Documente Academic
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Documente Cultură
Invata Engleza Fara Profesor
Invata Engleza Fara Profesor
limba engleză
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Cuprins
Prefaţă...................................................................................................................................... 4
PARTEA I................................................................................................................................ 6
MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - TIMPUL ................................................................................. 6
VERB - PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE ..................................................................................... 6
VERB - PAST TENSE SIMPLE ............................................................................................. 9
VERB - FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE ..................................................................................... 11
VERB – PRESENT PERFECT ............................................................................................. 13
VERB – PAST PERFECT SIMPLE ...................................................................................... 16
PARTEA I.............................................................................................................................. 18
MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - ASPECTUL ..........................................................................18
VERB - PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS ........................................................................ 18
VERB - PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS ................................................................................ 19
VERB- FUTURE CONTINUOUS ........................................................................................ 21
VERB – PRESENT PERFECT COTINUOUS ..................................................................... 22
VERB – PAST PERFECT COTINUOUS ............................................................................. 24
VERB - FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS .................................................................... 25
PERSOANA ŞI NUMĂRUL ................................................................................................. 29
ARTICOLUL ŞI ALŢI DETERMINANŢI ........................................................................... 45
COMPLEMENTELE CIRCUMSTANŢIALE DE LOC, TIMP, MOD ............................... 67
TEST FINAL ......................................................................................................................... 70
Cheia exerciţiilor ....................................................................................................................76
TIMPURILE LIMBII ENGLEZE - fişă exemplu ..................................................................91
Verbul TO WORK -model..................................................................................................... 93
Bibliografie:........................................................................................................................... 94
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Prefaţă
Gramatica de faţă îşi propune să ofere mai mult decât un simplu set de reguli gramaticale
ale limbii engleze, iar prin metoda originală de prezentare să ajute în crearea unui sentiment de
siguranţă în ceea ce priveşte corectitudinea gramaticală în exprimare.
Numai în acest fel adulţii pot scăpa de un sentiment de inhibiţie cu care au rămas, probabil
din şcoală.
Realitatea, situaţiile reale de exprimare de la care se porneşte conferă originalitate. Se
continuă cu exemple, modele şi explicaţii gramaticale menite să conducă la stăpânirea unui
aspect gramatical al limbii engleze.
Atenţie! Nimic nu se pierde!
Fiecare aspect gramatical este însoţit de cel puţin un exerciţiu astfel încât punerea în
practică să conducă la o finalitate pe termen lung a stăpânirii acelui aspect gramatical. Cel care
studiază are de asemenea cheia exerciţiului la sfârşit.
Multitudinea de exerciţii comparative variate sunt menite să sprijine înţelegerea
elementelor teoretice prin aplicaţii practice.
Citind această lucrare, veţi fi confruntat cu probleme de gramatică şi de vocabular, veţi
descoperi în ce măsură puteţi formula idei, vă puteţi exprima corect şi coerent în limba engleză şi
veţi afla care sunt aspectele care vă creează dificultăţi. Modelul vă va însoţi la tot pasul. La
sfârşitul cărţii aveţi un model de verb conjugat la timpurile modului indicativ. De asemenea aveţi
şi o fişă cu regulile de formare a timpurilor, la afirmativ, negativ şi interogativ.
Autenticitatea exerciţiilor propuse oferă o structurare a cunoştinţelor în seturi grupate pe
probleme gramaticale. Scurte prezentări teoretice şi o serie de exemple însoţesc aceste seturi de
exerciţii. Acestea vin să ilustreze tiparele structurale de bază ale limbii engleze.
Deoarece va trebui să folosiţi din când în când dicţionarul, veţi avea ocazia să vă
îmbogăţiti substanţial cunoştinţele de vocabular.
Timpul pe care sunteţi dispus să îl alocaţi este bine distribuit pe probleme gramaticale.
Nu vă ia mai mult de 10 minute să parcurgeţi un aspect gramatical.
Intuiţia dumneavostră va funcţiona foarte bine în stăpânirea corectă a gramaticii.
Conştiinciozitatea vă va fi răsplătită printr-un rezultat excelent la testul final propus la
sfârşitul cărţii care oferă 150 întrebări asupra cunoştinţelor de gramatică şi de vocabular.
Rezolvarea testului vă va da cu siguranţă o imagine satisfăcătoare asupra stadiului la care aţi
ajuns în însuşirea limbii engleze.
Atingerea obiectivului dumneavoastră este scopul principal al acestei cărţi care vă pune la
dispoziţie într-o formă concisă şi accesibilă, informaţiile necesare pentru a putea folosi limba
engleză corect din punct de vedere gramatical şi pentru a asigura acurateţea şi nuanţarea atât de
necesare în comunicare prin intermediul oricărei limbi.
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INTRODUCERE
Mă numesc Gramatica limbii engleze şi scopul meu principal este să vă informez asupra
regulilor referitoare la forma cuvintelor. Am două fiice: Morfologia şi Sintaxa. O să faceţi
cunoştinţă mai ales cu prima dintre ele.
Ea este deosebit de importantă deoarece primul lucru care se învaţă în gramatica unei limbi
străine este cum se formează categoriile gramaticale de bază: timpurile verbului, pluralul
substantivelor, comparaţia adjectivelor, pronumele, numeralul, etc.
Morfologia cuprinde regulile privitoare la forma cuvintelor şi la modificările formale ale
cuvintelor studiate pe părţi de vorbire; sintaxa cuprinde regulile privitoare la îmbinarea
cuvintelor în propoziţii şi fraze.
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PARTEA I
I live with my husband and my children at the countryside. I am a doctor. I usually go to work in
the morning. I have many friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she is a teacher. She goes to
school in the afternoon, every day of the week: on Monday, on Tuesday, on Wednesday, on
Thursday and on Friday. She does not go to school in the week end. She teaches English. My
father, my mother, my brother and my sister live here, too. They are farmers. I like/enjoy living
in nature.
