ing pla#
$limbing mers pe munte, alpinism
$amping out 1- drumeie, excursie; 4- "amping
Sand nisip
Sands T beac, pla#
Sandcastle castel de nisip
#ide flux i reflux
Sea&eed alg de mare
S,ell scoic
@oc*5pool oc)i linitit de ap Oprintre st5nciP
8oliday camp tabr de vacan
#raining camp cantonament
@est ,ome cas de odi)n
8oliday village sat de vacan
8oliday to&n ora de vacan
@esort staiune
Seaside resortQ &inter resort staiune pe litoralT staiune de iarn
8ealt, resort staiune de odi)n T balneoclimateric
Spa staiune balneo.climateric Ocu ape mineraleP
8otel )otel
>otel motel
8ostel 1- "min de studeni; 4- "aban, )otel turistic
Boarding ,ouse pensiune
Guest5,ouse cas de oaspei
4nnQ inn*eeper )anT )angiu
$,aletQ ,ut caban
$aravan T trailer rulot
#railer camp camping de rulote
Summer camp tabr de var
$amping site loc de tabr, camping
#ent cort
#ent5trailer rulot pentru cort
Sleeping bag sac de dormit
=olding bed pat pliant
=old5up table mas pliant
=old5up c,air scaun pliant
=irst5aid *it trus de prim a#utor
Sun5tan lotion loiune pentru bronzarea pielii
S,orts ort
:ind5'ac*et vintiac, #ac)et contra v5ntului
.ccomodation cazare
Single room camer cu un pat
"ouble room camer cu dou paturi
Suite apartament
$onveniences confort
=acilities condiii; dotri; posibiliti
9aundry service spltorie
.ir5conditioning instalaie de aer condiionat
#V lounge )ol pentru televizor
Bar bar
Aig,t club bar de noapte
"isco discotec
144
9obby )ol de )otel
=ire e1it ieire 'n caz de incendiu
Bac* stairs scar de serviciu
Garage gara#
Smo*ing room fumoar
@eception des* recepie
8otel office direcia )otelului
Service bureau biroul servicii
$old and ,ot running &ater ap rece i cald
Bed clot,es( bedding aternut de pat
@adiator calorifer
Bed s,eet cearaf
S&itc,( s&itc,er comutator
Bed spread( coverlet cuvertur de pat
?illo& case( slip fa de pern
:as,ing list list de rufe pentru splat
Blan*et ptur
$urtain perdea, draperie
?illo&( cus,ion pern, pern de dormit
Tuilt( counterpane plapum
?laid pled
#ap robinet
>attressQ spring mattress salteaT somier
$oat ,anger umera pentru )aine
$andlestic* . sfenic
.rrival card fi, formular de sosire
Surname nume de familie
=irst name prenume
Aationality naionalitate
"ate and place of birt, data i locul naterii
?ermanent address domiciliu stabil
?urpose of visit scopul vizitei, cltoriei
?assport paaport
4dentity card legitimaie, buletin de identitate
Signature semntur
@eception cler* T receptionist recepioner
"oorman portar, uier
Bell5boy biat de serviciu
Ste&ard osptar, stevard
8all porter portar de )otel
9ift5boy liftier
S,oeblac* T bootboy lustragiu
$,amber5maid camerist
@ent c)irie
#rems condiii
9andlordQ landlady gazd
8ostQ ,ostess gazd, amfitrion
9odger( tenantQ co5tenant locatarT colocatar
Board and lodging mas i cas
Boarder persoana care st 'n pensiune
#,e o&ner of a ,ouse proprietarul unei case
#o s,are t,e room &it, a 'mpri casa cu
S,rine racl, morm5nt Omai ales sf5ntP
#omb morm5nt
>emorial monument comemorativ
$roft ferm mic
Scenery peisa#
14=
8eig,t 'nlime
$leanliness curenie
=riendliness amabilitate, bunvoin
7ntertainment amuzament, distracie
Sig,t loc, monument, privelite demn de vzut
Sig,tseeing tur al oraului, excursie
9andmar* punct de reper, loc important
?lace of interes obiectiv turistic
?rivate Od- baie, etcP separat
Tuiet linitit
.vailable disponibil, liber; la dispoziie
@ela1ed relaxat
Boring plicitisitor
Aagging ciclitor
7nergetic plin de energie, activ
Poung t5nr
>iddle5aged de v5rst mi#locie
6ld 'n v5rst, btr5n
8elpful 'ndatoritor
#o sign in a se 'nregistra Ola venireP
#o sign out a se 'nregistra Ola plecareP
#o register a se 'nregistra, a 'nscrie un nume 'n registru
#o fill in a completa
#o in/uire a se informa, a se interesa
#o vacate a se elibera, a goli
#o c,arge a taxa, a pune la socoteal
#o disturb a deran#a
#o overloo* T to loo* out on a da spre, a avea vedere la
#o cruise a face o croazier
#o splas, a 'mproca, a stropi
#o stroll a se plimba
#o plan oneHs ,oliday a face planuri de vacan, concediu
#o ,ave a successful ,oliday a avea un concediu, o vacan reuit
#o get a&ay a pleca din ora
#o go on ,oliday a pleca, merge 'n vacan, concediu
#o lay out a camp a aeza o tabr
#o put at a ,otelQ an inn a se stabili la un )otelT la un )an
#o go to t,e mountains a merge la munte
#o go to t,e seaside a merge la mare
#o air t,e room a aerisi camera
#o tidy up t,e room a face ordine 'n camer
#o loc*Q unloc* t,e door a 'ncuiaT a descuia ua
#o put up for t,e nig,t a 'nnopta undeva
#o raiseQ lo&er t,e blinds a ridicaT a cobor' #aluzelele
#o lig,tQ put out t,e fire a aprindeT a stinge focul
#,e modern love of moving around pasiunea pentru micare a epocii moderne
#,e ease of travel uurina de a cltori
#,e need for /uiet and fres, air nevoia de linite i aer curat
#,e love of solitude dorina de singurtate
Bed and brea*fast cazare i mic de#un inclus
=ull board pensiune complet
$an 4 ,elp you^ cu ce pot s v fiu de folosS
:ill you sign t,e register please^ semnai 'n registru, v rog
4Hd li*e a room a dori o camer
>ind t,e step avei gri# la scar
9ead t,e &ay( please luai.o 'nainte, v rog
:e are /uite full at t,e present nu mai avem nici o camer liber
4Hd li*e to be called in t,e morning at M oHcloc* a dori s m sculai la ora 7 dimineaa
14<
#a*e your pic* alegei ce v place
:,at &ill be t,e c,arge per day^ la c5t revine pe ziS
8o& long &ill you be staying^ c5t timp intenionai s rm5neiS
:ould you care to see t,e room^ dorii s vedei cameraS
.re t,ere any e1tras^ exist vreo tax suplimentarS
Step in( please! :eHll &al* upstairs! Pour room is on t,e first floor! intrai, v rog- !om urca pe scri-
"amera %vs- este la eta#ul $-
4Hll s,o& you up to your room! v conduc la camera %vs!
:ill come t,is &ay( please^ pe aici, v rog
:,ere does t,is room loo* to^ unde d camera astaS
S,o& me a room facing t,e streetQ overloo*ing t,e par* opposite artai.mi o camer la stradT cu
vedere spre parB
:,at &ill it come to all in all^ la c5t se ridic cu totulS
:ould you fill in t,is formQ cardQ your particulars^ vrei s completai acest formularT datele personaleS
$an 4 ,ave my dressQ suit brus,ed and pressed^ imi putei peria i clca roc)ia i costumulS
$an 4 ,ave my s,oes cleaned and polis,ed^ 'mi putei cura i lustrui pantofiiS
$an 4 ,ave my linen &as,ed and ironed^ 'mi putei spla i cura len#eriaS
:ill you bringQ fetc, me a ca*e of soap^ 'mi aducei, v rog, o bucat de spunS
#ell me( please( &,ere is t,e menHsQ ladiesH room^ putei s.mi spunei unde este toaleta pentru brbaiT
femeiS
4 &ould li*e to *no& if 4 can ma*e a long distance call from ,ere^ a vrea s tiu dac pot obine de aici
o convorbire internaional-
4 &ould li*e to *no& if 4 can ,ave my brea*fast broug,t up to my room a vrea s tiu dac mi se
poate aduce micul de#un 'n camer
#,is door opens out on t,e balcony ua asta d pe balcon
.re lig,t( ,eating and service included^ lumina, 'nclzitul i serviciul sunt incluse 'n preS
:e ,ave special mont,ly rates avem tarife lunare avanta#oase
8ere is t,e receipt avei aici recipisa
Pour luggage &ill be sent for vom trimite dup baga#ele %vs-
>a*e yourself at ,omeQ comfortable facei.v comod
$an 4 move in today^ pot sa m mut astziS
:ill you get a ta1i for me^ vrei s c)emai un taxiS
4Hm e1pecting a visitorG atept un vizitatorX
4Hm &aiting for a telep,one call atept un telefon
4f anyone calls &,ile 4 am outQ a&ay you may say 4Hll be bac* in an ,our dac vine cineva c5t sunt
plecat putei spune c m 'ntorc 'ntr.o or
"id anybody in/uire after me^ a 'ntrebat cineva de mineS
S,all 4 pass ,im on t,e p,one or s,o& ,im up to your room^ s vi.l dau la telefon sau s.l conduc la
camera %vs-S
4 e1pect to leave t,e day after tomorro& cred c plec poim5ine
:ill you( please( for&ard all my mail to t,is address^ vrei s expediai toat corespondena mea la
adresa aceastaS
>a*e out t,e bill( please v rog s.mi facei nota
4Hd li*e to settle it no& a dori s pltesc acum
PouHve c,arged too muc, ai 'ncrcat nota
4Hd li*e to see t,e manager a vrea s vorbesc cu directorul
9et someone carry do&n my luggage cineva s.mi coboare baga#ele
$an anyone &a*e me up at si1 oHcloc* in t,e morning^ poate cineva s m trezeasc la ase dimineaaS
86: #6 $866S7 . 8694".P
@)en applied to )olida,s t)e expressions pac*age and all5in5price mean t)at t)e individual costs of
accommodation, transport and per)aps e1cursions or ot)er activities )ave been carefull, planned and
#oined toget)er so t)at t)e, ma, be convenientl, boug)t as a complete VpacBageW-
>ot onl, does t)is save t)e trouble of inZuiring about eac) item and booBing separatel,, but t)e cost is often
appreciabl, less t)an bu,ing t)e same services bit b, bit- (n extra advantage ?it) pacBage arrangements is
t)at t)e cost is often reduced for )olida,s outside t)e peaB summer mont)s-
14E
T)ere are man, interesting pacBage )olida,s available in England- T)e, range from special interest stud,
tours or sporting )olida,s to a t)oroug)l, laz, fortnig)t canal cruising t)roug) our restful countr,side-
T)e popularit, of camping and caravanning )as also gro?n over recent ,ears due to t)e appeal of flexible
)olida,, combined ?it) t)e provision of more and better sites, and a ?ide c)oice of eZuipment- an,
organized camping sites offer suc) facilities as s)ops, s)o?ers and laundr, rooms, as ?ell as t)e essential
services- EZuipment available ranges from sleeping bags, folding beds, cooBing eZuipment, fold.up tables
and c)airs to tents and tent.trailers-
( caravanning )olida, offers t)e same relaxed atmosp)ere of camping but t)e comfort of a ?arm caravan
ma, induce ,ou to tr, t)e off.season spring and autumn mont)s ?)en t)e roads are not so cro?ded-
.A 4"7.9 8694".P
@)en $ ?as a bo, ever, )olida, t)at $ )ad seemed ideal- , parents tooB me b, car or b, train to a )otel b,
t)e sea- (ll da, $ pla,ed on t)e sands ?it) ot)er c)ildren- @e made sandcastles ?it) )uge ,ello? ?alls, and
?atc)ed t)e incoming tide destro, t)em; ?e pla,ed football ?it) a large rubber ball and ?e splas)ed eac)
ot)er in t)e ?ater- @)en t)e tide ?ent out, ?e climbed over t)e rocBs and stared do?n at t)e fis) and t)e
sea?eed in t)e rocB.pools-
$n t)ose far.off da,s t)e sun seemed to s)ine all da, and t)e ?ater ?as al?a,s ?arm- Sometimes ?e left t)e
beac) and ?alBed in t)e to?n, exploring ruins and visiting museums- T)ere ?ere al?a,s s?eets in mot)erAs
pocBets or places ?)ere ?e could bu, ice cream- Eac) da, seemed a lifetime-
(lt)oug) $ am no? an adult, m, idea of a )olida, is muc) t)e same as it ?as- $ still liBe t)e sun and t)e
?arm sand and $ en#o, splas)ing in t)e ?ater-
$ no longer ?is) to build sandcastles and $ disliBe s?eets intensel,, but $ love sunbat)ing and $ looB for?ard
to sitting do?n to a good meal and a bottle of ?ine in t)e evening-
$ still need m, companions not, of course, to pla, on t)e sands and eat ices ?it), but to drinB ?it) and talB to
on ?arm moonlit nig)ts-
Sometimes $ ?onder ?)at m, ideal )olida, ?ill be ?)en $ am old- (ll $ s)all ?ant to do t)en, $ expect, ?ill
be to lie in bed, reading booBs about c)ildren ?)o maBe sandcastles ?it) )uge ?alls, ?)o ?atc) t)e
incoming tide, ?)o maBe t)emselves sicB on too man, icesX
G@7.# ".PS 4A 96A"6A
