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Un element de construcie este solicitat la rsucire (torsiune) dac n orice seciune transversal
a sa singurul efort diferit de zero este momentul de rsucire.
OBS. De exemplu, n urma rsucirii unei seciuni dreptunghiulare, seciunea transversal iniial
plan trece aproximativ ntr-un paraboloid hiperbolic (vezi figura 1a). La seciunile transversale
alctuite din dreptunghiuri, pe lng deplasarea seciunii transversale apare i o strmbare a
liniei mediane a seciunilor. De exemplu, linia median a unui profil dublu T, prsete planul
yGz, astfel nct aceasta a devenit o linie strmb n spaiu (vezi figurile 1b, 1c).
A'
x
x
B
G
B'
G
Mt
Mt
C
C'
z
a)
b)
Figura 1
D'
c)
Dac fenomenul strmbrii se poate produce liber, rsucirea se numete liber sau pur. Dac
strmbrile sunt mpiedicate, total sau parial, rsucirea este calificat ca i mpiedicat.
mpiedicare strmbrii poate fi provocat de rezemarea ncastrat a extremitii barei, de variaia
brusc a seciunii transversale, etc. mpiedicarea strmbrii duce la apariia unor tensiuni
suplimentare i complic studiul strii de solicitare.
OBS. n cazul barelor cu seciune robust (seciunea dreptunghiular), mpiedicarea strmbrii
seciunii are o implicaie mult mai sczut dect o are mpiedicarea strmbrii liniei mediane la
bare cu perei subiri.
1.1 Rsucirea mpiedicat a barelor cu perei subiri cu seciune transversal simplu
conex (profil deschis)
1.1.1 Fenomenul rsucirii mpiedicate, ipoteze
Se reamintete c n cazul rsucirii barelor cu perei subiri, pe lng strmbarea suprafeei
seciunii transversale, exist i o strmbare a liniei mediane. Se exemplific acest lucru
considernd o bar cu seciune dreptunghiular ngust (vezi figura 2a), respectiv o bar cu perei
subiri (seciune dublu T) alctuit din dreptunghiuri nguste (vezi figurile 2c, 2d).
E'
x
B
G
Mt0
Mt0
Mt0
E
B' B E'
B'
Mt
D'
Mt0
D
z
a)
A'
G C
D' A
D
A'
z
b)
c)
Figura 2:
d)
n urma rsucirii, seciunea transversal se deplaseaz lund forma unui paraboloid hiperbolic
nscris ntr-un dreptunghi strmb. Se constat c linia median Gz a seciunii rmne n planul
iniial al suprafeei seciunii, ceea ce nseamn c n planul median al dreptunghiului ngust
lunecarea specific este nul.
(1)
1.
Pentru a putea pstra ideea reducerii tensiunilor fa de punctele semnificative ale seciunii
transversale, Vlasov a introdus un efort rezultant fictiv numit bimoment, notat cu B.
Pentru o seciune dublu T, bimomentul se poate defini ca i produsul dintre momentul M din
planul tlpilor i distana dintre planurile mediane ale acestora:
B M (h t ) [kNm2 , daNcm2]
2.
G
MMtil
MM?
s ?
a)
3.
(2)
t ?
b)
Figura 3:
ti l
c)
Mt M Ml
(3)
Figura 4
Dac n urma rotirii seciunii din rsucirea barei, deplasarea unui punct P al liniei mediane are
component dup linia median ce trece prin acel punct atunci n punctul considerat se va
produce i o strmbare a liniei mediane, deplasarea elastic a punctului va avea i o component
normal pe suprafaa seciunii transversale; o deplasare component u.
1.1.2 Deducerea formulei de calcul a tensiunii normale
Aspectul geometric
Se consider bara cu perei subiri din figura 5.
a)
b)
Figura 5
Un punct oarecare P de pe linia median a seciunii poate fi poziionat fie prin coordonatele sale
carteziene y, z n sistemul de axe de inerie principale, fie prin coordonata curbilinie s n lungul
liniei mediane.
(4)
0
s x
Pentru cazul unei seciuni constante n lungul barei, r nu depinde de x, astfel nct
d
r
r
r
x
x
dx
(5)
(6)
u f1 ( x) ds f1 ( x) r ds
x
s0
s0
s1
(7)
Integrarea se face n lungul liniei mediane, pornind de la punctul P0 numit punct sectorial
principal, pn la punctul curent P. Funcia de integrare f1 ( x) este nul deoarece ar corespunde
unei translaii rigide a seciunii transversale, incompatibil cu deformaia barei din rsucire.