Haideţi să observăm câteva din cuvintele din text, apoi vom analiza verbele.
Let’s have a look at some words from the text, then we will see the verbs.
a. Pronumele: (Pronouns)
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c. Momente ale zilei (Moments of the day)
- In the morning – dimineaţa
- In the afternoon – după-amiaza
- In the evening – seara
I live, I am , I go, I have, she is, She goes, She does not go, She teaches, They live, They are, I
like
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♥ O acţiune regulată, obişnuită, în perioada prezentă.
What do you do? (Cu ce te ocupi?) I am a student. –Sunt elev.
What time do you usually have breakfast? - La ce oră iei de obicei micul dejun?
♥ Acţiuni viitoare planificate în prezent ca urmare a unui program oficial.
The plane takes off at 7:35.- Avionul decolează/va decola la ora 7:35.
Examples:
Exerciţii – Practice
Affirmative
get up early/late
I get up early, but my friend gets up late
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Interrogative
get up early/late
Do you get up early? Does he get up late?
Negative
get up early/late
I don’t get up early. My friend doesn’t get up
late
Last year I lived with my husband and my children at the countryside. I was a doctor. I used to
go to work in the morning. I had many friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she was a good
teacher in the village. She went to school in the afternoon every week day. She did not go to
school in the week end. She taught English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister
lived here, too. They were farmers. I liked /enjoyed living in nature.
I lived - am locuit
I was – eram/am fost
I used to go – obişnuiam să mă duc/mă duceam
I had – am avut
She was – a fost
She went – se ducea/mergea
She did not go – ea nu mergea
She taught - a predat
They lived - au locuit
They were - au fost/erau
I liked – mi-a plăcut
♥ Verbele la Past Tense Simple arată o acţiune trecută, terminată, efectuată într-o perioadă de
timp trecută, terminată. Este timpul naraţiunii.
Se traduce, de obicei, cu perfectul compus din limba română.
Ex. Yesterday I went for a walk. - Ieri am mers la plimbare.
Last year I traveled to England. Anul trecut am călătorit în Anglia.
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To work (a lucra, a munci) la Past Tense Simple
Afirmativ
I/you/he/she/it/we/they worked
Negativ
I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not work
Interogativ
Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they work?
Verbe regulate:
I, you, he, she, it, + verb +-ed
we, you, they
{d}
{id}
Verbe neregulate:
a) b)
{ә}
write wrote written (a scrie) f)
speak spoke spoken (a vorbi)
break broke broken (a sparge) do did done (a face)
go went gone (a merge)
d) eat ate eaten (a mânca)
forget forgot forgotten(a uita)
{æ} {۸}
run ran run (a alerga) g)
begin began begun (a începe)
drink drank drunk (a bea) get got got (a obţine, a primi)
sing sang sung (a cânta) get up got up got up (a se trezi)
swim swam swum (a înota) find found found (a găsi)
e) h)
{i:n} {ei}
be was/were been (a fi) make made made (a face)
see saw seen (a vedea) lay laid laid (a pune)
come came come (a veni)
give gave given (a da)
Examples:
Last year I bought a car and went to Boston. I spent my holiday there.
Examples:
I saw a movie yesterday. – Am văzut un film ieri.
I didn't see the play last year. – Nu am văzut piesa anul trecut.
I traveled to Japan two years ago. Am călătorit în Japonia acum doi ani.
He went on holiday in August. A mers în vacanţă în august.
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
Example:
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3. Then he (wash) and (eat/have) breakfast with his parents.
4. After that he (go fishing) with his friends Irina and Larry.
5. He (swim) in the Danube in the evening.
6. The weather (be) fine all the time.
7. Daniel (make) a lot of friends there.
8. He (come back) home in September to go to school.
Examples:
Negative form:
Interrogative form:
Next year I will live with my husband and my children at the countryside. I will be a doctor. I
will go to work in the morning. I will have many friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she
will be a teacher in the village. She will go to school in the afternoon every week day. She will
not go to school in the week end. She will teach English. My father, my mother, my brother and
my sister will live there, too. They will be farmers. I will enjoy living in nature.
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♥ Future Tense Simple (Viitorul simplu) exprimă un eveniment, o acţiune care are loc într-un
moment viitor, apropiat de momentul vorbirii.
Example:
I will visit him tomorrow. - O să-l vizitez mâine. (Îl voi vizita mâine.)
We shall overcome. - Vom învinge.
În engleza modernă forma shall este foarte puţin utilizată.
Cea mai des folosită în Engleza vorbită şi scrisă este forma prescurtată 'll.
I'll go to the seaside next week. - Săptămâna viitoare voi pleca la mare.
You'll spend the holiday in the mountains. - Voi veţi petrece vacanţa la munte.
Forma negativă se formează cu will not sau forma won't în faţa verbului principal la prezent.
I will not (won't) drink wine. - Nu voi bea vin.
She will not (won't) play football. - Ea nu va juca fotbal.
Forma interogativă se formează prin inversiunea dintre auxiliarul will şi subiect.
Will you work here? - Vei lucra aici?
Will she sing beautifully? - Va cânta ea frumos?
To work ( a lucra, a munci) la Future Tense Simple:
Afirmativ
I/you/he/she/it/we/they will work
Negativ
I/you/he/she/it/we/they will not work
Interogativ
Will I/you/he/she/it/we/they work?
Adverbele cele mai utilizate pentru a exprima o acţiune viitoare cu Future Tense Simple sunt:
tomorrow, next (month, year)
I'll finish this report tomorrow. - Voi termina acest raport mâine.
Will he come next week? - Va veni el săptămâna viitoare?
Exerciţii – Practice
Situation 1: Grandpa does not hear very well what Daniel is saying. Complete his questions and
Daniel’s answers.
