2006-2007

1. CALCULUL DE TRACTIUNE AL AUTOVEHICULULUI

1.1 Stabilirea parametrilor constructivi:

Lungimi (mm)
Ampatamentul (L) 3250
Ecartamentul (B) 1565

Lungime totala (A) 5245

Latimi (mm)
Latime totala (D) 1993
Inaltimi (mm)
Inaltime totala (H) 2050
Garda la sol (c) 170
Unghiuri (grade)
Unghi de trecere fata (α1 15
Unghi de trecere spate (α 18
Greutati (N) Ga =G0 +Gu =27400+7600=35000
Greutatea utila (Gu) 7600
Greutatea proprie (G0) 27400
Greutate persoane (Gp) 6000
Greutate bagaje (Gb) 1600 Gu =G p +Gb =6000+1600=7600
Greutatea totala (Ga) 35000

Numar persoane 8

1.2. Stabilirea si repartizarea greutatii pe punti:

Coordonatele centrului de greutate (mm)
Raportul a/L 0.4 a = 1300
Raportul b/L 0.6 b = 1950

Distributia greutatii pe punti

b
Punte fata G1 (N) G1 =G a⋅ = 21000
L

Punte spate G2 (N) a 14000

G 2 =G a⋅ =
L
Greutatea pe o roata a puntii fata Gr1 (N)
G1 10500
Gr 1 = =
n1 - numarul rotilor la puntea din fata n1

G2
Gr 2 = =
n2
 G2
Greutatea pe o roata a puntii spate Gr2 (N) Gr 2 = = 7000
n2 - numarul rotilor la puntea din spate n2
Coeficient de utilizare G u 7600
a greutaţii: ηG = = = 0.28
G0 27400
1.3. Alegere pneurilor si stabilirea razei dinamice:

Se adopta : Pneuri : 180/60 R 16 R

Stabilirea razei dinamice

Coeficientul de deformare a pneului l = 0.930 - 0.935
Se adopta l = 0.934

Latimea pneului (B) 180 mm

Din raportul inaltime/latime determinam H

= 0. 6
B
Inaltimea pneului (H) H=0 . 6⋅B=0 . 6⋅180= 108 mm

Diametrul interior (d) d=16⋅25 . 4= 406.4 mm

Diametrul exterior (D) D=d+2 H =406 . 4 +2⋅108= 622.4 mm

Raza nominala (rn) d 406 . 4 311.2 mm

r n = +H = +108=
2 2
Raza de lucru (r) r= λ⋅r n = 0. 934⋅311 . 2= 290.66 mm

d 406 . 4
Raza statica (rs) r s = +H (1−K )= +108⋅(1−0 . 14 )= 296.08 mm K = 0.14
2 2
Raza dinamica (rd) r d = λ⋅r s=0 . 934⋅296 . 08= 276.53872 mm

Indice de viteza 170 km/h

Presiune aer - 2.1 bar
- 1.2 bar

Puterea maxima Pm (W) 60000

Turatia maxima nm (rot/min) 5000
Raza dinamica r (m) 0.27654
Aria supraf. frontale S (m2) 3.20825
ρ ⋅C
Coef. de rezist. aerodin. K(kg/m3) 0.325 K= aer x = 1. 3⋅0. 5 =0. 325
Coord. centru masa a 1300 2 2
Unghiul rampei maxime a (grade) 13
Coef. de rezist. la rular f 0.012 (0.012 - 0.014)
Coef. de aderenta j 0.8
Randamentul transmisie htr 0.96 (0.85 - 0.96)
Coef. de elasticitate c 0.5 (0.45 - 0.65)
Coef. de adaptabilitate k 1.3 (1.2 - 1.3)
Coef. aerodinamic Cx 0.5
 Cunoasterea caracteristicii externe a motorului este necesara pentru efectuarea calculului de
tractiune si pentru studierea performantelor autovehiculuilui.
In cazul in care nu se cunoaste caracteristica exterioara determinata experimental,aceasta poate fi
calculata cu ajutorul relatiilor de mai jos:

n n 2 n 3
Pe =Pm α 1
[ nm
+α 2
( ) ( )]
nm
+ α3
nm

2
n n
[
M e= M m α 1 + α 2
nm
+ α3
nm( )]
unde a1, a2, a3 sunt parametrii dependenti de coeficientul de elasticitate al motorului c, si se calculeaza :

3−4 c 3−4⋅0. 5 1 2c 2⋅0 . 5 1

α1 = = = α 2= = =
2( 1−c ) 2(1−0 . 5) 2(1−c ) 2( 1−0 . 5)

1 1
α 3 =− =− = -1 a1 + 2a2 a3 =1
+ 3+ =
2(1−c ) 2( 1−0 .5 )

MM n (rot/min) Pe (KW) Me (Nm) c (g/kWh) C (kg/h)

c e=c min⋅ 1000 13.92 131.40 305.23 4.25
Me
1200 17.03 133.89 299.56 5.10
1400 20.19 136.08 294.74 5.95
c e⋅Pe 1600 23.38 137.98 290.68 6.80
Ce = 1800 26.58 139.59 287.33 7.64
1000
2000 29.76 140.90 284.65 8.47
2200 32.90 141.92 282.60 9.30
2400 35.99 142.65 281.15 10.12
2600 38.99 143.09 280.29 10.93
2800 41.88 143.24 280.00 11.73
2750 41.17 143.23 280.02 11.53
3000 44.64 143.09 280.29 12.51
3200 47.25 142.65 281.15 13.28
3400 49.68 141.92 282.60 14.04
3600 51.91 140.90 284.65 14.78
3800 53.92 139.59 287.33 15.49
4000 55.68 137.98 290.68 16.18
4200 57.17 136.08 294.74 16.85
4400 58.38 133.89 299.56 17.49
4600 59.26 131.40 305.23 18.09
4800 59.81 128.62 311.82 18.65
5000 60.00 125.55 319.44 19.17
5200 59.80 122.19 328.23 19.63
5400 59.20 118.54 338.35 20.03
5600 58.17 114.59 350.00 20.36
Turatia de moment maxim (nM) n M =c⋅n m=0 . 5⋅5600= 2800 rot/min
Momentul maxim (MM) : 143.24 Nm
Turatia de putere maxima (n 5000 rot/min
Momentul la puterea maxima (Mm):
Pm P m 60⋅103
M m= = = = 114.592 Nm
ωn π⋅n 3. 14⋅5000
30 30