$magine ,ourself in /ondon- T)ere are so man, t)ings to do and see on an, da, in /ondon and itAs
possible t)at ,our )otel ma, be rig)t on t)e doorstep of an )istoric sig)t-
TaBe t)e ne? To?er +otel, for instance- @)en ,ou ?aBe in t)e morning ,our first glimpse t)roug) t)e
?indo? ma, be across t)e road to t)e To?er of /ondon, built b, Cing @illiam $ in t)e 11
t)
centur,- *r ,ou
ma, looB do?n on To?er 0ridge, or on t)e no?.peaceful basins of t)e once cro?ded and bus, docBs-
#a*e your pic*
(lmost an,?)ere ,ou sta, is a good centre for ,our sig)tseeing- $f ,our )otel is rig)t in t)e )eart of t)e @est
End, ,ou ?onAt be far from Piccadill, "ircus and t)e familiar island statue of Eros, t)eatreland and some of
t)e most famous s)opping streets in t)e ?orld-
Gou can stroll up Iegent Street to *xford Street; or go do?n +a,marBet to Trafalgar SZuare ?)ere
>elsonAs "olumn is one of /ondonAs prominent landmarBs @)ite)all and Parliament SZuare to
@estminster (bbe,- (nd t)en ,ou can go furt)er east from Trafalgar SZuare, along T)e Strand and &leet
Street to 6t. 9aul+s <at'ed!al-
$at,edral and .bbey
(t St- PaulAs ,ou can sit under Sir ")ristop)er @renAs massive 16
t)
centur, dome Obuilt in baroZue st,le,
after t)e 3reat &ireP; ?alB up to t)e famous @)ispering 3aller, or go do?n to t)e cr,pt ?)ere some of
0ritainAs )eroes lie buried, including (dmiral /ord >elson and t)e %uBe of @ellington, victors at t)e 0attles
of Trafalgar O16HEP and @aterloo O161EP-
0estminste! :((e& ?as founded b, Cing Ed?ard t)e "onfessor, ?)o died in 1H9E, and facing )is s)rine
,ou can see t)e oaBen "oronation ")air Omade in 1=HHP ?)ic) )as been used at ever, "oronation since t)at
of Ed?ard $$ in 1=H7- T)ere are also t)e tombs of numerous Vro,alsW, including cueen Elisabet) $ and ar,
cueen of Scots graves of Bings and Zueens, politicians and c)urc)men and in VPoets "ornerW ,ou can see
t)e memorials of man, of 0ritainAs literar, figures-
149
T)e (bbe,As ")apter +ouse ?as t)e meeting place of t)e +ouse of "ommons for 4HH ,ears until 1E<7, ?)en
t)e members moved round t)e corner to t)e site of t)e present +ouses of Parliament ?)ere V0ig 0enW booms
out t)e )ours from t)e clocB to?er-
D'e M!itis' Kuseum s)o?s t)e ?orBs of man from pre)istoric times to t)e present da,- T)ere are permanent
displa,s of antiZuities from Eg,pt, @estern (sia, 3reece and Iome- $t also includes one of t)e most famous
libraries in t)e ?orlds-
D'e Lati#nal Jalle!&, situated on t)e nort) side of Trafalgar SZuare, )ouses one of t)e ric)est collection of
paintings- ost famous are Ienaissance and $mpressionist ?orBs
Kadame Dussaud+s ex)ibits ?ax models of famous )istorical c)aracters, Io,alt, international statesmen,
film and sports stars, artists and entertainers-
Ma!(ican :!ts <ent!e is a good example of modern arc)itecture in 0ritain- T)e complex of glass, concrete
ObetonP and steel Oo'elP buildings includes a concert )all, a t)eatre and art galleries-
9iccadill& <i!cus is one of t)e busiest #unctions in t)e cit, and t)e )eart of /ondonAs t)eatreland- T)e
fountain ?it) t)e statue of Eros on top is a favourite meeting place for ,oung people- (t nig)t t)e "ircus
becomes a mass of coloured c)anging lig)ts-
D#we! M!idge, opened in 162<, is one of /ondonAs best landmarBs ?it) its t?o neo.3ot)ic to?ers- T)e t?o
1HHH ton dra?bridges used to be raised to let big s)ips pass- T)e glass.covered ?alB?a,, 1<4ft above t)e
T)ames, gives a splendid vie? of t)e river-
T)e statue of t)e victorious (dmiral, /ord >elson, dominates D!afalga! 6@ua!e, named in commemoration
of a great Englis) naval victor,- People and pigeons gat)er )ere to see and en#o, t)e fountains, t)e lions and
t)e ot)er statues-
Mucking'am 9alace ?as made t)e official residence of t)e Sovereign b, cueen !ictoria ?)ose memorial is
in front of t)e palace- T)e Io,al 3uards c)ange at 11-=H ever, da, muc) to t)e delig)t of t)e tourists-
D'e 2#uses #f 9a!liament, also called t)e Palace of @estminster, range along t)e T)ames ?it) !ictoria
To?er at one end and 0ig 0en, t)e famous bell in t)e "locB To?er, at t)e ot)er-
14 *#wning 6t!eet )as been t)e )ome of t)e 0ritis) Prime inister since 17=4- $t is t)e s,mbol of 0ritis)
political po?er-
4A=6 B6X
$nside ?arliament t)ere are t?o large c)ambers- *ne is Bno?n as t)e 8ouse of $ommons, and t)is is for
Ps Omembers of ParliamentP ?)o represent t)e people- T)e ot)er c)amber is called t)e 8ouse of 9ords-
Ever,one ?)o sits in t)is c)amber )as to be a /ord or /ad,, or a 0is)op- >o?ada,s t)e +ouse of "ommons
is more important t)an t)e +ouse of /ords, but bot) )ouses must pass an, ne? la?-
T)e +ouse of "ommons ?as bombed during t)e @orld @ar $$ but it ?as rebuilt in its original form- T)e
seating arrangement is ideal for debate, t)e ro?s of Vbenc)esW Ocovered ?it) green leat)erP enabling t)e
supporters of t)e Prime inister to face t)e *pposition Ps directl,- 0et?een t)e t?o sides t)ere is a table
and a great t)rone.liBe c)air, made of darB ?ood, in ?)ic) an P called t)e SpeaBer sits-
T)e +ouse of /ords is sumptuousl, decorated, ?it) red leat)er benc)es- +ere t)e ?)ole Parliament
Sovereign, /ords and "ommons assembles for t)e State *pening- T)e +ouse of /ords is presided over b,
t)e /ord ")ancellor ?)o sits on t)e 0##lsack Opern de ln pe care !ade lordul cancelarP in front of t)e
t)rone- +is unusual seat, placed )ere during t)e reign OdomnieP of Ed?ard $$, s,mbolizes t)e importance
?ool used to )ave for t)e ?ealt) ObunstareP of t)e nation-
96A"6A BP ".P .A" A4G8#
D# get a!#und =#nd#n most visitors c)oose t)e *fficial /ondon Transport Sig)tseeing Tour, a 2H.
minutes ride on an open bus t)at provides a good orientation to t)e cit,-
0est ?nd t'eat!es are #ust a fe? minutesA ?alB from Piccadill, "ircus and so is t)e ?orld famous
"ovent 3arden, )ome of t)e ro,al *pera-
$f ,ouAd rat)er explore /ondon on ,our o?n, t)ereAs a wide netw#!k #f pu(lic t!ansp#!tK double.decBers
OdonAt forget to Zueue, ot)er?ise /ondoners ?ill be irritatedP, river buses or t)e underground Oif ,ou
)ave speed in mindP; t)e blacB.cab taxi service is also available, but it is rat)er expensive-
*ne can also c)oose from t)e man, attractions offered b, t)e m#de!n a!ts cent!e built on t)e Sout)
0anB of t)e T)ames, ?)ic) )ouses t)e >ational T)eatre, t)e Io,al &estival +all, t)e >ational film
t)eatre, ?it) its t?o cinemas, t)e useum of t)e oving $mage and t)e exZuisite art galler,-
147
&or t)ose ?)o are fond of s'#pping, Iegent Street and *xford Street are t)e ans?er- Gou ma, also ?ant
to )ave a looB at a,fairAs elegant !ictorian arcades Ozone comerciale acoperiteP; for a c)ange, visit
Petticoat /ane, /ondonAs most famous outdoor marBet-
T)e )ot spots of music and dance are located near /eicester SZuare- T)ere are fas)ionable discos and
nig)tclubs all round and large variet, of performances given b, street entertainers till late at nig)t-
T)e numerous pa!ks offer s)elter from t)e noise of t)e big cit,- >ot)ing more relaxing t)an a Zuiet stroll
and refres)ments in St- FamesAs ParB, near 0ucBing)am Palace- ")ildren ?ill al?a,s c)oose IegentAs
ParB, ?)ic) )ouses /ondon Doo or Censington 3ardens, ?)ere t)e, can pla, near Peter PanAs statue-
Elegant but expensive !estau!ants and cafes mix ?it) t)e more familiar sig)t and accessible prices of
t)e t,pical Englis) pub ?)ere people en#o, a c)at ?it) friends or game of billiards over a pint O msur
de Q.AC l+ halbP of beer-
4A=6 B6X
#,e Peoman :arders (Beefeaters)
Earl, in t)e )istor, of t)e To?er t)e custod, of t)e gates and t)e safeBeeping of t)e prisoners ?ere entrusted
to a bod, of ?arders OtemniceriP )eaded b, a porter appointed directl, b, t)e Bing- &rom t)e reign of +enr,
!$$$ a bod, of t)e BingAs ,eomen Orze!iP ?)o ?ere members of t)e ro,al guard and ?ere entitled to ?ear
t)e ro,al liver, Olivrea+ uniformP carried out t)ese duties- >o?ada,s, t)ere are about <H Geoman @arders,
?)o live ?it)in t)e ?alls of t)e to?er- T)ese former officers ?it) an )onourable service record of at least 44
,ears are better Bno?n as 0eefeaters- *f all t)e traditions at t)e To?er, one above all evoBes its essential
c)aracter as a ro,al palace and fortress, namel, t)e nig)tl, "eremon, of t)e Ce,s, ?)en, after locBing t)e
gates, t)e c)ief Geoman @arder presents t)em to t)e monarc)As representative in t)e to?er, t)e Iesident
3overnor- 0, tradition t)ere )ave been ravens at t)e To?er from its ver, beginnings, and t)e legend t)at
?it)out its ravens t)e To?er ?ill fall and t)e Bingdom ?it) it )ave protected t)eir presence- T)ere are
usuall, six ravens in residence cared for b, one of t)e Geoman @arders, ?it) t)e title of Iavenmaster-
#87 #6:7@ 6= 96A"6A
*n ")ristmas %a, 1466 0illiam, *uke #f L#!mand&, ?as cro?ned Cing of England- +e ordered at
once t)e building of an eart).and.timber OlemnP castle ?it)in t)e ancient Ioman "it, ?alls- Den &ea!s
late! t)is simple fort ?as turned into a massive palace"f#!t!ess- ( great stone to?er ?as builtK t'e 0'ite
t#we!-
$n 1183, ?)ile Nic'a!d t'e =i#n'ea!t ?as a?a, on crusade OcruciadP, )is c)ancellor OcancelarP began
t)e first expansion Oe(tindereP of t)e to?erAs defences Osistem de aprareP- Iic)ardAs brot)er, O#'n, ?)o
succeeded )im to t)e t)rone in 1133, completed it-
Fo)nAs son, 2en!& III, gave )is attention to improving t)e to?er as a ro,al residence- @it)in t)e space
bet?een t)e ?)ite To?er and t)e river a splendid new palace tooB s)ape to replace t)e @)ite to?er,
former ro,al accommodation Ore!edin'P-
+enr, $$$As son, ?dwa!d I, spent in ten ,ears t?ice as muc) on t)e to?er as )is fat)er )ad done during
)is entire reign- +e made t)e To?er into one of t'e g!eat castle #f 13
t'
centu!& ?ngland-
@)enever monarc)s ?anted to get rid of possible rivals to t)e t)rone t)e, sent t)ese to t)e To?er and
eventuall, On cele din urmP put t)em to deat)- Suc) ?as t)e tragic fate of t'e infant nep'ews #f
Nic'a!d III O1<6=.1<6EP-
$t ?as during t)e reign of t)e rut)less OnemilosP 2en!& 1II O1EH2.1E<7P t)at t)e To?er became Bno?n
above all as t'e c'ief p!is#n #f t'e state-
an, prisoners of )ig) ranB entered t)e to?er, never to leave it alive- T?o of t)e ?ives of +enr, !$$$
O:nn M#le&n and <at'e!ine 2#wa!dP ?ere executed on to?er +ill and so ?as D'#mas K#!e ?)o
refused to acBno?ledge Oa recunoa!teP +enr, !$$$ as +ead of t)e ")urc) of England-
&ollo?ing t'e Nest#!ati#n #f t'e m#na!c'& in 1664, t)e To?er under?ent ma#or c)anges- <'a!les II
)ad a large permanent garrison )oused in t)e To?er, ?)ile t)e arsenal ?as expanded- Soon t)e <!#wn
Oewels and t)e )istoric arms and armours ?ere put on public s)o?-
$n t)e time of Pueen 1ict#!ia t)e To?er began to taBe on t)e c)aracter of a nati#nal m#nument- 0,
12H1 )alf a million people visited it eac) ,ear- >o?ada,s t)e to?er )as become #ne #f t'e w#!ld+s g!eat
t#u!ist att!acti#ns- $t is guarded b, t)e famous 0eefeaters ?)o also taBe part in t)e man, colourful
ceremonies organized t)ere on various occasions-
146
CC1III. =66"! .# #87 @7S#.;@.A#
Basic Vocabulary
Brea*fast mic de#un, masa de diminea
9unc, 1- Pr5nz, de#un Oatunci c5nd masa principal se servete la pr5nzP 4- 3ustare Oatunci c5nd masa
principal se servete searaP
#ea ceai
"inner 1- "in 4- as principal a zilei Opr5nz sau cinP
