SUBSTANTIVUL

Pluralul substantivelor:
1. in general se adauga s
Ex: boy boys
2. subst. terinate in: s, ss, sh, ch, tch, x si z adauga es
Ex: bus buses
dress dresses
bus! bus!es
"!ur"! "!ur"!es
at"! at"!es
box boxes
bu## bu##es
3. subst. terinate in o $re"edate de "onsoana adauda es "u ex"e$tia subst. $ro%enite din libi straine
si a "elor din $res"urtari
Ex: toato toatoes
studio studios
&res"o &res"os 'din italiana(
$iano $ianos
dis"o dis"os '$res"urtare(
! &ore duble: os si oes: "argo) bu&&alo) ban*o) otto) %ol"ano) #ero
4. subst terinate in y $re"edat de "onsoana trans&ora y in i+es
Ex: &aily &ailies + ,ey - ,eys
Ex"e$tii: - subst $ro$rii nue de &ailie la $lural 't!e .ennedys(
- subst "o$use '$asser-by $assers-by(
5. subst terinate in f si fe trans&ora & in v si adauga s
Ex: /01/0&2/2t li&e li%es
/01/0&2/2t lea& - lea%es
Ex"e$tii: "li&& "li&&s 'stan"a de are(
/01/0&2/2troo&
/01/0&2/2t "!ie&
/01/0&2/2t sa&e
/01/0&2/2t belie&
/01/0&2/2t $roo&
/01/0&2/2t grie& 'durere $si!i"a(
/01/0&2/2t "u&& 'anseta(
/01/0&2/2t gul& 'gol&(
! &ore duble: fs si ves: s"ar&) !and,er"!ie&) d3ar&) !oo& '"o$ita() 3!ar& 'debar"ader(
6. "ate%a subst odi&i"a %o"ala interioara:
an en
3oan 3oen
goose geese
toot! teet!
&oot &eet
ouse i"e
louse li"e '$adu"!e(
die di"e '#aruri(
7. trei subst adauga en:
ox oxen
"!ild "!ildren
brot!er brot!ers
bret!ren '&rati de "redinta) "ouniune) et".(
8. subst nationalitati terinate in s, ss, sh, ch, tch si ese au a"eeasi &ora la sg si la $l:
4ut"!
5!inese
6ren"! 'la $lural sunt la &el(
Iris!
S3iss
9. "ate%a subst au a"eeasi &ora la sg si la $l:
a( se terina in s: s$e"ies) series) eans) !ead7uarters) barra",s 'bara"a+bara"i(
b( aniale salbati"e+$asari+$esti:
deer
s!ee$
gae 'doar "and inseana %anat+%anaturi(
du", 'doar "and este rata salbati"a(
"ar$ '"ra$(
trout '$astra%+$astra%i(
$i,e 'stiu"a+stiu"i(
10. subst "o$use "are au in al"atuire man sau woman "a ulti eleent il odi&i"a $e a"esta la $lural:
Ex: $oli"ean $oli"een
11. subst "o$use "are au in al"atuire man, gentleman, lady sau woman "a $ri eleent odi&i"a abele
eleente la $lural:
Ex: lady-do"tor ladies-do"tors
an-singer en-singers
12. subst "o$use "are au $re$o#itie in al"atuire adauga s $riului eleent
Ex: lily o& t!e %alley lilies o& t!e %alley
13. subst "o$use "are nu au in al"atuire $re$o#itie adauga s ultiului eleent
Ex: &orget-e-not &orget-e-nots
14. 8lurale straine:
I. din liba latina:
a( subst terinate in us &a" $lural in i
"a"tus "a"ti

b( subst terinate in a &a" $lural in ae
alga algae
"( subst terinate in um &a" $lural in a
datu data
d( subst terinate in ix sau ex &a" $lural in ices
index indi"es
II. din liba grea"a:
a( subst terinate in on &a" $lural in a
$!enoenon $!enoena
b( subst terinate in is &a" $lural in es
basis bases