1.5. Stabilirea vitezei maxime a autovehiculului

G a⋅f 35000⋅0 .012

Factorul A A= = = 402.81
K⋅S 0 . 325⋅3 . 2
ηtr⋅P Vmax 0 . 9⋅58 . 17⋅103
Factorul B B= = = 53555.760
K⋅S 0 .32⋅3. 2

√ √( ) ( ) √ √ ( ) ( )
B 2 A 3 3 B B 2 A 3
3 B
V max = + + − − + + =
2 2 3 2 2 3

√ √( ) ( ) √ 53555 . 76 2 402 . 81 3 3 53555 . 76 2 3

353555. 76 53555 .76 402 . 81
¿
3
2
+
2
+
3
− −
2
+
√( 2 )( +
3 )
Vmax= 36.213 m/s 130.37 km/h

1.6. Determinarea rapoartelor de transmitere

Se determina din conditia obtinerii vitezei max. in priza directa a cutiei de viteze cu relatia:
iCVmax = 1
Raportul de transmitere al reductorului central ( i0) iCDN = 1
nvmax = 5600

π r nV 3.14⋅0.276⋅5600 4.48
io= ⋅ ¿ max = =
30 i CV max⋅iCDN V max 30⋅1⋅1⋅36 ,213
Stabilirea treptelor din cutia de viteze presupune determinarea raportului de transmitere al primei trepte,
determinarea ratiei pentru seria geom.si aflarea rapoartelor de transmitere pentru celelalte trepte de viteza.

Raportul de transmitere pentru treapta I: mm= 1

G a⋅ψ max⋅r G m ¿ mm ¿ ϕ⋅r

≤i K ≤
M M⋅ηtr⋅i 0 I M M ¿ ηtr ¿ i 0
35000⋅0.237⋅0.276 21000⋅1⋅0.8⋅0.276
≤i K I ≤
143.24⋅0.9⋅4.48 143.24⋅0.9⋅4. 48
3.72 ¿ i ≤ 3.77
K I
 ¿ iK ≤
I

Coeficientul maxim al rezistentei totale a drumului

ψ max =f⋅cos α max + sin α max =0 . 012⋅cos 13 +sin 13 =
0 0 0.237

Se adopta: 3.75

Numar de trepte 5

Calculul ratiei seriei geometrice a rapoartelor de transmitere din cutia de viteze

Ratia (q) q=n−1 i K ¿ 5−1

√√ 3 . 75 = 1.39 Treapta de vitezaRaport transmitere ikn
I
1 3.75
iK 2 2.69
iK = n −1
3 1.936491673
n q 4 1.39
iK 3 . 75
5 1
iK = I
= = 2.69
II q 1 . 39
iK 2 . 69
i K III= II
= = 1.936491673
q 1 . 39
iK 1 . 93
iK = III
= = 1.39
IV q 1 . 39
iK 1 . 39
iK V = IV
= = 1
q 1 . 39
Turatia minima de schimbare a treptelor:
nmax 5600 4024.21 rot/min
nmin = = =
q 1 . 39
Determinarea vitezelor maxime pe trepte si trasarea diagramei de variatie a vitezelor pe trepte functie de
turatia motorului: π⋅r⋅n
V K=
30⋅i 0⋅i Kn
n (rot/min) Pe (Kw) Me (Nm) VI (m/s) VII (m/s) VIII (m/s)
1000 13.92 131.40 1.72 2.40 3.34
1200 17.03 133.89 2.07 2.88 4.01
1400 20.19 136.08 2.41 3.36 4.68
1600 23.38 137.98 2.76 3.84 5.34
1800 26.58 139.59 3.10 4.32 6.01
2000 29.76 140.90 3.45 4.80 6.68
2200 32.90 141.92 3.79 5.28 7.35
2400 35.99 142.65 4.14 5.76 8.01
 2600 38.99 143.09 4.48 6.24 8.68
2800 41.88 143.24 4.83 6.72 9.35
3000 44.64 143.09 5.17 7.20 10.02
3200 47.25 142.65 5.52 7.68 10.69
3400 49.68 141.92 5.86 8.16 11.35
3600 51.91 140.90 6.21 8.64 12.02
3800 53.92 139.59 6.55 9.12 12.69
4000 55.68 137.98 6.90 9.60 13.36
4200 57.17 136.08 7.24 10.08 14.03
4400 58.38 133.89 7.59 10.56 14.69
4024.21 55.88 137.76 6.94 9.66 13.44
4600 59.26 131.40 7.93 11.04 15.36
4800 59.81 128.62 8.28 11.52 16.03
5000 60.00 125.55 8.62 12.00 16.70
5200 59.80 122.19 8.97 12.48 17.36
5400 59.20 118.54 9.31 12.96 18.03
5600 58.17 114.59 9.66 13.44 18.70

2. Calculul performantelor autovehiculului

Calculul variatiei fortei de tractiune, factorului dinamic, acceleratiei si inversul acceleratiei:

Variatia fortei de tractiune se determina pentru fiecare treapta din cutia de viteza folosind relatia:

M e⋅i o⋅i k ⋅ηtr

n
F R=
r
Momentele de inertie si coeficientul maselor in miscare de rotatie:
Im 0.3 kgm2
ΣIR 25 kgm2