Completnd figura 5 cu figura 6 se observ c d r ds , adic dublul ariei triunghiului
elementar msurat. Mrimea notat cu reprezint coordonata sectorial a punctului P.
Coordonata sectorial este pozitiv dac poziia razei vectoare a punctului respectiv se obine
prin rotirea razei vectoare origine CP0 n sens orar.
Alungirea specific
u
- aspectul geometric
x
Limitnd deformaiile barei la domeniul de comportare elastic, pe baza legii lui Hooke
x E x E - aspectul fizic pentru domeniul elastic de comportare
(8)
(9)
Figura 6
Aspectul static din figura 5 se observ c singurul efort diferit de zero este momentul de rsucire
Mt.
Sinteza aspectelor, const n identificarea eforturilor calculate static i pe cale de rezisten.
a) N x 0 dA E dA E S 0
(10)
A
E 0 S 0 dA 0
(11)
Sz z dA 0
(12)
c) M z 0 S y y dA 0
(13)
sau E B E 2 dA E I
A
unde I dA
2
(14)
B
I
B
I
OBS. Bimomentul B nu se poate calcula pe cale static.
Figura 7
B M (h t ) dM r dA y r dA
A
I s dA
(15)
As
Datorit variaiei tensiunilor n lungul barei, n seciunea x+dx, atunci i rezultanta Is va avea o
cretere cu cantitatea diferenial dIs.
Pe faeta longitudinal, tensiunile tangeniale se nsumeaz n rezultanta:
dLs t s dx
(16)
B
B
Is
I
I
dA
As
B S
I
(17)
(18)
Figura 8
Prin difereniere, innd cont c
S
S
const. dI s dB
I
I
dB
S
S
M S
dB t s dx dx
Ecuaia (17) devine:
I
t s I
ts I
dB
unde M
- momentul de ncovoiere rsucire
dx
(19)
(20)
M l G It G It
(21)
d
- rsucirea specific (Rotirea relativ n jurul axei barei a dou seciuni situate la
dx
distan unitar, se numete rsucire specific ( )).
(22)
B E I
M t E I G It
Se deriveaz ecuaia (24) n raport cu abscisa barei:
dM t
mt ( x) E I IV G I t
dx
Se mparte relaia (25) cu EI i se noteaz cu:
G It
k
E I
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
IV k 2
mt ( x)
E I
(27)
g p
(28)
p soluia particular.
Soluia devine:
0 0 '
shkx
1 chkx
kx shkx
B0
Mt0
p
k
GI t
kGI t
(29)
unde:
0 , 0 ' - rotirea seciunii, respectiv rsucirea specific n dreptul originii barei (z = 0);
B0 bimomentul n origine;
Mt0 momentul de rsucire concentrat n aceast seciune.
Prin derivarea soluiei, aceasta devine:
0' chkx B0
kshkx
1 chkx
M t0
'p
GI t
GI t
(30)
(31)
shkx kx
k3
se face o schimbare de variabil x x-t
(32)
se alctuiete soluia particular, folosind funcia 4 i membrul drept al ecuaiei
difereniale
x
x
mt (t )
1
shk ( x t ) k ( x t ) mt (t ) dt
p 4 (x t)
dt
(33)
EI
kGIt 0
0
Se observ c soluia particular depinde de modul de ncrcare a barei.
mt(t) = mt
Mt
a)
b)
Figura 9: Dou tipuri de ncrcare ntlnite n practic
mt
2
k GI t
b xl
mt
kGIt
k 2 x a
chk
(
x
a
)
(34)
k 2 ( x a) 2
k 2 ( x b) 2
chk
(
x
a
)
chk
(
x
b
)
2
2
M tc
shk x c k ( x c)
kGIt
(35)
B0 0
b) capt ncastrat
aceasta va mpiedica att rotirea seciunii ct i strmbarea liniei mediane care este obligat
s se menin n planul seciunii ncastrate. Astfel condiiile sunt:
0 0
u 0' 0
Pentru orice valoare a coordonatei sectoriale (pentru orice punct la secinii mediane), rezult
c: 0' 0 .
c) capt liber (nerezemat)
Condiiile se pun asupra eforturilor:
dac marginea este nencrcat B0 = Mt0 = 0
n caz contrar, eforturile primesc chiar valorile ncrcrilor direct aplicate.