Supper cin, masa de sear Odup cinP
>eal m5ncare, mas
$ourse fel de m5ncare
>ain course fel principal de m5ncare
"is, 1- &el de m5ncare 4- &arfurie mare
Snac* gustare
@estaurant restaurant
$anteen cantin, bufet
Snac* bar bufet expres
?ub Ofrom public )ouseP restaurant, c5rcium
#able dH,ote Q set lunc, meniu fix
. la carte a la carte
=is, and c,ip s,op local unde se servete pete cu cartofi pr#ii
>enu card Q bill of fare list de bucate, meniu
8ors dHoeuvre foK dKvrg gustare 'naintea mesei, aperitiv
Bacon and eggs oc)iuri cu slnin
8am and eggs oc)iuri cu unc
@a& egg ou crud
Soft ou moi
8ard boiled eggs . ou tari, rscoapte
Scrambled eggs ou #umri
?oac,ed eggs oc)iuri rom5neti
=ried eggs oc)iuri
6melette omlet
Sausage salam
6live mslin
Butter unt
$,eese br5nz
?ressed c,eese cacaval
S&iss c,eese vaier
Pog,ourt iaurt
Uellied meat piftie
Uellied fis, pete 'n aspic
?ic*led fis, zacusc de pete
>inced5meat balls c)iftelue
>eat cro/uettes . p5r#oale
Vegetable salad salat de legume
>ayonnaise dressing maionez
$aviare icre negre, caviar
>anc,uria ,ard roe icre de anciuria
?atb de foie gras pateu din ficat de g5sc
$anapb p5ine pr#it 'n unt
#oast p5ine pr#it
Soup sup
$,ic*en soup sup de pui
$lear c,ic*en soup sup limpede
#omato (F alte legume) soup sup de roii
142
Aoodle soup sup de tiei
SourQ 'ulienne soup ciorb
Giblet soup ciorb de mruntaie
Soup &it, meat balls ciorb de perioare
$onsommb consomm^
$ream soup crem de legume
Brot,Q gravy soup sup concentrat de carne
Vermicelli soup sup de fidea
"umpling soup sup cu glute
Vegetable soup sup de legume
>eat carne
>inced meat carne tocat
Beef carne de vit
Veal carne de viel
>utton carne de oaie
9amb carne de miel
?or* carne de porc
?oultry 1- psri de curte 4- carne de pasre
$,ic*en carne de pui
"uc* carne de ra
Goose carne de g5sc
#ur*ey carne de curcan
Vegetables legume, zarzavaturi Oabrev- !egP
>i1ed vegetables g)iveci de legume asortate
$old meat salad salat boeuf
Boiled cartofi fieri
@oast cartofi pr#ii
>as,ed potatoes cartofi piure
$,ipped cartofi pai
7gg5plant Q aubergine v5nt
7ndive . andive
$abbage varz
@ed cabbage varz roie
Brussels cabbage varz de 0ruxelles
Sauer*raut varz acr
?ic*les . murturi
$arrot morcov
#ossed carrots sote de morcovi
$auliflo&er conopid
#omato sauce bulion
#omato 'uice suc de roii
Beetroot sfecl roie
?eas mazre
Beans fasole
=renc, beans fasole verde
$ucumber castravete
Green5pepper ardei gras
@ed pepper gogoar
8ot pepper ardei iute
>us,rooms ciuperc
>us,rooms coo*ed in sauce ciulama de ciuperci
9ettuce salat verde
Spinac, . spanac
6nion ceap
9ee* . praz
Spring onion ceap verde
Garlic usturoi
1=H
Grill grtar, friptur la grtar
Beefstea* biftec, muc)i 'n s5nge
@ump5stea* ramstec, friptur de muc)i de vit
@oast c,ic*en friptur de pasre
@oast beef friptur de vit
@oast liver ficat pr#it
_idney rinic)i
$,op cotlet
$utlet cotlet, niel
Stea*( rib antricot
?or* sausages c5rnai de porc
@oast duc*ling friptur de ruc
Ste& tocan
Ste&ed meat carne fiart, 'nbuit
Boiled meat carne rasol
$,ic*en in &,ite sauce ciulama de pui
"is, of breaded brain creier pr#it
Goulasc,( ste& gula
S&eetbread momie
9eg of a fo&l picior de pasre
Bris*et pieptT garf de porc
Sautb sote
Scallop niel
Venison . v5nat
>int sauce sos de ment
=is, pete
=res,5&ater fis, pete de ap dulce
Salt5&ater fis, pete de mare
8addoc* batog, egrefin
8erring )ering, scrumbie
_ipper scrumbie afumat
Sole calcan
8alibut pete de mare din genul +ipoglossus
$od cod
?erc, biban
#rout pstrv
Sturgeon sturion
?laice pltic
$arp crap
Salmon somon
#unnyQ tunna fis, ton
$ra&fis, raci
$rabs . crabi
?i*e tiuc
Vander alu
9obster )omar
6yster stridie
"essert desert
S&eet desert dulce
$a*e pr#itur
?astry plcinte, patiserie
.pple5tart tartT plcint cu mere
$,eese pie plcint cu br5nz
?udding budinc
Biscuits biscuii
>uffin brio
?anca*es cltite
"oug,nuts gogoi
1=1
Sponge ca*e pandipan
S&eet biscuit picot
#rifle arlot, pr#itur fcut din fric, migdale i biscuii 'nmuiai 'n vin
Gingerbread turt dulce
=ruit salad salat de fructe
Ste&ed fruit compot de fructe
Grape strugure
$urrant stafid mare
?ine5apple ananas
4ce5cream 'ng)eat
$ustard crem de ou
Batter aluat
Uam gem, dulcea
>armalade dulcea sau marmelad de portocale
$ream caimac, sm5nt5n
:,ipped cream fric
$ereals m5ncare pregtit din cereale Ofulgi de ovz, porumbP $ornfla*es fulgi de porumb
?orridge fiertur din fulgi de ovz sau porumb, cu lapte, caimac, cu sau fr za)r
6atmeal fin de ovz, ovz pisat
?astas paste finoase
@ice orez
?ilaff (rice) pilaf
Spag,etti spag)ete
>acaroni au gratin macaroane gratinate
"rin* butur
Soft drin* butur nealcoolic, rcoritoare
9emonade limonad, citronad
Uuice suc
=ruit 'uice suc de fructe
6range 'uice suc de portocale
>ineral &ater ap mineral
$ider cidru
>il* lapte
$offee cafea
Blac* coffee cafea neagr
:,ite coffee cafea cu lapte
StrongQ ,ardQ alco,olic drin* butur alcoolic
Beer bere
>ug( a pint of beer o )alb de bere
Bitter bere amar
Stout bere neagr
Ginger ale bere nealcoolic
"raug,t beer bere de la butoi
.le bere englezeasc
Brandy rac)iu, coniac
:ine vin
:,ite &ine vin alb
@ed &ine vin rou
"ry &ine vin sec
S&eet &ine vin dulce
S,erry vin de ]eres
?ort vin de Porto
9i/ueur lic)ior
$,ampagne ampanie
:,is*y ?)isB, scoian
:,is*ey ?)isB, irlandez
Spices condimente
1=4
Salt sare
?epper piper
Vinegar oet
>ustard mutar
"ressing sosuri i condimente
#,e dis,es vesel, vase
$roc*ery vase Ode faian, ceramicP
$up ceac
Glass pa)ar
Uug can, ulcior
Saucer farfurioar
?late farfurie
"inner plate farfurie 'ntins
Soup plate farfurie ad5nc
Bread plate farfurie pentru p5ine, platou
$utlery tac5muri
Spoon lingur
#ea spoon linguri de ceai sau de cafea
Soup spoon lingur de sup
"essert spoon linguri
_nife cuit
=or* furculi
Salt cellar solni
>ustard5pot borcan de mutar
?epper5pot piperni
$or*scre& tirbuon
Sauce5boat sosier
Soup5tureen castron de sup
Sugar basin za)arni
Aap*in erveel
#oot,pic* . scobitoare
#able5clot, fa de mas
"rin*ing stra& pai de sorbit
.s,tray scrumier
:ine5decanter caraf de vin
#eapot ceainic
$offee5pot ibric de cafea
=lavour arom
Vanilla vanilie
Stra&berry frag, cpun
@aspberry zmeur
=at Od- m5ncare, carneP . gras
9ean Od- m5ncare, carneP slab
#,in Od- lic)ideP slab, diluat
;nderdone 'n s5nge, nefcut
:ell5done Od- fripturP bine fcut
6verdone uscat, ars
:arm Q &armli*e cald T cldu
=res, proaspt
Stale Od- m5ncareP vec)i
Sa& crud
Strong tare
:ea* slab
=izzy gazos, spumos
Bro&n Od- p5ineP . neagr
?lain simplu
Spicy condimentat
1==
Savoury Od- m5ncareP picant, srat, piperat
Vacant Od- loc, masP liber
#a*en Od- loc, masP ocupat
Semi5prepared semipreparate
@eady5pac*ed preambalate
@eady5coo*ed foods gata preparate
@eady5bottled 'mbuteliate
=rozen congelate
#inned conservate
. slice of breadQ ,am o felie de p5ineT unc
. lump of sugar o bucat de za)r
. piece of ca*e o bucat de pr#itur
. plateful of o farfurie de
#o steam a fierbe
#o roast a pr#i, a coace
#o grill a frige la grtar
#o fry a pr#i
#o ba*e a coace
#o boil a fierbe
#o stir a mesteca
#o poac, a fierbe Od- ex- ou fr coa#P
#o ,eat a 'nclzi
#o smo*e a afuma
#o flavour a condimenta, a aromatiza
#o season Od- m5ncareP a asezona, a potrivi
#o eat at ,ome a m5nca acas
#o eat out a m5nca 'n ora Ola restaurantP
#o drin* t,e &ine neat a bea vinul fr sifon
#o lay t,e table a pune masa
#o clear t,e table a str5nge masa
#o &as, up( to &as, t,e dis,es a spla vasele
#o reserve a table in advance a rezerva o mas 'n avans
#o be on a diet a ine diet, regim
#o slimQ to lose &eig,t a slbi
4Hll ta*e G for t,e first course primul fel o s iau
4Hll ,aveQ order G . am s comand
:,at &ould you say to G . ce.ai zice de X
:ill you pass me t,e salt( please^ vrei s.mi dai sarea, v rogS
>ay 4 ,ave anot,er ,elping ofG^ pot s mai iau o porie deXS
:ould you li*e some moreG^ mai dorii niteXS
8ave you made your c,oice^ v.ai )otr5tS (i alesS
Ao( t,an* you( 4 donHt care forGQ not for me( t,an* you nu, mulumesc, nu iau, nu.mi placeX
4Hm afraid itHs off regret, dar nu mai avem
:,at do you recommend^ ce.mi recomandaiS
4 could do &it, a snac* a doriT mi.ar prinde bine o gustare
?or* disagrees &it, me nu.mi face bine carnea de porc
4Hve ,ad enoug,! #,an* you nu, mulumesc- .am sturat-
Ao more (for me)! #,an* you mulumesc- >u mai vreau
Say &,en spune c5nd s m opresc Odin servitP
4Hm not *een on nu m dau 'n v5nt dup
8elp yourself toG . servete.te cuX
>ay 4 offer youG^ pot s v oferXS
"o you fancyG^ v.ar plceaXS
4 canHt stand it nu suport aceast m5ncare
4 donHt li*e it eit,er nici acest fel nu.mi place
:ill you ,aveG^ ai dori s serviiXS
1=<
7AG94S8 =66"
&our meals a da, are served traditionall, in 0ritainK breaBfast, lunc), tea and dinner-
$n man, countries (!eakfast is a snacB rat)er t)an a meal, but t)e traditional Englis) breaBfast, served at
about eig)t oAclocB in t)e morning, is a full meal- Some people begin ?it) a plateful of porridge, ?it) milB
or cream, and salt or sugar; ot)ers ma, )ave fruit.#uice, or per)aps cornflaBes or some ot)er cereal- T)en
comes at least one substantial course, suc) as )addocB or fried )errings, or bacon and eggs boiled, fried or
poac)ed , or sausages and bacon, or )am and eggs- (fter?ards comes toast, ?it) butter and marmalade or
#am and per)aps some fruit- T)e meal is [?as)ed do?nA ?it) tea or coffee- an, Englis) people no? taBe
suc) a full breaBfast onl, on Sunda, mornings-
Englis) lunc', ?)ic) is usuall, served at one oAclocB, is based on plain, simpl, cooBed food- $t starts ?it)
soup or fruit.#uice- T)en follo?s some meat or poultr, beef, veal, mutton, lamb, porB, c)icBen, ducB ?it)
potatoes, boiled or roast, and a second vegetable Oprobabl, cabbage or carrotsP, and GorBs)ire pudding-
(pple pie is a favourite s?eet, and Englis) puddings, of ?)ic) t)ere are various t,pes, are an excellent
ending to a meal, especiall, in ?inter- $nstead of t)e pudding some people ma, )ave ste?ed fruit or c)eese
and biscuits- /ast of all coffee blacB or ?)ite-
0ut ?)at s)all ?e drinB ?it) our mealS *f course Englis) beer, preferabl, bitter or pale ale, or cider-
Dea, t)e t)ird meal of t)e da,, is served bet?een four and five oAclocB- ( pot of tea ?it) a #ug of )ot ?ater, a
#ug of milB and a basin of sugar are broug)t in- T)in slices of bread and butter are )anded round, and caBes,
#am and cream- Tea is not al?a,s served at table, for it is t)e most sociable meal of t)e da,, and friends and
visitors are often present- T)e members of t)e tea.part, sit round on c)airs-
*inne! is t)e most substantial meal of t)e da,- T)e usual time is about seven oAclocB, and all t)e members of
t)e famil, sit do?n toget)er- Soup is t)e first course- T)en comes t)e second course, fis) sole, )alibut,
salmon- ( #oint of meat, per)aps t)e roast beef of old England, forms t)e t)ird course, served ?it)
vegetables- T)en comes t)e dessertK some Bind of s?eet and blacB or ?)ite coffee-
T)is is t)e traditional order of meals- 0ut some people in t)e to?ns, and nearl, all countr, people, )ave
dinner in t)e middle of t)e da, instead of lunc)- T)e, )ave tea a little later, bet?een five and six oAclocB,
and t)en in t)e evening, before going to bed, t)e, )ave a lig)t supper-
T)us t)e four meals of t)e da, are breaBfast, dinner, tea supper or breaBfast, lunc), tea, dinner-