Example:
Daniel: Grandpa:
1. I’ll work in the lab tomorrow. Where.........?
2. I’ll do an interesting experiment tomorrow. What.........?
3. I’ll obtain hydrogen in the Chemistry lesson. What .........?
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4. I’ll learn interesting things next week. When .........?
5. I’ll study hydrogen next week. What .........?
6. I’ll ask the teacher a lot of questions. Who .........?
Situation 2. Daniel contradicts everything Irina says about her friend Larry.
Example:
I have lived with my husband and my children at the countryside for a long time. I have been a
doctor. I have gone to work in the morning. I have had many friends in the village. My friend,
Louise, she has been a teacher in the village. She has gone to school in the afternoon every
week day. She has not gone/hasn’t gone to school in the week end. She has taught English. My
father, my mother, my brother and my sister have lived there, too. They have been farmers. I
have enjoyed living in nature.
♥ Present Perfect - exprimă o stare care a început în trecut şi care încă se continuă.
We’ve been friends for a long time. - Suntem prieteni de mult timp.
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♥ - exprimă o stare terminată în trecut, pentru care momentul când a avut loc nu prezintă interes;
accentul este pus pe experienţa în sine trăită prin acţiunea respectivă
I’ve never been to China. - N-am fost niciodată în China.
♥ - exprimă o acţiune trecută al cărei rezultat este vizibil în prezent
He’s broken his arm. - Şi-a rupt braţul.
To work (a lucra, a munci) la Present Perfect
Afirmativ
I/you/we/they have worked
he/she/it has worked
Negativ
I/you/we/they have not worked (haven’t worked)
he/she/it has not worked (hasn’t worked)
Interogativ
Have I/you/we/they worked?
Has he/she/it worked?
Exerciţii – Practice
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LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
I. Pune verbele din paranteză la Prezentul Perfect Simplu, ca în exemplul de mai jos:
Exemplu:
Tom .......... (write) .......... his homework.
Tom has just written his homework.
II. Completează următoarele propoziţii ca în exemplul de mai jos, folosind timpul Prezent
Perfect Simplu:
Exemplu:
This is the most beautiful girl I .......... (see)
This is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.
I had lived with my husband and my children at the countryside for a long time before I moved
in Piteşti. I had been a doctor. I had gone to work in the morning. I had had many friends in the
village. My friend, Louise, she had been a teacher in the village. She had gone to school in the
afternoon every week day. She had not gone/hadn’t gone to school in the week end. She had
taught English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister had lived there, too. They had
been farmers. I had enjoyed living in nature. Now everything is over. I have moved in town.
Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Past Perfect, corespondentul timpului mai mult ca perfect din
limba română:
♥ Past Perfect - exprimă o acţiune anterioară altei acţiuni din trecut sau anterioară unui moment
din trecut
The little boy said that he had seen a fairy in the garden. – Băieţelul a spus că văzuse o zână în grădină.
The little spoke as if he had seen a fairy. – Băieţelul vorbea de parcă văzuse o zână.
Afirmativ
I/you he/she/it /we/you/they had worked
Negativ
I/you he/she/it /we/you/they hadn’t worked
Interogativ
Had I/you/ he/she/it /we/you/they worked?
You had studied English before you moved to New York. – Studiasei engleza înainte să te muţi în NY.
I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Crete. – Nu văzusem niciodată o plajă
aşa de frumoasă până nu am mers în Creta.
Had Susan ever studied Chinese before she moved to China? – Studiase Susan vreodată chineza
până să se mute în China?
Exerciţii – Practice
Situation:
Daniel and Irina spent their last summer holiday at the seaside. Irina went there for the first time,
Daniel had been there before. Ask and answer questions about them:
Example:
be to the beach
Had Daniel been to the beach before?
Yes, he had.
Had Irina been to the beach before?
No, she hadn’t.
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1. see the Black Sea 5. walk down the beach
2. swim in the sea 6. stay at a hotel
3. sunbathe on the beach 7. make the tour of Constanţa
4. go fishing in the sea 8. visit Eforie Nord
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PARTEA I
In this moment I am living with my husband and my children at the countryside. My friend,
Louise, she is at school now. She is teaching English. My father, my mother, my brother and my
sister are in the field now. They are woking in this moment.
I am living – eu locuiesc
She is teaching - ea predă
They are woking – ei lucrează
♥ Present Tense Continuous exprimă o acţiune desfăşurată ce are loc în momentul vorbirii.
Example: I am writing now.
I am studying English now- in this moment
Afirmativ
I am working
You/we/you/they are working
he/she/it is working
Negativ
I am not working
You/we/you/they are not working
he/she/it is not working
Interogativ
Am I working?
Are you/we/you/they working?
Is he/she/it working?
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Adverbele cele mai des utilizate cu prezentul continuu:
now, in this moment, always,
She is sending emails right now to all her friends. – Ea trimite emailuri acum tuturor prietenilor
săi.
We are not working in this moment, we are on strike. Nu lucrăm în acest moment. Suntem în
grevă.
She's always coming in when we talk something important. Întotdeauna trebuie să intre în
cameră fix când vorbim noi lucruri importante.
Exerciţii – Practice
Situation: Today is Monday. All the employees are at work, in various rooms of the building. It is
nine o’clock in the morning. Say what they are doing at the moment.
Example:
I was living with my husband and my children at the countryside while my father, my mother,
my brother and my sister were living in town. I was going to work in the morning. I was having
many friends in the village. My friend, Louise was going to school in the afternoon every week
day but my sister was going in the afternoon. They were not going to school in the week end.
Louise was teaching English while my sister was teaching History.
Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Past Tense Continuous (echivalentul imperfectului din limba
română):
♥ Past Tense Continuous se foloseşte pentru a exprima o acţiune care se desfăşura într-un
moment bine definit în trecut.
While she was watching TV yesterday, her friend came to see her.