Coeficientul maselor in miscare de rotatie:

delta1 1.39
2
i tr⋅ηtr g ∑ I R⋅ g delta 2 1.25
δ k =1+ I m⋅ 2 ⋅ + 2 delta 3 1.17
r Ga r Ga
delta 4 1.13
Curbele factorului dinamic cu relatia: delta 5 1.11

2
( F R −k⋅S⋅V )
D=
Ga
Curbele acceleratiei cu relatia:
g⋅( D− ϕ)
a a=
δk

n (rot/min) Pe (Kw) Me (Nm) VI (m/s) FR (N) D

1000 13.92 131.40 1.72 7660.39 0.219
1200 17.03 133.89 2.07 7805.25 0.223
1400 20.19 136.08 2.41 7933.06 0.226
1600 23.38 137.98 2.76 8043.84 0.230
1800 26.58 139.59 3.10 8137.57 0.232
2000 29.76 140.90 3.45 8214.26 0.234
2200 32.90 141.92 3.79 8273.90 0.236
2400 35.99 142.65 4.14 8316.51 0.237
2600 38.99 143.09 4.48 8342.07 0.238
2800 41.88 143.24 4.83 8350.59 0.238
3000 44.64 143.09 5.17 8342.07 0.238
3200 47.25 142.65 5.52 8316.51 0.237
3400 49.68 141.92 5.86 8273.90 0.235
3600 51.91 140.90 6.21 8214.26 0.234
3800 53.92 139.59 6.55 8137.57 0.231
4000 55.68 137.98 6.90 8043.84 0.228
4200 57.17 136.08 7.24 7933.06 0.225
4400 58.38 133.89 7.59 7805.25 0.221
4024.2 55.88 137.76 6.94 8031.34 0.228
4600 59.26 131.40 7.93 7660.39 0.217
4800 59.81 128.62 8.28 7498.49 0.212
5000 60.00 125.55 8.62 7319.55 0.207
5200 59.80 122.19 8.97 7123.57 0.201
5400 59.20 118.54 9.31 6910.54 0.195
5600 58.17 114.59 9.66 6680.47 0.188
I
Variatia fortei de tractiune pe trepte de viteza
Variatia factorului dinamic pe trepte de viteza II
9000
III
8000 IV
V
7000 0.2
I
6000 II
II
5000
FR[N] I
4000 D
0.1
3000

2000

1000

0
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 5 10 15 V[m/s]
20 25 30 35 40
V[m/s]
 II
5000
FR[N] I
4000 D
0.1
3000

2000

1000

0
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0 5 10 15 V[m/s]
20 25 30 35 40
V[m/s]

3.Calculul timpului si spatiului de demaraj functie de viteza

Prin timp de demarare Td se intelege timpul in care autovehiculul, plecand din loc, atinge viteza maxima,
sau mai precis 0.9 din valoarea acesteia.
Spatiul parcurs de autovehicul in acest timp se numeste spatiu de demarare Sd.

Pentru determinarea timpului si spatiului de demaraj se utilizeaza curbele inversului

acceleratiei functie de viteza, prin integrare grafo-analitica prin adoptarea metodei trapezelor de
intagrare numerice aproximativa.
Prin urmare timpul de demarare este dat de relatia:
1 1 v −v i −1
t d =t i−1 +
( +
ai a i−1
⋅ i
2)
iar spatiul de demarare de relatia: vi −vi −1
S d =S i−1 +(t i −t i −1 ) v i −( t i−t i−1 )
2

4. Calculul bilantului de puteri

Bilantul de putere al autovehiculului reprezinta echilibrul dintre puterea la roata si

suma puterilor necesare invingerii rezistentelor la inaintare.
Relatia bilantului de putere este:
dG a
P R = Pe htr = P r + P p + P a + P d =G a fv a cos α +G a v a sin α + KSv 3+ aa v a
a g
Pr = puterea consumata pentru invingerea rezistentelor la rulare
Pp = puterea necesara invingerii rezistentei la urcarea pantei
Pa = puterea necesara invingerii rezistentei aerului
Pd = puterea necesara invingerii rezistentei la demarare
 Turatia Puterea Treapta I
n Pe Viteza I PR Pr+Pa+Pp Viteza II
[rot/min] [kW] [m/s] [kW] [kW] [m/s]
1000 13.92 1.72 13.36 21.33 2.40
1200 17.03 2.07 16.35 25.60 2.88
1400 20.19 2.41 19.38 29.87 3.36
1600 23.38 2.76 22.44 34.14 3.84
1800 26.58 3.10 25.51 38.41 4.32
2000 29.76 3.45 28.57 42.69 4.80
2200 32.90 3.79 31.59 46.97 5.28
2400 35.99 4.14 34.55 51.25 5.76
2600 38.99 4.48 37.43 55.53 6.24
2800 41.88 4.83 40.20 59.82 6.72
3000 44.64 5.17 42.85 64.11 7.20
3200 47.25 5.52 45.36 68.41 7.68
3400 49.68 5.86 47.69 72.71 8.16
3600 51.91 6.21 49.83 77.01 8.64
3800 53.92 6.55 51.76 81.32 9.12
4000 55.68 6.90 53.45 85.64 9.60
4200 57.17 7.24 54.89 89.95 10.08
4400 58.38 7.59 56.04 94.28 10.56
4024.21 55.88 6.94 53.64 86.16 9.66
4600 59.26 7.93 56.89 98.61 11.04
4800 59.81 8.28 57.42 102.94 11.52
5000 60.00 8.62 57.60 107.28 12.00
5200 59.80 8.97 57.41 111.63 12.48
5400 59.20 9.31 56.83 115.99 12.96
5600 58.17 9.66 55.84 120.35 13.44
 5. Franarea autovehiculului