. 94S# 6= B@4#4S8 #@."4#46A.9 "4S87S .A" "@4A_S
Bangers and >as,! Sausages and mas)ed potatoes- Traditional pub dis)-
$ornis, Q "evons,ire $ream! T)icB, ric) cream usuall, served over fruits and desserts-
$ornis, ?astry! Small pastries filled ?it) meat, onion and potato-
"over sole! T)ere are man, recipes for t)is delicious fis), but per)aps it is best ?)en plain grilled-
=is, and c,ips! &ried fis) and potatoes seasoned ?it) salt and vinegar- ( fine 0ritis) institutionR
Gingerbread! Spic, caBe often made in t)e s)ape of a man and decorated ?it) currants-
Goose! ( ")ristmas favourite-
8am! (s popular for breaBfast as it is for dinner- *ften smoBed-
8erring! %elicious baBed, fried, grilled or smoBed OBippersP-
4ris, Ste&! utton, potatoes, carrots and onions-
9amb! Prepared in man, ?a,s, but per)aps best ?)en roasted and served ?it) mint sauce-
9obster! 3rilled, boiled or bacBed and served in ric) sauce-
>ince ?ies! Small pies filled ?it) currants and spices- ( ")ristmas favourite-
6ysters! Some sa, t)e real reason Fulius "aesar invaded 0ritain 4,HHH ,ears ago ?as )is attraction to t)e
delectable 0ritis) o,ster- Some of t)e most prized come from "olc)ester-
?orridge! 0oiled oatmeal ?it) milB or cream and flavoured ?it) salt or sugar- ( Scottis) breaBfast favourite-
@oast Beef! T)e most famous of 0ritainAs national dis)es- ( favourite c)oice for Sunda, lunc)- Served ?it)
roast potatoes, green vegetables and, of course, GorBs)ire pudding-
Salmon! Served )ot, cold or smoBed- Scotc) salmon is t)e best in t)e ?orld-
Scotc, Brot,! T)icB, cream, vegetable soup-
Stea* and _idney ?ieQ ?udding! ( mixture of steaB, Bidne, and mus)rooms- ( pub favourite-
Syllabub! ( refres)ing dessert made from brand,, fres) fruit, ?)ite ?ine or s)err,, cream and sugar-
#ea! ( 0ritis) ?a, of life- (lt)oug) traditionall, [tea timeA is approximatel, < p-m- a [nice cup of teaA is
liable to be produced at an, time of t)e da,, usuall, accompanied b, biscuits and T or caBes-
[8ig, #eaH is a meal ,ou ?ould expect to get in a Scottis) or >ort) "ountr, guest)ouse instead of dinner- $t
combines afternoon tea Obread and butter, caBes, biscuits, etc-P ?it) cold meat and T or a )ot dis)-
#rifle! ( dessert of caBe, fruit, and s)err, set in #ell, and topped ?it) custard, served ?it) ?)ipped cream-
#rout! 3rilled, poac)ed or fried, one of t)e most delicatel, flavoured river fis)-
1=E
Por*s,ire ?udding! Savour, baBed batter- Traditional accompaniment to roast beef-
Bitter! "lear and golden, it is t)e most popular of 0ritis) draug)t beers- Served b, t)e pint or )alf.pint-
Bro&n .le! ( darB, s?eet bottled beer-
>ild .le! %arB, full.flavoured draug)t beer- /o? in alco)olic content- Sometimes combined ?it) bitter-
?ale .le! ( slig)tl, fizz, bottled beer-
$ider! &ermented apple #uice- *ften Zuite strong so be?areR
4ris, $offee! ( mixture of coffee, ?)isBe, and sugar drunB t)roug) a top la,er of cream-
:,is*y! ello?, golden Scotc) ?)isB, is t)e best in t)e ?orld-
=.#
8eavy greu, gras
>assive . masiv
6ver&eig,t . supraponderal
$orpulent . corpolent
6bese . obez
Stout solid, gros
Solid . solid
Bul*y mare, voluminos, voinic, greoi
"umpy bondoc
?lump . durduliu, grsu, rotofei
#84A
S*inny . slbnog
;nder&eig,t . subponderal
Slender . zvelt
Slim slab
$oo*ing instruments and t,e &ays of coo*ing
To steam casserole OcaserolP
To fr, frying pan OtigaieP
To poac) coo*ing pot Ooal de gtitP
To grill grill OgrtarP
To boil saucepan OcratiP
To )eat micro&ave oven Ocuptor cu microundeP
4n a supermar*et
( box of cereals a carton of milB
( bag of onions a pacB of cigarettes
( can of soup a six.pacB of soda
( bottle of oil a bunc) of flo?ers
( #ar of peanuts a bar of soap
( tube of toot)paste a slice of bread
4n a restaurant
( box of &renc).fries a glass of ?ater
( piece of toast a bo?l of cereal
( cup of coffee a cup of ice.cream
( mug of beer
#,e $,anging 7ating 8abits of .mericans
ost people t)inB t)at t)e t,pical >ort) (merican diet consists of fast foods )amburgers and &renc) fries-
$t also includes convenience foods, usuall, frozen or canned, V#unB foodW ?it)out muc) food value cand,,
potato c)ips, cereal and so on- T)is diet is ver, )ig) in sugar, salt, fat but not in vitamins-
+o?ever, eating )abits are c)anging- >ort) (mericans are becoming more interested in good )ealt) and
nutrition is an important part of )ealt)- People are eating less red meat and fe?er eggs, and t)e, are eating
more c)icBen and fis)- &or )ealt) reason, man, people are also bu,ing more ra? vegetables- T)e, ma, eat
t)em ?it)out cooBing t)em first or t)e, mig)t cooB t)em ZuicBl, in ver, little ?ater because t)e, ?ant to
Beep t)e vitamins-
1=9
T)e Vt,picalW >ort) (merican diet no? includes food from man, different countries- (t lunc)time, man,
people go to et)nic fast.food places for 7e(ican taco, 7iddle #astern falafel or Khilippine lumpia-
$n t)e future t)e (mericans ?ill still bu, convenience foods but frozen foods ?ill be better for t)eir )ealt)
and canned foods ?ill )ave less salt and sugar- VFunB foodW is not going to be V#unBW at all because instead of
cand, bars t)ere ?ill be Vnutrition barsW ?it) a lot of vitamins and protein-
V6$.B;9.@P ?@.$#4$7
1- (fter ,ou )ave )ad a meal in a restaurant ,ou asB t)e ?aiter for t)e XX
a- bill b- recipe c- note d- prescription
4- %o ,ou liBe ,our steaB ?ell.done, medium or X--
a- blue b- blood, c- ra? d- rare
=- Spag)etti is good if ,ou X- c)eese over it-
a- mince b- slice c- c)op d- grate
<- S)e liBed t)e dessert so muc) t)at s)e asBed for a second X-
a- dis) b- go c- )elping d- serving
E- $ forgot to put t)e milB in t)e fridge and it )as XX
a- gone bacB b- gone do?n c- gone in d- gone sour
9- X- t)e bread in a )ot oven-
a- grill b- boil c- baBe d- roast
7- "urr, is ver, X--
a- )ot b- pepper, c- salt, d- ?arm
6- X-- t)e mixture into an oven proof dis)-
a- beat b- mix c- salt, d- ?arm
2- Ioast beef is one of m, favourite X-
a- bo?l b- plates c- dis)es d- courses
1H- Gour apple tart ?as absolutel, delicious- "an ,ou give me t)e X-
a- instructions b- receipt c- recipe d- formula
11- 3arlic )as a remarBable X-
a- flavor b- garnis) c- )erb d- spice
14- %onAt t)ro? t)e potato X-
a- s)ell b- sBin c- core d- peel
1=- /etAs )ave a salad to start ?it) and fis) for t)e main X-
a- )elping b- course c- dis) d- serving
1<- @)en t)e ?ater comes to t)e X- put t)e vegetables in-
a- boil b- cooB c- )eat d- steam
S,ape
2onical
SemiJcircular
0ellJshaped1 #ggJ R 1 KearJ R 1 %edgeJ R
Smells
Scent1 smell
Smells fruity1 aromatic1 smo&y1 burnt1 bad
Size
;ength1 %idth1 -eight J cms 1 inches
#astes
Sour1 S)eet1 0itter J Salty 1 salted
Keppery 1 peppered J Spicy 1 spiced
#e1ture
&ruit and vegetables t)at are crisp are fres) and )ave a firm texture so t)at ?)en ,ou bite t)em t)e, are )ard
and crunc),- E-g- he bought nice crisp apples at the mar&et.
1=7
"ooBed food t)at is crisp )as been fried or toasted until it is )ard, dr, and crunc),- "runc), food maBes a
noise ?)en ,ou eat it- E-g- he helped himself to some hot crisp rolls. , can feel the crisp frosty sno)
crunching under my feet. ,t*s the nuts that ma&e this ca&e so crunchy.
=les,y B peac), apple, Bi?i fruit
Uuicy B tomato, orange, peac), )amburger
$runc,y B nuts
$risp B biscuits, fried c)icBen, potato c)ips
Smoot, B tomato, apple
@oug, B nuts
Bland B spag)etti, )ot dog
#ender B steaB
:atery B lemonade
Stale c)eese sand?ic)
:ilted B salad
=res, B milB
"ry B baBed potato
$reamy B macaroni and c)eese
?@6V7@BS B concerning food and eating!
(ppetite comes ?it) eating-
(n apple a da, Beeps t)e doctor a?a,-
Eating an apple going to bed maBes t)e doctor beg )is bread-
3ood brot) ma, be made in an old pot-
T)e proof of t)e pudding is in t)e eating-
%onAt put al ,our eggs in one basBet-
Gou canAt )ave ,our caBe and eat it-
Too man, cooBs spoil t)e brot)-
*melettes are not made ?it)out breaBing of eggs-
+alf a loaf is better t)an none-
$tAs no use cr,ing over spilt milB-
*ne manAs meat is anot)erAs man poison-
;se t,ese e1clamations to s,o& surprise about food:
6,N said in surprise or ?onder
6,( boyN said in excitement or ent)usiasm
8mmN said ?)en t)e speaBer is t)inBing somet)ing over
:ellN said in surprise or as a preface to a remarB
:ell( &ellN said in mild surprise or ?)en t)e speaBer )as discovered somet)ing
#s*5ts*N a clucBing sound uttered in disapproval
:o&N said in surprise or admiration
Gos,N said in surprise
GeeN said in surprise
B@7._=.S#( 9;A$8 .A" "4AA7@ B :,atHs on t,e >enu^
7ngland
$t )as been said t)at to eat ?ell in England, ,ou s)ould )ave breaBfast t)ree times a da, but t)ings are
c)angingR >o? t)e standart of restaurants )as improved tremendousl,, and fe?er people )ave t)e time to
prepare t)e )uge breaBfasts of t)e past- T)ese mig)t, meals can include kidne&s or kippe!s- ( )otel ma,
offer a c#ntinental (!eakfast, ?)ic) is simpl, a (!ead !#ll or c!#issant, (utte!, .am and tea or c#ffee- an,
people still manage to get t)roug) a c##ked (!eakfast, )o?ever, even if itAs not ever, da, of t)e ?eeB- T)is
ma, start ?it) p#!!idge Oa traditional Scottis) dis) of (#iled #atmealP or ce!eal follo?ed b, f!ied eggs,
(ac#n, sausages, f!ied t#mat#es and (lack pudding Oa sausage made from pig+ (l##d ?it) pieces of fatP
follo?ed b, t#ast and ma!malade and accompanied b, a bottomless pot of st!#ng tea-
1=6
.merica
T)e earl, (mericans settlers ate 'ast& puddings, a c#!nmeal p#!!idge ?it) m#lasses- /ater, breaBfast
became a ver, generous meal indeed- >o?ada,s greater concern about diet and 'ealt' means t)at man,
people )ave a f!uit d!ink or eat a cereal ?it) lots of fi(!e but a t,pical (merican breaBfast ?ould still be
eggs, (ac#n and c#ffee, accompanied b, pancakes and maple s&!up- $n t)e sout), g!its are a breaBfast dis),
?it) (lacke&ed (ean g!a%&- 0iscuits, a Bind of small (!eadcake, are often made for breaBfast, as are f!enc'
t#ast Obread dipped in eggs t)en friedP, waffles Ofried batterP, Englis) muffins and (agels- T)ese breaBfast
are so delicious t)at in England and (merica ,ou ?ill often see restaurants ?it) sign outside sa,ing
V0reaBfast served all da,W-
9unc, and "inner
$f ,ou are liBel, to go to a cafQ or RcafS G;CP for breaBfast, for lunc) and dinner or supper O;CP t)e c)oice
is vastK (!asse!ies, (ist!#s, (a!s, pu(s, steak '#uses and salad cent!es are legion in t)e cities, alongside t)e
cu!!& '#uses, <'inese and Oapanese !estau!ants and a c)oice of international food from =e(an#n to
:laska- Italian cuisine is ver, muc) in favour at t)e moment and )as overtaBen ;!enc' cuisine in terms of
popularit,- Kenus abound ?it) terms from bot) &renc) and $talian cooBing, ?it) &renc) being used more
for minimalist, n#u%elle cuisine dis)es and $talian for t)e t,picall, (merican massi%e"p#!ti#n pasta dis'es
and meatAfis' and salad c#m(#s-
!er, often t)e same restaurant ?ill offer an international menu, ?it) appetise!s from exico Oa @uesadilla,
for exampleP, Spain Oce%ic'e s'!imps in a cucum(e!, t#mat#, c'ili, ga!lic and #ni#n saladP and 3reece
O'umus a c'ickpea paste kalamata #li%es, feta c'eese, tomatoes, cucumber and pita (!eadP- $f ,ou #ust
?ant a snack, t)is ?ill do or ,ou could go for an exotic s#up liBe Kulligatawn& or a slice of t)e ever.
