Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Innate Immunity
Innate Immunity
SISTEMUL IMUN
Imunitatea nnscut:
- precoce,fr specificitate
- prima linie de aprare
- fr memorie imun
(nu protejeaz postinfecie)
Imunitatea dobndit:
- variaz n funcie de
agentul patogen
- tardiv, nalt specific
- memorie imun
IMUNITATE INNASCUTA
Raspuns initial pentru:
eliminare microbi
prevenire infectii
IMUNITATE INNASCUTA
Mecanism universal de aparare fata de infectii
Prima linie de aparare a organismului
Precede raspunsul imun adaptativ
prezent la toate organismele pluricelulare
receptori si efectori ancestrali
raspunde la o mare varietate de patogeni
Distinctie perfecta self-nonself
Defecte foarte rare si in general letale
IMUNITATE INNASCUTA
IMUNITATE
INNASCUTA / nespecifica
(innate immunity)
DOBINDITA / specifica
(adaptive immunity)
codificati in genom
specificitate joasa
specificitate inalta
raspuns imediat
raspuns lent
lipsa memorie
memorie imunologica
(expansiune clonala ly)
SISTEM INTEGRAT
Innate immunity
ROL SI FUNCTII
originea si contextul atg
Recunoastere
Functii efectoare
prevenire intrare
eliminare
microorganisme
patogene
COMPONENTELE IMUNITII
Imunitate Innscut
Imunitate Adaptativ
Bariere fizice
Tegumente, epitelii
digestive, respiratorii,
cili pulmonari, urotelii
Nu exist
Factori Solubili
Factori proteici i secreii
non proteice
Fagocite - Mo/MQ,
PMN, celule NK, Eo
Imunoglobuline
(Ac)
Celule
Limfocite T i B
Innate immunity
- piele
Factori chimici
Factori biologici
celule B-1
Innate immunity
- receptori
2. Componente moleculare
- molecule secretate
Functia de recunoastere
Functii efectorii
Mol. anorganice: HCl, NO, H2O2
Peptide antibacteriene: defensine, cathelicidine, histatine
Proteine antibacteriene: lizozim, lactoferina, transferina
Lectine: colectine, ficoline, receptori manoza
Complement
Citokine: IFN-
/
, IL-1, TNF-
, CSF
Chemokine: IL-8, MIP, MCP
Receptori TLR
Innate immunity
3. Componente celulare
Functia de eliminare a
microorganismelor patogene
neutrofile
monocite/macrofage
celule dendritice
Fagocitoza
bazofile
mastocite
eozinofile
Inflamatie
celule NK
Citotoxicitate
Celule mobile:
Fagocite circulante - Mo, PMN
Eliberatoare de mediatori chimici - Eo, Ba
Citotoxice extracelular - NK
Celule fixe:
Fagocite tisulare - MQ
Mastocite - bazofile tisulare - Ma
Monocit
Progenitor
limfoid
Macrofag
Basofil
Celula
dendritica
Neutrofil
Timus
NK
Mastocit
Plasmocit
CD8
T
CD4
T
Eosinofil
Monocitul (Mo) /
Macrofagul (MQ)
In snge - monocit (3-8% Leu)
In esuturi Macrofag
Forma matur a monocitului
Se gsete n mod normal n esuturi: tract
gastrointestinal, plmn, ficat i splin
Functii:
Fagociteaz i ucide microorganisme (dup
activarea mecanismelor bactericide prin legarea
patogenului)
Produce citokine /chemokine (initiaz inflamatia)
- IL-4, IL-12 / CCR, CXCR
Funcioneaz ca si celule prezentatoare de Ag
catre Ly T - APC (Antigen presenting cell)
Produc molecule co-stimulatoare (CD28,
CD80/86).
