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2
1
7. Tipul instalaiei de rcire Adoptat Instalaie de rcire
n circuit nchis cu
ap distilat i
antigel (-40
o
C)
8. Tipul mecanismului motor Mecanism manivel piston
simplu axat (cu piston portant);
b=
8 , 3
1
..
3
1
b=
8 , 3
1
b=
l
r
9. Presiunea mediului nconjurtor P0 bar Dat 1,01325
10. Temperatura mediului exterior T0 K Dat 293,15
11. Umiditatea relativ a mediului
exterior
0 % Dat 60
8
12. Raport volumetric de comprimare
nominal
=7,5..10,5;
=
c
a
V
V
10
13. Coeficientul de baleiaj Cb Cb= 1,01..1,1; 4 TNS
Cb = 1,05..1,2; 4 TS
1
14. Dozajul aerului pentru procesul de
ardere (coeficient de exces de aer)
kgaer
kgcomb
=0,85..1,1; =
min
L C
m
b
aer
1,1 Ardere complet la
m.a.s. cu
carburator
15. Coeficientul gazelor reziduale r
=0,01..0,35; r
=
( )
0 0
1
1
T
T
P
P
r r
v
0,07
16. Coeficientul de folosire a energiei
termice (cldurii) n starea z, la
sfritul arderii efective
z
=0,7..0,85 0,8
17. Coeficientul de folosire a energiei
termice (cldurii) la sfritul arderii
efective (n starea b)
= b
=0,8..0,87 0,85 b
> z
o
RAC dsa
o
RAC isa
o
RAC dse
o
RAC ise
kgO+ nkgN+
wkgH2O+ akg cenu;
benzin=(10..120)kg/kmol.
c= 0,855;
h= 0,145;
s= 0;
= 0 ;
w= 0;
benzin=115
kmol
kg
9
a= 0.
22. Cifra caracteristic a
combustibilului lichid folosit
cl ___
cl=
,
_
+
+
8
79 , 0 3 s
h
c
0,405
23. Cantitatea teoretic de aer uscat
necesar arderii unui kg de
combustibil lichid
Lous
comb kg
us aer kmol
.
. .
Lous= 1
]
1
,
_
+ +
8
3
1
12 21 , 0
s
h
c
c 0,512
L'ous
comb kg
us aer kg
.
. .
L'ous=
11,478
24. Cantitatea teoretic de aer umed
necesar arderii unui kg de
combustubil lichid
Loum
comb kg
aerum kmol
.
.
Loum=
( )
um aer
us
x L
.
0
1 '
+
0,519 x=0,00873
um aer .
=28,82
L'oum
comb kg
um aer kg
.
. .
L'oum= um aer .
Loum 14,957
LN oum
comb kg
um aer Nm
.
. .
3
LNoum=
( )
v
x L
um aer
ous
.
1 '
+
11,634
25. Cantitatea teoretic de aer uscat
necesar arderii unui kg de
combustibil lichid
Lus
comb kg
us aer kmol
.
. .
Lus=Lous 0,563
L'us
comb kg
us aer kg
.
. .
L'us=L'ous 16,313
LN us
comb kg
us aer Nm
.
. .
3
LNus=LNous 12,625
26. Cantitatea real de aer umed
necesar arderii unui kg de
combustibil lichid
Lum
comb kg
um aer kmol
.
. .
Lum=Loum 0,570
L'um
comb kg
um aer kg
.
. .
L'um=L'oum 16,452
10
LN um
comb kg
um aer Nm
.
. .
3
LNum=LNoum 12,797
27
.
Masa reactanilor corespunztoare
arderii unui kg de combustibil lichid n1
comb kg
kmol
.
n1=Loum+
comb
1
0,579
m1
comb kg
kg
.
m1=L'oum+1 17,452
VN1
comb kg
Nm
.