Calculul timpului minim de franare

V
t f min =
g⋅ϕ

V tfmin(j =0.2) tfmin(j =0.4) tfmin(j =0.6) tfmin(j =0.8)

[m/s] s s s s
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 1.02 0.51 0.34 0.25
4 2.04 1.02 0.68 0.51
6 3.06 1.53 1.02 0.76
8 4.08 2.04 1.36 1.02
10 5.10 2.55 1.70 1.27
12 6.12 3.06 2.04 1.53
14 7.14 3.57 2.38 1.78
16 8.15 4.08 2.72 2.04
18 9.17 4.59 3.06 2.29
20 10.19 5.10 3.40 2.55
22 11.21 5.61 3.74 2.80
24 12.23 6.12 4.08 3.06
26 13.25 6.63 4.42 3.31
28 14.27 7.14 4.76 3.57
30 15.29 7.65 5.10 3.82
32 16.31 8.15 5.44 4.08
34 17.33 8.66 5.78 4.33
36 18.35 9.17 6.12 4.59
38 19.37 9.68 6.46 4.84
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Spatiul minim de franare

2
V
S f min =
2⋅g⋅( f +ϕ )
f = 0.03 f = 0.02 f = 0.025 f = 0.018
j = 0.2 j = 0.4 j = 0.6 j = 0.8
V Sf min Sf min Sf min Sf min
[m/s] [m] [m] [m] [m]
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.00 0.89 0.49 0.33 0.25
4.00 3.55 1.94 1.30 1.00
6.00 7.98 4.37 2.94 2.24
8.00 14.18 7.77 5.22 3.99
10.00 22.16 12.14 8.15 6.23
12.00 31.91 17.47 11.74 8.97
14.00 43.43 23.79 15.98 12.21
16.00 56.73 31.07 20.88 15.95
18.00 71.80 39.32 26.42 20.19
20.00 88.64 48.54 32.62 24.92
22.00 107.26 58.74 39.47 30.16
24.00 127.64 69.90 46.97 35.89
26.00 149.80 82.03 55.13 42.12
28.00 173.74 95.14 63.93 48.85
30.00 199.44 109.22 73.39 56.08
32.00 226.92 124.27 83.51 63.80
34.00 256.17 140.28 94.27 72.03
36.00 287.20 157.27 105.69 80.75
38.00 319.99 175.23 117.76 89.97
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Deceleratia
2
k⋅S⋅v
(
a f =g⋅ ϕ+ f +
G )
V af(j =0.2) af(j =0.4) af(j =0.6) af(j =0.8)
[m/s] [m/s^2] [m/s^2] [m/s^2] [m/s^2]
0.00 2.26 4.12 6.13 8.02
2.00 2.26 4.12 6.13 8.03
4.00 2.26 4.12 6.14 8.03
6.00 2.27 4.13 6.14 8.04
8.00 2.28 4.14 6.15 8.04
10.00 2.29 4.15 6.16 8.05
12.00 2.30 4.16 6.17 8.07
14.00 2.31 4.18 6.19 8.08
16.00 2.33 4.20 6.21 8.10
18.00 2.35 4.21 6.23 8.12
20.00 2.37 4.24 6.25 8.14
22.00 2.40 4.26 6.27 8.17
24.00 2.42 4.29 6.30 8.19
26.00 2.45 4.32 6.33 8.22
28.00 2.49 4.35 6.36 8.25
30.00 2.52 4.38 6.39 8.29
 32.00 2.56 4.42 6.43 8.32
34.00 2.59 4.46 6.47 8.36
36.00 2.64 4.50 6.51 8.40
38.00 2.68 4.54 6.55 8.45
0.00 2.26 4.12 6.13 8.02

6. Stabilitatea autovehiculului

Se determina viteza critica de rasturnare, respectiv viteza critica de derapare

( Fiy + tg β )
√
v d = g⋅R
( 1−F iy⋅tg β )
B
pentru calculul vitezei critice de derapar

√
(0. 5 +tg β )
hg
v r = g⋅R pentru calculul vitezei critice de rasturna
0.5B
( 1−
hg
tg β
)
φ=0.1 Drum cu polei
φ=0.3 Drum cu zapada
φ=0.6 Drum de pamant uscat
φ=0.8 Asfalt uscat

Fiy= coeficientul stabilitatii transversale a autovehiculului

Fiy=0.8·φ

φ Fiy
0.10 0.08
0.30 0.24
0.60 0.48
0.80 0.64

Unghiul de bracare θ si raza de viraj Rv

ctgθext-ctgθint=B/L
ctgθext=B/L+ctgθint
θmed=(θint+θext)/2
Rvmin=L/tgθmed

Grad Rad
Unghiul de bracare exterior 30.00 0.52
Unghuiul de bracare interior 25.21 0.44
Unghiul de bracare mediu 27.60 0.48
Raza minima de viraj 6.15 m

φ=0,1 β=0 β=5 β=10

β[grad] 0.00 5.00 10.00
Rv[m] Vd[m/s] Vd[m/s] Vd[m/s]
10 2.80 4.07 5.05
30 4.85 7.05 8.75
50 6.26 9.10 11.29
70 7.41 10.76 13.36
90 8.40 12.20 15.15
110 9.29 13.49 16.75
130 10.10 14.67 18.21
150 10.85 15.75 19.56
170 11.55 16.77 20.82
190 12.21 17.73 22.01
210.00 12.84 18.64 23.14

φ=0,6
β[grad] 0.00 5.00 10.00
Rv[m] Vd[m/s] Vd[m/s] Vd[m/s]
10 6.86 7.62 8.39
30 11.89 13.20 14.53
50 15.34 17.05 18.75
70 18.16 20.17 22.19
90 20.59 22.87 25.16
110 22.76 25.28 27.82
130 24.74 27.49 30.24
150 26.58 29.52 32.48
170 28.29 31.43 34.58
190 29.91 33.23 36.56
210.00 31.45 34.93 38.43

