PRESENT SIMPLE La persoana a III-a singular se adaug ES cnd verbul se termin n: - SH: wash washes - CH: reach reaches

es - TCH: watch watches - ZZ: buzz - buzzes - SS: pass passes - X: wax waxes - O: go goes - Y: cry cries Se folosete: 1) Pentru a exprima adevruri general valabile: The sun rises in the East and sets in the West. 2) Pentru a exprima o aciune obinuit, repetat, permanent. n acest caz, verbul este nsoit de anumite adverbe: - every day / week / summer - always - usually - often - sometimes - rarely - seldom - ever - never I usually go to school by bus. 3) n redarea sumarului unei povestiri, purtnd numele de prezent narativ istoric: I go into a dark room and suddenly I hear a strange noise. OBS. Cnd rezumatul se face la prezent, att prezentul simplu, ct i cel continuu vor fi folosite. Prezentul simplu se va folosi pentru aciuni ce se succed, n timp ce prezentul continuu va reda situaiile de fundal. The prince enters the cave and there he sees a witch. The witch is boiling something and is talking to a huge black cat.

4) n instruciuni i demonstraii First you take the potatoes and slice them. Then you slice the tomatoes and fry the onion. 5) n comentarii sportive. n acest caz, prezentul simplu se va folosi pentru aciuni mai scurte, care s-au terminat nainte de a fi descrise, n timp ce prezentul continuu se va folosi pentru aciuni mai lungi. The goalkeeper passes to Maradona but Hagi intercepts. Hagi passes to Lctu and he shoots. Its a goal. The Romanians are leading by 3 goals to nil in the second half. 6) Pentru a exprima o aciune viitoare ca parte a unui program oficial stabilit School starts on Monday. 7) Pentru a exprima o aciune viitoare a) n propoziia condiional If my cousin comes here tomorrow, we will go to the concert. b) n propoziia temporal, a crei aciune este simultan n viitor celei din principal: Tom will like the English grammar when he understands it. 8) n anumite contexte, mai ales n propoziii interogative pentru a exprima o nuan modal: Why do you move so slowly? (repro) 9) n propoziii exclamative care ncep cu HERE sau THERE: Here they come! There goes the train! OBS. Cnd aceste propoziii nu sunt exclamative, nu se folosete prezentul simplu, ci cel continuu. They are coming. 10) Cu verbul TO CONTINUE i echivalenii si (TO GO ON, TO KEEP ON) ntruct ele conin deja ideea de continuitate The children continue to visit now.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) Terminaia ING produce anumite modificri: a) Cnd verbul se termin ntr-o consoan, precedat de o vocal scurt, consoana final se dubleaz: to run running / to sit sitting / to begin beginning / to swim swimming / b) Cnd verbul se termin n E, vocala se elideaz i se adaug terminaia ING: to come coming / to decide deciding c) Situaii speciale ale formrii prezentului continuu to lie lying / to die dying / to tie tying Se folosete: 1) Pentru a exprima o aciune care este n desfurare n momentul aciunii: The sun is shining in the sky. (now) 2) Pentru a exprima o aciune temporar. n acest caz, verbul va fi nsoit de TODAY, THIS WEEK / MONTH... My brother usually teaches geometry, but this year he is teaching algebra. 3) Pentru a exprima o aciune viitoare, ca urmare a unei intenii prezente. n acest caz, adverbul de timp trebuie precizat neaprat, pentru a evita confuzia What are you doing tomorrow? He is going to London on Friday. 4) Pentru a exprima o aciune care are un caracter de iritare, enervare, repro. n acest caz, verbul va fi nsoit de ALWAYS, CONSTANTLY, CONTINUEDLY, FOREVER. He is always borrowing money from his friends, but never gives it back. 5) Cu verbele TO GET, TO GROW, pentru a face trecerea de la o stare la alta Our parents are getting older and older.

VERBE CARE NU AU ASPECT CONTINUU 1) Verbe de percepie: to see, to hear, to smell, to taste, to feel, to notice. The garden smell well today. The soap tastes delicious. The silk feels soft. OBS. Cnd trebuie neaprat s scoatem n eviden ideea de continuitate, la aceste verbe se va folosi CAN / COULD. I can see the phone now. OBS. Verbele TO SMELL, TO TASTE, TO FEEL, pot avea aspect continuu cnd implic o aciune voluntar din partea subiectului. The dog is smelling the bush. Mother is tasting the wine. The doctor is feeling the patients leg. TO SEE - a se ntlni printr-un aranjament Im seeing my friend on Friday. - a vizita (mai ales pentru turiti) Mary is seeing the sights so she will be a little late. - ca phrasal verb Tom is seeing his grandfather off the railway station (a-l conduce). - cu sensul de a avea halucinaii Im seeing things. TO HEAR - a primi veti despre / de la Im hearing interesting things abour our new neighbour. - a audia The judge is just hearing the witness. TO FEEL - se gsete mai ales la aspect simplu, forma sa continu sugernd c starea este temporar

