Retinography

A retinography is a photographic image of the fundus ocularis. This image can be obtained with
a fundus camera or with laser scan tools, and the procedure is usually carried out after
administering mydriatic eye drops, although there currently are instruments that make it
possible to obtain such an image even without dilating the pupil. Traditional retinography
produces a colour image of the ocular fundus, which is generally used in the screening of
certain ocular pathologies, such as diabetic retinopathy, or for monitoring, as in the case of
choroidal nevi. There are also other types of retinography, each of which is suited for studying
certain aspects in more detail: red-free light retinography (vessels, haemorrhages, drusen,
exudates), blue-green light retinography (nervous fibre layer, inner limiting membrane, folds,
retinal cysts, epiretinal membrane) and red-light retinography (pigmented lesions, ruptured
choroid, choroidal vessels).
Retinografia
Un retinografia este o imagine fotografic a fundului de ochi Ocularis . Aceast imagine
obinut cu un fund POATE FI camer sau cu instrumente de scanare cu laser , iar procedura
este efectuat, de obicei dup administrarea picturi pentru ochi midriatice , dei n prezent,
exist dispune de instrumente face posibil obinerea acel an Basescu dilatarea imaginea elev
chiar i fr . Retinography tradiional produce o imagine color a fundului ocular , care este n
general folosit n screeningul Anumite patologiilor oculare , Cum ar fi retinopatia diabetic , sau
pentru monitorizarea , ca i n cazul nevi coroid . Exist i alte tipuri de retinography , fiecare
dintre care este potrivit pentru a studia anumite aspecte mai detaliat : red- lumina retinography
gratuit ( Vase , hemoragii , drusen , exudate ) , albastru -Verde retinography deschis ( strat de
fibre nervos , membrana limitarea interior , falduri , chisturi retiniene , membran epiretinal ) i
retinography rou -light ( leziuni pigmentate , coroida rupt , Recipientelor coroid ) .
http://www.fondazionebietti.it/en/diagnostic_tests_and_procedures

Diabetic Retinopathy Defined

What is diabetic eye disease?
Diabetic eye disease refers to a group of eye problems that people with diabetes may face as a
complication of diabetes. All can cause severe vision loss or even blindness.

What is diabetic retinopathy?

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common diabetic eye disease and a leading cause of blindness in
American adults. It is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina.

In some people with diabetic retinopathy, blood vessels may swell and leak fluid. In other people,
abnormal new blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina. The retina is the light-sensitive tissue
at the back of the eye. A healthy retina is necessary for good vision.
If you have diabetic retinopathy, at first you may not notice changes to your vision. But over time,
diabetic retinopathy can get worse and cause vision loss. Diabetic retinopathy usually affects
both eyes.

Causes and Risk Factors

How does diabetic retinopathy cause vision loss?
Blood vessels damaged from diabetic retinopathy can cause vision loss in two ways:
1. Fragile, abnormal blood vessels can develop and leak blood into the center of the eye,
blurring vision. This is proliferative retinopathy and is the fourth and most advanced stage
of the disease.
2. Fluid can leak into the center of the macula, the part of the eye where sharp, straight-ahead
vision occurs. The fluid makes the macula swell, blurring vision. This condition is
called macular edema. It can occur at any stage of diabetic retinopathy, although it is more
likely to occur as the disease progresses. About half of the people with proliferative
retinopathy also have macular edema.
Normal Vision and the same scene viewed by a person with diabetic retinopathy.
https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/diabetic/retinopathy

Symptoms of Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is usually silent. Severe and permanent retinal damage can occur
before you notice any of the following symptoms:

Blurred vision that does not improve with glasses

Vision that worsens, improves, then worsens again
Sudden loss of vision, particularly following events such as coughing or sneezing
Seeing "cobwebs," "spots," or a "hole" in your field of vision
Eye pain

A Closer Look at Diabetic Retinopathy

In this article

Symptoms of Diabetic Retinopathy

Share this:
Listen

Diabetic retinopathy is a common and potentially disabling long-term complication of

diabetes. This condition arises when elevated levels of blood sugar damage the tiny
blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the retina, the part of the eye that
detects light. Typically, both eyes are affected.
Retinopathy can also lead to glaucoma, increased pressure within the eye that can
further threaten vision. Untreated, retinopathy can lead to progressive and irreversible
vision loss. This condition is the leading cause of blindness in people between the ages
of 20 and 60. But if retinopathy is diagnosed early, blindness can be prevented.
Although many people with diabetes develop impaired vision, fewer than 5% suffer
severe vision loss.
For a person who has diabetes, the risk of developing retinopathy is directly related to
the length of time that he or she has had diabetes. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can
lead to retinal damage. Although retinopathy usually does not appear for approximately
five years after a type 1 diabetes diagnosis, it may already be present when type 2
diabetes is diagnosed. After 15 years of having diabetes, 98 percent of those with type
1 diabetes and 78 percent of those with type 2 have some degree of retinal damage.
http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/closer-look-diabetic-retinopathy

Retinography
Retinography is a sophisticated means for identifying people by the pattern of blood
vessels on the retina (the innermost coat of the back part of the eye). It requires the use
of a special scanner about the size of a shoe-box that can map the unique pattern of
blood vessels on the retina. The pattern is so complex that even identical twins do not
have the same blood vessel configuration. Those who favor its use claim retinography
has an error rate of only one in a million.

There are currently a number of biometric devices in use, machines that can identify
people by their physical characteristics. Some examples include fingerprint scanners
and devices that can recognize a particular voice, hand, or signature. The retinal scanner
is another addition to the identification tool kit.

How Retinal Scanning Works

A retinal scanner uses infrared light for mapping. As a person looks into the eyepiece, an
invisible beam of low-energy infrared light traces a circular path on the retina at the
back of the eye. The blood-filled capillaries absorb more of the infrared light than the
surrounding tissue. Because of this, there is a variation in the intensity of the reflection.
The scanner measures this reflection at 320 points along the beam path. It then assigns
an intensity grade between zero and 4,095. The resulting numbers are compressed into
an 80-byte computer code. This code can then be compared with patterns that have
already been entered into the computer's data base.

Applications
Retina scans are already in use in the Pentagon and government and corporate
organizations where people need to be identified before they can enter an area. New
concerns about security from terrorism and bank and credit card fraud have caused
many organizations to think seriously of using retina scans or other biometric means to
identify people at airports and ATM machines.
Some states require that truck and bus drivers be mapped by retinography. This
information is used by state agencies to prevent bad drivers from holding licenses in
several states to hide their driving records. A proposedand more controversialuse of
retina scans is to develop a worker registry, where everyone is scanned to make sure that
they are legal citizens of the United States, and thus eligible for employment. Critics of
this proposal are concerned about possible invasions of privacy and violations of other
personal rights.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Retinal scanners have several advantages over fingerprinting and voice recognition
systems. They do not require as much computer memory as a fingerprint scan, and they
are not subject to contamination from dirt or finger misplacement. Unlike voice
recognition systems, retinal scanner are not distracted by background noise or changes
in voice caused by illness.
The main disadvantage of the retinal scanner is that the person has to focus on the
scanner from about three inches away. This restriction makes the device difficult for
ATM use because a person using a cash machine rarely focuses on one area very long
and is never close enough. A new device called an iris scanner may prove more useful for
these casual transactions, since the scanning camera can be farther away and only has to
scan the pattern of the iris (colored portion) of the eye, a procedure which does not
require focusing on the camera.

Read more: http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/RaThy/Retinography.html#ixzz3ND7NxWqW