OBS: n cazul unor rezemri intermediare pe lng condiiile la limit puse n dreptul capetelor
barei, sunt necesare i condiiile de continuitate a deformaiilor, respectiv de echilibru n dreptul
reazemului intermediar.
Figura 10
Axele y i z sunt axe de inerie principale Sy = Sz = Iyz =0, astfel c se permite explicitarea
absciselor yC i zC ale punctului C. Rezult formulele de calcul ale coordonatelor centrului de
rsucire:
'
A 1 z dA
S y ' y dA 0 yc yc1
Iy
A
(36, 37)
'
dA
1
S z ' z dA 0 zc zc1 A
Iz
A
unde,
1' - coordonata sectorial a punctului curent, definit cu ajutorul centrului de rsucire arbitrar C1
i cu un punct sectorial principal arbitrar P0'
Pentru seciuni la care linia median este alctuit din linii drepte, integralele din relaiile (36,37)
se pot rezolva cu regula de integrare Vereciaghin. Integralele de suprafa se pot rescrie sub
forma unor integrale liniare dA=ts.ds:
ti 1' z ds
yc yc1
si
Iy
t y ds
i
zc zc1
(38, 39)
'
1
si
Iz
unde suma de la numrtor se extinde pe numrul de lungimi de linie median si cu grosimea
constant ti respectiv.
B.
Cu raza vectoare origine CP0' , coordonata sectorial a punctului P este dublul ariei P0' CP .
Coordonata sectorial corect a aceluiai punct P trebuie ns definit plecnd de la raza origine
CP0, coordonata fiind dublul ariei CP0P. Rezult c: d ,
unde: - coordonata sectorial definit de raza CP0' ;
P'0
?d
2
C
P0
?
2
Figura 11
Folosind condiia de mai sus se obine:
S 0 dA dA d dA 0
A
dA
A
(40)
I 2 dA t s ds t i ds
A
Si
(41)
M cr C1
2
2 EI z k z I w
( k z L ) 2 k w I z
(k z L)2 GIT
2 EI z
(C2 z g C3 z j )
0.5
(C2 z g C3 z j )
(42)
Seciunea
Centru de rsucire
.zC
A 2bt
1
t
b
zc e
2
4
Iy
innd seama de
grosimea pereilor
I
ry
y2 z2
dA
I 0
C
b
Momentul de inerie
sectorial
b
ry
2
2
b 3t 3
A3
18 144
C
b.1
.zC
y. C
t
t3 3 3
I
b1 b2
36
A t b1 b2
.2
b
z
ry
A 2 bt ata ;
C
Aa ata
zC
.e .
zc
G
t
a
Seciunea contraindicat
pentru flambaj prin
ncovoiere-rsucire
Aa,Ia
.ta
z
1
I a a 3ta
3
2ta ba 2
3b 2a
6I z
I 2b 2 I a
zc e I z
2
tb 4
10 I y
2
b e t a 2b a
a
2
Iy
be 2
2
b a 2
4
a 2
3
b a e
3 2
10
1
h
G=C
At 2b h
yC zC 0
ry rz 0
sau
I
b3 h 2 t
6
h
I1
4
Ah,Ih th
Ab tb b ; Ah th h
C
e
G
5
.zc y
A Ah 2 Ab ; e
Ab
b
A
t h3
h
I b Ab ; I h h
12
2
I z I h 2Ib ;
tb .
h
z
yc 0
I
zc e b b
Iz
ti.
b2 Ib2 2 I h I b
3
Iz
2e b I b
2 3
b tb e2 A
3
Ah th h ; A1 t1b1
A2 t2b2
b
.zc y
A e
th
h
Ah,IhbG . c
t
2
.
Aa,Ia .b2
1
e Ay e2 I h
Iy
tb 4
4
e b e
Iy
A 2 Ah A1 2 A2
Ab,Ib
ry
Ah 2 A2
h
A
2
3
b
I h Ah ; I1 t1b1
2
12
I2
t2b23
12
I 2h
A2 c
2
t b3
2 2 A2 c 2
12
I z 2I h 2I 2 I1
Iy
b2
I y e2 A
4
b2 A
2
1
2h I 2 h
4 I z
I
2bch 2 A2 b 2 heA 2 h
Iz
I
2 3
h th 2 A2 h2 e2 A
3
yc 0 ;
b2 A
I 2h
zc e 1
2h
Iz
4 I z
4 h 2
I 22h
Iz
ry
1
e A1e2 I1
Iy
2e h I h
th 4
4
e h e
2
2 h e I 2
2
A2 h e
C
Ab,Ib tb .