Mary felt well yesterday, but she is not feeling well today. 2) Verbe cu prepoziie obligatorie: to listen to, to wait for, to look at, to deal with 3) Phrasal verbs: TO GET - to get up - to get out - to get in - to get to

4) Verbe care exprim o activitate mental: to agree, to approve of, to doubt, to find (a considera), to foresee (a prevedea), to forget, to guess, to imagine, to know, to mind, to remember, to recognize, to realize, to suppose, to think, to trust, to understand She knows what you mean now. TO FORGET a) Im forgetting her address now. (mi scap) b) Im forgetting figures. (pierderea gradat a memoriei) c) Are you forgetting your manners? (repro) TO MIND - cnd este sinonim cu TO OBJECT TO sau TO DISLIKE nu are aspect continuu i nici form afirmativ Do you mind my opening the window? - cnd este sinonim cu TO LOOK AFTER are aspect continuu Ann is minding her sick mother now. TO DOUBT He is always doubting his friends words. 5) Verbe care exprim dorina: to want, to wish, to intend, to desire I want that book now. 6) Verbe ce exprim atitudini, sentimente: to adore, to detest, to like, to hate, to please, to prefer I think she loves you very much.

7) Verbe ce exprim posesia: to belong to, to have, to hold, to keep, to owe, to own, to possess. I owe him 500 dollars. 8) Verbe ce exprim o stare, o posesie: to appear, to be, to consist of, to contain, to differ, to deserve, to equal, to exist, to look like, to resemble, to seem, to suit TO BE - n construcii pasive A new block of flats is being built near our flats. - pentru a arta c subiectul are o anumit calitate temporar Look how nice your aunt is being to us today. - pentru a exprima reproul Why are you being so mean? (reproul) - cu anumite adjective, pentru a exprima comportamentul temporar - Why are you smiling at her? - Im just being polite. (justificarea comportamentului) 9) Alte verbe: to compare, to expect (a se atepta), to matter, to sound The song sounds well now. 10) Verbele modale: may, must, can They cant stay until late.

PAST TENSE SIMPLE Se folosete: 1) Pentru a exprima o aciune trecut, petrecut ntr-o perioad de timp trecut. n acest caz, verbul este frecvent nsoit de: yesterday, last month / summer I met you yesterday. 2) Pentru a exprima o aciune, pe care subiectul arat ca fiind n mod logic petrecute ntr o perioad de timp trecut: Shakespeare wrote 37 plays. 3) Pentru a exprima o aciune repetat frecvent n trecut I drank much coffee when I was a student. / used to drink

PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS Se folosete: 1) Pentru a exprima o aciune n curs de desfurare la un anumit moment din trecut Jane was reading at this time yesterday / at 2 oclock yesterday / when father comes home. 2) Pentru a exprima dou sau mai multe aciuni care aveau loc concomitent n trecut While mother was cooking, father was repairing the car and Susan was doing her homework. 3) Pentru a exprima o aciune care deranja n mod frecvent vorbitorul: The two pupils were always laughing during my class. 4) Pentru a exprima o aciune viitoare vzut dintr-un moment trecut Our friends didnt come to our place yesterday because they were taking the night train to London. OBS. Past Continuous se va traduce aproape ntotdeauna cu imperfectul, dar imperfectul din limba romn nu se va traduce ntotdeauna cu Past Continuous. Nu nelegeam ce mi spunea. / I didnt understand what he was telling me. Vorbea mult cnd era tnr. / She used to speak a lot when she was young. Veneam dac mi spuneai. / I would have come if you had told me.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Subiect + TO HAVE + Forma a III-a a verbului Se folosete: 1) Pentru a exprima efectul unei aciuni trecute n prezent. n acest caz, verbul nu este nsoit de niciun adverb de timp: I have visited this museum. I have eaten. 2) Cu anumite adverbe, pentru a exprima o aciune n trecutul apropiat. n acest caz, verbul va fi nsoit de: just, lately, recently, of late, till / until now, up to now, so far I havent met Jack so far. 3) Pentru a exprima o aciune trecut, petrecut ntr-o perioad de timp prezent. n acest caz, verbul va fi nsoit de: today, this week / month / summer I have been to the cinema twice this week. EXCEPII I have written two letters this morning. (It is still morning before 12 oclock.) I wrote two letters this morning. (It is after 12 oclock.) 4) Cu anumite adverbe de frecven: always, often, sometimes, rarely, ever, never. He has always been my best friend. 5) Cu ALREADY i YET Tom has already done his homework. Has Tom done his homework yet? Tom hasnt done his homework yet. 6) Pentru a exprima o aciune nceput n trecut, dar care continu i n prezent (cu SINCE i FOR) I have known Mary since 1997, for 10 years. 7) n propoziia temporal a crei aciune este anterioar n viitor celei din principal I will give you the money back after mother has come back home. 8) Pentru a introduce tirile A terrible accident has happened: Two people and three children were killed on Route 66.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS Se folosete: 1) Pentru a exprima o aciune nceput n trecut i care continu i n present (cu SINCE i FOR) I have been waiting here since 1 oclock, for three hours. 2) Pentru a exprima o aciune care se ntinde pe o ntreag perioad prezent i ale crei efecte sunt extrem de evidente n prezent Lucy has been waiting all day long. Who has been sleeping in my bed?

