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Notiunea de placebo a fost introdusa de H.K. Beecher. Beecher a evaluat 15 teste clinice ce se ocupau
de diferite boli, si a descoperit ca problemele a 35% din 1.082 de pacienti erau rezolvate printr-un
simplu placebo. Alte studii ulterioare au sustinut ca efectul placebo este mult mai puternic decat
sustine Beecher. De exemplu, unele studii au indicat faptul ca placebo are efect in 50-60% din cazurile
ce prezinta anumite probleme (dureri, depresie, unele probleme cardiace, ulcere gastrice si alte
probleme stomacale).
Un tanar cardiolog numit Leonard Cobb a realizat o operatie unica ce era folosita in cazul anginei
pectorale. Chirurgii faceau incizii mici in pieptul pacientului si uneau doua artere in incercarea de a
mari cantitatea de sange ce ajungea la inima. Era o tehnica populara 90% dintre pacienti raportau
imbunatatiri dar cand Cobb a comparat-o cu chirurgia placebo (facea doar inciziile), a realizat faptul
ca operatia placebo era la fel de buna. Procedura, cunoscuta ca grefarea arterei mamare interne, a
fost abandonata.
Pentru a elimina desfasurarea naturala a afectiunii sau regresia ei, multi cercetatori au folosit un al
treilea grup de control grupul care nu primea niciun fel de tratament. Daca grupul placebo arata
rezultate mai bune decat grupul de control, atunci e clar ca placebo este eficient. Lucru care s-a
dovedit, de fapt, adevarat pentru majoritatea pacientilor.
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