Neutrofilul
(PMN)
Prezent in circulatie (55-60% din Leu)
In mod normal nu e prezent in tesuturi
Durata scurta de viata in circulatie (3-4
zile)
Functii:
Apare primul la locul infectiei / injuriei
Inger i ucide microorganisme (dup activarea
mecanismelor bactericide, delansate prin
legarea patogenului)
Eozinofilul
Funcii
Orchestreaz inflamatia local (mediatori lipidici LTC4, D4, E4, CK, PAF)
1. Ubiquitous in connective
tissues:
Long lived >40 days
3x104 IgE receptors
High histamine content
Heparin & high tryptase
Calea cicloxigenazei:Prostaglandine
Tromboxan
Calea lipoxigenazei: SRS-A
(LTC4,D4,E4), LTB4, Lipoxine
Recunoastere imuna
INNASCUTA
(innate immunity)
RECEPTORI
DOBINDITA
(adaptive immunity)
codificati in genom
distributie non-clonala
distributie clonala
(expansiune clonala ly)
recunosc structuri
conservate
recunosc detalii de
structura moleculara
(epitopi)
Gram-negative
lipopolizaharid
peptidoglican
acid lipoteichoic
lipoproteine
manoza
ADN
ARN dc
flagelina
pilina
zimozan
Gram-pozitive
Endocytic PRRs
Signaling PRRs
Bridging
molecules
glycosylphosphatidylinositol
(gpi)-linked receptor
LPS
oxLDL; microbes
Microbial moieties
Bacterial lipoproteins
Nucleic acids
Collectins
Sugars
Ficolins
Glycoproteins
Pentraxins
(adaptat dupa Jeannin et al. Pattern recognition receptors in the immune response against
dying cells,
cells, Current Opinion in Immunology 2008, 20:18)
20:18)
Bacterie
glicoproteina
bact.
receptori manoza
(lectina C)
LPS, LTA
man
receptori scavenger
(CD36, CD68, SRB-1)
FAGOCIT
proteina bact.
C3b
receptori opsonine
(CR1)
TLR
Toll-like receptors
NOD
nucleotide-binding
oligomerization domain
RIG-1
retinoic acid-inducible gene-1
TLRs
Innate immunity
ROL SI FUNCTII
Recunoastere
Functii efectoare
prevenire intrare
eliminare
microorganisme
patogene
PAMP
stimuleaza fagocitoza
Stimulare PRR
Danger hypothesis
Naive
T cells
Signal 1
Signal 2
(costimulation)
APC
Danger
signal
- infection
- tissue damage
- stress cells
- hypoxia
- temperature shifts
- hsp
Damaged
cell
Normal
cell
Missing self
Celula
NK
NKR
NCR
Celula
NK
MHC
cls I
Absenta
citotoxicitatii
Ligand
activator
NKR
NCR
Celula
tinta
Celula
tinta
Ligand
activator
Citotoxicitate
Fagocitoza (1)
Proces activ, initiat de legarea la patogen prin intermediul unor
receptori
Agentul patogen este inconjurat de pseudopode membranare si apoi
internalizat
Fagocite (2)
Initial, in spatiul interstitial trec
PMN:
se acumuleaza in 30-60 minute de la
aparitia agentului declansator
fagociteaza intrusul si tesuturile
lezate
elibereaza enzime lizozomale
Fagocitoza
(cont)
opsonin
dependenta, fiind
mediata de:
Ac sau / si
C3b
2. Glucan Receptor
Prezent pe toate fagocitele
Chemotaxia
Atasarea
Ingerarea
Distrugerea
microorganisme patogene
Fagocitoza
Mecanism
dependent de oxigen
O2
- defensine
H2 O2
- cathepsina B
O2
Rol
independent de oxigen
- lizozim
. OCl
- lactoferina
OH
- enzime proteolitice
2O2- + NADP+ + H+
(NADPH oxidaza)
H2O2
HO
o O2- + 2H+
(SOD superoxid dismutaza)
(Fe2+ )
2HOCl
o H2O2 + Cl2
(MPO mieloperoxidaza - granulele azurofile,
doar in PMN nu si in MQ)
Radicalii derivati de O2 sunt detoxifiati de ceruloplasmina,
transferina, superoxid dismutaza (SOD), catalaza & glutation
peroxidaza (H2O2 )
o 2O2 + NADPH
Inflamatia
- citokine proinflamatorii (TNF-
,
IL-1) PAMP / PRR
- vasodilatatoare
- complement
- bradikinine
permeabilitate
capilara
expresia mol.
adeziune cel.
endoteliale
diapedeza
Citokine
IL-1
Macrofag activat
TNF-
IL-6
IL-12
EFECTE LOCALE
- activeaza
endoteliul vascular
- activeaza ly
- acces cel. efect.