Fi=0,1
25.00 50.00
45.00
20.00 40.00
35.00
β=5
15.00 30.00
β=0
β=10 25.00
 Fi=0,1
25.00 50.00
45.00
20.00 40.00
35.00
β=5
15.00 30.00
β=0
β=10 25.00
10.00 20.00
15.00
5.00 10.00
5.00
0.00 0.00
10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 0

Fi=0,3
35.00

30.00

25.00
β=0
20.00 β=5
15.00 β=10

10.00

5.00

0.00
0 50 100 150 200
 Kf 1 + Kf 2 Ks1 + Ks 2
Kf = Ks=
Kf 1⋅Kf 2 Ks1⋅Ks2

Kf a Ks a
Zf =-
m ( )
1+ h⋅0 .001 / 2
b
Zs =-
m ( )
1+ h⋅0 . 001/2
b

Zf Zs
aeff =- aefs =-
√2 √2

Kf a
pf =
√ m
1+(b )
Ks
b
pf =
√m a
( 1+ )
 Ks b
pf =
√ m
1+(a )
pf
ff = =
2p
ps
fs = =
2p

Kf 1 + Kf 2 Ks1 + Ks 2
Kf = Ks=
Kf 1⋅Kf 2 Ks1⋅Ks2

Ks a
Zf =-
Kf
m (1+ ab ) h⋅0 .001 / 2 Zs =-
m (
1+
b )
h⋅0 . 001/ 2

Zf Zs
aeff =- aefs =-
√2 √2
Kf
pf =
√ m (1 + ab )
Ks b
pf =
√ m
1+(a )
 Ks b
pf =
√m a
( 1+ )

pf
ff = =
2p
ps
fs = =
2p
 Pe (KW)
Me (Nm)
c
(g/kWh)
Caracteristica externa
75

70
305.23 30.52280311
299.56 29.95633188
294.74 29.47368421
65
290.6779661 29.06779661
287.32984293 28.73298429
60
284.6473029 28.46473029
282.59526262 28.25952626
281.14754098
55 28.1147541
280.28600613 28.02860061
50 280 28
280.01785828 28.00178583
280.28600613
45
28.02860061
281.14754098 28.1147541
282.59526262 28.25952626
40
284.6473029 28.46473029
287.32984293 28.73298429
35
290.6779661 29.06779661
294.73684211 29.47368421
299.56331878
30 29.95633188
305.22803115 30.52280311
311.81818182
25 31.18181818
319.44121071 31.94412107
328.22966507
20
32.82296651
338.34771887 33.83477189
350 35
15

10

0
 15

10

0
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
n

ere al primei trepte,

lalte trepte de viteza.
pe trepte functie de Caracteristica vitezelor
Diagrama fierastrau

60
VIV (m/s) VV (m/s)
4.65 6.47
5.58 7.76 55
6.51 9.05
7.44 10.35
50
8.36 11.64
9.29 12.93
10.22 14.23 45

11.15 15.52
40

35
 45

12.08 16.81 40
13.01 18.11
13.94 19.40
14.87 20.69 35

15.80 21.99
16.73 23.28 30
17.66 24.57 Pe [KW]

18.59 25.87
25
19.52 27.16
20.45 28.45
18.70 26.02 20
21.38 29.75
22.31 31.04
15
23.23 32.33
24.16 33.63
25.09 34.92 10
26.02 36.21
5

0
0

00

00

0
.0

.0

.0

.0
.0

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0
0.

0.

00

00
00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00
0

0
10

16

19

25

28

31

34

37

40

43
13

22
 Treapta I Treapta II
aa (m/s2) 1/aa (m/s2) VII (m/s) FR (N) D aa (m/s2) 1/aa (m/s2)
1.46 0.685 2.40 5504.82 0.157 1.14 0.87
1.49 0.672 2.88 5608.92 0.160 1.17 0.86
1.51 0.660 3.36 5700.76 0.163 1.19 0.84
1.54 0.651 3.84 5780.37 0.165 1.20 0.83
1.55 0.643 4.32 5847.72 0.167 1.22 0.82
1.57 0.637 4.80 5902.83 0.168 1.23 0.81
1.58 0.632 5.28 5945.69 0.169 1.24 0.81
1.59 0.629 5.76 5976.31 0.170 1.24 0.80
1.59 0.627 6.24 5994.68 0.170 1.25 0.80
1.60 0.627 6.72 6000.80 0.170 1.25 0.80
1.59 0.628 7.20 5994.68 0.170 1.24 0.80
1.59 0.630 7.68 5976.31 0.169 1.24 0.81
1.58 0.634 8.16 5945.69 0.168 1.23 0.81
1.56 0.639 8.64 5902.83 0.166 1.22 0.82
1.55 0.646 9.12 5847.72 0.165 1.20 0.83
1.53 0.654 9.60 5780.37 0.162 1.18 0.84
1.50 0.665 10.08 5700.76 0.160 1.16 0.86
1.48 0.677 10.56 5608.92 0.157 1.14 0.88
1.53 0.656 9.66 5771.38 0.162 1.18 0.85
1.45 0.691 11.04 5504.82 0.154 1.12 0.90
1.41 0.707 11.52 5388.48 0.150 1.09 0.92
1.38 0.727 12.00 5259.89 0.146 1.06 0.95
1.34 0.749 12.48 5119.05 0.142 1.02 0.98
1.29 0.774 12.96 4965.97 0.137 0.98 1.02
1.24 0.804 13.44 4800.64 0.132 0.94 1.06
I I
e viteza II Variatia acceleratiei pe trepte de viteza II
III III
1.8
IV IV
V 1.6 V
1.4

