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Scurtcircuit
Defect
Separator
Sigurant fuzibil
Separator de sarcina
Disjunctor
Descrctor
Contactor
Ruptor
Relee
Aparate de comanda manual
Aparate de automatizare
Automatizare
Curent de
soc
Auto
Supratensiu
ne
Man.
Protecie
Suprasarcin
Mod de actionare
Sepa
rare
Man
Comutatie
Punere la
pamant
Functiunea
Contactul indirect In acest caz, doar o parte din curentul de fuga parcurge
corpul uman, ramanand insa la fel de periculos. De asemenea, exista doua
modalitati de protectie:
o fara intreruperea alimentarii - prin folosirea materialelor si
aparatelor dublu izolate, materialelor cu izolatie intarita sau prin
separarea circuitelor.
o cu intreruperea automata a alimentarii - prin tratarea
corespunztoare a neutrului, coordonarea cu schemele de legare la
pmnt. O protectie contra contactului indirect este reala daca sunt
indeplinite doua conditii
- toate masele metalice din instalaie sunt legate la aceeai
priza de pamant;
-ntreruperea automata a circuitului este suficient de rapida.
Caracteristicile constructive sunt redate prin gradul de protectie ce se
exprima prin simbolul IPxx numit indicele de protectie IP
Codul IP (International Protection) indica gradul de protectie oferit de un
echipament pentru:
- protectia oamenilor contra contactului direct cu componente periculoase;
- protectia materialelor contra influentelor externe
Gradul de protectie este exprimat prin literele IP (International Protection)
urmate de doua cifre cu semnificatie independenta, dupa cum urmeaza:
- Prima cifra indic protectia personalului mpotriva atingerii directe si
protecia la ptrunderea corpurilor strine
- A doua cifra indica gradul de protectie impotriva patrunderii apei.
Gradele de protecie mpotriva atingerii pieselor sub tensiune i a ptrunderii
corpurilor strine (prima cifra) sunt indicate in tabelul 3
Tabelul 3
Simbol
0
2
3
4
5
6
14
Gradul de protecie
Fr protecie
Protecie contra picturilor de ap ce cad vertical
Protecie contra picturilor de lichide ce cad sub unghi de maxim 15 fa
de vertical
Protecie contra ploii
Protecie contra stropirii cu lichide
Protecie contra apei sub form de jet
Protecie mpotriva condiiilor de pe puntea navelor
Protecie mpotriva scufundrii n lichid
Protecie scufundrii n ap sub presiune
Exemplu: IP20 - echipamentul este protejat impotriva corpurilor solide mai mari
de 12.5mm, dar fara protectie impotriva apei.
1.4 ANSAMBLURI DE APARATE ELECTRICE
TABLOURI ELECTRICE
1.4.1 Caracteristicile tablourilor electrice
Aparatele electrice de distribuie sunt grupate n tablouri electrice ce
constituie echipamentele pentru alimentarea circuitelor de for ale instalaiilor
electrice. La rndul lor aparatele de comand i protecie destinate conducerii,
supravegherii, protejrii i reglrii instalaiilor electrice constituie echipamentele
de comand i protecie .
La proiectarea i realizarea unor astfel de echipamente se urmrete
aspectul funcional ce const n obinerea unor funcionri dorite, impuse de
procesul tehnologic sau a unor caracteristici intrare-ieire specifice aplicaiei.
Localizarea aparatelor electrice in de distribuia energiei electrice este
redata[3] in figura 1.4
15
17
a. monofilare
b. multifilare
Figura 1.5 Scheme electrice
19
20
21
DE
REGLEMENTARE
22
AEI
AENOR
JEM
Bureau Veritas
Societate de clasificare naval
Deutsches Institut fr Normung
Institutul german pentru standardizare
Germanischer Lloyd
Societate de clasificare naval
Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker
Uniunea german pentru
eletrotehnic,electronic si tehnica
informaiilor
Associazione Elettrotechnica ed Elettronica
Italiana.Uniunea industriei electrotehnice
italiene
Asociacion Espaola de Normalizacin y
Certificacin .Uniunea spaniol pentru
standardizare si certificare
Japanese Electrical Manufacturers
Association
Uniunea industriei electrotehnice
23
ara
Europa
Europa
Europa
S.U.A.
S.U.A.
S.U.A.
S.U.A.
