Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Adjectivul Calitativ
Cum se identifica
Adjectivele din aceasta categorie sunt adjective care descriu proprietati ale
obiectelor ce pot avea grade, nivele, intensitati ale acelei proprietati.
Exemple:
big (mare)
clever (destept)
profound (profund)
small (mic)
dry (uscat)
good (bun)
activ (activ)
blue (albastru)
Cum se formeaza:
Raportul de inferioritare in limba engleza se formeaza folosind constructiile:
NOT SO/AS+ adj. + AS + subst./ pronume
LESS + adj. +THAN + subst./ pronume
( mai putin (de) ... decat .... )
Exemple:
It is less cold than it might look.
E mai putin rece decat pare.
She said it was colder there but less windy than Kansas.
Ea a spus ca vremea a fost mai rece acolo, dar a batut mai putin
vantul decat in Kansas.
Chinese is the least easy language.
Chineza e cea mai putin usoara limba.
Comparativ Superlativ
(mai ) (cel mai )
Pronuntie
good (=bun)
well (=sanatos)
better
the best
Asculta
bad (=rau)
ill (=bolnav)
worse
the worst
Asculta
far
(=departe; pt.
distanta
metaforica,
nefizica)
further
the furthest
far
(=departe; pt.
distanta fizica)
farther
the farthest
Asculta
old
(=in virsta; in
familie)
elder
the eldest
Asculta
old
(=vechi, batran;
la modul general
)
older
the oldest
Asculta
many
(=multi,
numeric)
much
(mult, cantitativ)
more
the most
Asculta
Asculta
little
(=putin,
cantitativ)
less
the least
Asculta
Exemple:
This is the best way to fix that problem.
(Aceasta este cea mai buna modalitate de a rezolva acea problema)
This is a better way to fix this problem.
(Aceasta este o mai buna modalitate de a rezolva acea problema)
This is the worst thing that could happen.
(Acesta este cel mai rau lucru care se poate intampla)
Adjectivul Posesiv
Cum se identifica
Adjectivele posesive sunt cele care arata o posesie; arata al cui e un obiect (al meu, al
tau, etc ...);
Exemple:
my book (cartea mea)
your book (cartea ta, cartea voastra)
his book (cartea lui)
her book (cartea ei)
its book (cartea lui, ei -> pentru lucruri, animale, abstractiuni)
our book (cartea noastra)
our books (cartile noastre)
your books (cartile voastre)
their book (cartea lor)
their books (cartile lor)
Comentarii
Corespondenta pronumelor posesive cu adjectivele posesive:
Persoana
Pronumele
posesiv
Adjectivul
posesiv
1st singular
mine
my
2nd
yours
your
3rd (female)
hers
her
3rd (male)
his
his
3rd (neuter)
its
its
1st plural
ours
our
3rd plural
theirs
their
Adjectivul Demonstrativ
Cum se identifica:
Adjectivul demonstrativ are numai 4 forme:
singular
plural
closer
this
(acesta/
aceasta)
these
(acestia/
acestea)
farther
that
(acela/ aceea)
those
(aceia/
acelea)
Play
Play
Play
Play
Adjectivul Nehotarat
Cum se identifica:
Adjectivul nehotarat este adjectivul care nsoeste substantivul fr s
individualizeze obiectul denumit de acesta.
Exemple:
There are some Canadians here.
We need some water. How much do we need ?
There are a few doctors in town.
We need some paper. How much do we need ?
How many cigarettes do you smoke a day ?
I have enough knowledge to do it.
Comentarii:
Cele mai intalnite adjective nehotarate sunt :
Adverbul de mod
9
Cum se identifica:
Adverbul se poate defini astfel:
Adverbul de loc
11
Cum se identifica:
Adverbul se poate defini astfel:
Este partea de vorbire care:
Comentarii:
12
Exista adverbe de loc care au aceeasi forma ca si adjectivul din care provin:
outside, next, right, left
Outside
Ex.. There's only an outside chance of winning this game Sansele de a castiga
acest joc sunt mici. Adjective
The weather outside is horrible Vremea de afara e oribila - Adverb
Next
Ex. Im leaving with the next train. Plec cu trenul urmator. Adjective
What happens next ? - Ce se va intampla in continuare ? Adverb
Right
Ex. He is not the right person for you. Nu e persoana potrivita pentru tine.
Adjective
Im right behind you.- Sunt chiar in spate tau. Adverb
Left
Ex. She is wearing a bracelet on her left hand. Ea poarta pe mana stanga o
bratara. Adjective
Turn left at the end of the street.- Fa la stanga la capatul strazii. - Adverb
13
Adverbul de timp
Cum se identifica:
Adverbul se poate defini astfel:
14
16
Cum se formeaza:
In limba engleza exista adverbe care formeaza gradele de comparative in mod
neregulat, adica isi schimba radacina in momentul in care intra in structura unor
grade de comparatie.
Exemple:
Darius sings better than Florina. (Darius canta mai bine decat Florina.)
Marina corrected the exercise the worst of all. (Marina a corectat exercitiul cel mai
rau dintre toti.)
He ran farther than the mentioned place. (A fugit mai departe de locul mentionat.)
Sofia worked more than yesterday. (Sofia a lucrat mai mult decat ieri.)
He is the best. (El este cel mai bun.)
Comentarii
Mai jos este prezentat un tabel cu cele mai utilizate astfel de adverbe:
Gradul pozitiv
well (bine)
badly (rau)
much (mult)
little (putin)
far (departe)
Gradul comparativ
better (mai bine)
worse (mai rau)
more (mai mult)
less (mai putin)
farther (mai departe)
17
Gradul superlativ
the best (cel mai bine)
the worst (cel mai rau)
the most (cel mai mult)
the least (cel mai putin)
the farthest (cel mai departe)
Cum se identifica:
Conjunctia :
a) exprima raporturi de coordonare sau de subordonare intre doua propozitii,
raporturi de coordonare intre doua parti de propozitie sau intre o parte de propozitie si
o propozitie;
b) este neflexibila din punct de vedere morphologic;
c) nu indeplineste nicio functie sintactica in propozitie dar marcheaza raporturile
de coordonare si subordonare in cadrul propozitiei ai al frazei.