- activeaza
endoteliul vascular
- creste
permeab. vasculara
- acces cel. efect.
- activeaza ly
- producere atc.
EFECTE SISTEMICE
- febra
- producere de IL-6
- febra
- febra
- mobilizare metaboliti - inducere proteine
- soc
faza acuta
- activeaza NK
- induce dif. Th1
COX 1 si COX 2
Leukotrienele
Originally isolated from leukocytes and contain 3
conjugated double bonds (triene);
Biosynthesis independent of PG & TXA;
Starts by attack on arachidonate by a lipoxygenase, which
adds O2 to C-5, giving 5-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid
(5-HPETE);
A dehydration coupled with isomerization of double bonds
gives leukotriene A4;
Hydrolysis of the epoxide ring yields leukotriene B4 ;
Chemotactic agent
Transfer of the thiol group of glutathione yields
leukotriene C4;
Subsequent modifications of the peptide chain (not shown)
yield related compounds, leukotrienes D & E.
LTC4+LTD4+LTE4 = SRS A
Mediatorii specifici
Citokinele
Produsi celulari de natura proteica cu rol de mesaj pentru alte
celule, carora le spun cum sa se comporte
IL-1, TNF- si -, IFN- sunt importante in mod special in inflamatii.
Cresc expresia endoteliala a moleculelor de adeziune, activarea si
agregarea PMNs, etc.
Interferonii
Produsi de celulele infectate cu virusuri, actioneaza ca si mesageri de
scurta durata care protejeaza celulele invecinate de infectia virala.
interferon:
o Inhiba replicarea virala, creste numarul NK si induce antigenele MHC-I
interferon:
o Inhiba replicarea virala, creste numarul NK si induce antigenele MHC-I
interferon:
o Activeaza macrofagele si induce antigenele MHC-II
o Apararea imuna impotriva infectiilor si proliferarilor maligne.
Interferonii
Proprietati
NOMENCLATURA
Inductori MAJORI
Nr de GENE
SURSA CELULARA
IFN-
IFN-
IFN-
Type I,
Leukocyte
Virus
Type I,
Fibroblast
Virus, LPS
26
T cells, B cells
Macrophages
Fibroblasts,
epithelial cells
Antigens,
mitogens, TNF-
+ IL-12
T cells, natural
killer cells
Dupa expunere corespunzatoare cele mai multe celule sunt apte sa produca cel putin un tip de IFN I.
Tipul I de IFN poate fi indus de asemenea de LPS (endotoxina bacteriana), IL-1 si TNF.
Sinteza IFN- este inalt reglata numai in anumite tipuri de celule si este indusa de stimuli specifici
IFN- factorul major de activare macrofagica; rol crucial intre mecanismele de aparare nespecifica a gazdei impotriva a numerosi patogeni.
Celula neinfectata
IFN receptor
IFN-/
PKR
translatie mRNA
Cascada coagularii
Complement System
Nonspecific defense system
The combination of antibodies with antigens does not cause destruction of
the antigens or pathogen.
Antibodies serve to identify the targets for immunological attack. Antibodyinduced activation of the complement.
The complement proteins are designated C-1 to C-9.
These proteins are in an inactive state. Become activated by the
attachment of antibodies to antigens.
Complement proteins can be subdivided into 3 components:
C1q, r, s: recognization.
C4, C2, C3: activation.
C5-C9: attack (complement fixation).