1.2

1.0
a 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

30 35 40 V[m/s]
 1.2

1.0
a 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

30 35 40 V[m/s]

tinge viteza maxima,

Inversul acceleratiei
30.00

25.00

20.00

dG a 15.00
v 3+ aa v a
a g

10.00

5.00

0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 3
 0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 3

Treapta II Treapta III Treapta IV

PR Pr+Pa+Pp Viteza III PR Pr+Pa+Pp Viteza IV PR
[kW] [kW] [m/s] [kW] [kW] [m/s] [kW]
13.36 22.73 3.34 13.36 21.72 4.65 13.36
16.35 27.28 4.01 16.35 26.08 5.58 16.35
19.38 31.84 4.68 19.38 30.45 6.51 19.38
22.44 36.40 5.34 22.44 34.84 7.44 22.44
25.51 40.96 6.01 25.51 39.24 8.36 25.51
28.57 45.54 6.68 28.57 43.66 9.29 28.57
31.59 50.12 7.35 31.59 48.10 10.22 31.59
34.55 54.71 8.01 34.55 52.56 11.15 34.55
37.43 59.30 8.68 37.43 57.04 12.08 37.43
40.20 63.91 9.35 40.20 61.55 13.01 40.20
42.85 68.52 10.02 42.85 66.08 13.94 42.85
45.36 73.15 10.69 45.36 70.64 14.87 45.36
47.69 77.79 11.35 47.69 75.23 15.80 47.69
49.83 82.43 12.02 49.83 79.85 16.73 49.83
51.76 87.09 12.69 51.76 84.50 17.66 51.76
53.45 91.77 13.36 53.45 89.19 18.59 53.45
54.89 96.46 14.03 54.89 93.92 19.52 54.89
56.04 101.16 14.69 56.04 98.68 20.45 56.04
53.64 92.33 13.44 53.64 89.76 18.70 53.64
56.89 105.87 15.36 56.89 103.49 21.38 56.89
57.42 110.61 16.03 57.42 108.34 22.31 57.42
57.60 115.36 16.70 57.60 113.24 23.23 57.60
57.41 120.13 17.36 57.41 118.18 24.16 57.41
56.83 124.91 18.03 56.83 123.17 25.09 56.83
55.84 129.71 18.70 55.84 128.21 26.02 55.84
 Timpul minim de franare
20

18

16

14

12
tf [s]
10

6 fi1
fi2
4 fi3
fi4
2

0
0 5 10 15 V 20
[m/s] 25 30 35 40

Spatiul minim de franare

350

300

250
 Spatiul minim de franare
350

300

250

200
Sf [m]

150
Sf1
Sf2
Sf3
100 Sf4

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

V [m/s]

Deceleratia

10

6
af [m/s^2]

5
af1
4 af2
af3
3
af4
2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

V [m/s]
ulul vitezei critice de derapare

ulul vitezei critice de rasturnare

φ=0,3
β[grad] 0 5 10
Rv[m] Vd[m/s] Vd[m/s] Vd[m/s]
10 4.85 5.73 6.53
30 8.40 9.92 11.31
50 10.85 12.81 14.60
70 12.84 15.16 17.28
90 14.56 17.19 19.59
110 16.09 19.00 21.66
130 17.49 20.65 23.55
150 18.79 22.19 25.29
170 20.01 23.62 26.93
190 21.15 24.97 28.47
210.00 22.24 26.25 29.93

φ=0,8
β[grad] 0 5 10
Rv[m] Vd[m/s] Vd[m/s] Vd[m/s]
10 7.92 8.69 9.50
30 13.72 15.06 16.46
50 17.72 19.44 21.24
70 20.96 23.00 25.14
90 23.77 26.08 28.50
110 26.28 28.84 31.51
130 28.57 31.35 34.26
150 30.69 33.67 36.80
170 32.67 35.85 39.17
190 34.54 37.90 41.41
210.00 36.31 39.84 43.54

Fi=0,8
50.00
45.00
40.00
35.00
β=0
30.00
β=5
25.00
β=10
 Fi=0,8
50.00
45.00
40.00
35.00
β=0
30.00
β=5
25.00
β=10
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0 50 100 150 200

Fi=0,6
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00 β=0
25.00 β=5
20.00 β=10
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0 50 100 150 200
 Pe (KW)
Me (Nm)
c
(g/kWh)
a
200

160

120

80

40

0
 40

0
000 4500 5000 5500
n [rot/min]
 Pe (Kw)
VI (m/s)
eristica vitezelor VII (m/s)
VIII (m/s)
ma fierastrau VIV (m/s)
VV (m/s)
Me (Nm)

195

185

175

165

155

145

135

125
 00
31
00
.0
0
34
00
.0
0
37
00
.0
0
40
00
.0
0
43
00
.0
0
46
00
.0
0
49
00
.0
0
52
00
.0
0
55
00
.0
0

n [rot/min]
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
105
115
125
135
145
155
165
 Treapta III Treapta IV
VIII (m/s) FR (N) D aa (m/s2) 1/aa (m/s2) VIV (m/s) FR (N)
3.34 3955.81 0.113 0.84 1.19 4.65 2842.68
4.01 4030.61 0.115 0.86 1.16 5.58 2896.43
4.68 4096.62 0.116 0.87 1.14 6.51 2943.86
5.34 4153.82 0.118 0.89 1.13 7.44 2984.97
6.01 4202.22 0.119 0.90 1.12 8.36 3019.75
6.68 4241.82 0.120 0.90 1.11 9.29 3048.21
7.35 4272.63 0.120 0.91 1.10 10.22 3070.34
8.01 4294.63 0.121 0.91 1.10 11.15 3086.15
8.68 4307.83 0.121 0.91 1.10 12.08 3095.64
9.35 4312.23 0.121 0.91 1.10 13.01 3098.80
10.02 4307.83 0.120 0.91 1.10 13.94 3095.64
10.69 4294.63 0.119 0.90 1.11 14.87 3086.15
11.35 4272.63 0.118 0.89 1.12 15.80 3070.34
12.02 4241.82 0.117 0.88 1.14 16.73 3048.21
12.69 4202.22 0.115 0.87 1.16 17.66 3019.75
13.36 4153.82 0.113 0.85 1.18 18.59 2984.97
14.03 4096.62 0.111 0.83 1.20 19.52 2943.86
14.69 4030.61 0.109 0.81 1.23 20.45 2896.43
13.44 4147.36 0.113 0.85 1.18 18.70 2980.33
15.36 3955.81 0.106 0.79 1.27 21.38 2842.68
16.03 3872.20 0.103 0.76 1.31 22.31 2782.60
16.70 3779.80 0.100 0.73 1.36 23.23 2716.19
17.36 3678.59 0.096 0.70 1.42 24.16 2643.47
18.03 3568.59 0.092 0.67 1.49 25.09 2564.42
18.70 3449.78 0.088 0.64 1.57 26.02 2479.04