Afirmativ
I was working
You/we/you/they were working
he/she/it was working
Negativ
I was not working
You/we/you/they were not working
he/she/it was not working
Interogativ
was I working?
were you/we/you/they working?
was he/she/it working?
Examples:
At seven o’clock yesterday morning, I was in the bathroom. I was washing my face. – La ora
şapte ieri dimineaţă, eram în baie, îmi spălam faţa.
This time last week you were reading the magazine. – Pe vremea asta săptămâna trecută tu citeai
revista.
Exerciţii – Practice
Situation: Yesterday afternoon all the employees were at work. Say what they were doing when
Mr Smith, the boss, came in.
Example:
I will be living with my husband and my children at the countryside at this time next year when
my father, my mother, my brother and my sister will be living in town. I will be working in the
morning, my friend, Louise will be going to school in the afternoon every week day but my
sister will be going in the evening. They will not be going to school in the week end. Louise will
be teaching English while my sister will be teaching History.
Afirmativ
I /we shall/will be working
You he/she/it /they will be working
Negativ
I /we shall/will not be working
You he/she/it /they will not be working
Interogativ
Shall/will I /we be working?
Will you he/she/it /they be working?
♥ Future Tense Continuous exprimă o acţiune în desfăşurare într-un moment viitor, posterior
momentului vorbirii.
Exemplu: When he comes, I will be eating. – Când va veni, eu voi fi în mijlocul mesei.
Exemplu: She will be walking while I am sleeping.- Ea se va plimba în timp ce eu voi dormi.
Examples: You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. – Tu o vei aştepta când
soseşte avionul diseară.
I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. –Când ea va sosi diseară, eu voi fi la televizor.
Exerciţii – Practice
Example: Mark ______________ on the computer when his mother arrives home. (to play)
Answer: Mark will be playing on the computer when his mother arrives home.
I have been living with my husband and my children at the countryside for 5 years. I have been
going to work in the morning but my friend, Louise, has been going to school in the afternoon
every week day. She has been teaching English for 5 years at the same village school and she is
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still enjoying this. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister have been living there, too.
They are farmers. We like living in nature.
♥ Present Perfect Continuous - exprimă o acţiune care s-a desfăşurat până acum şi va continua
probabil şi în viitor.
I have been working in the garden all day long. – Am muncit în grădină toată ziua.
They have been playing tennis for half an hour – Joacă tenis de jumătate de oră.
♥ - exprimă o acţiune repetată frecvent, într-o perioadă de timp care se întinde din trecut până în
prezent
He has been writing poems since he was a child.- Scrie poezii de când era copil.
♥ - exprimă o acţiune trecută, încheiată recent, care este cauza unui efect simţit în prezent
A: Why are your hands dirty?
B: I’ve been repairing my bike.
Negativ
I/you/we/they have not been working (haven’t been working)
he/she/it has not been working (hasn’t been working)
Interogativ
Have I/you/we/they been working?
Has he/she/it been working?
for
Exemplu: They have been watching TV for 3 hours. – Se uită la televizor de 3 ore.
so far
Exemplu: So far, there have been arriving 10 passengers from London. Până acum au sosit 10
pasageri din Londra.
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ever
Exemplu: Have you ever been listening to the radio? – Ai ascultat vreodată la radio?
never
Exemplu: I have never been travelling to France until now.- Nu am călătorit în Franţa până
acum.
Exerciţii – Practice
Completează spaţiile goale cu "FOR"( de) şi "SINCE"(din, de la). Pune verbele din paranteză la
Prezentul Perfect Continuu:
Exemplu:
Helen (study) English .......... last summer.
Helen has been studying English since last summer.
I had been living with my husband and my children at the countryside before I came in town. I
had been going to work in the morning. My friend, Louise, she had been going to school in the
afternoon every week day before leaving the countryside, too. She had been teaching English.
My father, my mother, my brother and my sister had been living there, too. Now everything is
over. I have moved in town.
♥ Past Perfect Continuous - exprimă o acţiune în curs până la un moment dat trecut când a fost
oprit de o altă acţiune a cărei urmări continuă şi azi.
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They had been working on the new house before the fire destroyed it.
(Ei) lucrau la casa cea nouă înainte să fie distrusă de foc.
Afirmativ
I/you he/she/it /we/you/they had been working
Negativ
I/you he/she/it /we/you/they hadn’t been working
Interogativ
Had I/you/ he/she/it /we/you/they been working
You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
Ai aşteptat-o cel mult două ore când în final a sosit.
Exerciţii – Practice
Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect continuous).
When my friends will come to live at the countryside I will have been living with my husband
and my children there for 5 years. I will have already been working for a couple of years as a
doctor, Louise will have been teaching English in the afternoon for 5 years, too. Until next year,
we will have been staying there for 6 years.
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Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Future Perfect Continuous:
Afirmativ
I / you he/she/it /we /they will have been working
Negativ
I / you he/she/it /we /they will not have been working
Interogativ
Will I / you/ he/she/it /we /they have been working?
♥ Future Perfect Continuous - acest timp se foloseşte rar în vorbire, fiind o formă caracteristică
limbii scrise şi pune mai mult accentul pe perioada lungă de timp decât Future Continuous
Se traduce tot prin "voi fi lucrat", şi ca toate formele de timpuri continue implică o acţiune în
derulare.
Exemplu: By 2010 he will have been working for 40 years.- În 2010 el va fi lucrat de 40 de ani
Example: By six o’clock p.m., she will have been selling blouses for eight hours.- Până la ora 18
ea va fi vândut bluze timp de opt ore.
Exerciţii – Practice
Puneţi verbele din paranteză la Future Perfect Continuous sau la Future Perfect
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PARTEA I
I DIATEZA ACTIVĂ
II DIATEZA PASIVĂ
I Verbul este la diateza activă când subiectul gramatical săvârşeşte acţiunea, care se răsfrânge
asupra subiectului (în cazul verbelor tranzitive).
