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Fundamental Concepts
S. PETRESCU1, C. HARMAN2, M. COSTEA1, C. PETRE1, C. DOBRE1
1
UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA BUCHAREST, FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; 2 DUKE UNIVERSITY, DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Rezumat. Lucrrile de pionierat n dezvoltarea Termodinamicii cu vitez finit au fost scrise n perioada 19611972 de ctre L. Stoicescu i S. Petrescu [1-12]. Aceste lucrri iniiale au fost urmate de studii privind ireversibilitatea Proceselor Electrochimice, elaborate de ctre S. Petrescu, V. Petrescu, S. Sternberg et. al. [1323]. Aceste cercetri au condus la generalizarea Principiului nti al Termodinamicii pentru procesele cu viteza finit i pentru procesele electrochimice din sisteme ca: baterii, electrolizoare i pile de combustie. Pn la urm toate aceste cercetri au condus la unificarea abordrii mainilor termice i a aparatelor electrochimice folosind o metod unic, numita metoda direct [24-30, 33-35]. Aceast metod se bazeaz pe faptul c Primul principiu pentru procesele cu vitez finit a fost aplicat ntr-un mod sistematic la sistemele complexe [23-29] ca motoare Stirling, refrigeratoare Stirling, pompe de cldura Stirling [26, 29, 34, 35, 37, 51, 52, 55, 56, 59, 65, 67, 68, 70] i la alte cicluri ca ciclul Carnot [30, 33, 55, 60-64, 66, 71], ciclul Otto [5, 57], ciclul Diesel [58, 69]. Aceste cercetri au condus n final la numeroase articole n reviste i conferine precum i la 4 teze de doctorat [37, 51, 52, 55]. Urmrind aceast dezvoltare a domeniului Termodinamicii cu vitez finit ni se pare acum potrivit s sistematizm i unificm metoda direct prin folosirea a ceea ce am numit Metoda grafo-analitic de studiu i optimizare a mainilor termice [24-30, 33-35]. Cu aceast lucrare ncepem publicarea ntr-o manier sistematic, n revista Termotehnica, a unei serii de lucrri fundamentale care au condus treptat la dezvoltarea Termodinamicii ireversibile a proceselor cu vitez finit. Cuvinte-cheie: termodinamic ireversibil, procese cu viteza finita, cicluri ireversibile, metoda direct.
Abstract. The seminal papers in the development of the study of Finite Speed Processes were written in the time period between 1961 and 1972 by L. Stoicescu and S. Petrescu [1-12]. These initial papers were followed by studies of Irreversible Processes in Electrochemical Systems by S. Petrescu, V. Petrescu, S. Sternberg et. al. [13-23]. These studies resulted in the generalization of the First Law of Thermodynamics for Finite Speed Processes for Electrochemical Systems such as Batteries, Electrolysers and Fuel Cells. Ultimately, this led to a Unified approach to Thermal Machines and Electrochemical Devices using an unique method, called the Direct Method [24-30, 3335]. This method is based on the fact that the First Law of Thermodynamics for Finite Speed Processes has the same mathematical format for both Thermal Machines and Electrochemical Devices. Meanwhile, a well-developed form of the First Law of Thermodynamics for Finite Speed Processes was applied in a systematic manner to Complex Systems [23-29] such as Stirling Engines, Stirling Refrigerators, Stirling Heat Pumps [26, 29, 34, 35, 37, 51, 52, 55, 56, 59, 65, 67, 68, 70] and to other cycles, for instance, the Carnot cycle [30, 33, 55, 60-64, 66, 71], Otto cycle [5, 57], Diesel cycle [58, 69]. These studies in turn led to numerous journal and conference papers and to 4 doctoral dissertations [37, 51, 52, 55]. With this background of accomplishment, it is now appropriate to systematize and unify the Direct Method by using what is termed the graphical / analytical method for Study and Optimization of Thermal Machines. [24-30, 33-35]. This Paper starts a Series of papers which conducted to the Development of Irreversible Thermodynamics with Finite Speed, which are going to be published in Revista Termotehnica. Keywords:rreversible Thermodynamics, Finite Speed Processes, Irreversible Cycles, Direct Method.
In Irreversible Thermodynamics with Finite Speed, where conditions of non-equilibrium prevail, new concepts and conditions are needed to describe the state of the system and the processes the system undergoes. The analysis becomes much more complex than when considering classical reversible processes. However, Finite Speed Thermodynamics models real systems more closely both qualitatively and quantitatively. Figure 2 illustrates some of these new concepts with regard to the pressure variation during the expansion process with Finite Speed.
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1 2
2 1
w dV
Pp
dw g F = dy
A p = P A p
Pp,1 1 V1 V
Pj =
aw Pm. j + P + Pf c
Pm,1 Pc1 P Pc2 Pm,1 Pp,1 Pc1 Pm,2 Pp,2 V1 P2,i 1 P1,i Pm,i=f(V) Pp P1,i V2 W12,w,cpr
a) P1,i = instantaneous pressure distribution in the system Pp = pressure on the piston Pc = pressure on the cylinder head Pm,i = mean instantaneous pressure in the system b) Tm,i = mean instantaneous temperature in the system c = 3RTm,i = mean instantaneous molecular speed in the system
W12,w,exp V2
Fig. 1. Simple thermodynamic system in which an Irreversible Process with Finite Speed w evolves: a) Compression process; b) Expansion process.
a. Instantaneous pressure distribution in the system. The curve labeled Pgas describe in the new type of P-V diagram, necessary to be introduces in The Irreversible Thermodynamics with Finite Speed, the instantaneous pressure of the gas in the cylinder (system), for a certain moment in the time of the motion of the piston with the speed w. We do not know exactly how this distribution looks like, but in the simplest
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approximation we could consider it as linear, as was represented in the figure 2.2, for simpler understanding of these new concepts. b. Gas instantaneous mean pressure. The horizontal line indicates the uniform distribution that would occur in the system if the piston is stopped and the finite relaxation time of the system is achieved. This pressure Pgas,m will be used as a basis for the description of the
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processes in the system in place of the equilibrium pressure, p, from Equilibrium-Reversible Thermodynamics. The main difference between what occurs in the Finite Speed processes compared to equilibrium-reversible processes, where the speed approaches zero, is that use of two pressures instead of only one is needed to properly describe finite speed processes. This is because in Finite Speed Thermodynamics the pressure of the system (gas) Pgas,m,i and the pressure on the piston, Pp are different. P P1 Pg,i 1 p P2 Pg, i P3 Pm,i Pg, i P4 Pm,i Pg, i P5 Pm,i V1 P1=Pp Pc P2 > Pp Pc Pc P3 > Pp c dV Pc c P4 > Pp w w w V2 V3 V4 V5 3p 4 4p 5 5p Pm,i 2p 2 3 1
c. The pressure on the piston differs from the gas pressure at any point in the system, as shown by the pressure distribution curves of Fig. 2.1 and 2.2. During a compression process the pressure on the piston, Pp, will be greater than the pressure at any other point in the system. The pressure of the gas in the system reaches a minimum at the cylinder head, Pc. However, in the case of an expansion process, the pressure on the piston, Pp, will be less than the pressure in any other point in the system, reaching a maximum at the cylinder head, Pc, as shown in Fig. 2.1.b and 2.2.
a = 3k
V w=0
Wirr = PpdV