Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
___________________________________________________________________________
C
D
[P]
c=d
b
C
B
D
[P]
c=d
b
___________________________________________________________________________
A
B
[P]
a=b
[V]
D1
X
D2
D1
D3
[H]
D4
D3
varful sagetii OX
D4
[H]
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z T6
[V]
T2
z
[V]
T5
za
a'
T1
[L]
xa
T3
O
ya
a
[H]
T4
a'' [L]
[H]
y
T8
a.
b.
Fig. 1.5 Tripla proiecie ortogonal
Proiecia unui punct A din spaiu pe cele trei plane de proiecie sunt: a proiecia punctului A pe planul orizontal de proiecie [H]; a - proiecia
punctului A pe planul vertical de proiecie [V]; a - proiecia punctului A pe
planul lateral de proiecie [L].
Axele sistemului de proiecie rezult din intersecia perechilor de plane [H],
; [H][L] =
[V] i [L], avnd orientarea n sensul lor pozitiv: [H][V] = ox
oy
; [V][L] = oz
.
z
[V]
a'
X
[L]
za
xa
a''
O
ya
1
y
1
ya
[H]
a
y
___________________________________________________________________________
i oy
pn cnd se suprapun cu planul [V] care rmne fix
jurul axelor ox
(figura 1.6). Se vor forma astfel liniile de ordine aa, aa i aa perpendiculare
pe axele sistemului de referin n punctele ax, az i ay.
[P]
plan de
proiectie
obiect
observator
raze de
lumina
obiect
[P]
observator
plan de
proiectie
raze de
lumina
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(x,y)
(8,4)
(-6,3)
-x
x
(0,0)
(4,-3)
(-9,-6)
(-x,-y)
(x,-y)
-y
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90
180
+
(0,0)
270
Comand
POINT
Tastare
Icon
Point / PO
Menu
Draw > Point
- Single Point
-Multiple Point
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Comand
LINE
Tastare
Icon
Line / L
Menu
Draw > Line
Tasta
funcional
Aplicabilitate
Activare HELP;
<F1>
<F2>
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Tasta
Aplicabilitate
___________________________________________________________________________
funcional
Modul Osnap On/Off;
Activarea sau dezactivarea modurilor object snaps se face
prin activarea tastei <F3> sau clic dreapta mouse pe bara de
stare activnd OSNAP. Acest lucru se mai poate face i prin
tastarea n linia de comand: OSNAP. Object snaps ajut la
specificarea cu precizie a unei locaii pe obiect (entitate).
Aceste locaii se pot seta astfel: clic dreapta mouse pe
ONSNAP > Settings (figura 1.12) > Drafting Settings (figura
1.13).
___________________________________________________________________________
6 Spaiul de lucru
1. Bara de titlu (Title bar) (figurile 1.32 i 1.33) - indic programul n care
lucrm i numele fiierului curent;
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Ribbon-ul este compus dintr-o serie de panouri (Panel), care sunt organizate
n funcie de comenzi (figura 1.43).
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n urma acestei aciuni bara Menu Bar va fi inserat sub bara Quick
Access (figura 1.46).
Bara de titlu rapid Quick Access afieaz opiuni pentru Undo i Redo.
Pentru a anula sau a reface o modificare mai puin recent, accesm butonul
drop-down din dreptul comenzilor Undo i Redo (figura 1.47).
___________________________________________________________________________
a)
b)
[2012] | GRAFIC PENTRU INGINERI 31
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TERMINOLOGIE AUTOCAD
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Acad.dwt
Crosshairs
Dialog box
Drawing
template file
Grid
Grips
Layer
Layout Tabs
Limits
Linetype
Model space
Object
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Origin
Ortho mode
Osnap
Pick
Plot
Property
Selection set
Snap
Styles
Units
User co-ordinate
system (UCS)
Un nou desen se poate lansa n dou moduri, fie pornind de la zero, fie
utiliznd un fiier ablon.
Lansm un desen prin dublu clic pe iconia AutoCAD (figura 1.50) sau
urmnd calea: Start > Programs > Autodesk > AutoCAD200n > AutoCAD200n
(figura 1.51).
34 GRAFIC PENTRU INGINERI | [2012]
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Dac AutoCAD-ul este deja deschis i dorim nceperea unui desen nou
utilizm opiunea File > New. n acest moment vom vizualiza fereastra de
dialog din figura 1.52, n care vom selecta fiierul template acad.dwt dup care
apsm butonul Open.