3
VN1=vN comb+LNoum 13,567
28. Compoziia produselor de ardere
corespunztoare arderii incomplete,
cu formarea de H2 i CO n gazele
de aredere a unui kg de combustibil
lichid uor cu <1
K ___
K=
,
_
c
h
f
=
nCO
nH
2
;
c
h
=0,17..0,19
K=0,45..0,5
0,45
nCO2
comb kg
kmolCO
.
2
nCO2=
12
C
0,07125
mCO2
comb kg
kgCO
.
2 mCO2=nCO2
CO2 3,135
CO2=44
VN CO2
comb kg
CO Nm
.
2
3
VNCO2=22,414 nCO2 1,5969
nH2O
comb kg
O kmolH
.
2
nH2O= 2
h
+18
w
+
L'ous
18
x
0,0804 w=0
mH2O
comb kg
O kgH
.
2 mH2O=nH2O
H2O 1,4472
H2O=18
VN H2O
comb kg
O H Nm
.
2
3
VNH2O=nH2O 22,414 1,802
nO2
comb kg
kmolO
.
2 nO2=0,21( -1)Lous 0,010752
mO2
comb kg
kgO
.
2 mO2=nO2
O2 0,344
O2=32
11
VN O2
comb kg
O Nm
.
2
3
VN O2=nO2 22,414 0,2409
nN2
comb kg
kmolN
.
2
nN2=0,79Lous+
28
n
0,4449 n=0
mN2
comb kg
kgN
.
2 mN2=nN2
N2 12,4579
N2=28
VN N2
comb kg
N Nm
.
2
3
VN N2=nN2 22,414 9,9719
n2us.
comb kg
us g kmol
.
. .
n2us=nCO2+nSO2+nO2+nN2 0,5269
m2us.
comb kg
us g kg
.
. .
m2us=mCO2+mCO+mH2O+mH2 15,9369
VN 2us.
comb kg
us g Nm
.
.
3
VN2us=n2us 22,414 11,8099
n2um.
comb kg
O kmolH
.
2 n2um=nH2O 0,0804
m2um.
comb kg
O kgH
.
2 m2um=mH2O 1,4472
VN 2um.
comb kg
O H Nm
.
2
3
VN2um=n2um 22,414 1,802
n2g.c.
comb kg
c g kmol
.
. .
n2g c=(n2)
=1
0,5555
m2g.c.
comb kg
c g kg
.
. .
m2g c=(m2)
=1 15,9632
VN 2g.c.
comb kg
c g Nm
.
.
3
VN 2g c=(VN 2)
1
12,4527
n2aer
comb kg
aer kmol
.
.
n2aer=( -1)Loum 0,0519
12
m2aer
comb kg
aer kg
.
.
m2aer=( -1)L'oum 1,4957
VN 2aer
comb kg
aer Nm
.
3
VN 2aer=n2aer 22,414 1,1632
n2
comb kg
kmol
.
n2=n2g c+n2aer 0,6074
m2
comb kg
kg
.
m2=m2g c+m2aer 17,4589
VN 2
comb kg
Nm
.
3
VN 2=VN 2g c+VN 2aer 13,6159
rCO2
gaze kmol
kmolCO
.
2
rCO2=
2
2
n
n
CO
=
2
2
N
NCO
V
V
0,1172
gCO2
gaze kg
kgCO
.
2
gCO2=
2
2
m
m
CO 0,1795
rH2O
gaze kmol
O kmolH
.
2
rH2O=
2
2
n
n
O H 0,1323
gH2O
gaze kg
O kgH
.
2
gH2O=
2
2
m
m
O H 0,0829
rSO2
gaze kmol
kmolSO
.
2
rSO2=
2
2
n
n
SO
=
2
2
N
NSO
V
V
0
gSO2
gaze kg
kgSO
.
2
gSO2=
2
2
m
m
SO 0
rO2
gaze kmol
kmolO
.
2
rO2=
2
2
n
n
O
=
2
2
N
NO
V
V
0,0177
gO2
gaze kg
kgO
.