Canada
Marea
Britanie
Marea
Britanie
Frana
Germania
Germania
Germania
Italia
Spania
Japonia
Legatura la pamant
Legatura la masa
Tensiune continua
24
Standard
Simbol
Descriere
Tensiune alternativa
Ex1. Tensiune alternativa la 50
Hz
Ex.2 Tensiune alternativa cu
frecventa variabila intre 100600Kz
Ex.3Circuit trifazat cu nul cu
tensiunea de linie 400V iar cea
de faza 230V(faza-nul) la 50Hz
Polaritate pozitiva
Polaritate negativa
Conductor neutru
Legatura mecanica
Actionare mecanica
Actionare mecanica prin tragere
Actionare mecanica prin rotire
Actionare mecanica prin apasare
Actionare mecanica de urgenta
Actionare hidraulica intr-un
singur sens
Actionare hidraulica in dublu
sens
Actionare intarziata la actionare
+
N
EN 60617-2
efect
25
Standard
Simbol
Descriere
Conductor, cablu, linie
Ex.1: conductor monofilar, cablu
trifazat
Ex.2 : Circuit de curent
alternativ trifazat cu nul la
tensiune de 380V, 50Hz cu trei
conductoare de 120mm2 si
conductorul de nul de 70 mm2
Punct de conexiune
EN 60617-3
Conector(regleta)
Contact normal deschis (NO)
Contact normal inchis (NC)
Contact bistabil(basculant)
Comutator(NO, NO)
Contact normal
inchidere in avans
EN 60617-7
26
deschis
cu
cu
cu
Standard
Simbol
Descriere
Contact normal inchis
deschidere in avans
cu
EN 60617-7
Intreruptor
27
Standard
Simbol
Descriere
Separator
Separator de sarcina
Mecanism de actionare
Bobina (de contactor de releu
etc)
Bobina de releu de timp cu
temporizare la actionare
Bobina de releu de timp cu
temporizare la revenire
EN 60617-7
Releu termic
Releu electromagnetic
Releu maximal de curent
Releu de curent diferential
Releu maximal de tensiune
Siguranta fuzibila
Siguranta fuzibila cu percutor
Siguranta-intreruptor
Conexiune triunghi
Conexiune stea
Conexiune stea cu nul accesibil
28
Standard
Simbol
Descriere
Masina electrica
*
M motor
G- generator
MS-motor sincron
GS-generator sincron
Motor de cc cu excitatie serie
Motor de cc cu excitatie
derivatie
Motor cu colector de ca
monofazat
29
30
U
V
X
Y
Z
Modulatoare,
convertoare
Valve,
semiconductoare
Borne
Echipamente
mecanice de
actionare
Echipamente de
compensare,
limitatoare, filtre
electromagnetice
Observatii:
1 Simbolurile grafice si litere reper de identificare a categoriei
elementului de circuit atasate identificarii aparatelor electrice in scheme electrice
difera de la un organism la altul de clasificare. In tabelul 10 se prezinta selectiv
diferentele dintre standardele DIN, EN si NEMA
Tabel 10
Denumire
DIN, EN
NEMA
Contact
normal deschis
Contact
normal inchis
Contact
normal deschis
cu temporizare
la deschidere
Contact
normal inchiss
cu temporizare
la revenire
Buton start cu
actionare prin
apasare
Buton stop cu
actionare prin
apasare
31
Contactor
Intreruptor
Separator
Intreruptor
automat
Siguranta
32
33
IEC 6036 - - 1 Electrical installations of buildings - Protection for safety - Protection against
electric shock
IEC 6036 - - 2 Electrical installations of buildings - Protection for safety - Protection against
thermal effects
IEC 6036 - - 3 Electrical installations of buildings - Protection for safety - Protection against
overcurrent
IEC 6036 - - Electrical installations of buildings - Protection for safety - Protection against
electromagnetic and voltage disrurbance
IEC 6036 - - 1 Electrical installations of buildings - Selection and erection of electrical
equipment - Common rules
IEC 6036 - - 2 Electrical installations of buildings - Selection and erection of electrical
equipment - Wiring systems
IEC 6036 - - 3 Electrical installations of buildings - Selection and erection of electrical
equipment - Isolation, switching and control
IEC 6036 - - Electrical installations of buildings - Selection and erection of electrical
equipment - Earthing arrangements
IEC 6036 - - Electrical installations of buildings - Selection and erection of electrical
equipment - Other equipments
IEC 6036 -6-61 Electrical installations of buildings - Verification and testing - Initial
verification
IEC 6036 -7-701 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations
or locations - Locations containing a bath tub or shower basin
IEC 6036 -7-702 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations
or locations - Swimming pools and other basins
IEC 6036 -7-703 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations
or locations - Locations containing sauna heaters
IEC 6036 -7-70 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations or
locations - Construction and demolition site installations
IEC 6036 -7-70 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations or
locations - Electrical installations of agricultural and horticultural premises
IEC 6036 -7-706 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations
or locations - Restrictive conducting locations
IEC 6036 -7-707 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations
or locations - Earthing requirements for the installation of dataprocessing
equipment
IEC 6036 -7-708 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations
or locations - Electrical installations in caravan parks and caravans
IEC 6036 -7-709 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations
or locations - Marinas and pleasure craft
IEC 6036 -7-710 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations
or locations - Medical locations
