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Inciden i epidemiologie
Carcinomul renal (RCC, renal cell carcinoma) este
responsabil de 2-3% din totalul afeciunilor maligne ale
adulilor, reprezentnd a aptea cauz de cancer la brbai
i a noua cauz de cancer la femei [1]. La nivel mondial
se nregistreaz anual aproximativ 209 000 de cazuri noi
de carcinom renal i 102 000 de decese. Incidena tuturor
stadiilor de RCC a crescut n ultimii ani, acesta contribuind
la o cretere constant a mortalitii pe unitate populaional.
Fumatul activ i pasiv reprezint un factor de risc
demonstrat pentru apariia RCC, la fel ca i hipertensiunea
arterial. Totui, medicamentele antihipertensive de tipul
diureticelor nu sunt asociate independent cu dezvoltarea
RCC. De asemenea, RCC pare s fie mai frecvent la
pacienii obezi, cu insuficien renal n stadii terminale,
boal chistic renal dobndit i scleroz tuberoas.
Aproximativ 2-3% dintre RCC sunt ereditare i se
descriu mai multe sindroame cu transmitere autozomal
dominant, fiecare avnd o baz genetic i un fenotip
distinct; cel mai frecvent dintre aceste sindroame este boala
Von Hippel Lindau (VHL).
*Adres de coresponden:
Grupul de Lucru ESMO pentru
ntocmirea ghidurilor terapeutice,
Sediul Central ESMO, Via L. Taddei 4,
CH-6962 Viganello-Lugano, Elveia;
E-mail: clinicalguidelines@esmo.org
B. Escudier 2012. Publicat de Oxford University Press din partea European Society for Medical Oncology.
Toate drepturile sunt rezervate. Pentru permisiuni, v rugm s trimitei email la: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Journal of Radiotheraphy & Medical Oncology, On-Line supplement Nr 1, 2014.
Acest articol este o traducere a articolului Renal cell carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Publicat n Annals of Oncology 23
(Supplement 7): vii65vii71, 2012. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds227
Escudier et al.
Anomalii cromozomiale
3p25-26 (34%-56% din
carcinoamele sporadice),
3p14.2 i 3p12
Trisomie sau tetrasomie 7,
trisomie 17 i pierderea
cromozomului Y
Trisomie sau tetrasomie 7,
trisomie 17 i pierderea
cromozomului Y
Pierderea cromozomilor 1, 2,
6, 10, 13, 17 i 21
Pierderi cromozomiale ale 1q,
6p, 13q, 14, 15, 21q i 22
Anomalii
genetice
VHL
c MET
Fumarathidrataz
Birt-HoggDube
Evaluarea anatomo-patologic
Au fost identificate anomalii genetice specifice pentru
diverse subtipuri de RCC (Tabelul 1). Multe dintre aceste
anomalii genetice sunt identificate i n formele sporadice,
mai frecvente, ale RCC.
Tumor primar
Tumora primar nu poate fi evaluat
Fr dovezi ale tumorii primare
Tumor cu cel mai mare diametru 7 cm, limitat la
rinichi
T1a
Tumor 4,0 cm
T1b
Tumor > 4,0 cm dar 7,0 cm
T2
Tumor cu cel mai mare diametru > 7,0 cm, limitat la
rinichi
T2a
Tumor > 7 cm dar 10 cm
T2b
Tumor cu cel mai mare diametru > 10 cm, limitat la
rinichi
T3
Tumor cu invazie a venelor majore sau a esuturilor
perirenale, dar fr afectarea glandei suprarenale
ipsilaterale i care nu depete fascia Gerota
T3a
Tumor cu extensie macroscopic la nivelul venei
renale sau n ramurile segmentare (cu tunic
muscular) ale acesteia sau tumor care invadeaz
grsimea perirenal i/sau din sinusul renal
(periplevin), dar care nu depete fascia Gerota
T3b
Tumor cu extensie macroscopic la nivelul venei cave
subdiafragmatice
T3c
Tumor cu extensie macroscopic la nivelul venei cave
supradiafragmatice sau care invadeaz peretele venei
cave
T4
Invazie tumoral ce depete fascia Gerota (inclusiv
extensia prin contiguitate la nivelul glandei
suprarenale ipsilaterale)
N
Ganglioni limfatici regionali
Nx
Ganglionii limfatici regionali nu pot fi evaluai
N0
Fr metastaze la nivelul ganglionilor limfatici
regionali
N1
Cu metastaze la nivelul ganglionilor limfatici regionali
M
Metastaze la distan
cM0
Fr metastaze la distan identificate clinic
cM1
Cu metastaze la distan identificate clinic
pM1
Cu metastaze la distan confirmate anatomo-patologic,
ex. prin biopsie cu ac subire
Stadializare
Stadiul I T1 N0 M0
Stadiul II T2 N0 M0
Stadiul
T3 N0 M0
III
T1-3 N1 M0
Stadiul IV T4 Orice N M0
Orice T Orice N M1
Carcinomul renal:
Ghidul ESMO de practic clinic pentru diagnosticare, tratament i urmrire
Scor
0
2
3
4
Dimensiunea tumorii
< 10 cm
10 cm
0
1
Grad nuclear
1 sau 2
3
4
0
1
3
Nu
Da
Scoruri
Grup
Supravieuirea
fr metastaze
la 5 ani (%)
0-2
Risc redus
97,1
3-5
Risc
intermediar
73,8
Risc nalt
31,2
Escudier et al.