2
gO2=
2
2
m
m
O 0,0197
13
rN2
gaze kmol
kmolN
.
2
rN2=
2
2
n
n
N
=
2
2
N
NN
V
V
0,7323
gN2
gaze kg
kgN
.
2
gN2=
2
2
m
m
N 0,7135
r2us.
gaze kmol
us g kmol
.
. .
r2 us=
2
2
n
n
us 0,8674
g2us.
gaze kg
us g kg
.
. .
g2us=
2
2
m
m
us 0,9128
r2um.
gaze kmol
um g kmol
.
. .
r2um=
2
2
n
u
um
=
2
2
N
um N
V
V
0,1323
g2um.
gaze kg
um g kg
.
. .
g2um=
2
2
m
m
um 0,0828
r2g.c.
gaze kmol
c g kmol
.
. .
r2gc=
2
2
n
n
gc
=
2
2
N
gc N
V
V
0,9145
g2g.c.
gaze kg
c g kg
.
. .
g2gc=
2
2
m
m
gc 0,9145
r2aer
gaze kmol
aer kmol
.
.
r2aer=
2
2
n
n
aer
=
2
2 .
N
aer N
V
V
0,0854
gaer
gaze kg
aer kg
.
.
gaer=
2
m
m
aer 0,0856
rCO2g.c.
us g kmol
CO kmol
. .
.
2
rCO2gc=
gc
CO
n
n
2
2
=
gc N
NCO
V
V
2 .
2 0,1282
gCO2g.c.
us g kg
CO kg
. .
.
2
gCO2gc=
gc
CO
m
m
2
2 0,1963
14
rH2Og.c.
. . .
.
2
c g kmol
O H kmol
rH2Ogc=
( )
1 2
18
'
2 2
+ +
n
x
L
w h
ous
0,1434
(n2)
=1=
12
c
+
2
h
+
18
w
+L'ous
18
x
+
32
s
+0,79Lous+
28
n
=0,5555
gH2Og.c.
c g kg
O kgH
. .
2
gH2Ogc=
( )
1 2
' 9
+ +
m
x L w h
ous 0,0898 (m2)
=1=15,9632
rCO2g.us.
us g kmol
kmolCO
. .
2
rCO2g.us=
us
CO
n
n
2
2
=
us N
CO N
V
V
. 2
2 . 0,1352
gCO2g.us.
us g kg
CO kg
. .
.
2
gCO2g.us.=
us
CO
m
m
2
2 0,1967
rSO2g.us.
us g kmol
kmolSO
. .
2
rSO2g.us=
us
SO
n
n
2
2
=
us N
SO N
V
V
2 .
2 .
0
gSO2g.us.
us g kg
kgSO
. .
2
gSO2g.us=
us
SO
m
m
2
2 0
rO2g.us.
us g kmol
kmolO
. .
2
rO2g.us.=
us
O
n
n
2
2
=
us N
O N
V
V
2
2 . 0,0204
gO2g.us.
us g kg
kgO
. .
2
gO2g.us=
us
O
m
m
2
2 0,02158
rN2g.us.
us g kmol
N kmol
. .
.
2
rN2g.us.=
us
N
n
n
2
2
=
us N
N N
V
V
2
2 . 0,84437
gN2g.us.
us g kg
N kg
. .
.
2
gN2g.us.=
us
N
m
m
2
2 0,7817
15
29. Masa molecular echivalent a
gazelor de ardere rezultate din
arderea complet a combustibilului
lichid cu >1
2
kmol
kg
2
=rCO2
CO2+rH2O
H2O+rSO2
SO2+rN2
N2+rO2
O2=
gcrgc+raer
aer=rgus
gus+rgum
H2O
28,6006
30. Masa molecular echivalent a
gazelor de ardere curate rezultate
din arderea combustibilului lichid
curate gaze . 2
kmol
kg
gc 2
=rCO2
CO2+rH2O
H2O+
rSO2gc
SO2+rN2gc
N2
55,075
31. Masa molecular echivalent a
gazelor uscate rezultate prin arderea
combustibilului lichid cu >1
uscate gaze .
kmol
kg
us g.