Exemple:
18
Either or indica doua alternative din care numai una este posibila, in
propozitii pozitive sau interogative:
We can either have a snack now, or we can have lunch at noon.
Putem lua o gustare acum sau putem lua pranzul la amiaza.
sau
se folosesc pentru a exprima o negatie:
I can't travel either by air or by sea. (Nu pot calatori prin aer sau pe mare.)
I can travel neither by air nor by sea. (Nu pot calatori nici prin aer nici pe
mare.)
19
De timp: when (cand), since (de cand), till/ until (pana cand), while/as (in timp
ce), before (inainte ca), after (dupa ce)
De scop: so that, in order that/ so (that) (mai formal) (pentru ca, cu scopul ca)
for fear (that) (de teama sa), in case, lest (formal) (ca sa nu)
Conditionale: if (daca), provided (that) /on condition (that), as long as/ so long
as (cu conditia ca, atata timp cat); unless (afara daca, numai daca nu)
Concesive: though, although (mai formal), while, whereas (formal), even if/
though (desi, cu toate ca, chiar daca)
Comparative: as as (la fel de ... ca ...); as if/ as though (ca si cum, de parca)
When indica: simultaneitatea a doua actiuni:
When I am tired I go for a walk.
Cand sunt obosit fac o plimbare.
When she rang the bell, he came to the door.
Cand ea a sunat la sonerie, el a venit la usa. ---> Accentual este pe momentul
actiunii sau succesiunea lor imediata in timp.
As este folosit pentru actiuni paralele:
She wept as she spoke.
Plangea in timp ce vorbea.
sau sinonim al lui while:
As I was crossing the street, I heard somebody call my name.
In timp ce/ Pe cand traversam strada, am auzit pe cineva strigandu-mi numele.
Since presupune un argument admis de interlocutor:
Since you need this book, i'll get it for you.
Deoarece ai nevoie de carte, am sa ti-o iau.
Cand folosim conjunctia unless, verbul din propozitia conditionala este la forma
pozitiva:
You can't see me unless you call me first.
Nu ma poti vedea decat daca ma suni inainte.
20
Cum se identifica:
Comentarii:
Interjectii ca er si um sunt cunoscute si ca interjectii de ezitare. Ele sunt extrem
de folosite in engleza.
Sunt folosite atunci cand cineva nu stie ce sa spuna, sau iti indica faptul ca se
gandeste la ce va spune.
21
Numeralul cardinal
Cum se identifica:
Numeralul cardinal este partea de vorbire care exprima un numar de obiecte,
persoane (numeralul cardinal).
Exemple:
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5 five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen
20 twenty
21 twenty-one
22 twenty-two
23 twentythree
30 thirty
40 forty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
Comentarii:
22
Cand sunt precedate de numarul unitatilor si acesta este mai mare decat 1,
numeralele hundred si thousand nu primesc "-s" la plural:
300 three hundred
5000 five thousand
Atentie! Aceste numerale primesc terminatia "-s" cand sunt folosite:
a) ca substantive:
Thousands have read this book.
Mii au citit aceasta carte.
b) cand sunt urmate de prepozitia OF:
The number of young people studying in our schools amounts to
hundreds OF thousands.
Numarul de tineri ce studiaza in scolile noastre se ridica la sute de
mii.
23
Numeralul ordinal
Cum se identifica:
Arata ordinea; locul pe care se afla un obiect, o actiune, un eveniment, etc dintr-o
multitudine de obiecte, evenimente, etc.
Exemple:
Numeral
Cardinal
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Numeral
Ordinal
( forma I )
the1st
the 2nd
the 3rd
the 4th
the 5th
the 6th
the 7th
the 8th
the 9th
the 10th
the 11th
the 12th
the 13th
the 14th
the 15th
the 16th
the 17th
the 18th
the 19th
Numeral
Ordinal
( forma II )
the first
the second
the third
the fourth
the fifth
the sixth
the seventh
the eighth
the ninth
the tenth
the eleventh
the twelfth
the thirteenth
the fourteenth
the fifteenth
the sixteenth
the seventeenth
the eighteenth
the nineteenth
24
20
21
30
100
1000
the 20th
the 21st
the 30th
the 100th
the 1000th
the twentieth
the twenty-first
the thirtieth
the hundredth
the thousandth
Comentarii:
Numeralul ordinal se formeaza prin adaugarea sufixului "th" la numeralul
cardinal.
Exceptii:
1) one ---> first (1st)
2) two ---> second (2nd)
3) three ---> third (3rd)
4) la five si nine ---> se suprima -e final: fifth (5th) si ninth (9th)
5) in cazul zecile la care -y final se transforma in -ie: forty ---> fortieth (40th)
Observatii:
1. La numeralele compuse, numai ultimul numar primeste "th":
27: the twenty-seventh
236: the two hundred and thirty-sixth
2. In engleza, numeralul ordinal se foloseste si la exprimarea datei:
April 25th
the 25th of April
In exprimarea datei, numeralul ordinal poate fi asezat inainte sau dupa numele
lunii. Daca numeralul ordinal precede denumirea lunii, acesta este urmat de of:
I was born on the 25th of April 1986.
Daca numeralul ordinal este asezat dupa denumirea lunii, of este omis:
I was born on April (the) 25th.
25
Numeralul multiplicativ
Cum se identifica:
Arata de cite ori se repeta o actiune, eveniment, etc.
Exemple:
once = o data
twice = de doua ori
three times = de trei ori
four times = de patru ori
five times = de cinci ori
ten times = de zece ori
fifty times = de cincizeci de ori
sixty times = de saizeci de ori
a hundred times = de o suta de ori
a thousand times = de o mie de ori
Comentarii:
Tot cu sensul de multiplicare se mai folosesc:
double
= twofold
triple
= threefold
fourfold = impatrit
( dublu )
( triplu )
26
Numeralul iterativ
Cum se identifica:
Arata pentru a cata ora ceva s-a intamplat (se intampla, se va intampla).