Variatia timpului de demaraj in functie de viteza Variatia spatiului de demaraj in fu

100 1800

90 1600

80 1400
70
1200
60
1000
50 S [m]
td [s]
800
40
600
30
400
20

10 200

0 0
 70
1200
60
1000
50 S [m]
td [s]
800
40
600
30
400
20

10 200

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 V [m/s]
20
V [m/s]

25.00 30.00 35.00

25.00 30.00 35.00

Treapta V
Pr+Pa+Pp Viteza V PR Pr+Pa+Pp
[kW] [m/s] [kW] [kW]
16.22 6.47 13.36 3.00
19.52 7.76 16.35 3.75
22.85 9.05 19.38 4.58
26.22 10.35 22.44 5.50
29.63 11.64 25.51 6.53
33.08 12.93 28.57 7.69
36.58 14.23 31.59 8.98
40.13 15.52 34.55 10.42
43.75 16.81 37.43 12.02
47.43 18.11 40.20 13.79
51.18 19.40 42.85 15.76
55.01 20.69 45.36 17.93
58.92 21.99 47.69 20.32
62.91 23.28 49.83 22.93
67.00 24.57 51.76 25.79
71.17 25.87 53.45 28.91
75.45 27.16 54.89 32.30
79.84 28.45 56.04 35.97
71.69 26.02 53.64 29.30
84.33 29.75 56.89 39.94
88.95 31.04 57.42 44.22
93.68 32.33 57.60 48.82
98.53 33.63 57.41 53.77
103.52 34.92 56.83 59.06
108.64 36.21 55.84 64.73
 Treapta IV Treapta V
D aa (m/s2) 1/aa (m/s2) VV (m/s) FR (N) D aa (m/s2) 1/aa (m/s2)
0.081 0.59 1.68 6.47 2042.77 0.057 0.40 2.51
0.082 0.60 1.65 7.76 2081.40 0.058 0.40 2.48
0.083 0.61 1.63 9.05 2115.48 0.058 0.41 2.47
0.084 0.62 1.61 10.35 2145.02 0.058 0.41 2.46
0.084 0.63 1.60 11.64 2170.02 0.058 0.41 2.47
0.085 0.63 1.59 12.93 2190.47 0.058 0.40 2.49
0.085 0.63 1.59 14.23 2206.37 0.057 0.40 2.52
0.084 0.63 1.59 15.52 2217.74 0.056 0.39 2.57
0.084 0.62 1.60 16.81 2224.55 0.055 0.38 2.63
0.083 0.62 1.61 18.11 2226.82 0.054 0.37 2.71
0.083 0.61 1.63 19.40 2224.55 0.052 0.36 2.81
0.082 0.60 1.66 20.69 2217.74 0.051 0.34 2.94
0.080 0.59 1.69 21.99 2206.37 0.049 0.32 3.10
0.079 0.58 1.73 23.28 2190.47 0.046 0.30 3.29
0.077 0.56 1.78 24.57 2170.02 0.044 0.28 3.54
0.075 0.55 1.83 25.87 2145.02 0.041 0.26 3.86
0.073 0.53 1.90 27.16 2115.48 0.038 0.23 4.29
0.070 0.50 1.98 28.45 2081.40 0.035 0.21 4.86
0.075 0.54 1.84 26.02 2141.69 0.041 0.26 3.91
0.068 0.48 2.08 29.75 2042.77 0.032 0.18 5.67
0.065 0.46 2.19 31.04 1999.60 0.028 0.14 6.90
0.062 0.43 2.33 32.33 1951.88 0.025 0.11 8.99
0.058 0.40 2.50 33.63 1899.62 0.021 0.08 13.21
0.055 0.37 2.72 34.92 1842.81 0.016 0.04 26.23
0.051 0.33 2.99 36.21 1781.46 0.012 0.00 -673.71

ariatia spatiului de demaraj in functie de viteza

5 10 15 V [m/s]
20 25 30 35
 Bilantul de puteri

140

120

100

PR1
PR2
P [KW] 80 PR3
PR4
PR5
(Pa+Pr+Pp)
60 1
(Pa+Pr+Pp)
2
(Pa+Pr+Pp)
3
40 (Pa+Pr+Pp)
4