II Verbul este la diateza pasivă când subiectul gramatical suferă acţiunea săvârşită de obiect.
Exemplu: This letter has been written by Lucy. – Această scrisoare a fost scrisă de Lucia.
Aspectul simplu:
Aspectul continuu:
Exerciţii – Practice
30
Exemplu:
PERSOANA ŞI NUMĂRUL
Spre deosebire de verbul românesc, verbul englez are puţini indici formali care să marcheze
persoana şi numărul. Singura desinenţă specifică este –s/es pentru persoana a III-a singular,
indicativ prezent.
I play, you play, he plays, she plays, we play, you play, they play.
I wash, you wash, he washes, she washes, we wash, you wash, they wash.
Exerciţii – Practice
31
MODUL – THE MOOD
I. Modul indicativ prezintă acţiunea, starea, etc. exprimată de verb ca reală , îndeplinită
chiar.
Exemplu:
- He returned the book to the library after he had read it.- A înapoiat cartea la bibliotecă
după ce a citit-o.
- I can return the book now. I have read it. – Pot să înapoiez cartea la bibliotecă acum. Am
citit-o.
- He will return the book to the library next Monday. He will have read it by then.- Va
înapoia cartea la bibliotecă lunea viitoare. O va fi citit până atunci.
Modul subjonctiv prezintă acţiunea ca posibilă când acţiunea este proiectată în viitor , sau
ireală, când acţiunea trebuia să aibă loc în trecut.
SUBJONCTIVUL PREZENT
SUBJONCTIVUL TRECUT
SUBJONCTIVUL ANALITIC
Exerciţii – Practice
to + verb = infinitive
Infinitivul are doua forme: infinitivul lung (The Long Infinitive), marcat de particula to şi
infinitivul scurt (The Short Infinitive) fără particula to. Acesta se foloseşte de obicei după verbe
de percepţie : hear, see, watch, notice, observe, perceive, sau după have, let, make.
Exemplu: To err is human. – A greşi este omenesc.
I made her work harder. – Am făcut-o să muncească mai mult.
Gerunziul, adesea cunoscut sub denumirea de formă în –ing reprezintă un substantiv format
dintr- un verb la care se adaugă terminaţia –ing.
Exemplu: I adore reading your books.
I detest going to supermarkets.
I quit smoking.
I can’t remember doing/having done this exercise before.
♥ - are categoriile gramaticale de timp şi diateză:
- Diateza activă:
Gerund: I enjoy learning English.- Îmi place să învăţ engleza.
Perfect Gerund He denies having taken the books. – Neagă că a luat cărţile.
-Diateza pasivă:
Gerund: He can’t stand being interrupted.- Nu suportă să fie întrerupt.
Perfect Gerund He denies having been invited. – Neagă că a fost invitat.
♥ - caracteristici substantivale:
Exemplu: The sound of a loud knocking at the door interrupted us.
her coming in interrupted us.
a baby’s crying interrupted us.
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Exerciţii – Practice
34
VERBELE AUXILIARE - AUXILIARY VERBS
Au următoarele caracteristici:
♥ sunt golite de sens lexical: I shall leave after he comes.- Voi pleca după ce vine el.
♥ înlociuesc verbele noţionale în răspunsuri scurte şi întrebări disjunctive:
Do you like this book? Yes, I do.
He has written a good composition, hasn’t he?
♥ apar adesea sub forme reduse:
I’ve got a book.- I have got a book.
I haven’t got a book. – I have not got a book.
He’s come.- He has come
He’s here.- He is here.
Verbele auxiliare:
1. be/was/were/been
2. have/had/had
3. shall/should
4. will/would
5. may/might
6. let
7. do/does
Exemple:
1. Infinitive: be reading
Present: He is reading
Past: He was reading
Future: He will be reading
Conditional: He would be reading
Infinitive Perfect: have been reading
Present Perfect: He has been reading
Past Perfect: He had been reading
Future Perfect: He will have been reading
Conditional Perfect: He would have been reading
2. Perfect Infinitive: have read
Perfect Gerund: having read
Present Perfect: He has read
Past Perfect: He had read
Future Perfect: He will have read
Conditional Perfect: He would have read
3. Future: I shall give
Future Perfect:I shall have given
Conditional: I should give
Conditional Perfect: I should have given
4. Future: I will give
Future Perfect: I will have given
Conditional: I would give
Conditional Perfect: I would have given
5. Hurry up, so that we may arrive in time.- Grăbeşte-te ca să ajungem la timp.
They hurried so that we might arrive in time.- S-au grăbit ca să ajungem la timp.
6. Let me think! – Lasă-mă să mă gândesc.
7. Do you live in this town?- Locuieşti în acest oraş?
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Does he work here? – Lucrează aici?
Did he attend this school? – A urmat această şcoală?
I don’t like it. – Nu-mi place.
Exerciţii – Practice
♥ Verbele: can, may, must, ought to, shall, will şi parţial need şi dare formează grupul de verbe
modale. Aceste verbe nu formează infinitivul cu particula 'to'.
can - a putea, cu înţelesul de a fi în stare. În vorbirea curentă mai ales în întrebări se foloseşte în
locul lui 'may' (înseamnă şi conservă şi 'to can' = a face conservă)
may - a putea, cu întelesul de a avea voie. (înseamnă şi luna mai). În plus se foloseşte în urări, de
exemplu poate fi tradus prin 'fie' .
must - a trebui, a fi necesar (înseamnă şi must- suc de struguri), poate fi tradus uneori şi prin
probabil (sau 'trebuie ca')
ought to- ar trebui, ar fi cazul
shall - este o întărire a unui ordin dacă este spus apăsat. Altfel formează viitorul persoanei întâi.