III. din liba &ran"e#a:
$lateau $lateaux
Substantive care au doua fore de !lural cu doua intelesuri diferite:
die - di"e '#aruri(
- dies 'atrite(
genius - geniuses '&. deste$ti(
- genii 's$irite ale raului(
&orula - &orulas '&ore de "u%inte(
- &orulae '&orule ate.(
index - indexes '"u$rinsuri(
- indi"es 'indi"i ate.(
ediu- edius 'ediu $aranoral(
- edia 'ass-edia(
$enny - $ennies 'ai ulte onede de / $enny(
- $en"e 'o oneda de ai ulti $enny(
"lot! - "lot!s '"ar$e) etra*e(
- "lot!es 'ibra"ainte(
sta&& - sta&&s '$ersonalul &irei(
- sta%es '$ortati%e u#i"ale(
Substantive care au o fora de !lural cu ai ulte intelesuri:
as! 9 s"ru '&ara $l(
as!es 9 "enusa
air 9 aer '&ara $l(
airs 9 &ite) talente
age 9 %arsta '&ara $l(
ages 9 se"ole: ult ti$
ad%i"e 9 s&at
ad%i"es 9 dis$o#itie de $lata
"olor 9 "uloare
"olors 9 "ulori: steag
"ontent 9 "ontinut
"ontents 9 "ontinuturi: tabla de aterii
"o$ass 9 busola
"o$asses 9 busole: "o$as
"ost 9 "ost
"osts 9 "osturi) "!eltuieli
"usto 9 obi"ei
"ustos 9 obi"eiuri: %aa
dra3er 9 sertar
dra3ers 9 sertare: i#ene
droug!t 9 "urent de aer
droug!ts 9 "urente de aer: *o" de dae
daage9 stri"a"iune
daages 9 stri"a"iuni: des$agubiri
e&&e"t 9 e&e"t
e&&e"ts 9 e&e"te: ibra"ainte
ground 9 $aant '&ara $l(: oti%
grounds9 oti%e: #at de "a&ea: lo" de *oa"a $t "o$ii
glass 9 sti"la '&ara $l(: $a!ar
glasses 9 $a!are: o"!elari
letter 9 litera: s"risoare
letters 9 litere: s"risori: literatura
inute 9 inut
inutes 9 inute: $ro"es %erbal
anner 9 od
anners 9 oduri: "o$ortaent
egri 9 igrena
egris 9 igrene: elan"olie
nuber 9 nuar
nubers 9 nuere: %ersuri: stro&a
7uarter 9 s&ert
7uarters9 s&erturi: "a#ara: "antonaent
$oint 9 $un"t
$oints 9 $un"te) a"a#
$art 9 $arte
$arts 9 $arti) eleaguri
$ain 9 durere
$ains 9 dureri: e&ort
$a$er 9 !artie '&ara $l(
$a$ers 9 do"uente) a"te) lu"rari
$reise 9 $rei#a
$reises 9 lo"uinta 'sg(
$reser%e 9 dul"eata
$reser%es 9 dul"eturi: o"!elari de $rote"tie
sand 9 nisi$
sands 9 $la*a
s$e"ta"le 9 s$e"ta"ol
s$e"ta"les 9 s$e"ta"ole: o"!elari
s"ale 9 taler: sol# de $este: gaa u#i"ala: s"ara so"iala
s"ales t9 talere: sol#i de $este: gae u#i"ale: s"ari so"iale: balanta
s$irit 9 du!: 4-#eu 'abstra"t(
s$irits 9 s$irite: bauturi s$irtoase: stare de s$irit: s$irt edi"inal
ter 9 triestru: teren
ters 9 triestre: terene: relatii
3ater 9 a$a '&ara $l(
3aters 9 a$a inerala
3ood 9 len '&ara $l(
3oods 9 $adure
3or, 9 un"a
3or,s 9 o$ere 'reali#ari deosebite(: &abri"a) e"anis
Substantive defective
1. as!ect de s"# inteles de !l# acord in s":
!oe3or,
lu",
in"oe
nonsense
er"!andise
$rogress
$rodu"e '$rodus natural 'rasina de brad( + s$re deosebire de product 9 $rodus industrial(
e7ui$ent
business
oney
ne3s 'are &ora de $l ;;(
ad%i"e
in&oration
intelligen"e
,no3ledge
&urniture
luggage
baggage
rubbis!