popular @uic'e- Slig)tl, more substantial snacBs mig)t include Italian sausage ?it) !#ast peppe!s-
6#ut'e!n st&le (a!(ecue p#!k in t)e ;S, or a (u!ge! made from natu!all& g!a/ed (eef, ma!inated c'icken
or a %eggie(u!ge! Oa vegetable burgerP for t)e non.meat.eaters- @)en ,ou get onto t)e serious meals, expect
dis)es to be accompanied b, ample sauces and t#ppings p)rases liBe Vwit' a !#asted ga!lic *i.#n
musta!d (utte! sauceW or Vse!%ed wit' w'ipped 'e!( p#tat#es and t#pped wit' #!ange demi glaceW are
common no?ada,s-
*esse!ts are not usuall, designed for t)e diet"c#nsci#usK alongside t)e standard c!eme ca!amel, c'eesecake
and apple and (lack(e!!& pie, t)ere is a return to t!aditi#nal fa!e liBe (!ead pudding ?it) a modern touc)
served, for example, ?it) w'isk& custa!d sauce and w'ipped c!eam-
(ll of t)is and muc), muc) more is t)ere for ,ou to en#o,, but a ?orld of ?arningK Beep a ?ar, e,e on ,our
?alletX and ,our ?aistlineR
9;A$876A 9.AG;.G7
(n (merican lunc' c#unte! is small, informal restaurant ?)ere ,ou can get simple, ZuicBl,.cooBed meals-
$t mig)t also be called a lunc' stand or lunc'e#nette; if itAs an old rail?a, carriage, t)en itAs a dine!- T)e
language used b, t)e staff at t)ese lunc) counters to describe t)e orders is vivid and idios,ncratic- Some
terms, suc) as M=D O(ac#n, lettuce and t#mat# sandwic'P )ave passed into ever,da, speec)- +ere are some
examplesK
:< a sand?ic) ?it) (merican c)eese
:dam and ?%e #n a !aft t?o poac)ed eggs on toast
:xle g!ease butter
Melc' wate! seltzer or soda ?ater
M#tt#m ice cream added to a drinB
M#w (#w a )ot dog
M!eat' an onion
Mu!n #ne put a )amburger on t)e grill
<M c)eeseburger
<it& .uice ?ater
<!#wd t)ree of an,t)ing OVT?oAs compan,, t)reeAs a cro?dWP
0it' c#w t# c#%e! buttered toast
2#ld t'e 'ail no ice
O#e coffee
L#a'+s (#& )am O+am ?as >oa)As second sonRP
EO orange #uice
E%e! eas& fried eggs turned over ?)en cooBing
L# c#w ?it)out milB
1=2
6inke!s and studs doug)nuts and coffee
6@uee/e #ne orange #uice
6tack a pile of pancaBes
0a!ts olives
CCIC. S86??4AG
Basic Vocabulary
S,op magazin
S,op5&indo& vitrin
S,op5assistant v5nztor
S,opping cumprrturi
S,opping5area zon comercial
S,opper cumprtor
$ustomer cumprtor, client
"epartment raion
"epartment5store magazin universal
$,ain store filial a unei firme de magazine
7lectrical e/uipment aparate electrice
$amera(s) aparatOeP de fotografiat
@ecord department raionul de discuri
$,inaQ porcelain porelan
Glass&are sticlrie
?ottery ceramic
=abrics esturi
$ounter te#g)ea, raion
$as,5des* cas O'ntr.un magazinP
$,ec*5out point cas O'ntr.un magazin universalP
7scalator scar rulant
71it ieire
Self5service autoservire
Bargain cumprtur avanta#oas, c)ilipir
Sale(s) v5nzare Ocu reducere de preuriP, solduri
=as,ion mod
#rend curent, direcie, tendin
Gift cadou
.ccessories accesorii
"raperHs galanterie, textile
#obacconistHs tutungerie
GrocerHs bcnie, alimentar
GreengrocerHs aprozar, legume i fructe
Bac*erHs brutrie, p5ine
Butc,erHs mcelrie
=is,mongerHs pescrie
6ff5licence local unde se v5nd buturi i pentru acas
"ry5cleanerHs curtorie c)imic
#oy5s,op magazin de #ucrii
Boo*5s,op librrie
$onfectionery Q s&eet5s,op magazin de dulciuri, cofetrie
"airy magazin de produse lactate
S,op*eeper negustor, comerciant Ocu magazinP
#ailor croitor Opentru brbaiP
"ressma*er croitor de dame, croitoreas
8atter plrier
1<H
>illiner modist
S,oema*er cizmar, pantofar
$obbler cizmar Ocare face reparaiiP
Sports outfitter furnizor de ec)ipament sportiv
Barber frizer
8airdresser coafor, coafez
Boo*seller librar
Ae&sagent v5nztor de ziare Ola c)iocP
4ronmonger negustor de articole de fierrie
=urniture dealer negustor de mobil
:atc,ma*er ceasornicar
:atc, repairer reparaii de ceasuri
=lorist florrie
>ar*et pia
Supermar*et magazin universal Ode obicei cu autoservireP
=oodstuffs alimente
Groceries coloniale
"airy produce produse lactate
#in cutie de tabl, conserv
#ube tub
Bottle sticl
Bag pung
"ozen duzin
Uar borcan
Bo1 curtie
Bar baton
8ouse,old goodsQ articles Q effects articole de uz casnic
8ard&are department Q s,op raion T magazin de articole de uz casnicT fierrie
Saucepan crati
=rying5pan tigaie
_ettle ceainic, ibric
$asserole tigaie Ocu toartP, crati Ode argil ars i smluitP
Scre& urub
"oor ,andle clan
Gardening tools unelte de grdinrit
Spare parts piese de sc)imb
Ue&ellery Oraionul deP bi#uterii
@ing inel
7ar5ring cercel
:edding5ring verig)et
Bracelet brar
Aec*lace colier
Brooc, bro
$osmetics Oraionul deP cosmetice
8and cream crem de m5ini
9ipstic* ru#
Scent parfum, mireasm
?erfume parfum
Varnis, o#, lac de ung)ii
?o&der pudr
7ye5s,ade fard de oc)i
>ascara rimel
>a*e5up fard, mac)ia#
8aberdas,ery mercerie, mruniuri
?in ac de gmlie
Safety5pin ac de siguran
Aeddle ac de cusut
1<1
_nitting5neddle andrea
#,read fir, a
#ape panglic Ode p5nz, bumbacP
@ibbon panglic, band
Stationery papetrie
$,emistHs farmacie
>edicine(s) medicamentOeP
:rapping paper )5rtie de ambala#
#oilet supplies articole de toalet
_nitted goods tricota#e
Uumper tricou
?ull5over pulover, flanel
$ardigan #ac)et tricotat
$lot,es )aine, 'mbrcminte
@eady5made Q ready5to5&ear Q off5t,e5peg clot,es )aine de gata, confecii
$lot,es made5to5measure Q made5to5order )aine de comand
=itting room cabin de prob
Garments 'mbrcminte, veminte
"ress 1- Ioc)ie 4- :mbrcminte
7vening5dress 'mbrcminte de sear
=ancy5dress costum de bal
Go&n roc)ie Ode ocazieP, rob
"ressing5go&n )alt de cas
Blouse bluz
S*irt fust
S,irt cma
#rousers pantaloni
Uac*et sacou
"inner5'ac*et smoc)ing
Suit costum
9ounge5suit )aine T costum de strad
Bat,ing5suit costum de baie
Beac,&rap )alat de pla#
;niform uniform
.nora* )anorac
6veralls )ain de protecie
>ourning doliu
"isguise costum, masc
Bridal veil vl de mireas
$oat )ain
:inter5coat palton
=ur5coat )ain de blan
@ain5coat impermeabil, balonzaid, )ain de ploaie
>ac*intos, impermeabil, manta de cauciuc
Scarf earf, basma
S,a&l al, broboad
>uffler fular
Gloves mnui
>ittens mnui cu un singur deget
$ollar guler
Sleeve m5nec
$uff manet
Braces bretele
Belt curea
Soc*s osete
Stoc*ings ciorapi OlungiP
#ig,ts ciorap pantalon, dres
S,oes pantofi
1<4
6vers,oes galoi
Boots cizme
@ubber5boots cizme de cauciuc
Slippers papuci de cas
Glasses oc)elari
Sunglasses oc)elari de soare
Bra sutien
?anties c)iloi de dam
Vest maiou, flanel de corp
?ants indispensabili
#o do oneHs s,opping a face cumprturi
#o go s,opping a merge dup cumprturi
#o sell a vinde
#o buy a cumpra
#o supply a furniza
#o deliver a livra
#o display a etala
#o be out of stoc* a nu mai avea O'n magazin, depozitP
#o try on a 'ncerca Oo )ainP
#o fit a se potrivi
#o matc, a se asorta
#o nail (do&n) a bate 'n cuie, a fixa
#o follo& ne& fas,ions a ine pasul cu moda
#o bro&se a scotoci, a cuta Oprin magazinP
#o leave a deposit a lsa un acont
#o be on t,e loo*out forG . a fi 'n cutareaX
#o be on display a fi expus
#o &al* upstairsQdo&nstairs a urcaTa cobor' pe scri
#o bargain a se tocmi
#o go up by lift a urca cu ascensorul
#o sell by t,e priceQby t,e &eig,t a vinde la bucatTla c5ntar
Budget "resses roc)ii ieftine
>ot,er5to5be Q mot,ercare Q lady5in5&aiting magazinT raion aterna
9ayette Q baby &ear articole pentru nou nscui
;nise1 articole potrivite pentru ambele sexe
>antles Q coats )aine, paltoane
Go&ns roc)ii
7arnest money Q deposit acont
:ell5stoc*ed bine aprovizionat
$onsumer goods Q commodities bunuri de larg consum
$as,ier casier, casieri
#rolley Q bas*et coT crucior pentru trasportat cumprturile
S,ort5&eig,t lips la c5ntar
?rice tag etic)et cu preul
Gross &eig,t Q net &eig,t greutate bruto T greutate neto
S,opping list list de cumprturi
"rive5in department store magazin 'n care se intr cu maina
?ac*etQ parcel pac)et
8ire5purc,ase plat 'n rate
Size msur, mrime
;n&rappedQ&rapped neambalatTambalat
=i1ed Q firm prices preuri fixe
9ooseG . vrsat Opentru lic)ideP
:,at can 4 do for you^ ce doriiS
4s anyone attending to you^ v servete cinevaS
.re you being served^ suntei servitS
4Hll attend to you in a moment v servesc imediat
1<=
#,e goods are put up for sale mrfurile sunt expuse pentru v5nzare
7veryt,ing ,ere is sold ready5&eig,ed and ready5pac*ed aici totul se vinde gata c5ntrit i gata
'mpac)etat
Pou can place your orders by p,one or calling in person putei face comenzi prin telefon sau venind
personal
4Hll see t,at t,e goods are broug,t by our first delivery voi avea gri# ca mrfurile s fie livrate cu
primul transport
Pour bill comesQamounts toG . nota %vs- de plat se ridic laX
PouHll find t,e ordered good &rapped up and &aiting for you vei gsi mrfurile comandate, ambalate
i 'n ateptarea %vs-
.t &,at time does t,e s,op openQclose^ la ce or se desc)ideTse 'nc)ide magazinulS
$an 4 get ,ereG^ pot gsi aiciXS
S,o& me pleaseG . artai.mi, v rogX
#,isG is only for s,o&Q itHs not for sale acestX este numai pentru decorT nu este de v5nzare
:,at is t,e price of t,isG^ ce pre areXS
4snHt it rat,er dear^ nu este cam scumpS
8ave prices gone up again^ s.au ma#orat iar preurileS
4t is not &ort, nu merit, nu face
S,o& me somet,ing different artai.mi altceva
:ill you give meQ &eig, for meQ &rapp it upQ ma*e out t,e bill^ vrei s.mi daiXT s.mi c5ntriiXT s
ambalai astaXT s facei bonulS
$an you send t,eseG to my address^ putei trimite acesteX la adresa meaS
Aeed 4 pay in cas,^ trebuie s pltesc 'n numerarS
4 s,ould li*e to pay by c,e/ue a vrea s pltesc cu un cec
8ave you c,ange forQ can you c,ange t,is ban*note putei s.mi sc)imbai bacnota aceastaS
4 ,ave no (small) c,ange about me nu am mruni la mine
$an 4 e1c,ange t,isG^ pot s sc)imb aceastXS
"o you sell also by instalmentsQ ,ire5purc,aseS vindei i 'n rateS
:,at sorts of 'am ,ave you got in^ ce gemuri ai primitS
.nyt,ing else( >adam^ altceva, doamnS
Ao( t,an*s( t,atHs allQt,atHll do nu, mulumesc, asta.i tot
:,at ,ave 4 pay to^ c5t am de platS
"o you *eep mineral &ater^ inei ap mineralS
8o& muc, is a bottle of &ine^ c5t cost o sticl de vinS
8ave you got any @omanian &ine^ avei vin rom5nescS
4Hm afraid itHs sold out 'mi pare ru, s.a v5ndut tot
=or t,e moment &e ,ave onlyG . momentan mai avem doarX
#,at piece is too fat( 4Hd li*e somet,ing lean bucata aceea este prea gras, a dori una mai slab
#,at one &ill do aceea e bun
#,e c,oice is not too &ide today azi sortimentul nu este prea bogat
?ut on t,e scales ,alf a goose c5ntrii #umtate de g5sc
:,at sorts of pies ,ave you got today^ ce sortimente de plcint avei astziS
=or todayHs dinner 4 needG . pentru masa de azi am nevoie deX
$all at t,e greengrocerHs and see if t,ere are any grapefruits treci pe la aprozar i vezi dac au grepuri
#,e s,op ne1t door *eeps a &ide assortment of fres, vegetables magazinul de alturi este bine
aprovizionat cu legume
:,at about t,eseG^ ce spunei de acesteXS
.re t,eG sold by t,e pound or by t,e piece^ se v5nd la Bilogram sau la bucatS
:ill you cutQ&eig, for meG some ten ras,ers of bacon^ vrei s.mi tiai X vreo zece felii de costiS
Strea*y^ Ao( as lean as possible . grasS nu, c5t mai slab posibil
9etH drop in at t,e Victoria department store s intrm la magazinul !ictoria
4t saves you many calls te scutete de multe drumuri
4s t,ere ,ereG . exist aici X
:,at can 4 present a friend &it, on ,is &edding day^ ce 'i pot drui unui prieten de ziua cstoriei luiS
:e ,ave nice t,ings to suit all tastes and purses avem lucruri care satisfac toate gusturile i pungile
8ere is a nice ring iat un inel drgu
9et me see t,at gold &atc, artai.mi ceasul acela de aur
1<<
4s t,is brilliant genuine^ briliantul este veritabilS
4 decided on t,isG . m.am )otr5t la acestX-
By t,e &ay( do you mount precious stones^ apropo, montai pietre preioaseS
7X#@. V6$.B;9.@P
S,ops! T)ere are some s)ops ?)ere ?e bu, t)ings to eat and ot)er ?)ere ?e bu, t)ings to ?ear- T)e tailor,
for instance, maBes clot)es to measure for men, and t)e dressma&er does t)e same for ?omen- T)e hatter
sells gentlemenAs )ats or cleans old ones; t)e milliner maBes and sells ladiesA )ats- T)e draper sells tig)ts,
stocBings, socBs and under?ear- T)e shoema&er maBes and sells s)oes and boots, and, if )e is a cobbler too,
)e repairs t)em- T)e sports outfitter sells articles used in various sports-
*t)er shop&eepers suppl, articles for use- T)ere is, for example, t)e boo&seller, ?)o sells booBs and
magazines; t)e ne)sagent, ?)o sells ne?spapers; t)e tobacconist, ?)o sells tobacco, cigarettes and cigars;
t)e ironmonger, ?)o sells iron goods or )ard?are saucepans, Bettles, fr,ing.pan, gardening.tools; t)e
furniture dealer, ?)o supplies articles of furniture- *t)er important s)ops areK t)e stationer*s, t)e
haberdasher*s, t)e chinaJshop, t)e )atchma&er*s and t)e je)eller*s, t)e chemist*s and t)e photographer*s-
S86??4AG 4A 96A"6A
61ford Street is probabl, t)e most famous s)opping street in /ondon and is divided into t?o parts, east and
?est- T)e busiest section of *xford Street runs from *xford "ircus to arble (rc)- $t is )ere t)at most of
t)e ma#or departments stores are grouped, t)e biggest being 6elf!idges, t)e second largest department store
in /ondon- T)e large food )all, restaurants, Bitc)en?are and cosmetics departments are ver, popular-
T)e largest branc) of t)e Ka!ks T 6pence! c)ain is also situated near arble (rc)- T)is open.plan store