.zc y
A e
h
Ah,Ih G th .
. ta
Aa,Ia
b
a
z
Aa ta a ; Ab tb b
Ah th h ;
A 2 Ah Ab 2 Aa
Ah 2 Aa
h
A
2
tb b3
b
I h Ah ; I b
;
12
2
t
I ah a a
3
t a
ba
I a a Aa
12
2
I z 2I h Ib 2I a
3
C
Ab,Ib tb .
.zc y
A e
h
Ah,Ih G ta . th
.
a Aa,Ia
b
z
b2
I y e2 A
4
b2 A
1
4 I z
Iy
yc 0 ; zc e
1 eAb2
2hI ah
I z 4
2h 2 I ah 2bfh 2 Aa
b 2 e Ah
I ah
Iz
2 3
h th 2 Aa h2 e2 A
3
La calcularea valorii I a ,
semnele se iau astfel:
semnul (+) pentru cazul
7
semnul ( ) pentru cazul
8
f a/2
f a / 2
b
.
y
ti
.t G=C
z
yc 0 ; zc 0
h2
Iz
4
ry rz 0
Ah h tt t ;
Ab bt ta tt ; Aa ba ta ;
A Ah 2 Ab 4 Aa
t.a
Ih
ba.
10
t
Ah,Ih e
G=C h
Aa,Ia
t
t
.
t h tt
Ab,Ib
12
tb bt ta
. bt
z
Ib
12
t b3
Ia a a ;
12
b
I z 2 Ib 4 Aa t
2
I y Ih 4Ia
yc 0 ; zc 0
b
h
I I z 4 I a 2
2
2
ry rz 0
11
bs.
As,Is
.ts A
C .zc e y
h G
Ah,Ih
t
.
ti .bi Ai,Ii
z
h
2 Ab 4 Aa
2
1
Ah h ts ti t ;
2
As bs t s ; Ai bi ti
A Ah As Ai ;
Ah 2 Ai
h;
2A
ry
yc 0
3
t h ts ti
2
Ih
;
12
t b3
t b3
I s s s ; Ii i i ;
12
12
I z I s Ii
I y 4I h Ai h2 e2 A
1
zc eI s h e I i
Iz
Ii I s 2
h
Iz
1
zc I z As e3
Iz
Ai h e
3
4
h e
t 4
e
4
b. s
C
ts .
12
h.i
As bs ts : Ai hi ti
A
A As Ai ; e i h
2A
3
3
th
tb
I z s s ; I y i i e2 A
3
12
G z =e h
.
ti
.
c
yc 0 ; zc e
I 0
Cu luare n
considerare a grosimii
pereilor
I
ts3bs3
144
ti3 hi3
ry
1
I z e As e3
Iy
ti3 4
e h e 4
36
13
.
G=C
h
t1
t2
b 2 h 2 bt2 ht1
I
24 bt2 ht1 2
2
y
Ir
2 2
2b h t1t2
bt2 ht1
yc zc 0
bt1 ht2
ry rz 0
GI t dx
(3.93)
where
Tt = is the torsional moment;
It = is the torsion constant;
G = is the shear modulus;
= is the twist of the section over a length;
x = is a variable with the direction of the longitudinal axis of the member.
The torsional constant It is given with sufficient accuracy for all engineering purposes for
an open cross-section of uniform thickness t by
It
l t3
3
(3.94)
4 A2t
l
(3.95)
torsion do not generally remain plane but undergo warping. It is convenient to illustrate the basic
phenomenon with reference to a doubly symmetrical I-section as shown in Figure 3.49.
However, warping is of more general occurrence in sections of all types.
Figure 3.49(a) shows a member subjected to uniform torsion with no restraint to warping.
The member twists, as shown in plan in Figure 3.49(b), and only the web remains plane while
the flanges rotate bodily. The section as a whole thus departs from its original plane crosssection and this type of deformation is known as warping. If no restraint is provided to resist this
deformation then no additional longitudinal stresses are developed.