În acest ultim caz de obicei se înlocuieşte cu 'will'.
will - formează viitorul, particula 'voi' din româneşte. I will come = Voi veni. Se foloseşte şi la
formarea viitorului. (înseamnă şi „testament” şi „voinţă”).
need - a trebui, cu înţelesul de a avea nevoie
dare - a îndrazni, a provoca pe cineva
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Exemple:
I know I can.- Ştiu că pot.
May I have this dance? (Pot să am acest dans) - Îmi acordaţi acest dans?
May the force be with you! - Fie ca forţa să te însoţească! din filmul StarWars, adică să ai noroc.
If you must, you must - Dacă trebuie, trebuie.
I must be dreaming - Trebuie că visez (probabil că visez).
You ought to stop smoking. – Ar fi cazul/ar trebui/îţi recomand să nu mai fumezi.
You shall not kill = Nu vei omorî (să nu omori).
I will survive = Voi supravieţui.
Need I go on? - E nevoie să continui?
How dare you talk like this! - Cum îndrăzneşti să vorbeşti aşa!
♥ Nu acceptă particula to pentru infinitiv, nu au participiu şi nici forma cu -ing. Din această
cauză multe timpuri lipsesc acestor verbe.
Foarte important: Verbul care urmează unui verb modal nu are to în faţă. Adică, în limba română
se spune: Trebuie să mănânc. În limba engleză se spune: I must eat.
Atenţie: I need to eat - need aici nu e verb modal).
Din exemplele de mai sus vedem că această regulă a verbelor modale e respectată: I know I can
(fără 'to'), May I have this dance? (fără 'to') etc.
♥ Forma negativă nu cere do. Adică în cazul celorlalte verbe se pune un do not sau does not
pentru negaţie.
I eat meat - Mănânc carne.
I do not eat meat - Nu mănânc carne.
I can not eat meat - Nu pot să mănânc carne. (particula do cade)
♥ Forma interogativă nu cere do.
Do you eat meat? - Mănânci carne?
Can you eat meat? - Poţi să mănânci carne?
Must you eat meat? - Trebuie să mănânci carne?
♥ Aceste verbe nu se schimbă după persoană: I can, you can, he/she can etc. Adică persoana a
treia singular nu primeşte 's'.
♥ Aceste verbe se pot contracta cu particula not din propoziţii negative.
can't = can not, mustn't = must not, won't = will not sunt verbele modale care folosesc cel mai
mult această regulă.
♥ Pentru formarea celebrului 'nu-i aşa' din engleză e necesar folosirea acestor verbe. Forma 'nu-i
aşa' depinde de verbul modal folosit în prima parte a întrebării. I can go, can't I? - Pot să mă duc,
nu-i aşa? sau He will go, won't he? - Va merge, nu-i aşa?
CAN/COULD exprimă
♥ capacitatea fizică sau intelectuală
Daniel can speak three foreign languages. Daniel ştie trei limbi străine.
Irina could run faster than you last year. Irina putea să alerge mai repede decât tine anul trecut.
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I wasn’t able to swim yesterday as the weather was very bad.
I couldn’t see him in the dark.
I wasn’t able to see him in the dark.
♥ permisiunea
A: Can I borrow your pen ? B: Of course you can.
♥ permisiunea în trecut
On Sundays we could stay in bed until ten o’clock.- Duminică aveam voie să stăm în pat până la
ora 10. În acest sens, can/could poate fi înlocuit de be allowed to, be permitted to: On Sundays
we were allowed to stay in bed until ten o’clock.
MAY/MIGHT
♥ folosit pentru a cere (a) sau a acorda (b) permisiunea (mai oficial decât can):
a) May I go ? Pot să plec ?
b) You may go. Poţi să pleci.
♥ exprimă o cerere, o rugăminte politicoasă (may este mai politicos şi oficial decât can/could):
May I use your phone ? Îmi daţi voie să dau telefon ?
♥ exprimă o posibilitate prezentă sau viitoare
He may come today- Se poate să vină azi.
♥ might este folosit în cereri insistente sau atunci când vorbitorul este iritat de neîndeplinirea
unei acţiuni
You might give me an answer. (Please, give me an answer)
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♥ Shall este folosit: pentru a exprima obligaţie, în stil oficial (acte, regulamente, etc. la persoana
a II-a şi a III-a)
The employer shall supply the necessary documents in due time.
Angajatorul va furniza documentele necesare în timp util.
♥ Shall este folosit în propoziţii interogative, la persoana I singular sau plural:
a)- pentru a cere un sfat, o sugestie, un ordin:
Where shall we put the flowers ? Unde să punem florile ?
Shall we go to the cinema tonight ? (Ce spui), mergem la cinema diseară ?
What shall we do ? Ce trebuie să facem ?
b)- pentru a face o ofertă: Shall I help you ? Să te ajut ?
♥ Should este folosit pentru a exprima:
a) obligaţia, necesitatea logică de înfăptuire a unei acţiuni, de obicei sub formă de sfat de către
vorbitor:
The novel is very interesting. You should read it.
Romanul este foarte interesant. Ar trebui să-l citeşti.
He shouldn’t tell lies. N-ar trebui să mintă.
b) o presupunere: He should be there by now. Ar trebui să fi ajuns acolo deja.
OUGHT TO
♥ La fel ca şi should, ought to exprimă obligaţia sau datoria, de obicei sub forma unui sfat dat de
către vorbitor:
You ought to start packing before 12 o’clock to make the check out.
WILL/WOULD
♥ exprimă o comandă:You will do that immediately!
♥ exprimă insistenţa: He will work as a doctor no matter what!
♥ o invitaţie:Will you have another slice of pizza?
♥ o cerere, o rugăminte: Will you sign the papers, please?
♥ o rugăminte foarte politicoasă- cu would: Would you do me a favor?
♥ insistenţa, hotărârea de a efectua ceva în trecut:
He would continue writing for hours, no matter what I said.