specializes in read,.to.?ear clot)es for all t)e famil,, food and )ouse)old effects-
&at)er along *xford Street is O#'n =ewis, an excellent s)op for )ouse)old eZuipment and fabrics-
*xford Street is also reno?ned for its vast selection of s)oe s)ops, as ?ell as fas)ion-
Fust outside *xford "ircus ;nderground station, ,ou ?ill find t)e 0edgw##d potter, s)op, ?orld.famous
for its fine potter,, porcelain, glass and gifts- ( lovel, s)op in ?)ic) to bro?se for gift ideas-
(not)er famous s)opping area is #otten,am $ourt @oad, reno?ned for its )ig).class furniture s)ops and
radio and electrical eZuipment- T)e largest furniture s)op is 2eal T 6#n =td-
*t)ers specializing in t)is field are 2a(itat, a ver, popular s)op ?it) ,ounger people as it sells ultramodern
functional furniture and accessories at ever,da, prices; and N&man ?)o specialize in modern office
furnis)ings and eZuipment-
Totten)am "ourt Ioad is also reno?ned for its )i.fi eZuipment- +ere ,ou ?ill find an,t)ing from spare parts
to t)e ver, latest in stereo and Zuadrap)onic s,stem- =&#n 2#use and =ask& are t?o largest )i.fi and
electrical eZuipment suppliers-
(not)er s)op specialize, but in a different field, is 9ape!c'aseK a delig)tful s)op dealing in beautiful
?rapping paper, uniZue greeting cards, posters and ot)er paper items and a lovel, s)op in ?)ic) to bro?se-
:79$6>7 #6 B9;7:.#7@
$tAs a s)rine, t)e biggest s)opping complex in t)e ?)ole of Europe- $tAs got =4H different s)ops covering
1HH,HHH sZuare metres of retail space in t)ree different interconnected malls- T)ere are 1=,HHH parBing
spaces, 1,HHH trees, EH,HHH daffodilsX itAs a s)opping experience liBe ,ouAve never )ad before- $t is
0lue?ater, t)e model for future s)opping centres- 0uilt in a former c)alB Zuarr, in nort).?est Cent,
0lue?ater resembles a moonbase, ?it) glass and steel forming a structure t)at looBs oddl, liBe a vast
3ot)ic cat)edral- $t opened in arc) 1222 and is alread, establis)ing itself as a model of s)opping to
come- T)e centre ?as built follo?ing an intense period of researc) into ?)at modern s)oppers ?ant, and
it attempts to satisf, all t)eir demands-
People said t)e, liBed natural lig)t so 0lue?ater lig)t is filtered in from outside and c)anged
electronicall, over t)e da,, going from da,lig)t to sunset to a nig)t.time darBness in order to simulate
realit,-
People liBe fres) air, so giant rotating ventilation units )ave been installed in t)e roofs to Beep it
circulating-
&eel insecure in public placesS 0ule?ater )as its o?n in.)ouse police station-
%o ,ou )ave c)ildrenS T)e 0lue?ater (cadem, is a crlc)e for up to 4HH ,oung c)ildren-
1<E
T)ere is no more Zueuing for t)e toilets- T)ere ?ill al?a,s be a luxurious one ?it)in EH metres of ?)ere
,ou are s)opping-
T)ere are also ample cafes and restaurants- 0lue?ater boasts t)at ,ou are never more t)an 7H paces from
a cappuccino- (nd if ,ou ?ant to avoid t)e s)ops altoget)er t)ere are breaBout areas, ?)ere ,ou can
calm ,ourself, )ave a meal or go for a ?alB b, t)e laBe- Gou can ?atc) performance artists in t)e
Performance Iotunda ?it) its revolving stage, visit t)e 14.screen +o,ts "inema or go c,cling- *r if t)e
mood taBes ,ou, ,ou can even visit 0lue?aterAs Zuiet room and talB to t)e centreAs o?n c)aplain-
&rom t)e moment ,ou arrive ,ou Bno? t)e place is different- T)e 4EH trained )osts )ave been taug)t to
see ,ou as guests rat)er t)an s)oppers and treat ,ou accordingl,- T)ereAs valet parBing, if ,ou ?ant it,
and a team of mec)anics to )elp fix a flat batter, or t,re for free-
Gou enter t)roug) one of five ?elcome )alls t)at resemble )otel lobbies- T)en t)ere is an information
point ?it) concierge desBs ?)ere ,ou can )ire a bugg,, a ?)eelc)air, a pram or a locBer, as ?ell as
some?)ere to relax ?it) a cup of coffee on a comfortable sofa-
(nd t)en ,ou can start looBing at t)e s)ops- (nd even t)ese are different- 0lue?ater s)ops are not t)e
Bind usuall, associated ?it) s)opping centres- $nstead, t)e, are t)ose a consumer mig)t expect to find in
t)e up.marBet environs of /ondonAs "ovent 3arden, 0ond Street or Cings IoadK /C 0ennett, &iorelli,
Faeger, Space >C, I @illiams and Dugi-
(nd )ere ,ou are not a s)opper an,more, ,ou are a guest- 0lue?ater needs to attract =H million guests a
,ear if t)e, are to en#o, success and, #udging from t)e 14H,HHH ?)o teamed into it on its opening da,,
t)e, are ?ell on target to ac)ieve it-
*f course, itAs all a clever tricB to maBe ,ou spend more- T)roug)out t)e centre t)ere are beautiful
sculptures and plants t)at )elp ,ou relax- /ines of poetr, from Cipling, Ceats and @ords?ort) are
carved into t)e ?alls and maBe t)e experience seem cultural- $t all maBes t)e place looB lovel,, but it
also sends out an effective subliminal messageK VEn#o, ,our s)opping experience, and bu,, bu,, bu,W-
(nd it ?orBs-
+o?ever inviting 0lue?ater is as a leisure destination, it is almost impossible to visit t)e place ?it)out
spending mone,, and usuall, a great deal more mone, t)an ,ou )ad intended, too- (fter all, t)e researc)
on ?)ic) t)e building ?as constructed ?asnAt simpl, asBing people ?)at t)e, liBed or disliBed about
conventional s)opping- $t ?as finding out )o? t)e, could be tempted to spend more-
. $8.?#7@ 6= .$$4"7A#S
@)ere )ave ,ou been, Fo)nS 3oodness me, )o? smart ,ou looBR Gour )airAs lovel,, and ?)at )ave ,ou done
to t)e rest of ,our clot)esS
@ell, $ ?as doing t)e s)opping, as ,ou asBed me- $ got t)e leg of lamb from t)e butc)erAs, t)e bacon and
eggs from t)e grocerAs, t)e bread and caBes from t)e baBerAs and t)e beer from t)e off.licence, ?)en $
remembered $Ad promised to bu, ,ou a bottle of perfumeX
So ,ou ?ent to t)e c)emistAs
T)atAs rig)t- $ got a bottle of perfume, put it in m, pocBet, and, as t)e sun ?as ver, brig)t, $ t)oug)t $Ad get a
pair of sunglasses as ?ell, onl, as $ left t)e s)op
Gou couldnAt see,
(nd $ ?alBed into a man ?)o ?as delivering inB to t)e stationerAs-
So ,ou ?ere scared of ?)at $ ?ould sa,, and ?ent to )ave ,our trousers cleaned-
T)atAs rig)t- @ell, after $ left t)e dr,.cleanerAs, $ tripped over
0ecause ,ou ?ere too laz, to )ave t)e loose sole repaired on ,our rig)t s)oe-
(nd $ broBe one of t)e eggs, ?)ic) ?ent on m, #acBet-
So ,ou )ad to go bacB to t)e cleanerAs-
1<9
Ges, and t)en, after $Ad left m, #acBet and t)e bag of groceries t)ere, $ ?ent to t)e ironmongerAs for t)at ne?
door.)andle ?e need and a bag of scre?s an,?a,, as $ ?as going out of t)e door, $ tripped again
(nd broBe
, ?atc)- 0ut first of all $ ?ent to t)e cobblerAs, and )ad m, sole nailed do?n, t)en $ tooB t)e ?atc) to t)e
?atc) repairerAs and )ad a ne? glass fitted, t)en $ ?ent to t)e ironmongerAs and b, t)e time $ came bacB,
t)e,Ad cleaned and pressed m, #acBet for me-
T)at ?as all rig)t t)en
Ges, but ?)en $ put t)e t)ings $Ad boug)t from t)e ironmongerAs into t)e s)opping bag
Gou put t)em on t)e top of t)e eggs
$ looBed in t)e bag and tooB out t)e t?o $Ad broBen, but $ ?as so upset $ put m, )ands to m, )ead
(nd ,ou got egg all over ,our )air
So $ ?ent to t)e barberAs and )ad a s)ampoo-
@ell, allAs ?ell t)at ends ?ell, and ,ou did need smartening up- Gou boug)t me some perfume, too ?)at
sort of scent )as it gotS
@ell, smell m, rig)t.)and #acBet pocBet, but donAt put ,our )and in, because itAs full of broBen glassR
CCC. 87.9#8 S7@V4$7
Basic Vocabulary
6rgan organ
8ead cap
7ye oc)i
7yesig,t vedere, vz
7ar urec)e
Aose nas
#oot,, pl- teet, dinte
>out, gur
#ongue limb
#,roat g5t
#onsils amigdale
Bronc,ial tubes bron)ii
9ung plm5n
$,est piept
Bac* spate
8eart inim
Stomac, stomac
9iver ficat
_idney rinic)i
.ppendi1 apendice
8and m5n
1<7
.rm bra
9eg picior
=oot, pl- feet laba piciorului
.n*le glezn
S*in piele
Blood s5nge
8aemoglobin )emoglobin
$ilia cili
"iseases boli
a of t,e eye boli de oc)i
a of t,e ear( nose and t,roat boli de nas, g5t i urec)i
a of t,e s*in boli de piele
4llness boal, ru, maladie
#rouble Q complaint afeciune, suferin
.ilment indispoziie, suferin
?ain durere, suferin
.c,e durere Ode cap, dini, stomac etc-P
8eadac,e durere de cap
Bac*ac,e durere de spate
Stomac,5ac,e durere de stomac
#oot,ac,e durere de dini
$ramp cramp, c5rcel, #ung)i
Aeuralgia nevralgie
Spleeplessness Q insomnia insomnie
.ttac* Q fit criz, atac
4ndigestion indigestie
$ut tietur
Symptom simptom
?rescription reet
#reatment tratament
7pidemic epidemie
$ure 1- Iemediu, leac, 4- Tratament, cur
$are 'ngri#ire
71ercise exerciii OfiziceP, micare
@ecreation recreere, odi)n
@est odi)n
7mergency caz urgent, urgen
.mbulance ambulan, salvare
Stretc,er targ
Stet,oscope stetoscop
Aeedle ac
4n'ection in#ecie
Survey studiu, statistic
8azard risc, pericol
:arning avertisment
9ongevity longevitate
$,ill Q s,ivers rceal, frisoane, friguri
$old rceal, guturai
=lu grip
#onsilitis amigdalit
?,aryngitis faringit
Bronc,itis bronit
Scarlet fever scarlatin
>easles po#ar
>umps oreion
:,ooping coug, tuse convulsiv
$,ic*en po1 vrsat de v5nt, varicel
.rteriosclerosis ateroscleroz
1<6
Gastritis gastrit
;lcer ulcer
.naemia anemie
"iabetes diabet
.st,ma astm
#uberculosis tuberculoz
7mp,ysema emfizem
@,eumatism reumatism
Sciatica sciatic
Aervous brea*do&n nevroz, astenie
$ancer cancer
>alaria malarie
#yp,oid fever febr tifoid
$,olera )oler
Small5po1 variol, vrsat
?lague cium
.bscess abces
Giddiness ameeal
.pople1y apoplexie
.rt,ritis artritism
.st,enia astenie
$ataract cataract
$risis Q ,eart attac* Q fit of nerves Q ,ysteria criz
"iarr,oea diaree
"ip,teria difterie
"ysentery dizenterie
9iver complaint Q sore eyes durere de ficat T de oc)i
7czema eczem
7pilepsy epilepsie
Gout gut
8epatitis )epatit
8ernia Q rupture . )ernie
4nfection infecie
Sun5stro*e insolaie
9umbago lumbago
9u1ation luxaie
>igraine migren
Boil furuncul
?alsy Q paralysis; polio paralizie; paralizie infantil
?leurisy pleurezie
?neumonia pneumonie
?rostatitis prostatit
?us puroi
@ic*ets ra)itism
4tc, r5ie, m5ncrime
Sciatica sciatic
Syp,ilis sifilis
8iccup sug)i
#yp,us tifos
#uberculosis Q consumption tuberculoz
Varicose vein varice
Veneral disease boal veneric
Surgery 1- "abinet medical 4- ")irurgie
$,ildrenHs surgery cabinet medical pentru copii
8ealt, centre dispensar
8ealt, resort staiune climateric
8ospital spital
>aternity ,ospital maternitate
1<2
$linic clinic
Sanatorium sanatoriu
:ard salon Ode spitalP
$asualty department secia de urgen
6perating t,eatre sal de operaii
"ispensary dispensar
Visiting ,ours ore de vizit OspitalP
?atient . pacient
4n5patient Q out5patient pacient intern T extern
?lastic surgery c)irurgie plastic
.nalysis Q blood test analiz T analiz de s5nge
(9ocal) anaest,etic anestezie OlocalP
Bloods,ot coongestionat
$ontagious Q catc,ing contagios, molipsitor
$onvalescence convalescen
$urable Q incurable curabil T incurabil
Sensation of nausea senzaie de grea
Bleeding Q ,aemorr,age )emoragie
4nfirm Q infirmity infirm T infirmitate
4nvalid Q invalidity invalid T invaliditate
=aint lein
4n'ury leziune, ran
>assage masa#
>etabolism . metabolism
>ad Q insane B madness Q insanity nebun . nebunie
?oisoning . otrvire
?alpitation Q t,robbing palpitaie
$oncussion of t,e brain comoie cerebral
=irst aid primul a#utor
X5rays raze ]
=irst5aid man sanitar
Symptom simptom
Blood transfusion transfuzie de s5nge
Vaccine Q vaccination vaccin T vaccinare
Virus virus
8ealt, service asisten medical
"rainage canalizare
Sanitation igien, salubritate public
:ater5supply alimentare cu ap, sistem de distribuire a apei
"octor medic, doctor
?,ysician doctor 'n medicin, persoan autorizat s practice medicina Odar nu c)irurgiaP
$,ildrenHs doctor Q pediatrician doctor de copii
General practitioner Q G!?! medic generalist
Senior practitioner medic cu experien
Specialist (doctor) medic specialist
Aerve specialist Q neurologist specialist 'n boli de nervi
#,erapeutist medic internist
Stomatologist medic stomatolog
"entist dentist
6culist Q eye5specialist Q op,t,almologist oculist, specialist de oc)i
6ptician optician
Gynaecologist ginecolog
;rologist . urolog
9ocum doctor care ine locul unui coleg
Surgeon c)irurg
>id&ife moa
Aurse asistent medical
1EH
Sister asistent principal
>atron asistent ef
>edical officer doctor de salon
Superintendent medic ef
"ispensing c,emist farmacist autorizat s execute reete
>edicine 1- edicin 4- edicament
"rug 1- edicament 4- %rog
?ain5*iller sedativ, calmant
"rops picturi
?ill pilul
#ablet tablet
?o&der praf
#onic Q pic*5me5up tonic
>i1ture mixtur, poiune
6intment alifie, pomad
$ream crem
8erb plant medicinal
$otton vat
?ad of cotton&ool tampon de vat
"ressing pansament
61ygen supply cantitate de oxigen
.ppliance aparat, instrument
?laster g)ips
Soot,ing effect efect calmant
9ac* of vitamines lips de vitamine
"ental plate( denture protez dentar
"ental bridge punte OprotezP dentar
Good Q bad( poor Q feeble( uncertain ,ealt, sntate bun T ubred T precar
8ealt,y sntos
Sic* bolnav Ofolosit atributivP
4ll bolnav Ofolosit predicativP
$ommon obinuit, frecvent
>ild uoar
Serious grav
$,ronic cronic
$urabile disease boal curabil
4ncurable incurabil
$ontagious contagioas
4nfectious infecioas
?ulmonary pulmonar
@espiratory respiratorie
"igestive digestiv
Surgical . c)irurgical