If this warping is restrained, for instance the case of a cantilever (see Figure 3.49(c)), the
flanges are forced to bend in the horizontal direction. This bending of the flanges is clockwise
for one flange and anti-clockwise for the other so that the effect is of two equal and opposite
moments. This type of behaviour was the subject of a classical investigation by Vlaslov who
termed this force system induced in the flanges by warping restraint a bimoment.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3.49: Unrestrained and restrained warping: (a) Member subject to uniform unrestrained torque, (b) Plan view of
unrestrained torque, (c) Plan view of restrained torque showing components M of the bimoment (Davies, 1991)
The bimoment B has units of force distance2 and it can be considered as a combination of
the moments M and the depth h of the web as shown in Figure 3.49(c). Thus
B M h
(3.96)
The presence of a bimoment causes longitudinal and shear stresses in the section. The
longitudinal stresses act in the same sense as the ordinary flexural stresses and may be of the
same order of magnitude. It follows that consideration of the combined longitudinal stresses due
to both bending and warping is often necessary.
The longitudinal stress associated with a bimoment B is given by:
B
Iw
(3.97)
where Iw is a property of the cross-section termed the warping constant and is the sectorial
coordinate which varies around the section.
Values of Iw and for some common sections, together with It and the position of the
shear centre are shown in Table 3.9.
For sections that are not included in Table 3.9, a general method to calculate the torsional
properties is presented in Annex A.
Therefore, eqn. (3.96) makes possible the determination of the longitudinal stresses due to
restrained torsion provided that the bimoment, warping constant and sectorial coordinates are
known. The latter two quantities are properties of the cross-section but the bimoment is a
function also of the loading and support conditions and must be evaluated separately for each
given situation.
Uniform torsion induces distortion that is caused by the rotation of the cross-sections
around the longitudinal axis. As a consequence, shear stresses appear which balance the applied
torsional moment T; under these circumstances, the resistance to the torsional moment T
exclusively results from St. Venants torsion, Tt. Although longitudinal warping displacements
may exist, they do not introduce stresses.
In non-uniform torsion, besides the St. Venant shear stresses, longitudinal strains also exist
(because warping varies along the member). These longitudinal strains generate selfequilibrating normal stresses at the cross-sectional level that, depending on the level of
restriction to warping, vary along the member. The existence of varying normal stresses implies
(by equilibrium in the longitudinal direction) the existence of additional shear stresses that also
resist to torsional moments, leading to:
T Tt Tw
(3.98)
Torsion
constant It
e for shear
centre
tf
bbt
I z bw2
or
4
24
bw
(bf bw)/4
3
2 3
w f f
tw
or if tw t f
3
t
2b f bw
3
(bf bw)/4
( ebw)/2
bf
t
3b f
bb t
bw
6b f
12
1
bw
bw
2 3
w f
t3
2b f bw
3
[(bf -e)/2]bw
3b 2f
6b f bw
ebw/2
bf
b2f t
2b f t 3f bwtw3
bf
bw
6
6bw a3 b f bw2 )
I y e
(4a3 3bw2 a
b f bw2
3
Iy
t
2b f
3
2a bw
[(bf -e)/2]bw
at
1 bf 2 a2
2
2 4a 3 bw
-{[(bf -e)/2]bw+
+[a(bf +e)]}
[(bf -e)/2]bw
bf
2
f
b t
12 2b f bw 2a
[bw2 (b 2f 2b f bw
t
bw
4b f a 6bw a )
4a 2 (3b f bw 3bw2
(bf -g)bw/2
-bwg/2
3
t
2b f 2a
3
bw
(bf -g)bw/2-ab f
where
g=bf /(bw+2bf )
4b f a 2bw a a 2 )]
g
bf
bw
t
O
-bwg/2
12 2b f bw
t3
3 2b f bw
+(bf -g)bw/2
where
g=bf /(bw+2bf )
bw
t3
b f 3 bw3
36
t3
bw b f
3
bf
The applied torsional moment T is thus balanced by two terms, one due to the torsional
rotation of the cross-section, Tt, and the other caused by the restraint to warping, designated by
warping torsion, Tw.
The equations relevant to this problem will first be derived for a thin-walled I-section and
then generalised. From eqn. (3.93) results:
Tt GI t
d
dx
(3.93)
The second part of the torque, Tw, is found by considering the bending of the flanges due to
warping. Using the symmetry of the section to note that each cross-section will rotate about the
x-axis as shown in Figure 3.50, allows the lateral deflection of the flanges v to be written as:
v
(3.99)
d 2v
dx 2
(3.100)
where If is the second moment of area of the flange about the z-axis. Substituting for v gives
h d 2
(3.101)
M f EI f
2
2 dx
h/2
V
f
y
V
f
The shear forces across the width of each flange Vf will be given by:
Vf
dM f
dx
EI f
h d 3
2 dx3
(3.102)
The couple produced by these two shear forces, provides the second part of the resistance
to twist Tw. Thus
Tw V f h EI f
I f h2
2
h2 d 3
d 3
EI
w
2 dz 3
dz 3
I y h2
4
(3.103)
d
d 3
EI w 3
dx
dz
(3.104)
This is the general equation for the torsion of a non-circular section and the evaluation of
the longitudinal stresses and shear stresses due to an applied torsion requires its solution with
appropriate boundary conditions. Differentiating gives the alternative form.