Exemple:
(for) the first time
(for) the second time
(for) the third time
(for) the fourth time
(for) the fifth time
(for) the sixth time
(for) the seventh time
(for) the eighth time
(for) the ninth time
(for) the tenth time
(for) the eleventh time
(for) the twelfth time
(for) the thirteenth time
(for) the fourteenth time
(for) the sixteenth time
(for) the eighteenth time
(for) the nineteenth time
(for) the twentieth time
(for) the twenty-first time
(for) the thirtieth time
27
Numeralul adverbial
Cum se identifica:
Arata "in al catelea rand" se doreste sa se precizeze, sublinieze ceva
Exemple
first(ly)
= in primul rand
= in al 3-lea rand
= in al 5-lea rand
sixth(ly)
= in al 6-lea rand
28
Numeralul fractional
Cum se identifica:
Reprezinta numere ce se pot scrie ca fractii.
Exemple:
one whole (1/1)
= un intreg
one half
= o jumatate
(1/2)
= o treime
= un sfert, o patrime
one tenth
(1/10) = o zecime
two tenths
29
Numeralul distributiv
Cum se identifica:
Numeralul distributiv exprima gruparea, repartizarea obiectelor (distributia).
Exemple:
one at a time = cate unul o data
one by one = unul cate unul
two at a time = cate doi o data
two by two = doi cate doi
every other minute = din doua in doua minute
every other hour = din doua in doua ore
= la fiecare doua ore
every three hours = din trei in trei ore
= la trei ore o data
every six hours = din sase in sase ore
= la interval de sase ore
30
Numeralul nehotarat
Cum se identifica:
Face referire la un numar indefinit de obiecte.
Exemple:
a number of (un numar de)
a lot of (o multime de)
lots of, many (multi, multe)
tens of (zeci de)
hundreds of (sute de)
many (multi)
several (cativa)
31
Cum se identifica:
Arata locul in care se situeaza obiectele definite.
Exemple :at, on, in
at - folosim "at" pentru
un eveniment
Dan is at the concert.
a arata un anumit loc, o adresa exacta
John is at home, watching TV.
Tom lives at 121 Herring Cove Road in London. (adresa exacta !)
on - folosim "on"
in - folosim "in" pentru a arata ca un anumit obiect este imprejmuit sau inchis (inclusiv
orase, judete, state, continente, regiuni)
The dress is in the closet.
She lives in Halifax.
Comentarii:
Alte prepozitii de loc: after, below , in front of , between , among, beside
,behind, between, in front of, next to, above , beside, by, over, above, under, from,
onto
33
Cum se identifica:
Se utilizeaza pentru a specifica timpul unei actiuni.
Exemple:
at, on, in
at - folosim "at" pentru a arata timpul exact (ora exacta)
She arrived at 8.00 a.m. (when?)
Ea a ajuns la ora 8 A.M.
on - folosim "on" pentru date sau zile
Tom left on Monday. (when?)
Tom a plecat luni.
in - folosim in pentru o perioada de timp nespecificata, necunoscuta din timpul unui
an, zi, luna, anotimp
It is very warm in August.
Este foarte cald in august.
Comentarii:
Alte prepozitii de timp: after, by, since, during, for, throughout, to, till, until
34
Pronumele personal
Cum se identifica:
Pronumele personal face referire la o persoana care face actiunea (cazul A) sau
asupra careia se rasfrange actiunea (cazul B).
Exemple:
I will go to the sea. (cazul A)
Tom will tell me something. (cazul B)
This idea belongs to him. (cazul B)
We will go shopping. (cazul A)
I know them. ( "I" = cazul A, "them" = cazul B )
Comentarii:
Formele pronumelui personal:
Pronumele arata persoana
asupra carei se rasfrange
actiunea
( Cazul B )
I (eu)
Me (mie)
You (tu)
You (tie)
He (el, pt. fiinte umane)
Him (lui, pt. fiinte umane)
She (ea, pt. fiinte umane)
Her (ei, pt. fiinte umane)
It (el, ea pt. lucruri, animale) It (lui, ei, pt. lucruri, animale)
We (noi)
Us (noua)
You (voi)
You (voua)
They (ei)
Them (lor)
Pronumele arata persoana
care face actiunea
( Cazul A )
35
Pronumele posesiv
Cum se identifica:
Aceste tipuri de pronume se folosesc in propozitii in care se doreste
identificarea unui obiect prin referirea la posesor.
Formele pronumelui posesiv sunt:
Pronume personal
I
you (singular)
you (plural)
he
she
it
we
they
Pronume posesiv
mine (al meu)
yours (al tau)
yours (al vostru)
his (al lui)
hers (a ei)
its - is, however, rarely used
ours (ale noastre)
theirs (al lor)
Exemple:
John has a red car. Mine is green.
That is your book. This is hers.
That computer is his.
This book is not mine. This book is yours.
Comentarii:
Cand relatia de posesie e aratata impreuna cu obiectul posedat, aveam de-a face cu
un adjectiv posesiv.
36
Cum se identifica:
Aceste tipuri de pronume se folosesc in propozitii in care referirea la subiect se
face de 2 ori. (A doua oara se foloseste acest pronume reflexiv si/sau de intarire).
Formele pronumelui reflexiv (si/sau de intarire) sunt:
Pronume personal
I
you (singular)
you (plural)
he
she
it
we
they
Exemple:
I hurt myself. (M-am ranit singur.)
I'll do it myself. (O voi face eu.)
She did it by herself. (Ea a facut-o singura.)
He did it by himself. (El a facut-o singur.)
Comentarii:
Pronumele de intarire (reflexiv) se foloseste de regula in 3 cazuri:
Pronumele impersonal
Cum se identifica:
Este un pronume care nu face referire la cineva anume. Afirmatiile/ negatiile/
intrebarile sunt facute la modul general.
Exemple:
You can't always do what you want.
People can't always do what they want.
We can't always do what we want.
One can't always do what one wants.