<
toate abstra"tiunile '$o3er) lo%e) !ate) t!under) literature(
<
aliente 'butter) il,) eat(
<
substante) ateriale 'sil,) "otton) toba""o(
et".
nu au $lural si &a" a"ord la singular
la substituirea "u $ronue $ries" it
Ex: =!ere is t!e oney> ?i%e it to e.
nu $ot &i deterinate de: a) &e3) a &e3) any) e%ery) ea"!) eit!er) neit!er) ot!er) anot!er) t!e ot!er) et".
'$entru "a nu $ot &i nuarate ;(
"and %reau sa sugere# singularul &oloses": a bit of, a piece of, an item of) et".
Ex: a &las! o& lig!tning
a "ras! o& t!under
2. as!ect de !l# inteles de s"# acord in s":
- @ boli: easles 9 $o*ar
u$s 9 oreion
- *o"urile terinate in s:
billiards
darts 'arun"area la tinta(
nine $ins '$o$i"e(
"ards
- stiinte si obie"te de studiu 'se s"riu "u a*us"ula(:
E"onoi"s
Aat!eati"s
8!ysi"s
Statisti"s
! da"a nu se re&era la obie"te de studiu 'aterii() &a" a"ordul la $lural si nu se s"riu "u a*us"ula
Ex: =!at are your $oliti"s about it>
T!e statisti"s &or Boania are bad.
3. as!ect de !l# inteles de !l $in roaneste de s" !!!%# acord de !l:
A"este substanti%e nu au &ora de sg.
a( substanti%e ibra"ainte &orate din doua $arti identi"e:
trousers
*eans
$ants '$antaloni(
$anties '"!iloti(
o%eralls 'salo$eta(
s!orts '$ant s"urti(
b( instruente si unelte &orate din doua stru"turi identi"e:
"o$asses '"o$as(
s"issors '&oar&e"a(
t3ee#ers '$enseta(
tongs '"leste(
$liers '$atent(
"( o boala si o stare de s$irit:
!ysteri"s 'isterie(
blues 'elan"olie(
d( denuiri geogra&i"e) tari &orate din ai ulte state:
t!e United States o& Aeri"a
t!e 5ar$atians
e( subst $ro%enite din %erbe < ings:
surroundings
earnings
sa%ings
nu au &ora de sg) ele &a" a"ordul in $l
la substituirea "u $ronue $ries" they
Ex: =!ere are t!e tongs> ?i%e t&e to e.
nu $ot &i deterinate de: a) &e3) a &e3) any) e%ery) ea"!) eit!er) neit!er) ot!er) anot!er) t!e ot!er) et".
'$entru "a nu $ot &i nuarate ;(
da"a %reau sa sugere# sg) &oloses" a pair of
4. as!ect de s"# inteles de !l# acord la !l:
$eo$le
$ubli"
$oultry
$oli"e
"attle '%ite(
yout! 'tineret(
"lergy '"ler 9 ai ulti ebri ai biseri"ii(
!orse '"and are sensul de "a%alerie(
a"ordul este la $lural
Ex: T!e $oli"e are sear"!ing &or t!e t!ie&.