:,olesome Od- m5ncareP )rnitor, nutritiv
@egular Od- via, meseP regulat, ordonat
Strict Od- regimP sever, strict
#,oroug, minuios, amnunit, serios
;rgent urgent
9ong5sig,ted prezbit
S,ort5sig,ted miop
$ross5eyed saiu
Blind orb
$olour5blind suferind de daltonism, daltonist
"eaf surd
"umb mut
"eaf and dumb surdomut
9ame c)iop
1E1
8unc,bac* cocoat
>entally deficient deficient mintal
6ne5armed ciung
6ne5eyed c)ior
#o sit in a draug,t a sta 'n curent
#o catc, a cold a rci
#o ,ave a sore t,roat a avea dureri 'n g5t; a.l durea g5tul
#o ,ave a running nose a.$ curge nasul
#o ,ave a clogged nose a avea nasul 'nfundat
#o ,ave Q run a ,ig, temperature Q to feel feveris, a avea temperatur T febr
#o feel giddy a avea ameeli
#o coug, a tui
#o sneeze a strnuta
#o s&eat a transpira
#o be seized by cramp a fi apucat de, a avea crampe T c5rcei T un #ung)i
#o feel a se simi
#o feel &ell a se simi bine
#o feel un&ell a nu se simi bine
#o feel slig,tly un&ell a nu se simi prea bine
#o suffer from a suferi de
#o die of a muri de
#o afflict a face s sufere, a afecta
#o be liable to a fi predispus la
#o cut (oneHs arm) a.i tia T a se tia la ObraP
#o sprain a suci, a.i scr5nti Oo 'nc)eietur, gleznaP
#o brea* (oneHs leg( an*le) a.i fractura Opiciorul, gleznaP
#o slip a aluneca
#o fall Q to be ta*en ill a se 'mbolnvi
#o register &it, a G? a se 'nscrie, a fi luat 'n eviden Ola o policlinic, doctor etc-P
#o ma*e an appointment a fixa o or de consultaie
#o go to t,e doctorHs surgery a merge la cabinetul medical
#o send for t,e doctor a trimite dup doctor, a c)ema doctorul
#o get medical ,elp a primi a#utor medical
#o e1amine a examina, a consulta
#o ta*e Q to feel somebodyHs pulse a lua pulsul cuiva
#o sound somebodyHs c,est a asculta plm5nii cuiva
#o ta*e somebodyHs blood pressure a lua cuiva tensiunea
#o be operated on forG . a fi operat deX
#o undergo an operation a fi supus unei operaii
#o perfom an operation Q to operate (on somebody) (for somet,ing) a opera Ope cinevaP Ode cevaP
#o clean up Q to dress a &ound a cura T a pansa o ran
#o be in'ured in an accident a fi rnit 'ntr.un accident
#o drop Q t,e temperature is dropping a scdea temperatura
#o be treated forG a fi tratat deX
#o perspire a transpira
#o vaccinate( to inoculate a vaccina
#o cure Q to be cured a OseP vindeca
#o ,ave a toot, filled a.i plomba un dinte
#o ,ave a toot, pulled out a.i scoate un dinte, a face o extracie
#o ,ave (somet,ing) out a se opera de, a.i scoate
#o recommend a recomanda
#o prescribe a prescrie
#o &rite a prescription a scrie o reet
#o ma*e up a prescription a prepara o reet
#o stay in bed a sta 'n pat
#o go to t,e ,ospital a merge la spital
#o ta*e medicine a lua medicamente
1E4
#o gargle a face gargar
#o in,ale a face in)alaii
#o *eep oneself &arm a sta la cldur
#o get over&or*ed Q overtired a se surmena, a se extenua
#o get over5e1cited a avea emoii puternice
#o *eep a diet a ine regim
#o *eep t,e &eig,t do&n a.i menine greutatea, a nu se 'ngra
#o lead a regular life a duce o via regulat
#o recover a i reveni, a se 'nsntoi
#o supervise a supraveg)ea
#o loo* after a avea gri#, a 'ngri#i
#o go on oneHs rounds a face vizita O'n spitalP
#o report on a patient a raporta despre starea unui pacient
#o give an in'ection a face o in#ecie
#o ,ave an X5ray ta*en a face o radiografie
#o stitc, a coase
#o smo*e a fuma
#o give up smo*ing a renuna la fumat
#o pollute a polua
#o paralyse a paraliza
#o lig,t (up) (a cigarette) a aprinde o igar
#o puff a pufi
@outine e1amination Q c,ec*5over examen OmedicalP obinuit
>edical certificate certificat medical
Sic* Q maternity Q rest leave concediu de boal T de maternitate T de odi)n
;mpteen cures nenumrate leacuri
8o& are you^ cum te simiS "e mai faciS
:,atHs t,e trouble^ ce s.a 'nt5mplatS "e te doareS "e aiS
8o& are you getting on^ cum te simiS
8e ,as poor eyesig,t are vederea slab
#o en'oy good ,ealt, . a se bucura de o sntate bun
B@4#.4AHS A.#46A.9 87.9#8 S7@V4$7
&or t)irt, ,ears no? t)ere )as been a national )ealt) service in 0ritain-
T)e aim of t)e >ational +ealt) Service is to give free medical advice and treatment to an,bod, and
ever,bod, ?)o needs it-
T)e care and t)e advice provided is compre)ensive; it covers t)e services of a general practitioner,
)ospital specialists, )ospitals for t)e c)ronicall, and t)e mentall, ill, opticians, mid?ives, dentists also t)e
drugs and appliances prescribed-
0ut t)e general practitioner t)e famil, doctor is t)e Bing pin- $t is on )im t)at t)e ?)ole s,stem
pivots-
Ever, person of sixteen ,ears of age and over can register ?it) a general practitioner Oparents and
guardians register for t)e undersixteensP-
>o? letAs looB at a t,pical patient- r Smit) is feeling slig)tl, un?ell ?it) a )eadac)e, but is not ill
enoug) to sta, in bed- +e decides to go to see t)e doctor-
r Smit) can eit)er p)one t)e doctorAs receptionist to maBe an appoinment to see t)e doctor at a
particular time during t)e da, or, if t)e doctor doesnAt operate an appoinment s,stem, )e #ust turns up at t)e
doctorAs surger,-
$f r Smit) ?as so ill t)at )e )ad to sta, )ome in bed, )e ?ould telep)one t)e doctorAs receptionist
and arrange for t)e doctor to come and see )im at )is )ome Vafter surger,W, ?)en t)e doctor goes Vout on )is
roundsW-
$f r Smit)As ailment is a minor one, t)e doctor ?ill prescribe accordingl,, sign a medical certificate
for r Smit) if )e is too ill to go to ?orB, and probabl, arrange to see )im again-
r Smit) taBes t)e prescription to t)e nearest c)emist- (t t)e c)emist )e ?ill for t)e first time bring
out )is mone,- +e ?ill pa, 7E pence per item on t)e prescription, no matter )o? expensive t)e item-
+o?ever, people under t)e age of fifteen or over sixt,Tfive or pregnant ?omen are exempt from pa,ment-
1E=
*t)er people ?)o are also exempt from pa,ment include some people ?)o )ave ver, lo? incomes or ?)o
are suffering from a c)ronic illness-
$f it is a Zuestion of a serious operation andTor )ospital treatment, r Smit) ?ill be ?ell provided
for-
ost 0ritis) )ospitals are o?ned b, t)e State and maintaned b, contributions from t)e >ational
+ealt) Service-
0esides 3eneral +ospitals for in#ured persons and t)ose suffering from different diseases, t)ere are
maternit, )ospitals for expectant mot)ers; and special )ospitals, for diseases of t)e e,e, diseases of t)e ear,
nose and t)roat; diseases of t)e sBin; as ?ell as for pulmonar, tuberculosis OT0P and cancer-
3eneral +ospitals provide accommodation and treatment for in.patients, ?)o all t)e time t)e, are ill
remain ?it)in t)e )ospital and ?)o are allo?ed to see t)eir relatives and friends onl, at fixed )ours- (t t)e
same time t)e, provide for out.patients, ?)o attend for treatment at stated times and at regular intervals-
T)e rooms in a )ospital in ?)ic) t)e patients sta, are called ?ards- ( sister is in c)arge of t)e nurses
and patients in a ?ard, and looBs after ever,t)ing in it including its proper ventilation and )eating- S)e goes
?it) t)e medical officer on )is rounds of t)e ?ard, and reports on eac) patient- S)e notes t)e doctorAs
instructions and taBes subseZuent action- $n all )er ?orB s)e is )elped b, a staff of da,.nurses and nig)t.
nurses- T)e ?)ole of t)e )ospital nursing staff is in t)e c)arge of t)e matron-
T)e superintendent )as c)arge of t)e ?)ole )ospital- +e is a senior practitioner of ?ide experience-
+e taBes special care of t)e operating t)eatre, ?)ere surgical operations are performed- +e is )elped b, a
staff of p),sicians and surgeons-
"4.96G;7S .# #87 "6$#6@HS
$t looBs as if ,ou ?ere going to faint-
Gou oug)t to see T consult a doctor-
%r- 0 sees )is patients on Tuesda, and &rida, bet?een < p-m- and 7 p-m-
/etAs call T )ave t)e doctor in-
( doctor must be sent for- Otrebuie s chemm doctorulP
Iing for t)e ambulance-
TaBe a seat in t)e ?aiting.room, t)e doctor ?ill see ,ou directl,- Olua'i loc n sala de a!teptare+ $l.
$octor v prime!te imediatP
+o? long do ,ou t)inB $ am liBel, to ?aitS $t all depends- $t ma, taBe an )our-
>o? itAs ,our turn- @ill come into t)e surger,Tconsulting roomS
@)at do ,ou complain ofS Oce v supr:P
$ )avenAt been feeling at all ?ell t)e last da,s-
$ often )ave gidd, turns- Oam adesea ame'eliP
$ coug) at times- $ )ave got a fit of sneeze-
, nose is all clogged up- Onasul este nfundat de totP
$ )ave freZuent )eadac)es- @)at can $ do to get rid of m, )eadac)eS
$ )ave a sore t)roat; $ am Zuite )oarse- Om doare gtul+ sunt tare rgu!itP
$ got c)ilblains on m, )andsTfeet- Oam degerturi la mini1picioareP
$ )ave spoiled m, stomac)- OmiJam stricat stomaculP
$ )ave got a stomac) ac)e- $ feel a pain in m, bell,-
$ feel a pain in t)e c)est ?)en $ breat)e-
$ )ave s)arp pains in t)e bacB- Oam dureri violente n spateP
T)e loins )urt me- Om dor !aleleP
$ often suffer from )eart troubles-
, ears tingle- Omi 'iuie urechileP
$ am badl, )urt- T)e ?ound is still bleeding-
$ )ave sprained m, anBle; it is s?ollen- OmiJam scrntit glezna; este umflatP
$ )ave cut m, finger ?it) a s)arp Bnife- $ )ope itAs not a serious in#ur,- >o itAs onl, a scratc)-
$ )ave got a burnT a scald- "an ,ou prescribe somet)ing for me to cure t)e ?oundS OmJam oprit1 ars+
mi pute'i prescrie ceva pentru aJmi vindeca rana:P
$ am losing m, )air- $ am getting bald-
1E<
@)atAs ?rongS +o? long )ave ,ou been illS @)en ?ere ,ou taBen illS +o? long )as it been )urtingS
S)o? meTsticB out ,our tongue- Fust as $ t)oug)t- $t is Zuite furred-
*pen ,our mout)- T)e uvula is s?ollen- (nd ?)at a state ,our teet) are inR O$eschide'i gura. Mmu!orul
este inflamat. Si n ce stare sunt din'ii dv.!P
TaBe off ,our coat- ;ndo t)e buttons of ,our s)irt- OScoate'iJv haina. $eschide'i nasturii de la cma!P
Strip to t)e ?aist- Odezbrca'iJv pn la mijlocP
0reat) in and out deepl,- +old ,our breat)-
$All taBe ,our temperature- Ceep t)e t)ermometer under ,our armpit- Om s v iau temperatura. Tine'i
termometrul la sub'ioarP
%oes it )urt ,ou ?)en $ press )ereS OO doare cnd aps aici:P
+ave ,ou ever suffered from XS
$ )ad m, tonsils removed- OmiJau fost scoase amigdaleleP
Gou seem to be ver, sensible toX
&or t)e time being $ am not prescribing ,ou an, medicineTtreatment- TaBing t)ose pills ?ill do more
)arm t)an good- OKentru moment nu v prescriu nici un medicament1tratament. 7edicamentele acelea
v fac mai mult ru dect bineP
( c)ange of air ?ill do muc) good- OM schimbare de aer v va face mult bineP
Ceep indoors for a fe? da,s- OSta'i n cas pentru cteva zileP
TaBe t)is medicine t)ree times a da, after meals-
%rinB t)is on an empt, stomac)-
Smear t)e bruiseT?ound ?it) t)is antiseptic ointment- O5nge'i vntaia1rana cu acest unguent
antisepticP
")ecB up ,our blood pressure and )ave t)e )aemogram made- O2ontrola'iJv tensiunea arterial !i
face'iJv hemogramaP
T)a pains mig)t be due to aOnPX as ?ell as to aOnPX Odurerile sJar putea datora unui1unei/ ca !i
unui1unei/P
$ cannot deal ?it) ,our case, $All recommend ,ou to a specialist inX O8u m pot ocupa de cazul dvs. O
voi recomanda unui specialist n/P
GouAll be completel, restored provided ,ou sticB to t)e treatment $Ave prescirbed for ,ou- O O ve'i
vindeca numai dac ve'i urma cu stricte'e tratamentul ce vi lJam prescrisP
"ome and see me in a ?eeBAs time if ,ou donAt feel an, better-
$Am sorr,, doctor, but t)e medicine )asnAt done me an, good-
$ feel muc) relieved- "an ,ou give me a certificate to sa, t)at $Am fit to ?orB T $ can get t)e situation $
am appl,ing forX O7 simt mult mai u!urat. Kute'i sJmi da'i un certificat care s ateste c sunt apt
pentru munc 1 pot ocupa serviciul pe care l solicit/P
@)atAs t)e matter ?it) ,ouS Gou looB rat)er seed,- O2e sJa ntmplat: r'i cam indispusP
See, m, c)eeB is s?ollen- O5ite+ mi sJa umflat mseauaP
Sit do?n on t)is c)air and lean ,our )ead bacB- O;ua'i loc pe scaun !i lsa'i capul pe spateP
Sit still, please- @)at toot) is it t)at )urts ,ouS OSta'i lini!tit+ v rog. 2are dinte v doare:P
Gou )ave also a )ollo? molar in t)e upper #a?- O7ai ave'i o msea cariat n ma(ilarul superiorP
T)e fillingTstopping )as come out- O czut plombaP
$ s)all clean out t)e cavit, and fillTstop it- OOoi cur'a !i plomba cavitateaP
Iinse ,our mout) ?it) t)is antiseptic mout) ?as)- O2lti'iJv gura cu antisepticP
S)ould ,ou )ave an, troubles, put a little cotton dipped in et)er into t)e )ollo? of t)e toot)- O$ac ve'i
avea vreo suprare+ pune'i pu'in vat nmuiat n eter n cavitatea dinteluiP
$f t)e toot) Beeps ac)ing come again- $All )ave to Bill t)e nerve- O$ac dintele continu s v doar+
reveni'i. Oa trebui s omor nervulP
(void sitting in a draug)t or ,ouAll be )aving an earac)e on t)e top of t)at- O#vita'i s sta'i n curent ca
s nu cpta'i pe deasupra !i o durere de urechiP
CCCI. ?6S#.9 .A" #797?86A7 S7@V4$7S
1EE
Basic Vocabulary
9etter scrisoare
6rdinary letter scrisoare simpl
@egistered letter scrisoare recomandat
7nvelope plic
?ostcard carte potal
?icture card ilustrat
Stamp timbru
#elegram Q &ire telegram
4nland telegram telegram intern
Greetings telegram telegram de felicitare
>oney5order Q postal order mandat potal
?arcel pac)et, colet
Scales balan, c5ntar
?rinted matter imprimate
@adio licence abonament radio
#elevision licence abonament T!