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Comand
LINE
Tastare
Line / L
Icon
Menu
Draw > Line
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(20,15)
Y
X
(6.5,2)
(20,15)
Y
X
(6.5,2)
___________________________________________________________________________
(6.5,2)
Comand
CIRCLE
Tastare
Circle /
Icon
Menu
Draw > Circle > Center, Radius
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Specify center point for circle or [3P / 2P / Ttr (tan tan radius)]:
(se indica un punct ca fiind centrul cercului sau tastm una din cele 3 opiuni)
1. - Center Point - aceast opiune traseaz un cerc pe baza centrului i a
diametrului sau a razei (figura 1.56);
P2
P1
P3
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P1
P2
P2
L1
P1
C1
C2
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Comand
Tastare
Icon
Arc / A
ARC
Menu
Draw > Arc
P2
P1
P3
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a)
b)
Fig. 1.64 Modaliti de accesare a comenzii ARC
TRASAREA UNUI POLIGON POLYGON
Desenarea unui poligon cu n laturi se realizeaz cu ajutorul comenzii
POLYGON.
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Comand
Tastare
POLYGON
Polygon /
POL
Icon
Menu
Draw > Polygon
P1
Fig. 1.65 Editarea poligonului
44 GRAFIC PENTRU INGINERI | [2012]
P2
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Comand
ZOOM
Tastare
Zoom / Z
Icon
Menu
View > Zoom
Zoom Real time: este un Zoom interactiv pentru a schimba mrimea afirii
imaginii. Cursorul se schimb ntr-o lup cu semnele plus (+) i minus (-)
(figurile 1.66, 1.67 i 1.68);
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A-A
Student:
Grupa:
Cadru
didactic:
ISO
1302
Data:
Cadru
didactic:
ISO
1101
Denumire desen:
CORP DE ROBINET
L 04
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A-A
Student:
Grupa:
Cadru
didactic:
Cadru
didactic:
ISO
1302
ISO
1101
Data:
Denumire desen:
CORP DE ROBINET
A-A
A-A
Student:
Grupa:
Cadru
didactic:
Cadru
didactic:
Data:
Denumire desen:
CORP DE ROBINET
Student:
Grupa:
Cadru
didactic:
Cadru
didactic:
ISO
1302
ISO
1101
ISO
1302
ISO
1101
Data:
Denumire desen:
CORP DE ROBINET
a) nainte de Z/All
b) dup Z/All
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a) nainte de Z/C
b) dup Z/C
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A-A
A-A
A
Grupa:
Cadru
didactic:
Cadru
didactic:
Student:
ISO
1302
ISO
1101
Data:
Student:
Grupa:
Cadru
didactic:
Cadru
didactic:
Denumire desen:
CORP DE ROBINET
a) nainte de Z/E
ISO
1302
ISO
1101
Data:
Denumire desen:
CORP DE ROBINET
b) dup Z/E
A-A
A-A
Student:
Grupa:
Cadru
didactic:
Cadru
didactic:
ISO
1302
ISO
1101
Data:
Denumire desen:
CORP DE ROBINET
L 04
a) imaginea iniial
b) vederea curent
Student:
Grupa:
Cadru
didactic:
Cadru
didactic:
ISO
1302
ISO
1101
Data:
Denumire desen:
CORP DE ROBINET
c) dup Z/P
___________________________________________________________________________
a) fereastra dreptunghiular
b) nainte de Z/W
c) dup Z/W
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Comand
Tastare
Icon
Menu
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PAN
Pan / P
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Comand
Tastare
COPY
Icon
Menu
Modify > Copy
Copy /
CP,CO
P2
H2
P1
Y
H1
P3
H3
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Comand
Tastare
Icon
Erase / E
ERASE
Menu
H1
Y
X
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Comand
MOVE
Tastare
Move / M
Icon
Menu
Modify > Move
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Tastare
U / Ctrl + Z
Icon
Menu
Edit > Undo
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1.6 APLICAII
EXERCIIUL 1
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EXERCIIUL 2
60
20
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70
60
segment de
inchidere
50
60
20
85
30
40
(60,55)
50
___________________________________________________________________________
n cazul n care, n prealabil s-a optat pentru Show Startup dialog box:
Command: STARTUP
Enter new value for STARTUP <0>: 1
Controleaz apariia casetei de dialog Create New Drawing atunci cnd un
desen nou este pornit cu NEW sau QNEW; controleaz dac caseta de dialog
Startap este afiat atunci cnd programul este lansat n execuie. Dac variabila
de sistem FILEDIA este setat la 0, caseta de dialog nu este afiat.
Pentru variantele mai vechi de AutoCAD - Options Systems i din
meniul derulant Startup se alege Show Startup dialog box (figura1.83). Se va
afia fereastra de dialog Create New drawing (figura 1.84).