Substanti%ele "ole"ti%e
Sunt subst "are au @ &ore de a"ord "u %erbul:
- in s" "and se re&era la subst "a la un intreg
- in !l "and se re&era la eleentele "o$onente luate una "ate una
Ex: /( Ay &aily is at !oe 'i& you go t!ere you &ind soeone(
@( Ay &aily are at !oe 'ea"! eber o& t!e &aily is $resent(
Subst "ole"ti%e Aniale
"lass "re3 !erd '"ireada(
grou$ audien"e &lo", 'tura(
tea '$artid( s3ar 'roi(
&aily $ress &lig!t 'stol(
"oittee go%ernent s!oal 'ban"(
"oun"il board
*ury "abinet
ary band
! @ sau ai ulte subst legate $rin inteles "are &orea#a o entitate &a" a"ordul "u %erbul in singular
Ex: /( Ay neig!bor and &riend is !ere 'este %orba des$re a"eeasi $ersoana(
@( Ten days is enoug! &or a !oliday 'este %orba de $erioada(
! substanti%ul number si alte subst "are de&ines" o ultie '"antitate( &a" a"ord in sg da"a sunt $re"edate
de the si in $l da"a sunt $re"edate de a
Ex: /( A nuber o& "ars are in t!e street.
@( T!e nuber o& "ars is su&&i"ient.
! du$a each) every) either) neither) urea#a subst nuarabil la sg) iar in "onstru"tiile either..or 'atatC
"at siC(
neither..nor 'ni"iC..ni"iC.() a"ordul "u %erbul se &a"e du$a ultiul eleent
Ex: /( Eit!er t!e boy or t!e girl is !ere.
@( Neit!er you nor I a rig!t.
! substanti%ele life) soul) mind) heart %or a$are in &ora de $lural "and deterina un subst "a $eo$le
Ex: in roaneste: Soldatii si-au dat viata 'la sg( $entru tara.
in engle#a: T!e soldiers !a%e gi%en t!eir lives 'la $l( &or t!e "ountry.
?eniti%ul substanti%elor
Este de @ &eluri: /( sinteti" 'saxon(
@( analiti" '$re$o#itional(
1% 'enitivul sintetic: !osesor ( )s ( obiect !osedat
Utili#are:
/( $osesorul este subst $ro$riu:
5arenDs "ar
@( $osesorul este subst "oun &iinta:
t!e girlDs "ar
1( denuiri geogra&i"e:
BoaniaDs e"onoy
E( aniale 'aniale ari(:
t!e dogDs !ouse
2( substanti% "ole"ti%:
t!e "o$anyDs su""ess
F( abstra"tiuni:
libertyDs de&ense
G( "or$uri "eleste:
t!e sunDs rays
H( $ersoni&i"ari:
t!e 3indDs %oi"e
0( $ronue ne!otarat:
soebodyDs 3is!
/I( di%i#iuni 'de ti$ de ex.(:
yesterdayDs ne3s$a$er
//( ex$resii "onsa"rate:
t!e ?odDs sa,e
! da"a subst $ro$rii se terina in s) $une doar a$ostro&ul:
Ex: 4i",ensD no%els - dar se "iteste "a si "u ar &i adaugat es: 'di"!ensi#(
! da"a a%e @ sau ai ulti $osesori ai a"eluiasi obie"t intre "are exista o relatie de rudenie) $une s
doar ultiului:
Ex: /( t!e girl and t!e boyDs &at!er 'sunt &rati) au a"elasi tata(
@( t!e girlDs and t!e boyDs &at!ers 'nu sunt &rati(
! nu se ai $une obie"tul $osedat
- da"a a ai &ost entionat anterior
Ex: Ay ot!erDs "ar is blue and y &at!erDs is 3!ite.
- sau da"a e unul din substanti%ele:
s!o$
store
"!ur"!