6ld5age pension pensie de btr5nee
.llo&ance pensie OalimentarP, a#utor Ode boal etc-P
?ostmar* tampila potei
=orm formular
@eceipt c)itan, recipis
$,e/ue cec
?ost5office oficu potal
8ead post5office pota central
Branc, post5office oficiu potal secundar, filial
"ead5letter office servicul scrisorilor fr adres
#elegrap, office oficiu telegrafic
4nland postal service servicii potale 'n interiorul rii
Savings account cont de depuneri
9etter5bo1 cutie de scrisori
?illar bo1 cutie de scrisori O'n (ngliaP
>ail pot, scrisori
>ail collection ridicarea scrisorilor
>ail delivery distribuirea scrisorilor
>ail van furgonet potal
?ostman . pota
?ost5office cler* funcionar la pot
?ostmaster diriginte de pot
6perator telefonistOP
Sender expeditor
.ddressee destinatar
.ddressee un*no&n adresantul necunoscut
@eturn address adresa expeditorului
?!6! Bo1 Q ?!6!B! csu potal
;nderpaid francat insuficient
Special issue marc emisiune special
@eply pre5paid rspuns pltit
9o&er rateQ reduced c,arge tax redus
"eclared value valoare declarat
71press delivery expediie express
?ayee primitorul unui mandat potal
Subscriber abonat
#elep,one telefon
?rivate line telep,one telefon necuplat
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?arty5line telep,one telefon cuplat
@esidential Q ,ome telep,one telefon la domiciliu T acas
Business telep,one telefon la serviciu
#elep,one e1c,ange central telefonic
#elep,one bo1 Q call5bo1 Q boot, cabin telefonic
71tension interior
#elep,one directory carte telefonic
$all convorbire telefonic
9ocal call convorbire local
#run* call Q long5distance call convorbire interurban
#ransferred c,arge call convorbire cu tax invers
.larm call apel la ora indicat de abonat
7mergency call convorbire 'n caz de urgen
=i1ed5time call convorbire cu 'nelegere
=igure cifr
$ode number prefixul telefonic al unei localiti
"ial disc de telefon
@eceiver receptor
?ay tone ton dup introducerea monedei
?ip semnal intermitent
?urring semnal continuu
7n/uiries $nformaii
>aintenance "epartment %erana#amente
$all5services servicii telefonice
=ee tax Opentru un serviciuP
$,arge pre, cost, tax
71tra c,arge Q additional c,arge tax suplimentar
$,ange rest
9oss pierdere
"amage stricciune
$ompensation compensaie
@ecord eviden, dovad
?articulars detalii
#o send by surface mail a trimite simpl
a letter by air mail o scrisoare par avion
by registered post recomandat
by recorded delivery cu confirmare de primire
#o post a trimite, a expedia Oprin potP
#o carry a duce
#o reac, Q to arrive at a a#unge la
#o return a trimite 'napoi
#o &rite Q to send ,ome a scrie T a trimite acas
#o deliver a distribui
#o collect a str5nge, a ridica
#o sort a sorta
#o stamp a timbra
#o stic* a stamp a lipi un timbru
#o cost a costa
#o seal a sigila
#o &ire Q to cable a telegrafia; a telegrafia peste ocean
#o ta*e a letter to t,e post5office a duce o scrisoare la pot
#o &eig, a c5ntri
#o claim payment a pretinde T cere despgubiri
#o save a economisi
#o deposit a depune Obani etc-P
#o &it,dra& a scoate, a retrage Obani etc-P
#o (tele)p,oneQ ring upQ call (up)Q to ma*e a (telep,one) call a suna T a c)ema la telefon, a telefona
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#o loo* up t,e number a cuta numrul
#o drop Q press Q put t,e coin in(to) t,e slot a introduce moneda
#o dial a forma numrul
#o connect Q to put t,roug, . a face T a da legtura
#o lift Q to pic* up t,e receiver a ridica receptorul
#o ,ang up t,e receiver a pune receptorul 'n furc
#o give Q to convey a message a transmite un mesa#
#o call Q ring bac* a suna mai t5rziu
#o get t,e &rong number a grei numrul
#,e person re/uired persoana cutat
#,e directory concerned cartea de telefon respectiv
#,e line is busy Q engaged firul este ocupat
#,e line is free Q clear firul este liber
8old t,e line( pleaseN rm5nei la aprat, v rog
#,ereHs somet,ing &rong &it, our p,one Q our p,one is out of order telefonul nostru este deran#at
:rong number ai greit numrul
:,o is t,at spea*ing^ cine e la telefonS
>ary spea*ing la telefon ar,
Pou are &anted on t,e p,one v caut cineva la telefon
=orgive my troubling you iart.m c te deran#ez
>ay 4 ma*e use of t,is telep,one^ pot s folosesc telefonulS
4 donHt *no& ,o& to manage t,is automatic telep,one- nu tiu cum s m5nuiesc acest telefon automat
.ll you ,ave to do is to pic* up t,e receiver( drop t,e coin into t,e slot( lift it to your ear( &ait for t,e
toneQsignal( dial your numberG . tot ceea ce trebuie fcut este s ridici receptorul, s introduci fisa 'n
aparat, s.l duci la urec)e, s atepi tonul, s formezi numrulX
?ut t,e receiver do&n pune receptorul #os
?ress t,is button to get your money bac* apas pe acest buton pentru a primi banii 'napoi
#,e coin &ill be returned fisa va fi 'napoiat
#ryQ dial again 'ncearcT formeaz numrul din nou
4 ,ear a prolonged buzzling aud un b5z5it prelungit
#,atHs all rig,t! 8old t,e line( your number &ill ans&er in a moment (if t,ere is anybody in t,ere)
foarte bine- Iam5i la telefon, persoana va raspunde imediat Odac acolo este cinevaP
#,e p,one is out of orderQdead telefonul este deran#atTWmortW
:,at if t,ere is a non5automatic p,one^ cum procedez dac nu este un telefon automatS
#,e procedure is almost t,e same but instead of t,e buzzzing youHll ,ear t,e operator calling:
[Aumber pleaseH( instead of dialling t,e numerals you ,ave to as* for your number procedeul este
aproape acelai dar 'n locul b5z5itului vei auzi operatoarea spun5ndK [>umrul v rogA, 'n loc de a forma tu
numerele trebuie s ceri s i se dea numrul-
#,e moment you ,ear t,e operatorHs voice 'ust give t,e number you &ant to call 'n momentul 'n care
auzi vocea telefonistei indici numrul
?lease connect me &it, numberG . dati.mi, v rog, numrulX
$an you put me t,roug, to >r ?Hs office^ 71tension one5seven please 'mi putei da legtura cu biroul
%.lui PS $nterior 17, v rog-
:ill you boo* t,e call^ doreti s dai un aviz telefonicS
:,at is t,e rate for a t,ree5minute call to ?aris^ care este taxa pentru o convorbire de trei minute cu
ParisulS
4 s,ould li*e to put t,roug, a trun*5call toG . a dori s efectuez o convorbire interurban cuX
4Hm putting your call t,roug, rig,t no& v fac legtura c)iar acum
Berlin is on t,e line! Go a,eadN avei legtura cu 0erlinul- !orbiiR
:,en can 4 get you over t,e p,one^ c5nd te pot gsi la telefonS
:ill you ta*e do&n my number^ vrei s.i notezi numrul meuS
By t,e &ay( &,en you ring t,roug, to my office( as* t,e operator e1tension four5si1 apropo, dac 'mi
telefonezi la birou, cere.i telefonistei interior <9
8ello( is t,at >r! Uo,nson^ Pes( &,o is spea*ing^ A!A! spea*ing (lo, %.ul F-S %a, cine e la telefonS
>->- la aparat
4 canHt ,ear youG 4 canHt understand youG 4 canHt understand a &ordG nu v aud bineX- >u v
'nelegX nu 'neleg nici un cuv5nt
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Someone is interferingG someone else cut inG e cineva pe firX a intrat altcineva pe fir
:ould you li*e leave a message^ dorii s lsai un mesa#S
#87 ?6S#56==4$7
T)e Post.*ffice )as man, duties and )as )undreads of t)ousands of officialsK postmasters ?)o are in
c)arge of post.offices, postJoffice cler&s and man, postmen- $t is t)e postman ?)o brings man, items of
ne?s to ever,bod,, going round from )ouse to )ouse, and droppping t)e letters into our letterJbo(es-
T)e Post.*ffice not onl, delivers and sends letters and ot)er mail, but also controls the telegraphs
and telephones, issues television and radio licences and registers t)em, and pays out pensions and
allo)ances-
%o ,ou ?ant to send a telegramS Fust asB for a telegram form at t)e counter and fill it in- ( telegram
reac)es t)e addressee in t?o or t)ree )ours- IememberK t)e charge depends on t)e number of ?ords; so tr,
to conve, ,our message in as fe? ?ords as possible- Gou can also dictate a telegram over t)e telep)one-
$f ,ou ?ant to post an ordinary letter, a postcard or a small parcel, ,ou neednAt go to t)e post.office,
,ou can drop it into t)e nearest letterJbo(-
$n 0ritain t)ese boxes are eit)er fixed in t)e ?all, or t)e, are iron c,linders painted red, called
pillarJbo(es, standing b, t)e Berbstone- T)e time of t)e next collection is indicated on a little plate, ?)ic) is
c)anged b, t)e postman ever, time )e comes to collect letters- $n cities pillar.boxes are emptied several
times a da, , but in villages t)ere ma, be onl, one or t?o collections-
T)e letter ?)ose receivers are unBno?n are eit)er returned to the sender or carried to the deadJ
letter office-
$f ,ou ?ant ,our letter to arrive more ZuicBl, t)an b, ordinary post, ,ou can send it by ir 7ail-
@)en ,ou send a parcel, ,ou )and it to t)e assistant, ?)o )eights it on the scales- Gou pa,
according to t)e ?eig)t of t)e parcel and t)e clerB gives ,ou a receipt- T)en, if t)e parcel is lost or stolen,
,ou can claim pa,ment from t)e post.office-
%o ,ou ?ant to )ave a conversation ?it) a friend of ,ours ?)o lives in anot)er to?nS T)en ,ou
maBe a longJdistance call- Gou eit)er asB t)e operator to connect ,ou, or, if ,our friend lives in a bigger to?n
,ou ma, dial t)e call ,ourself- Gou dial first t)e code number for t)e to?n t)at ,ou are calling and t)en the
number of the subscriber-
$f ,ou ma&e a local call, ,ou go into t)e telephoneJbo( and lift the receiver- @)en ,ou )ear t)e
dialling tone indicating t)at not)ing is ?rong on t)e line, dial the number ,ou ?ant- @)en ,ou )ear rapid
pips, ,ou press in t)e coin, and t)en ,ou can speaB-
71tra
9etters- $n 0ritain letters are broug)t from pillarJbo(es to a -ead or 0ranch KostJMffice ?)ere t)e, are
sorted- T)en t)e, are carried to their destination and delivered- $n to?ns t)ere are several collections and
deliveries a da,- T)e letters ?)ose receivers are unBno?n are eit)er returned to the senders or carried to t)e
deadJletter office- T)ere are also registered letters and printed matter-
/etters arrive more ZuicBl, b, registered post and compensation is offered in case of loss or damage-
%ocuments and papers of little or no monetar, value ma, be sent b, recorded delivery- Iecorded
deliver, is particularl, suitable ?)en a record of posting and deliver, is needed rat)er t)en compensation for
loss-
#elep,one! @)en ,ou are not a telephone subscriber, ,ou must go to a callJbo(- $f ,ou cannot use t)e
dial telephone, t)e e(change puts you through to your correspondent, but ,ou must not forget to sa, ,our
number figure b, figure and remember t)at t)e figure o Onoug)tP is read as t)e letter [oA-

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