Nota:
Toate propozitiile se traduc la fel: "Nu se poate ca totdeauna sa faci ce doresti".
Comentarii:
Cel mai folosit pronume impersonal este "one". Cu aceeasi semnificatie se
mai foloseste: you, we, people.
Pentru a avea forma impersonala verbul folosit cu "one" este la pers. a 3-a
singular: one says = se zice, one tells = se povesteste, one learns = se invata,
one sings = se canta, etc.
38
Pronumele interogativ
Cum se identifica:
Pronumele interogativ este un pronume folosit in constructiile interogative
(Atentie: pronumele este partea de vorbire flexibila care tine locul unui substantiv).
Principalele pronume interogative din limba engleza sunt:
Referire se face
la o persoana
who ? = care, cine ?
whom ? = pe care ?
to whom = caruia, careia ?
whose ? = al, a, ale, (...) careia,
caruia, (...) ?
Cazul
N
Ac
D
G
Referire se face la
un lucru, actiune
which ? = care ?
which ? = care, pe care ?
to which ? = caruia, careia ?
whose ? = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia,
(...) ?
Exemple:
Which car are we talking about ?
Who is this girl ?
What did you say?
Comentarii:
Cand pronumele interogative sunt in cazul nominativ, auxiliarul verbului
"to do" nu se foloseste
39
Pronumele relativ
Cum se identifica:
Pronumele relativ se refera la un substantiv mentionat anterior, caruia ii
adauga informatii suplimentare.
Principalele pronume relative din limba engleza sunt:
Cazul
N
Ac
D
G
Referire se face
la o persoana
who = care, cine
whom = pe care
to whom = caruia, careia
whose = al, a, ale, (...) careia,
caruia, (...)
Referire se face la
un lucru, actiune
which = care
which = care, pe care
to which = caruia, careia
whose = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia,
(...)
Asculta
Asculta
Exemple
I'm talking about the car which is parked over there.
I talked to the girl whose car is red.
This is the girl who comes from Halifax.
I wrote this book for people who like history.
I have written a lot about this place to which we belong.
Comentarii:
1) Pronumele relativ in Ac. poate fi inlocuit cu that.
2) Pronumele relative who, which, that se omit in propozitiile restrictive (in limba
vorbita) cand se gasesc in cazul acuzativ.
Ex: The girl (who) you have just met is my niece.
The magazine (that) you lent me is very interesting.
40
Pronumele nehotarat
Cum se identifica:
Un pronume nehotarat face referire la ceva ce nu e definit, specific sau exact.
Pronumele nehotarate cele mai utilizate sunt: any, all, anybody, anyone,
everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, some, somebody,
someone.
Exemple:
All are welcome to attend the course.
Do you have some ? No, I don't have any.
Somebody will take the pie.
Has anybody seen that movie ?
Some get it and some just refuse to open their eyes !
Comentarii:
Pronume
nehotarat
all
Traducere
Variante
Traducere
toti
some
unii
any
oricare
every
fiecare
someone
somebody
something
somewhere
anyone
anybody
anything
anywhere
everyone
everybody
everything
everywhere
41
cineva
cineva
ceva
undeva
cineva
cineva
ceva
undeva
fiecare
toata lumea
totul
peste tot
each
= fiecare
Neither (negativ)
= niciunul
Se folosesc atunci cand e vorba doar de doua persoane si sunt utilizate mai ales in
propozitiile interogative si negative:
Ex: Have you seen either of them?
L-ai vazut pe vreunul dintre ei (doi)?
In propozitiile afirmative, either are sensul de oricine, oricare:
Ex: Either of you can do it.
Oricare dintre voi (doi) poate face acest lucru.
42
Substantivul: Genul
Cum se identifica:
Genul masculin:
Exemple:
Genul masculin:
Mr. Death
Genul feminin:
43
Substantivul: Pluralul
Cum se identifica:
La forma de singular este adaugat:
1. "s"
: regula generala;
2. "es" : daca singularul substantivelor au terminatia in ch, sh, s, ss, z, x;
3. "ies" : daca singularul are terminatia y si inaintea lui e o consoana;
4. "es" : daca singularul are terminatia o iar substantivul e intrat de mult in
folosire;
5. "ves" : majoritatea substantivelor terminate in f sau fe (exceptii: roof/
roofs dwarf/ dwarfs);
6. la substantivele de origine greaca, substantivele terminate in sis, la plural
sis e inlocuit de ses.
Exemple:
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
Comentarii:
44
Play
Play
Play
Play
Play
Play
Play
45
Substantivul: Articolul
Play
46
Example
Countries
Countries which are in a
plural form
Countries when limited by
time
Individual monutains
Mountains in the Bernese
Oberland
Mountain chains
Islands
Groups of islands
Rivers
Oceans
Seas
No
Yes
France
The USA
Yes
The Spain of
today
Mount Everest
The Jungfrau
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
The Carpati
Sicily
The West Indies
The Volga
The Pacific
The
Mediterranean
The gulf of
Mexico
The bay of
Biscay
47
Lakes
Current
No
Yes
Lake Erie
The
Gulf
Stream
4. Articolul hotarat (the) sau nehotarat (a, an) este acelasi pentru toate genurile (in
limba engleza): a man, a woman, an actor, an actress, a table, the boy, the girl, the
day
5. Articolul a/ an in limba engleza e folosit si cu:
nume predicativ:
It was an earthquake.
Shell be a dancer.
He is an actor.
cu anumite numere:
a hundred, a thousand, a half-holiday, a half-portion
metre
in exclamatii:
We cant use a/the sugar, a/the milk but a/the can of sugar, a/the bottle of
milk.
Atentie: A/an has no plural forms. So the plural of a dog is dogs , and of an
egg is eggs.
7. Articolul hotarat THE mai este folosit in rmatoarele situatii (in limba engleza):
the Smiths = Mr. and Mrs. Smith (and children) = familia Smith
cu obiecte unice:
49
Substantivul: Nominativul
Cum se identifica:
Intr-o propozitie substantivul in nominativ este subiectul actiunii.