"at!edral
!ouse 'lista nu este liitati%a(
Ex: LetDs go to t!e but"!erDs 'in lo" de butchers shop(
! da"a $osesorul este la $lural) $une doar a$ostro& &ara s:
boysD toys
Ex"e$tie &a" subst "are nu &a" $lural in s:
$eo$leDs res$e"t
"!ildrenDs toys
2% 'enitivul analitic: obiect !osedat ( of ( !osesor
Utili#are:
/( $t lu"ruri
t!e door o& t!e roo
@( anuite denuiri geogra&i"e:
t!e "ity o& London
1( susbt $ro%enite din ad*e"ti%e:
t!e needs o& t!e $oor
E( a$o#itie:
To) a &riend o& y anager
2( inse"te) $asari i"i:
t!e 3ings o& t!e &ly
F( "and %re sa sublinie un subst $ro$riu:
LetDs tal, about t!e 3ars o& Na$oleon
G( "and subst e $re"edat de un deterinant:
t!is boo, o& y &riend
! nu $oate sa li$seas"a ni"i un eleent) iar la $lural are a"eeasi &ora
5obinatii sinteti" analiti" 'dubla $osesie(
a( "obinatie din 1: analiti" < sinteti"
Ex: asina $rietenului &ratelui eu t!e "ar o& y brot!erDs &riend
b( "obinatie din E: sinteti" < analiti" < sinteti"
Ex: asina $rietenului &ratelui %arului tau t!e &riendDs "ar o& your "ousinDs brot!er
?enul substanti%elor
In general) substanti%ele in liba engle#a nu au gen.
Totusi) a%e:
/( an 3oan
Ex: $oli"ean $oli"e3oan
@( ale &eale
Ex: ale student &eale student
1( girl boy
Ex: girl&riend boy&riend
E( &ore distin"te
Ex: ot!er &at!er
3i&e !usband 'generi" 9 s$ouse(
grandot!er grand&at!er
son daug!ter
sister brot!er
un"le aunt
ne$!e3 nie"e
ba"!elor s$inster '"elibatara(
un, nun '"alugar+"alugarita(
lad lass '&e"ior+&etis"ana(
3i#ard 3it"! '%ra*itor+%ra*itoare(
tutor go%erness
tailor seastress '"usator+"usatoreasa(
earl "ountess '"onte+"ontesa(
,ing 7ueen
gentlean - lady
2( se &orea#a niste &einine si $rin adaugarea su&ixului ess:
Ex: a"tor a"tress
aster istress
3aiter 3aitress '"!elner+"!elnerita(
Ex"e$tie: !ero !eroine
F( doua substanti%e &a" as"ulinul din &einin:
Ex: 3ido3 3ido3er '%adu%a+%adu%(
bride bridegroo 'ireasa+ire(
G( subst $ro%enite din libi straine isi &a" genul "& libii din "are $ro%in:
signor signora
don donna
$rotJgJ $rotegee
&ian"J &ian"Je
H( $t aniale:
a( !e s!e:
!e-ele$!ant s!e-ele$!ant
b( ale &eale:
ale-&rog &eale-&rog
"( $rin adaugare de su&ix ess:
lion lioness: tiger tigress
d( "u &ore distin"te $t aniale:
&ox '%ul$oi( %ixen '%ul$e(
are 'ia$a( stallion 'arasar( generic 9 !orse
Ka",-ass 'agar( Kenny-ass 'agarita(
"o3 '%a"a( ox 'bou( sau bull 'bou de $rasila(
s!e-goat '"a$ra( !e-goat 'ta$(
ra 'berbe"( e3e 'oaie( generic 9 s!ee$
rabbit 'ie$ure de "asa( doe-rabbit 'ie$uroai"a(
bee 'albina( drone 'albin(
sa3 's"roa&a( s3ine '$or"( sau boar '%ier: $or" istret(
to "at '$isoi( tib "at '$isi"a(
dog '"aine( bit"! '"atea(
!en 'gaina( "o", '"o"os(
Tur,ey-!en '"ur"a( Tur,ey-"o", '"ur"an(
goose 'gas"a( gander 'gas"an(
du", 'rata( dra,e 'ratoi(
deer '"a$rioara( stag '"erb(
!art '"iuta( roe '"iutan(
! da"a subst are "ategorie de gen) $rieste $ronuele "ores$un#ator genului
Ex: Ay brot!er !as a are. S!e is bla",.