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Specify next point or [Undo]: < Ortho on > (prin tastarea <F8> se activeaz
modul Ortho) (se ndreapt cursorul n partea dreapt a utilizatorului) 210
Specify next point or [Undo]: (se ndreapt cursorul n partea de sus a ecranului)
297
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: (se ndreapt cursorul n partea stng a
utilizatorului dup ultimul punct introdus) 210
Specify next point or [Close/Undo] : < Osnap on > (prin tastarea <F3> se
activeaz modul Osnap)
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: (se direcioneaz cursorul ctre captul
primului segment desenat pentru nchiderea dreptunghiului, apare marker - ul
pentru end point) (pentru a ncheia comanda)
Command: L
Specify first point: 60, 55
Specify next point or [Undo]: @50, 0
Specify next point or [Undo]: (pentru a ncheia comanda)
Command: A
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 110, 55
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: C
Specify center point of arc: 110, 75
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: (se ndreapt cursorul n
partea de sus a ecranului)
Command: L
Specify first point:(se ndreapt cursorul pe Endpoint-ul arcului)
Specify next point or [Undo]: @0, 30
Specify next point or [Undo]: @50 < 53
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @20, 0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: (pentru a ncheia comanda)
Command: L
Specify first point: 60, 55
Specify next point or [Undo]: @0, 85
Specify next point or [Undo]: @ 92 < 49
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @ - 60, 0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @ 0, 70
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @ 60, 0
[2012] | GRAFIC PENTRU INGINERI 65
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EXERCIIUL 3
S se reprezinte la scara 1:1 urmtorul desen n AutoCAD (figura 1.88).
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30
80
30
14
30
15
30
30
50
30
15
30
40
60
(60,55)
___________________________________________________________________________
Command: LIMITS
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000, 0.0000>:
Specify upper right corner <12.0000, 9.0000>: 210,297
Command: Z
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (), or[All/] <>: A
Command: REC
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: 0,0
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: 210,297
Command: L
Specify first point: 60,55
Specify next point or []: <Ortho on> (se activeaz modul Ortho prin activarea
tastei <F8>) (se ndreapt cursorul n partea dreapt a utilizatorului) 60
Specify next point or [Undo]: (se ndreapt cursorul n partea de sus a ecranului) 40
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
20
20
30
40
40
50
90
60
50
Segment de
inchidere
(60,55)
30
20
80
___________________________________________________________________________
Command: LIMITS
Reset Model space limits:
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000, 0.0000>:
Specify upper right corner <12.0000, 9.0000>: 210,297
Command: Z
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or
[All/] <>: A (Regenerating model)
Command: REC
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: 0,0
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: 210,297
Command: L
Specify first point: 60,55
Specify next point or [Undo]: <Ortho on>
(se ndreapt cursorul n partea dreapt a
utilizatorului) 80
Specify next point or [Undo]: (se ndreapt
cursorul n partea de sus a ecranului) 30
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: (se
ndreapt cursorul n partea dreapt a
utilizatorului) 20
Fig. 1.93 Reprezentarea
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: (se
conturului
ndreapt cursorul n partea de sus a
ecranului) 60
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: (se ndreapt cursorul n partea stng a
utilizatorului) 50
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: (se ndreapt cursorul n partea de sus a
ecranului) 40
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: (pentru a ncheia comanda)
Command: L (figura 1.93)
Specify first point: 60,55
Specify next point or [Undo]: @50<127
Specify next point or [Undo]: @57<45
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: (se ndreapt cursorul n partea de sus a
ecranului) 30
[2012] | GRAFIC PENTRU INGINERI 73
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P2
P1
a)
b)
Fig. 1.95 Trasarea arcului de cerc
APLICAII PROPUSE
a
a
a
a
___________________________________________________________________________
EXERCIIUL 5
___________________________________________________________________________
30
80
30
14
30
15
30
30
50
30
30
Segment de
inchidere
40
60
(60,55)
15
___________________________________________________________________________
50
40
30
50
40
40
(60,55)
30
20
50
90
Segment de
inchidere
50
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
40
20
30
Segment de
inchidere
80
30
40
(60,55)
30
(0,0)
Fig. 1.98 Exerciiul 7
EXERCIIUL 8
[2012] | GRAFIC PENTRU INGINERI 79
___________________________________________________________________________
90
30
30
60
40
20
Segment de 30
inchidere
20
30
60
(60,55)
20
30
50
20
40
10
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
30
30
30
20
40
30
10
40
60
30
Segment de
inchidere
20
40
50
30
50
15
20
(60,55) 14
___________________________________________________________________________
29
30
50
10
50
30
20
20
110
20
Segment de
inchidere
(60,55)
50
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
20
30
20
20
40
30
60
Segment de
inchidere
20
50
40
10
(60,55)
80