Exemple:
Substantivul in nominativ este in albastru:
Mark read a book.
The tree has a lot of flowers.
Water freezes at 32F (0C).
50
Substantivul: Acuzativul
Cum se identifica:
Indica obiectul asupra caruia se rasfrange actiunea intr-un mod direct. Acuzativul
este un caz ce exprim complementele direct, indirect i circumstaniale.
Intrebarile cu care se identifica: ce? pe cine? unde? de unde? pana unde? de cand?
pe cine? pe ce? cu ce? cu cine? de ce? de cine? de la cine? cand? pana cand?
Exemple:
Substantivele in acuzativ sunt marcate cu albastru:
Max fixed the car.
The girl sells the big box.
The girl hugs the boy.
I eat the pizza you gave me.
The boy gives the book.
51
Substantivul: Dativul
Cum se identifica:
Indica obiectul asupra caruia se rasfrange actiunea intr-un mod indirect.
Identificarea se face cu intrebarea "Cui ?".
Exemple:
52
Substantivul: Genitivul
Cum se identifica:
Exemple:
1. Mark's shop
2. John's car
(barca pescarilor)
Play
Play
Play
Play
Play
Play
Play
Comentarii:
a) Genitivul (posesia) in limba engleza se formeaza astfel:
cand posesorul este o persoana: prin adaugarea unui 's dupa posesor
(obiectul posedat se afla dupa posesor in propozitie). Vezi exemplele nr. 1, 2, 4;
cand posesorii sunt mai multe pesoane: prin adaugarea unui ' (apostrof)
dupa posesori (obiectul posedat se afla dupa posesori in propozitie). Vezi
exemplul nr.3;
obiect
54
55
Infinitiv
-forma 1-
Trecut
-forma 2-
Participiu
trecut
-forma 3-
Traducere
to abide
abode
abode
a astepta, a
sta, a
locui
to arise
arose
arisen
a se ridica
to awake
awoke
awoken
a se trezi
awaked
awaked
to be
was, were
been
a fi
to bear
bore
born
a se naste
to beat
beat
beaten
a bate
to become
became
become
a deveni
to begin
began
begun
a icepe
to behold
beheld
beheld
a zari, a
vedea
to bend
bent
bent
a indoi, a
curba
besought
a implora
to beseech besought
verb
to bear
bore
born
a se naste
to bet
bet
bet
a paria
56
to bid
bade
bidden
a oferi, a
licita
to bind
bound
bound
a lega
to bite
bit
bitten
a musca
to bleed
bled
bled
a sangera
to bless
blest
blest
to blow
blew
blown
a sufla
to break
broke
broken
a sparge
to breed
bred
bred
a creste
to bring
brought
brought
a aduce
a
binecu
vanta
to
broadcast broadcast a transmite
broad
prin
cast
radio
to burn
burnt
(burn
ed)
burnt
(burn
ed)
to burst
burst
burst
a izbucni
to buy
bought
bought
a cumpara
to can
could
been able
to
a putea
to cast
cast
cast
a arunca
to catch
caught
caught
a prinde
to choose
chose
chosen
a alege
to cleave
cleft
cleft
a despica
to cling
clung
57 clung
a arde
a se lipi
Cum se identifica:
Subiectul gramatical face actiunea exprimata de verb.
Actiunea se rasfrange asupra altui lucru
Exemple:
I have seen a tree.
58
Prezentul Simplu
(Simple Present Tense)
Cum se formeaza:
VERB + s/es (pentru persoana a 3-a singular)
Cand se foloseste & Exemple
1. pentru a exprima adevaruri general valabile (nu poti sa le schimbi in viitor)
The sun rises in the East and sets in West. (Soarele rasare in Est si apune
in Vest.)
The water boils at 100 degrees C. (Apa fierbe la 100 C.)
59
2. pentru a exprima actiuni care se repeta in mod regulat (sau nu se repeta deloc
si devin general valabile)
I drink a tea every day. (Beau ceai in fiecare zi.)
I never drink tea. (Nu beau ceai niciodata.)
In acest caz repetarea actiunii se "marcheaza" prin: every day/ month/ week/ year,
occasionally, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, twice a week.
3. in vorbirea directa pentru a marca ce a spus cineva
John says: "I speak French". (John spune: Vorbesc Franceza.)
4. pentru a exprima actiuni planificate in viitor
The match starts at 2pm on Sunday. (Meciul incepe la ora 2 pm,
duminica.)
5. in modul conditional (Conditional Prezent Real)
Tom helps me with my homework when he has time.
(Tom ma ajuta cu temele cand are timp.)
6. cateodata cand se povesteste o intamplare (de regula se folosesc si expresii,
cuvinte care sa accentueze surprinderea, sau rapiditatea cu care se intampla o alta
actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare actiunii de baza)
I went into the house and suddenly I see a misterious map.
(Am intrat in casa si dintr-o data am vazut o harta misterioasa.)
I went into the house = actiunea de baza
(suddenly) I see a misterious map = actiune paralela sau imediat
urmatoare actiunii de baza care accentueaza surprinderea
Comentarii:
a) "-es" se adauga la persoana a 3-a singular pentru verbele care se termina in s, z,
sh, ch, consoana+y
b) Din punct de vedere al formei, prezentul simplu este identic cu infinitivul, la
toate persoanele singular si plural, cu exceptia persoanei a III- a singular, care se
adauga (e) s.
60
Cum se formeaza:
am/is/are + present participle
Cand se foloseste & Exemple:
1. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (are loc chiar acum)
61
62
actiune voluntara; de exemplu: se uita cu binoclu, s-a urcat pe ceva sa vada mai
departe, etc)
DEASEMENEA, daca sensul verbului nu mai este cel de
baza, iar se poate folosi forma continua:
I am seeing my dentist on Wednesday. (sensul nu mai e de a vedea ci de a
fi consultat, de a se duce la)
2. Verbele care exprima activitati mentale
to agree, to believe, to distrust, to imagine, to doubt, to
remember, to understand, to suppose, to recognize, to forget, to
think, to mean
NOTA: Daca se foloseste forma continua apare o modificare de sens:
I am thinking. (nu se spune si ce gandesc.)