IEC 6036 -7-711 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations
or locations - Exhibitions, shows and stands
IEC 6036 -7-712 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations
or locations - Solar photovoltaic (PV) power supply systems
IEC 6036 -7-713 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations
or locations Furniture
IEC 6036 -7-71 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations or
locations - External lighting installations
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IEC 6036 -7-71 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations or
locations - Extra-low-voltage lighting installations
IEC 6036 -7-717 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations
or locations - Mobile or transportable units
IEC 6036 -7-7 0 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special installations
or locations - Temporary electrical installations for structures,amusement
devices and booths at fairgrounds, amusement parks and circuses
IEC 60 27 High-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers
IEC 60 39-1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Type-tested and partially
type-tested assemblies
IEC 60 39-2 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Particular requirements for
busbar trunking systems (busways)
IEC 60 39-3 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Particular requirements for
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies intended tobe installed in
places where unskilled persons have access for their use - Distribution boards
IEC 60 39- Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Particular requirements for
assemblies for construction sites (ACS)
IEC 60 6 Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification Identification of conductors by colours or numerals
IEC 60 39- Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Particular requirements for
assemblies intended to be installed outdoors in public places- Cable
distribution cabinets (CDCs)
IEC 60 79-1 Effects of current on human beings and livestock - General aspects
IEC 60 79-2 Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Special aspects
IEC 60 79-3 Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Effects of currents passing
through the body of livestock
IEC 60 29 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code)
IEC 606 Spcification for high-voltage fuse-links for motor circuit applications
IEC 6066 Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems
IEC 6071 Dimensions of low-voltage switchgear and controlgear. Standardized mounting on
rails for mechanical support of electrical devices in switchgear and controlgear
installations.
IEC 6072 Short-circuit temperature limits of electric cables with rated voltages of 1 kV (Um
= 1.2 kV) and 3 kV (Um = 3.6 kV)
IEC 607 General requirements for residual current operated protective devices
IEC 60787 Application guide for the selection of fuse-links of high-voltage fuses for
transformer circuit application
IEC 60831 Shunt power capacitors of the self-healing type for AC systems having a rated
voltage up to and including 1000 V - General - Performance, testing and rating
- Safety requirements - Guide for installation and operation
IEC 609 7-1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - General rules
IEC 609 7-2 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Circuit-breakers
IEC 609 7-3 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Switches, disconnectors, switchdisconnectors and fuse-combination units
IEC 609 7- -1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Contactors and motor-starters Electromechanical contactors and motor-starters
IEC 609 7-6-1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Multiple function equipment Automatic transfer switching equipment
IEC 61000 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
IEC 611 0 Protection against electric shocks - common aspects for installation and equipment
35
IEC 61 7-1 Electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V AC and 1500 V
DC - Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures General requirements
IEC 61 7-8 Electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V AC and 1500 V
DC - Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures
IEC 61 7-9 Electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V AC and 1500 V
DC - Equipment for insulation fault location in IT systems
IEC 61 8-2-6 Safety of power transformers, power supply units and similar - Particular
requirements for safety isolating transformers for general use
IEC 62271-1 Common specifications for high-voltage switchgear and controlgear standards
IEC 62271-100 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - High-voltage alternating-current
circuit-breakers
IEC 62271-102 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Alternating current disconnectors
and earthing switches
IEC 62271-10 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Alternating current switch-fuse
combinations
IEC 62271-200 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Alternating current metal-enclosed
switchgear and controlgear for rated voltages above 1 kV and up to and
including 52 kV
IEC 62271-202 High-voltage/low voltage prefabricated substations
36