dT
d 4
d 2
EI w 4 GI t 2 m
dx
dx
dx
(3.105)
2
d 4
m
2 d
4
2
EI w
dx
dx
(3.106)
or
where k
GI t
EI w
d 2
dx 2
(3.107)
In order to calculate values of bimoment and then to evaluate the stresses arising from
restrained warping it is necessary to obtain solutions of the general equation of torsion.
The general solution of eqn. (3.106) is, therefore,
C1 cosh kx C2 sinh kx C3 x C4 0
(3.108)
where
C1 to C4 are constants;
mx 2
for uniform m.
2GI t
d
0
dx
(3.109)
(2)
Simply supported end one which cannot twist but is free to warp and is therefore free of
longitudinal stresses due to torsion
0,
d 2
0 (i.e. B = 0)
dx 2
(3.110)
B Ml
sh k (l x)
kl ch kl
x0
B Mlb
x0
B ml 2 c
l
2
B ml 2 p
l
2
m
[kl sh k l x
k ch kl
ch kl ch kx]
ch k x
m
2
B 2 1
kl
k
ch
M sh kx
2k ch kl
2
Ml
f
2
m
B 2
k
kl ch k 2 x
1
kl
2 sh
x 0
2
B ml g
xl
l
2
B ml 2 j
ch kx ch k x
M
2
kl
2k
sh
2
x0
l
x
2
xl
Ml
n
2
m
[1 ch kx
k2
xl
ml
w
2
M
1
k kl sh kl sh kl
kl
kl kl
kl ch sh sh kx
2
2 2
l
x
2
Ml
v
2
sh kx
kl ch kl sh kl
xl
Ml
u
2
1 kl sh kl ch kl
kl ch kl sh kl
k 2l 2
2 sh kx
B1
B 2
M
k
kl
kl kl
l
kl ch 2 sh 2 2 sh k x 2
kl
ch 1
kl shkl chkl 1
ch kl 1
thkl
2
b
; c
; p
; f
2
2
kl
kl
kl shkl
k l chkl
k 2l 2ch
2
kl
kl
kl
shkl 2sh
shkl kl ch
(chkl 1) shkl
2
2 ; n
; j
g 2
kl (ch kl 1)
k 2l 2shkl
k 2l 2shkl
kl
kl
shkl 2sh
kl shkl chkl 1 kl sh
kl
sh
kl
2
ch
kl
2
2
2 ; w
v
; u
kl (kl chkl shkl )
kl (kl chkl shkl )
kl ch kl shkl
In conclusion, where loads are applied eccentric to the shear centre of the cross-section, the
effects of torsion shall be taken into account. As far as practicable, torsional moments are best
avoided or reduced by restraints, because they substantially reduce the load bearing capacity,
especially in case of open sections.
In determining the effects of the torsional moment, the centroidal axis, shear centre and
imposed rotation centre, should be taken as those of the gross cross-section.
The direct stresses due to the axial force NSd and the bending moments My,Sd and Mz,Sd
should be based on the respective effective cross-sections used in 3.8.2 to 3.8.4. The shear
stresses due to transverse shear forces, the shear stress due to uniform (St. Venant) torsion and
the direct stresses and shear stresses due to warping, should all be based on the properties of the
gross cross-section.
In cross-sections subject to torsion, the following conditions should be satisfied:
tot ,Ed f y / M 0
(3.111)
tot ,Ed
fy / 3
(3.112)
M0
2
2
tot
,Ed 3 tot ,Ed 1.1
fy
M0
(3.113)
where:
tot,Ed is the total direct stress, calculated on the relevant effective cross-section;
tot,Ed is the total shear stress, calculated on the gross cross-section.
The total direct stress tot,Ed and the total shear stress tot,Ed should by obtained from:
My,Ed
Mz,Ed
N,Ed
w,Ed
Vy,Ed
Vz,Ed
t,Ed
w,Ed
(3.114a)
(3.114b)