=rCO2gus
CO2+rSO2gus
SO2+
rO2gus
O2+rN2gus
N2
30,242
32. Constanta gazelor de ardere
considerate gaze perfecte i obinute
prin arderea complet a
combustibilului lichid cu >1
Rg.a.
K kg
J
Rg.a.=
2
R
290,7036 R =8314,3
33. Constanta gazelor de ardere curate
considerate gaze perfecte, obinute
prin arderea complet a 1 kg de
combustibil lichid
Rg.c.
K kg
J
Rg.c.=
gc
R
150,9631
34. Constanta gazelor de ardere uscate,
considerate gaze perfecte, obinute
prin arderea complet a
combustibilului lichid cu >1
Rg.u.
K kg
J
Rg.u=
gus
R
274,9256
35. Variaia (molar) volumetric ce
nsoete arderea complet a 1kg de
combustibil lichid cu >1
n
VN
comb kg
kmol
.
comb kg
Nm
.
3
n=n2-n1
VN=VN2-VN1
0,0365
0,0489
36. Coeficientul chimic al variaiei
molare (volumetrice) teoretice,
0
___
0
=
1
2
n
n
=
1
1
n
n n +
=
1
1
n
n
+
1,0639
16
corespunztoare arderii complete a
1 kg de combustibil lichid cu >1
37. Coeficientul variaiei molare
(volumetrice) de calcul,
corespunztor arderii complete a 1
kg de combustibil lichid cu >1
___
=
r
r
n n
n n
+
+
1
2
=
r
r
n n
n n n
+
+ +
1
1
= =
r
r
r
n n
n
+
+
+
1
1
0
1
1,0597 r
=0,07
17
38. Cldurile specifice reale i medii ale
reactanilor
c
p a.us /
T
0
p a.us /
T
0
c
pN a.us./
T
0
v a.us. /
T
0
c
v a.us. /
T
0
c
vN a.us./
T
0
p comb /
T
0
c
p comb /
T
0
v comb /
T
0
c
v comb /
T
0
p a. um. /
T
0
c
p a.um. /
T
0
p aer-c.l. /
T
0
cp aer-c.l.
K kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
K Nm
kJ
3
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
K Nm
kJ
3
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
Pentru T(273,2773) K:
cp a.us /
T
0
=
. . .
0
. .
/
T
p a us
aer us
=0,951+
0,0000863;
p a.us /
T
0 =27,55+0,0025 T;
c
pN a.us. /
T
0 =22,414 p a.us/
T
0 ;
v a.us. /
T
0 =19,23+0,0025 T;
c
v a.us./
T
0 =
. . .
0
. .
/
T
v a us
a us
=0,664+
+0,0000863;
c
vN a.us. /
T
0 =22,414 v a.us.;
p C8H18=33,159+0,452927 T
pt. T[222,611];
c
p C8H18=0,440+0,003663 T
pt. T(400,1055];
Pentru C8H18:
i
o
C (T1=298 K) iC''(T0)=-
224,14
kJ/kmol;
18
v aer-c.l. /
T
0
cp aer-c.l.
p C8H18 /
T
0
cp C8H18
v C8H18 /
T
0
cv C8H18
p am.in. /
T
0
cp am.in.
v am.in. /
T
0
cv am.in.
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
rCS(T0)=35,11 kJ/kmol;
pVS(T0)=0,071 bar;
V'CS(T0)=1,445 dm
3
/kg;
=114,22 kg/kmol;
iCO'' i
o
C (T0=298 K) entalpia
de formare.
39. Cldurile specifice reale i medii ale
produselor de ardere
cvCO2
v CO2/
T
0
cp CO2
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
cv g.ard.(T)=
j
gj cvj(T)=gg.us. cv
g.us.