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

V [m/s]
 V (m/s) 1/aa (m/s2) td (s) Sd (m)
1.72 0.685 0.591 0.509
2.07 0.672 0.695 0.719
2.41 0.660 0.797 0.962
2.76 0.651 0.898 1.239
3.10 0.643 0.998 1.549
3.45 0.637 1.098 1.894
3.79 0.632 1.199 2.275
4.14 0.629 1.302 2.694
4.48 0.627 1.406 3.153
4.83 0.627 1.514 3.654
5.17 0.628 1.624 4.201
5.52 0.630 1.739 4.798
5.86 0.634 1.859 5.449
6.21 0.639 1.984 6.159
6.55 0.646 2.117 6.935
6.90 0.654 2.257 7.784
7.24 0.665 2.407 8.715
7.59 0.677 2.567 9.739
6.94 0.656 2.275 7.892
7.93 0.691 2.740 10.868
8.28 0.707 2.928 12.117
8.62 0.727 3.132 13.504
8.97 0.749 3.357 15.052
9.31 0.774 3.606 16.789
0.9·Vmax 9.66 0.804 3.883 18.750
10.08 0.859 4.327 21.804
10.56 0.876 4.624 24.412
11.04 0.896 4.946 27.300
11.52 0.920 5.298 30.511
12.00 0.947 5.684 34.098
12.48 0.979 6.111 38.125
12.96 1.017 6.586 42.673
13.44 1.060 7.121 47.847
14.03 1.203 8.440 59.184
14.69 1.234 9.066 66.604
15.36 1.270 9.754 74.915
16.03 1.312 10.515 84.273
16.70 1.361 11.364 94.874
17.36 1.419 12.320 106.970
18.03 1.487 13.408 120.885
18.70 1.568 14.657 137.049
19.52 1.900 18.543 180.949
20.45 1.980 20.246 206.978
21.38 2.076 22.191 237.181
22.31 2.192 24.442 272.598
23.23 2.331 27.084 314.650
24.16 2.503 30.238 365.336
25.09 2.716 34.077 427.552
26.02 2.987 38.863 505.659
27.16 3.096 42.044 570.958
28.45 3.294 46.858 666.632
29.75 3.544 52.704 783.876
31.04 3.864 59.974 930.794
32.33 4.286 69.288 1120.145
33.63 4.858 81.677 1373.251
34.92 5.670 99.006 1728.623
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
Viteza I PR
[m/s] [kW]
1.724429 13.3632

2.069314 16.3455

2.4142 19.3794
2.759086 22.4428
3.103971 25.51357
3.448857 28.5696
3.793743 31.58876
4.138629 34.54894
4.483514 37.42802
4.8284 40.20388
#REF! #REF!
5.173286 42.8544
5.518171 45.35747
5.863057 47.69096
6.207943 49.83276
6.552829 51.76074
6.897714 53.4528
7.2426 54.88681
7.587486 56.04065
6.939456 53.64052
7.932371 56.89221
8.277257 57.41937
8.622143 57.6

2.399678 13.3632
2.879614 16.3455
3.35955 19.3794
3.839485 22.4428
4.319421 25.51357
4.799357 28.5696
5.279292 31.58876
5.759228 34.54894
6.239164 37.42802
6.719099 40.20388
#REF! #REF!
7.199035 42.8544
7.678971 45.35747
8.158906 47.69096
8.638842 49.83276
9.118778 51.76074
9.598713 53.4528
10.07865 54.88681
10.55858 56.04065
9.6568 53.64052

11.03852 56.89221
11.51846 57.41937
11.99839 57.6

3.339342 13.3632
4.00721 16.3455
4.675078 19.3794
5.342947 22.4428
6.010815 25.51357
6.678683 28.5696
7.346551 31.58876
8.01442 34.54894
8.682288 37.42802
9.350156 40.20388
#REF! #REF!
10.01802 42.8544
10.68589 45.35747
11.35376 47.69096
12.02163 49.83276
12.6895 51.76074
13.35737 53.4528
14.02523 54.88681
14.6931 56.04065
13.4382 53.64052

15.36097 56.89221

16.02884 57.41937
16.69671 57.6

4.646957 13.3632
5.576348 16.3455
6.50574 19.3794
7.435131 22.4428
8.364523 25.51357
9.293914 28.5696
10.22331 31.58876
11.1527 34.54894
12.08209 37.42802
13.01148 40.20388
#REF! #REF!
13.94087 42.8544
14.87026 45.35747
15.79965 47.69096
16.72905 49.83276
17.65844 51.76074
18.58783 53.4528
19.51722 54.88681
20.44661 56.04065
18.70031 53.64052
21.376 56.89221
22.30539 57.41937
23.23479 57.6

6.466607 13.3632
7.759929 16.3455
9.05325 19.3794
10.34657 22.4428
11.63989 25.51357
12.93321 28.5696
14.22654 31.58876
15.51986 34.54894
16.81318 37.42802
18.1065 40.20388
#REF! #REF!
19.39982 42.8544
20.69314 45.35747
21.98646 47.69096
23.27979 49.83276
24.57311 51.76074
25.86643 53.4528
27.15975 54.88681
28.45307 56.04065
26.02296 53.64052
29.74639 56.89221
31.03971 57.41937
32.33304 57.6
Pr+Pa+Pd
[kW]
21.32855

25.59709

29.86716
34.13903
38.41296
42.68919
46.96799
51.24961
55.53431
59.82235
#REF!
64.11398
68.40947
72.70905
77.013
81.32157
85.63502
89.9536
94.27757
86.15742
98.60718
102.9427
107.2844

22.72582
27.27859
31.83551
36.39727
40.96456
45.53808
50.11852
54.70656
59.3029
63.90823
#REF!
68.52325
73.14864
77.78509
82.4333
87.09396
91.76776
96.45539
101.1575
92.33436

105.8749
110.6082
115.3581

21.71551
26.07912
30.4539
34.84173
39.24447
43.66399
48.10214
52.56079
57.04181
61.54705
#REF!
66.07839
70.63768
75.22679
79.84758
84.50192
89.19167
93.9187
98.68486
89.76177

103.492

108.3421
113.2368

#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!
#REF!

2.997931
 3.74639
4.576052
5.500451
6.533121
7.687596
8.97741
10.4161
12.01719
13.79422
#REF!
15.76073
17.93025
20.3163
22.93244
25.79218
28.90907
32.29663
35.96841
29.3044
39.93793
44.21873
48.82435