♥ probabilitatea: That would be his pen.- Probabil că acela este stiloul lui.
USED TO exprimă
♥ o acţiune repetată, un obicei trecut care nu mai este repetat în prezent:
I used to call him when I was a student, I don’t do this anymore.
Obişnuiam să îl sun când erma student, nu mai fac asta acum.
♥ o acţiune repetată, un obicei trecut care încă mai este repetat în prezent:
They used to go there every year and it is likely to find them there, too.
Obişnuiau să se ducă acolo în fiecare an şi e posibil să îi găseşti acolo.
BE TO folosit pentru a exprima
♥ o comandă sau instrucţiuni într-un mod impersonal:
He is to stay in the building till midnight.
Trebuie/va sta /urmează să stea în clădire pînă la miezul nopţii.
♥ o acţiune planificată: The meeting is to start at 7:30.- Întâlnirea urmează să înceapă la 7:30.
DARE
♥ este folosit cu sensul de a îndrăzni, a avea curajul, mai ales în propoziţii interogative:
How dare you say that? – Cum îndrăzneşti să spui asta?
Exerciţii – Practice
39
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
1. I _______be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably have to take a taxi if I want to be on
time.
2. You _______submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. If the form is not
complete, you will be rejected and you _______reapply at a later date.
3. Tina: Look at these flowers - they're beautiful! But, there's no card. Who could have sent
them?
Stephanie: It _______David. He's the only one who would send you flowers, you know.
4. You _______forget to pay the rent. Mr Daniel is very strict about paying on time.
5. You _______be like this! Why don't you try saying "please" once in a while.
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7. I've redone this math problem at least ten times, but my answer is wrong according to the
answer key. So, the answer in the book _________wrong!
8. You _________do the job if you didn't speak three languages fluently.
9. You _________worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the promotion, or
you don't. If you don't, just apply for another job.
10. You _________ leave the table once you have finished your dinner and politely excused
yourself.
11. Jenny's engagement ring is speechless! It _________cost a fortune.
12. _________we move into the living room? There's a beautiful view of the forest from there.
13. You had better take along some cash. The shop _________accept credit cards.
14. The machine _________start moving by pressing the left button.
15. I _________stand these people - I don ’t understand their priciples, so you get rid of them!
16. Do you always have to say the first thing that pops into your head.
_________ you think once in a while before you open your mouth?
17. Daniel and Mathew said they would come over right after work, so they _________be here
by 5:00.
18. You _________ no longer suffer this injustice! Freedom shall be yours!
19. If I had gone to an University in England, I _________participated in their English
immersion program.
20. The lamp _________be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out or something.
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PARTEA I
MORFOLOGIA - SUBSTANTIVUL
Definiţie: Substantivul:
a) denumeşte obiecte în sens foarte larg, adică fiinţe, lucruri, fenomene (woman, desk, rain, go,
happiness);
b) are categorii gramaticale de gen, număr şi caz;
c) poate îndeplini în propoziţie funcţiile de subiect, nume predicativ, atribut, apoziţie,
complement, element predicativ suplimentar, sau poate fi echivalentul unei propoziţii sau fraze.
Clasificare:
a) substantive simple: boy, meal, day;
b) substantive formate din derivare cu sufixe sau prefixe: childhood, disgust, unhappiness;
c) substantive formate prin compunere (substantivele compuse): schoolboy
d) substantive formate prin conversiune, din alte părţi de vorbire:
- adjective: the good, the evil, the rich, the poor;
- verbe la infinitiv: cook, fall;
- verbe la Gerund: reading, boxing;
- verbe la participiul trecut: the injured;
e) substantive formate prin contragere: ad (advertisement), fridge (refrigerator), gym
(gymnasium), lab (laboratory), liv (livingroom), poly (polytechnic), pub (public house);
f) abrevieri: MP (Member of Parliament), Dr (doctor), Mr Brown (Dl. Brown), Mrs Brown (dna
Brown), Miss Brown (dra Brown), Ms Brown (apelativ pentru femei, căsătorite sau
necăsătorite)
g) substantive comune şi substantive proprii
- Substantivele comune pot fi:
- substantive colective, care denumesc obiecte constând din mai multe elemente de acelaşi fel:
family, people;
- substantive concrete, care denumesc obiecte sau substanţa constitutivă a unor obiecte: table,
wood, steel;
- substantive abstracte, care denumesc abstracţiuni: difficulty, worry, peace
Substantivele (numele) proprii au capacitatea de a individualiza un obiect dintr-o categorie de
obiecte de acelaşi fel, denumind în principiu un singur element dintr-o categorie. În limba
engleză, substantivele proprii denumesc:
- nume de persoane: John, Larry, Daniel;
- denumiri geografice
- nume de localităţi: London, Paris
- nume de ţări şi continente: Romania, France, Europe
- nume de ape şi munţi: London River, Carpathians
- diviziuni temporale
- lunile anului: January, February, March, April, June, July, August, September, October,
November, December
- zilele săptămânii: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday
- sărbători: Halloween
d) nume de cărţi, ziare, reviste: The English Magazine, Nine o ’Clock
e) nume de instituţii
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Numărul substantivelor :
I. Substantive numărabile (Count nouns)
II. Substantive nenumărabile (Mass nouns).
În limba engleză fac parte din clasa substantivelor invariabile la singular unele substantive
care sunt numărabile sau invariabile la plural în limba română:
- advice, business, furniture, homework, income, information, knowledge, luggage,
merchandise, money etc
He always gives me good advice. Totdeauna îmi dă sfaturi bune.
You must do your homework carefully. Trebuie să-ţi faci cu atenţie lecţiile.
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I need further information. Am nevoie de informaţii suplimentare.
His knowledge of English is poor. Cunoştinţele lui de engleză sunt slabe.
Numărul substantivelor invariabile
Substantivele invariabile nu au opoziţia singular - plural. Ele au numai singular: gold, sau
numai plural the police, cattle etc.