(T)+gg.um.(T)=gg.curate cv g.curate(T)+
gaer cv aer(T);
19
p CO2/
T
0
cv H2O
v H2O/
T
0
cp H2O
p H2O/
T
0
cv SO2
v SO2/
T
0
cp SO2
p SO2/
T
0
cv O2
v O2/
T
0
cp O2
p O2/
T
0
cv N2
v N2/
T
0
cp N2
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
cp g.ard.(T)=
j
gjcpj(T)=gg.us. cp
g.us.
(T)+gg.um.cp g.um.(T)=gg.curate
cp g.curate(T)+gaer cp aer(T);
v g.ard./
T
0 =
j
rj
vj/
T
0 =rg.us.
v
g.us./
T
0
+rg.um.
v g.um. /
T
0 =rg.curate
v g.curate/
T
0
+raer
v aer/
T
0 ;
p g.ard./
T
0 =
j
rj
pj/
T
0 =rg.curate
p g.curate/
T
0 +raer
p aer/
T
0 ;
p aer./
T
0 =
+
T
025 , 1863
15 , 83
T
969 , 17444
+
; pt. T
[300,3000];
cv g.us.(T)=
j
gj g.us. cvj (T);
20
p N2/
T
0
cv N2
v N2/
T
0
cp H2
p H2/
T
0
cv aer us.
v aer us./
T
0
cp aer us.
p aer us./
T
0
cv g.am.
v g.am./
T
0
cp g.am.
p g.am./
T
0
cv g.us.
v g.us./
T
0
cp g.us.
p g.us./
T
0
cv g.ard
v g.ard./
T
0
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
cp g.us.(T)=
j
gj g.us. cpj(T);
cp g.curate(T)=
j
gj g.curate cpj(T);
cv g.curate(T)=
j
gj g.curate cvj(T);
v g.us./
T
0 =
j
rj g.us.
vj/
T
0 ;
p g.us./
T
0 =
j
rj g.us. .
pj/
T
0 ;
v g.curate/
T
0 =
j
rj g.curate .
vj/
T
0 ;
p g.curate/
T
0 =
j
rj g.curate .
pj/
T
0 ;
cv aer(T)=
j
gj aer cvj(T);
v aer/
T
0 =
j
rj aer
vj/
T
0 ;
p aer/
T
0 =
j
rj aer
pj/
T
0 ;
v g.ard/
T
0 =20,52+1,675
21
cp g.ard.
p g.ard./
T
0
cv g.curate
v g.curate/
T
0
cp g.curate
p g.curate/
T
0
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
K kg
kJ
kmolK
kJ
+(1,333
+2,673)t 10
3
; t(0,1300)
o
C;
p g.ard/
T
0 =22,4+1,842
+(0,921+
1,465)t 10
3
; t
(1300,2500)
o
C
sau pentru arderea complet a
amestecului stoechiometric
(gaze de ardere "curate" ):
p g.curate/
t
0 =22,195+4,006t 10
3
pt.t(0,1300)
o
C;
v g.curate/
t
0 =24,242+2,386t 10
3
pt. t(1300,2500)
o
C.
40. Puterea caloric inferioar a
combustibilului lichid la
p0=1,01325 bar, t0=0
o
C
Qi
kg
kJ
Qi(0
o
C)=34013c+125600h-
10900(o-s)-2512(9h+w)
44014,95
5
c=0,855;
h=0,145;
w=0;
22
s=0;
o=0.
41. Puterea caloric inferioar a
amestecului format din combustibil
lichid i aer n condiiile arderii
complete cu >1 la 0 K
Qi am.
kg
kJ
Qi am.=
( )
um
i
comb
um
o
i
L
Q
L
C Q
0
'
0
'
1
1
0
+
;
' '
) 0 (
i
o
i
Q C Q
(t0) , pt. t0=0
o
C.
76700,20
3
42. Puterea calorific inferioar a
combustibilului lichid la 0 K
Qi'
kg
kJ
Qi'=Qi+(0,01..0,02)Qi 44455,10
4
23