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE Se folosete: 1) Pentru a exprima o aciune trecut, petrecut naintea altei aciuni trecute. n aceast situaie, verbul va fi frecvent nsoit de: when, till / until, before, after, as soon as Tom has learned the lesson when father came home. 2) Pentru a exprima durata pn la un anumit moment din trecut By the time the rain stopped, we had dug the whole garden. 3) Cu adverbele hardly, barely, scarcely i no sooner I had hardly entered the room, when the phone rang. Hardly had I entered the room when the phone rang. No sooner had I entered the room, than the phone rang. 4) Cu since i for cnd momentul de referin se afl n trecut In 1918 I had been a teacher for 10 years.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Se folosete: 1) Pentru a sublinia continuitatea unei aciuni trecute, pn la un anumit moment din trecut (cu since i for) The students has been reading the lesson for 10 minutes, when the teacher came in. 2) n orice alt situaie n care ntr-un context din prezent, s-ar fi folosit Present Perfect Continuous He was tired. He had been working all day long.

Means of expressing futurity

I. Present continuous a) Personal arrangements for the future We are playing tennis on Saturday. II. Present simple a) In main clauses official timetables The plain takes off at 10 a.m. tomorrow. b) In subordinate clauses of time and condition I will call you when I hear from her. I will call you if I hear from her. III. Present perfect a) In temporal clauses I will call you after I have finished work. IV. The GOING TO form a) Intentions about the future (premeditation) Why are you wearing your glasses? Because Im going to read the paper. Im going to sell this car. b) Predictions based on present evidence The sky is clear. Its going to be a sunny day. Its cloudy. I think its going to rain. V. Future simple a) On-the-spot-decisions about the future (no premeditations) Im thirsty. / Ill get you a glass of water. The phone is ringing. / Ill get it. b) Predictions based on the speakers opinion

I hope youll have a good time at the party. VI. Future continuous a) An event in progress at a certain moment in the future We wont be studying at this time tomorrow. They will be having dinner when you arrive from work. b) Conversation about plans for the future Will you be joining us for dinner? Will you be needing the car tomorrow. I will be spending the evening with my friends. VII. Future perfect a) An event completed before another moment in the future They will have already left by the time you arrive. The rain will have stopped by 8 oclock. b) A future event beginning before and going on before a certain moment in the future We will have been working for four hours by four oclock. I will have known him for seven years by the time we meet again. VIII. TO BE ABOUT TO + infinitive TO BE ON THE POINT/VERGE OF + gerund a) Near future actions Jane is about to leave. Jane is on the verge of leaving. IX. TO BE TO a) Official arrangements The president is to meet his generals in the morning.

b) Injunctions emitted by the speaker You are to leave when your work is done.

Future in the past

I.

Present continuous Past continuous He was leaving the next day.

II.

Present simple a) In temporal clauses Past simple He said he would call me when he finished work.

III.

WAS/WERE GOING TO I knew they were going to sell the house.

IV.

Future in the past They said they would arrive the next day.

V.

Future continuous I asked him if he would be using the car the next day.

VI.

Future perfect I was sure they would have left by the time we arrived.

VII.

WAS ABOUT TO WAS ON THE POINT/VERGE OF They were about to leave when the phone rang.

VIII.

WAS TO He was to leave the next day without telling them.