3. Verbe care exprima dorinta
to wish, to want, to intend, to desire
ex: I wish to go there.
4. Verbe care exprima sentimente, atitudini, trairi
emotionale
to love, to like, to dislike, to detest, to prefer, to abhor, to adore, to
hate
ex.: I like it.
5. verbele modale
can, may, must, ought to
ex.: I can do it.
6. Verbe care exprima posesia
to posses, to owe, to belong to, to own, to keep, to hold
ex.: I keep it for me.
7. Alte verbe care nu pot avea forma continua
to expect, to suffice, to differ, to appear, to contain, to deserve
64
Prezentul Perfect
(The Present Perfect Tense)
Cum se formeaza:
has/have + past participle
65
Cum se formeaza:
67
Trecutul Simplu
(The Simple Past Tense)
Cum se formeaza:
68
Acest timp desemneaza o actiune care a avut loc in trecut, dar care este amintita in
momentul prezent.
a) VERB+ed --> pentru verbele regulate.
b) forma a 2-a a verbelor neregulate --> pentru verbele neregulate
Observatii:
1) consoana finala a formei de infinitive se dubleaza cand vocala care o
precede este scurta si accentuate:
stop -> stopped
prefer -> preferred
2) verbele terminate in y precedat de consoana il schimba in i:
study -> studied
3) verbele terminate in e adauga doar d:
move -> moved
Cand se foloseste & Exemple:
1. actiunea e in trecut; timpul e definit cu exactitate (last week, last month,
last year, that day, that week, that year, in 1990, on Thursday, 10
years ago)
I visited London 10 years ago.
(Am vizitat Londra acum 10 ani.)
2. pentru o actiune care era o obistuinta in trecut (acum nu mai e)
We went to the Black See every year.
(acum nu mai mergem in fiecare an la Marea Neagra)
(Am mers la Marea Neagra in fiecare an. /Obisnuiam sa mergem la Marea Neagra in
fiecare an)
3. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Present Conditional (Unreal)"
Where would you stay if you went to Bucharest?
(Unde ai sta daca ai merge la Bucuresti?)
Tom would help me with my homework if he had time.
(Tom m-ar ajuta cu temele daca ar avea timp.)
4. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Future-in-the-Past" (cand actiunile viitoare
fata de actiunea trecuta sunt simultane)
69
70
Cum se formeaza:
was/were + present participle
Cand se foloseste & Exemple:
1. pentru a exprima o actiune in progres la un anumit moment din trecut
I remember that yesterday at 5 Pm I was watching TV.
(Imi amintesc ca ieri la ora 5 pm, ma uitam la Tv.)
2. pentru a arata ca o actiune trecuta a fost intrerupta de o alta
I was playing a computer game when she called.
(Ma jucam pe calculator cand ea a sunat.)
While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
(In timp ce eram la picnic, a inceput sa ploua.)
3. folosind "Past Continuous Tense" pentru actiuni trecute sublinieaza ideea de
paralelism, simultaneitate (se cunoaste timpul)
Last evening at 5 Pm, I was studying while he was making
dinner.
(Seara trecuta, la ora 5 pm, eu invatam in timp ce el pregatea cina.)
4. pentru a exprima iritarea vis-a-vis de actiuni care se repetau in trecut
He was constantly/ always coming late to the English class.
(Intotdeauna venea tarziu la ora de engleza.)
5. pentru a exprima conditionalul prezent ireal continuu
What would you say if the boy were studying now ? (Discutie intre
parinti cand se pregatesc sa intre in camera copiilor. Ei nu se asteapta ca baiatul lor
sa invete acum.)
(Ce ai spune daca baiatul ar invata acum?)
Trecutul Perfect
(The Past Perfect Tense)
71
Cum se formeaza:
had + past participle
Cand se foloseste & Exemple
1. exprima o actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut sau anterioara unui
moment din trecut
The little boy said that he had seen a flying saucer in the garden.
(Baietelul a spus ca vazuse o farfurie zburatoare in gradina.)
The little spoke as if he had seen a flying saucer.
(Micutul a vorbit ca si cum vazuse o farfurie zburatoare.)
2. in constructiile care folosesc Conditional in Trecut (Ireal)
Tom would have helped me with my homework if he had had
time.
(situatie ipotetica in trecut)
(Tom m-ar fi ajutat cu temele daca ar fi avut timp.)
3. pot exprima o dorinta nerealizata
I wish I hadn't missed the buss.
(Imi doresc sa nu fi pierdut autobuzul.)
I wished I hadn't missed the buss.
(Mi-as fi dorit sa nu fi pierdut autobuzul.)
4. exprima o actiune anterioara unei actiuni a carui timp e "Future-in-thePast"
Tom said that he would go to England after he had learned
English a little bit.
(Tom a spus ca va merge in Anglia, dupa ce va invata putina engleza.)
72
Cum se formeaza:
73
Viitorul Simplu
(Simple Future Tense
74
Cum se formeaza:
will + verb
Cand se foloseste & Exemple:
Viitorul simplu se foloseste in propozitiile simple si in cele
subordonate care incep cu verbe ce exprima promisiunea,
actiuni neplanificate, predictii. In aceste cazuri, de regula, in
propozitia principala avem verbe precum: think, assume,
expect, hope, doubt, belive, suppose, be sorry, wonder, be
sure pentru a exprima opinii/ optiuni personale despre o
actiune viitoare.
I suppose I will be there. (predictia)
(Presupun ca voi fi acolo.)
I will be there at 7 o'clock. (promisiunea)
(Voi fi acolo la ora 7.)
Comentarii:
1) Pentru actiunile planificate in viitor nu se foloseste
viitorul simplu ci "TO BE GOING TO" sau Simple Present
Continuous !
Viitorul Continuu
(Future Continuous Tense)
Cum se formeaza:
76
77
Viitorul Perfect
(Future Perfect Tense)
Cum se formeaza:
will have + past participle
78
79
Cum se formeaza:
will have been + present participle
"Viitorul in Trecut"
(The Future-in-the-Past)
80
would + VERB
or
was/ were going to + VERB
Exemple:
1. exprima o actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute
He promised me that we would go to Italy when he had time.