Grup prognostic
Stadiu T Grad Fuhrman Scor ECOG
1-2
91,1
Risc intermediar
1
1
2
3
3
1-2
3-4
Oricare
1
2-4
Cel puin 1
Oricare
Oricare
Oricare
Oricare
80,4
Risc nalt
3
4
2-4
Oricare
Cel puin 1
Oricare
54,7
Risc redus
Oricare
N 1M 0
N2M0/M1 1-2
Oricare
0
32
Risc intermediar
N2M0/M1 1-2
3
4
Cel puin 1
0, 1 sau mai mare
0
19,5
Risc nalt
N2M0/M1 4
Cel puin 1
Boal metastatic
Nivel i grad al
recomandrilor
III, C
II, B
III, C i I, A
III, C
Nefrectomia radical deschis care i propune
obinerea unor margini chirurgicale negative
rmne tratamentul standard al RCC avansat la
nivel local.
Tratamentele ablative reprezint alternative
pentru pacienii vrstnici cu tumori corticale
mici ( 3 cm), RCC ereditar i tumori
bilaterale multiple.
III, C
III, C
Boala avansat
Primele modele de prognostic au fost alctuite n
perioada n care imunoterapia reprezenta standardul
terapeutic. Scorul Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer
Supravieuire
general
median
(luni)
NR*
Supravieuire
general la
doi ani (%)
75
Favorabil
1-2
Intermediar
27
53
3-6
Nefavorabil
8,8
Carcinomul renal:
Ghidul ESMO de practic clinic pentru diagnosticare, tratament i urmrire
Biomarkeri
Dei exist muli biomarkeri poteniali n curs de
investigare, niciunul nu a fost nc validat pentru uzul
general n evaluarea prognostic sau predictiv a RCC.
Tabelul 6. Algoritmul de tratament sistemic n mRCC
Aspect histologic Grup de risc Standard
i linie de
tratament
Cu celule clare,
Risc redus sau Sunitinib
linia nti
intermediar
Opiuni
Citokine (inclusiv
IL2 n doze mari
Bevacizumab Sorafenib
+ IFN
Pazopanib
Temsirolimus Sunitinib
Prognostic
Sorafenib
nefavorabil
Cu celule clare,
linia a doua
Cu celule clare,
linia a treia
Sunitinib
Sorafenib
Everolimus
Aspect histologic
fr celule clare
Temsirolimus
Sunitinib
Sorafenib
Prognostic nefavorabil
Studiu clinic
Sorafenib [IIB]
Interleukin-2 [IIIC]
Sunitinib [IIB]
Cea mai bun terapie de
susinere
Temsirolimus [IIIB]
Sunitinib [IIIB]
Sorafenib [IIIB]
Opiuni terapeutice
alternative
Temsirolimus [IIA]
Opiuni terapeutice
standard
Sunitinib [IA]
Bevacizumab + interferon alfa [IIA]
Pazopanib [IIA
Escudier et al.
Tratament anterior cu un
inhibitor al cii VEGF(Rs)
Everolimus [IIA]
Axitinib [IA]
Sorafenib [IA]
Sunitinib [IIIA]
Pazopanib [IIA]
Axitinib [IA]
Studiu clinic
Schimbarea ITK [IIIB]
Carcinomul renal:
Ghidul ESMO de practic clinic pentru diagnosticare, tratament i urmrire
Escudier et al.
Conflicte de interes
Prof. Escudier a raportat: onorarii de consultan
din partea Pfizer, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Aveo
Pharmaceuticals, Genentech, Novartis. Prof. Eisen a
raportat: deinere de aciuni la AstraZeneca; participare
la comitete consultative din partea Bayer, Pfizer, Roche,
GlaxoSmithKline, Aveo Pharmaceuticals; fonduri
de cercetare: AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer,
Bayer; onorarii de consultan: Roche, Bayer, Pfizer,
GlaxoSmithKline, Aveo Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Porta a
raportat: rol de consultant i purttor de cuvnt al Pfizer
Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Hoffman La Roche, BayerSchering Pharma, Novartis Pharma, Aveo Pharmaceuticals,
Astellas, Boehringer Ingelheim, Recordati; burse de
cercetare din partea Bayer-Schering Pharma, Novartis.
Niciun alt autor nu a raportat conflicte poteniale de
interes.
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