Activated via classic (C1) or alternative (C3) pathways to generate MAC (C5
C9) that punch holes in microbe membranes
In acute inflammation
o Vasodilation, vascular permeability, mast cell degranulation (C3a, C5a)
o Leukocyte chemotaxin, increases integrin avidity (C5a)
o As an opsonin, increases phagocytosis (C3b, C3bi)
C4b
+
C2b
C3b
+
Bb
Complement Fixation
C5b and C6 through C9 are inserted into cell membrane, to form a
membrane attach complex (MAC).
Create large pores in membrane, causing osmotic influx of H20.
o Complement proteins kill the cell.
Inflamaia
Component major a rspunsului imun nespecific/
specific
Rspuns protectiv la injurie, montat s restabileasc
statusul normal
Iniiat de lezarea esuturilor:
mecanic/fizic (ex. arsuri)
chimic ( ex. expunere la ageni corozivi)
biologic (ex. microorganisme)
imunologic (ex. hipersenzitivitate)
Implic fagocite i mediatorii secretai de fagocite,
precum i excretai de celulele secretorii
Caracteristicile Inflamaiei
Edemaierea zonei (tumor)
Eritem (rubor)
Creterea temperaturii
(calor)
Durere (dolor)
Pierderea funcionalitii
(functio lesa)
Reacii / interferene
inflamatorii locale:
Activarea coagulrii
Cile formatoare ale
Kininelor
Fibrinoliza
Inflamatia - Functii
Inflamatia locala
In tesutul interstitial
exista o populatie
rezidenta de
leucocite.
Mastocitul:
elibereaza amine
biogene (histamina,
serotonina)
secreta
prostaglandine,
leukotriene, citokine
si TNF-a.
PMN:
fagociteaza
agresorul
Fagocitele ingurgiteaza
particulele straine
similar cu amoebele
Citokine
IL-1
Macrofag activat
TNF-
IL-6
IL-12
EFECTE LOCALE
- activeaza
endoteliul vascular
- activeaza ly
- acces cel. efect.
- activeaza
endoteliul vascular
- creste
permeab. vasculara
- acces cel. efect.
- activeaza ly
- producere atc.
EFECTE SISTEMICE
- febra
- producere de IL-6
- febra
- febra
- mobilizare metaboliti - inducere proteine
- soc
faza acuta
- activeaza NK
- induce dif. Th1
Chemokine
proteine masa moleculara mica (8-12 kDa)
rol: inflamatie, reglare raspuns imun, angiogeneza, hematopoieza,
interactie cu SNC
4 Cys pozitie conservata (punti disulfidice)
structura tertiara caracteristica (
(1- 3, )
redundanta (receptori si celule)
neutrofile
monocite
limfocite
CC
CXXXC
LIMFOTAKTINA
FRAKTALKINA
CXC
IL-8
-mo/m
mo/m
-fibroblaste
-cel.endoteliale
NAP-2
-plachete
IP-10
-fibroblaste
-endoteliu
SDF-1
-celule stromale
limfocite
MCP-1
MIP-1
MIP-1,
RANTES
MDC
- mo/m
mo/m
- fibroblaste
- cel.endoteliale
- cel.epiteliale etc
NEGATIVE
indicate a reaction to
infection
stimulate phagocytosis
slow bacterial growth
increases body temperature
beyond the tolerance of some
bacteria
decreases blood iron levels
Innate immunity
ROL SI FUNCTII
Recunoastere
Functii efectoare
prevenire intrare
eliminare
PAMP
Infectie
TLR
APC
costimulator
MHC / peptide
CD28
TCR
T cell
Activare
PAMP
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
cellular immune response
pathogen
TLR
Endocytic
PRR
IL-12
Th1
IFN-
CD80/86
CD28
DC
MHC-II
TCR
Naive
Th1
T cells
IFN-
INNATE IMMUNITY
(adapted after Medzhitov R, Nature Reviews Immunology,
Immunology, 1, 2001, 135-145)
Imunitate innascuta