(when arata simultaneitatea)
(El mi-a promis ca vom merge in Italia cand va avea timp.)
Tom said that he would go to England after he had learned English
a little bit. (after arata anterioritatea)
(Tom a spus ca va merge in Anglia, dupa ce va invata putina engleza.)
Comentarii:
Propozitiile (de timp) care incep cu before, when, while, after, as soon
as, by the time, if, unless nu au verbul la viitor.
eveniment viitor.
Viitorul Perfect Continuu/ Future Perfect Continuous
1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care incep si NU se termina inaintea altei
actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor
Viitorul in Trecut/ The Future-in-the-Past
1. exprima o actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute
84
Cum se formeaza:
If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Present ...
Exemple:
(situatie general
Comentarii:
1) "Present Real Conditional" se foloseste pentru a vorbi despre situatii care
apar in mod normal in viata de zi cu zi; sint situatii generale si care se repeta
frecvent sau sunt sigure (sunt reale si nu fictive);
2) If
e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai putin frecvente;
When e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai frecvente.
85
Cum se formeaza:
If ... Simple Past ..., ... would + verb ...
Exemple:
Comentarii:
1) "Present Unreal Conditional" se foloseste pentru a vorbi despre situatii ipotetice.
86
Cum se formeaza:
If / When ... Simple Past ..., ... Simple Past ...
Exemple:
Tom helped me with my homework when he had time. (situatie
general valabila in trecut)
If the weather were nice, I walked to my office. (situatie general
valabila in trecut)
When I had a day off from work, I often went to the beach.
(situatie general valabila in trecut)
Comentarii:
1) "Past Real Conditional" face referire la un obicei trecut (nu mai e valabil in
prezent).
2) If
e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai putin frecvente;
When e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai frecvente.
87
Cum se identifica:
If ... Past Perfect ..., ... would have + past participle ...
Exemple:
Tom would have helped me with my homework if he had had
time.
(situatie ipotetica in trecut)
If the weather had been nice, I would have walked to my
office.
(situatie ipotetica in trecut)
If I had had a day off from work, I would have gone to the
beach.
(situatie ipotetica in trecut)
Comentarii:
1) "Past Real Conditional" face referire la o situatie trecuta ipotetica.
2) Pentru situatiile imaginare (ireale) nu se foloseste "when" deoarece se considera
ca actiunea/ evenimentul nu a avut loc.
Cum se formeaza:
If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Future ...
Exemple:
If the weather is nice, I will walk to my office. (valabila pentru o
situatie particulara in viitor)
Tom will help me with my homework when he has time.
pentru o situatie particulara in viitor)
(valabila
Comentarii
1) "Future Real Conditional" se foloseste pentru a spune ce se va face intr-o situatie
particulara viitoare.
If the weather is nice, I walk to my office. (situatie generala) vezi
"Present Real Conditional"
If the weather is nice, I will walk to my office. (situatie particulara)
Diferenta dintre cele 2 mesaje e foarte mica, practic insesizabila in vorbirea curenta.
2) If
e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai putin frecvente;
When e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai frecvente.
Cum se formeaza:
Forma 1
If ... were + present participle ..., ... would be + present participle ...
(Cu aceeasi semnificatie se poate folosi Present Unreal Conditional (Forma 2);
aceasta forma e preferata formei de Present Unreal Conditional)
Forma 3
If ... were going to + verb ..., ... would be + present participle ...
(Se traduce cu "Daca se va intampla sa/ ca sa ..." (se pune accentul pe predictie) ...
dar stiu ca nu se va intampla)
Exemple
Tom would be helping me with my homework if he were having
time.
( Tom ma va ajuta cu lectiile, daca va avea timp. (dar stiu ca nu va
avea)
Tom would be helping me with my homework if he were going
to have time.
( Tom ma va ajuta cu lectiile, daca se va intampla sa aibe timp.
(dar stiu ca nu va avea)
Comentarii:
1) "Future Unreal Conditional" face referinta la o situatie imaginara (nu e rela) in
viitor.
2) Pentru situatiile imaginare (ireale) nu se foloseste "when" deoarece se considera
ca actiunea/ evenimentul nu va avea loc.
3) Forma 2 e cea mai folosita (in aceasta situatie) in manualele de gramatica.
Subjonctivul
(The Subjunctive)
90
Cum se identifica:
Subjonctivul se foloseste cand avem :
o recomandare, un sfat
Exemple:
It is necessary that the work be done. (recomandare, sfat, deci AVEM
subjonctiv)
He speaks as if he were not from Bucharest. (situatie ireala in prezent,
deci AVEM subjonctiv)
El vorbeste ca si cum nu ar fi din Bucuresti, dar e din Bucuresti.
He speaks as if he is not from Bucharest. (situatie reala in prezent, deci
NU AVEM subjonctiv)
El vorbeste ca si cum nu ar fi din Bucuresti, dar nici nu e din Bucuresti.
It's time you went to bed. (recomandare, sfat, deci AVEM subjonctiv)
Comentarii:
94
Cum se identifica:
Verbele din infinitiv se gasesc in propozitii exclamative ce reprezinta ordine, sfaturi
ce trebuiesc executate.
Exemple:
Let him go !
( Lasa-l sa se duca ! )
Lock the door !
( Incuie usa ! )
Go there !
( Du-te acolo ! )
Let me know !
(Da-mi voie sa stiu !)
Don't worry be happy!
Nu te ingrijora, fii fericit!
Leave me alone !
Lasa-ma in pace!
Take it easy !
Usor !
95
96
97
Comentarii:
Daca nu suntem foarte siguri de deductia logica folosim verbul "may".
98
Comentarii:
1) Pentru a exprima recomandari negative dispare "to" dupa "to have":
You ought not smoke so much.
We ought not be afraid of the these risks.
Totusi, sunt acceptate deasemenea si formele:
You ought not to smoke so much.
We ought not to be afraid of the these risks.
2) "Ought not" e folosit mai mult de englezi, Americanii folosesc mai mult
"should not".
99
Comentarii:
1. Will - are si intelesul de a voi. La casatorie se foloseste expresia I will.
101
103
104
o
cant bear
I cant bear waiting./ to wait. (Nu suport s atept.)
o
intend
I intend selling it./ to sell it. (Intenionez s l vnd.)
o
advise, allow, permit, recommend
They dont allow us parking here./ to park here. (Nu ni se permite s parcm aici.)
o
it needs/requires/wants
The grass needs cutting./ to be cut. (Iarba trebuie tuns.)
105
go on, stop
!!! when regret, remember, forget themselves express the earlier action, they
are followed by an infinitive:
I regret to say that you have failed your exam. (mi pare ru s te anun c ai
picat examenul.)
I often forget to sign my cheques. (Adesea uit s semnez cecurile.)
3) Verbs which take only infinitive:
(Verbe care folosesc numai infinitivul)
o
try, used to
They tried to put wire netting all round the garden. (Au ncercat s pun
106
o
afford, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, choose, consent, dare,
decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, fight, guarantee, happen, help, hesitate,
hope, intend, learn, manage, neglect, offer, pause, plan, prepare, pretend, promise,
prove, swear, tend, threaten, undertake, volunteer, vow, wait, want, refuse, seem ,
wish, yearn.
107
1. Verbele de perceptie
to feel, to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to taste
ex: I see a red car.
TOTUSI, daca actiunea e una voluntara, una constienta se
poate folosi aspectul continuu:
What are you seeing ? (se presupune ca persoana care vede ceva realizeaza
o actiune voluntara; de exemplu: se uita cu binoclu, s-a urcat pe ceva sa vada mai
departe, etc)
DEASEMENEA, daca sensul verbului nu mai este cel de
baza, iar se poate folosi forma continua:
I am seeing my dentist on Wednesday. (sensul nu mai e de a vedea ci de
a fi consultat, de a se duce la)
109
There is no comma after say in indirect speech. That can usually be omitted after
say and tell + object. But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain,
object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is normally used when conversation is
reported verbally, although direct speech is sometimes used for a more dramatic
effect.
When we turn direct speech into indirect (reported) speech, some changes are usually
necessary.
TENSE CHANGES
110
2. Indirect Speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense: vorbirea indirecta
Direct speech - vorbirea directa
Simple Present - Vorbirea directa
"I never eat meat" he explained.
(Eu niciodat nu mnnc
carne explic el).
Present Continuous - Vorbirea
directa
"I m waiting for Ann" he said.
(O atept pe Ana spuse el).
Present Perfect - Vorbirea directa
"I have found a flat" she said.
(Am gsit un apartament spuse
ea).
Present Perfect Continuous Vorbirea directa
He said "I ve been waiting for
ages".
(El spuse: Am ateptat o groaz
de timp.)
Simple Past - Vorbirea directa
"I took it home with me" she said.
(L-am luat acas cu mine spuse
ea.)
Future - Vorbirea directa
He said, "I shall/will be in Rome
on Monday".
(El spuse: Voi fi n Roma luni.)
Future Continuous - Vorbirea
directa
"I will/shall be using the car on the
1st " she said.
(Voi folosi maina pe data de 1
spuse ea)
Conditional - Vorbirea directa
I said, "I would/should like to see
it" .
(Eu am spus: A vrea s o vd.)
Direct speech - vorbirea directa
de 1).
Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta
I said I would/should like to see it.
(Eu am spus c a vrea s o vd.)
Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta
3. Note on I/we
shall/should
I/ we shall normally becomes he/she/they would in indirect speech:
"I shall be 21 tomorrow" said Bill = Bill said he would be 21 the following
day.
(Voi mplini 21 ani mine. Spuse Bill. = Bill spuse c va mplini 21 ani n
ziua urmtoare.)
But if the sentence is reported by the original speaker, I/we shall can become
either I/we should or I/we would.
1.
- vorbirea indirecta
1.
Unreal past tenses after wish, would rather/sooner and it is time do not
change:
"It s time we began planning our holidays" he said. = He said that it was time
they began planning their holidays.
(Este timpul s ncepem s ne planificm concediul. Spuse el. = El spuse c
112
1.
Pronouns and possessive adjectives usually change from first or second to third
person, except when the speaker is reporting his own words:
113
I said, "I like my new house" = I said that I liked my new house.
(Am spus: mi place casa mea nou. = El a spus c i plcea casa lui nou.)
This used in time expressions usually becomes that. This, these used as pronouns
can become it, they/them.
He said, "We will discuss them tomorrow". = He said that they will discuss it
(the matter) the next day.
(El a spus: Vom discuta (problema) mine. = El a spus c vor discuta
(problema) yiua urmtoare.)
1.
114
Exemple
I run farther than Tom. (on the road)
The binoculars are used to see farther. (e vorba de distanta fizica)
You must think further. ("a gandi mai departe, mai profund", nu are sens de
distanta fizica)
AMD has announced further plans to innovate the x86 architecture. ("further
plans" semnifica "planuri mai indepartate in timp fata de prezent")
References are given for those who wish to go further in their research. ("to go
further" semnifica "a merge mai departe" )
Hubble telescope encounters further problems. ("further problems" semnifica
"probleme aditionale, suplimentare")
115
Exemple
(baiatul e cel mai mic in marime)
(este vorba de
116
Exemple
I feel very well.
(Ma simt foarte bine. "Well" este adjectiv, avand sensul de "sanatos"; vezi exceptia
de mai sus)
It looks good.
(Arata bine. Obiectul respectiv arata bine. "good" este adjectiv)
I run well.
(Alerg bine. "bine" este un adverb deci se foloseste "well")
Exemple
I feel bad.
(Ma simt rau.)
It looks bad.
(Arata rau. Obiectul respectiv arata rau. "bad" este adjectiv)
I run badly.
(Alerg rau. "badly" este un adverb)
118