Cuantificarea substantivelor invariabile la singular se poate realiza cu ajutorul unor
cuvinte ca: a piece of, an item of, a bar of, a bag of etc.
A.
brother/sister
earl/countess
father/mother
king/queen
lord/lady
man/woman
uncle/aunt
- ess: actor/actress
count/countess
god/goddess
master/mistress
waiter/waitress
-ine: hero/heroine;
-er: widow/widower
-groom: bride/bridegroom
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- alte substantive nume de persoane au o singură formă atât pentru masculin cât şi pentru
feminin. Ele aparţin genului comun: artist, chairman, cook, cousin, doctor, foreigner, friend,
quest, musician, parent, teacher, writer. Apartenenţa la genul masculin sau feminin se
precizează în context.
B: horse: stallion/mare
ox: bull/cow
sheep: ram/ewe
pig: boar/sow
deer: stag/hind
lion/lioness
tiger/tigress
cock/hen
dog/bitch
drake/duck
cock sparrow/hen sparrow
he goat/she goat
Tom cat/she cat
Cazul substantivelor:
În limba engleză, categoria gramaticală a cazului este marcată prin:
- desinenţă: the child’s book- cartea copilului
- topică: The man (N) opened the window (Ac).- Bărbatul a deschis fereastra.
- prepoziţii: I bought it for Mary.- Am cumpărat-o pentru Mary.
Cazul nominativ (The Nominative Case)
The girl is waiting for her friend.- Fata îşi aşteaptă prietenul.
Cazul acuzativ (The Acusative Case)
I ate a pizza an hour ago.- Am mâncat o pizza acum o oră.
Cazul dativ (The Dative Case)
În limba engleză, cazul dativ este marcat de prepoziţia to sau for sau prin topică:
She gave some sweets to the children. – Le-a dat nişte dulciuri copiilor.
I bought a present for my mother.- Am cumpărat un cadou pentru fratele meu.
I lent her (D) a book (Ac).- I-am împrumutat o carte.
Cazul genitiv (The Genitive Case). Substantivul în cazul genitiv exprimă în principal ideea de
posesiune:
Marc’s car is new.- Maşina lui Marc este nouă.
the girl’s dress; the pupil’s question – rochia fetei, întrebarea elevului
for goodness’ sake; for convenience’ sake – pentru numele lui Dumnezeu, de dragul comodităţii
Observaţie: Apostroful nu este obligatoriu în acest caz.
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Apostroful singur, fără desinenţa -s se adaugă:
- la forma de plural a substantivelor regulate: the boys’ bicycles (bicicletele băieţilor);
the drivers’ attention (atenţia şoferilor)
- la substantivele nume de persoane terminate în -s: Dickens’ life (viaţa lui Dickens);
Charles’ books (cărţile lui Charles).
Obs: 1. La numele proprii terminate în -s se poate întâlni şi genitivul cu ‘s:
Dickens’s novels
Exerciţii – Practice
1) half - 2) kilo -3) woman - 4) mouth - 5) foot - 6) sheep - 7) penny - 8) bus - 9) day - 10) fish –
EX. 3.
Completaţi spaţiile cu următoarele cuvinte:
advice, chocolate, jam, lemonade, meat, milk, oil, rice, tea, tennis
Example: a cube of _____
Answer: a cube of sugar
1) a piece of _____2) a packet of _____3) a bar of _____4) a glass of _____
5) a cup of _____6) a bottle of _____7) a slice of _____8) a barrel of _____
9) a game of _____10) a jar of _____
EX 4.
Creaţi substantive nenumărabile din literele de mai jos.
Exemplu: ira = air
aet ikn ilo fgo eber einw doow acek aclo ahir
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ARTICOLUL ŞI ALŢI DETERMINANŢI
1) The girl was running very fast. - Fata alerga foarte repede.
2) Where are the books I gave you? – Unde sunt cărţile pe care ţi le-am dat?
There is a pen on the table. There is an orange on the table.
There are (some) books on the table
Observaţie: a) articolul hotărât the, articolul nehotărât a( n) sau articolul zero pentru
substantivele numărabile:
The cow gives us milk.
A cow gives us milk.
Cows give us milk.
b) articolul zero pentru substantivele nenumărabile:
Milk is good for our health.
ALŢI DETERMINANŢI :
Exerciţii – Practice
48
His bike - bicicleta lui;
Their toys - jucăriile lor.
Comparaţi:
Exerciţii – Practice
Exemplu: What film did you see last night ?- Ce film ai văzut aseară?
Exerciţii – Practice
49
Adjectivul nehotărât (The Indefinite Adjective)
♥ determină substantivul într-un mod global (all the pens, every child) sau parţial (each pupil,
either side)
Some = ceva, nişte, puţină, unii, unele, câţiva, câteva, vreun, vreo, se întrebuinţează în propoziţii
afirmative şi indică existenţa unui număr restrâns de lucruri, fiinţe, a unei cantităţi restrânse.
There are some books on his desk.
Any = vreun, vreo, nici un(ul), nici o, nici una, se întrebuinţează:
- în propoziţii afirmative cu sensul: oricare, orice: Any student in your class could answer the
question.
- în propoziţii interogative şi negative: There isn’t any milk in the cup.
Every = fiecare (se referă la membrii unui grup fără a-i individualiza)
Every woman in the room has the right to speak.
Each = fiecare (se referă la membrii unui grup luaţi individual)
Each pupil must bring some plants to school.
Exerciţii – Practice
50
NUMERALUL –THE NUMERAL
♥ este partea de vorbire care exprimă un număr, determinarea numerică a obiectelor (numeralul
cardinal) sau ordinea obiectelor prin numărare (numeralul ordinal)
a. Numeralul cardinal:
0 zero (nought)
1 one 11 eleven 10 ten
2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty
3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty
4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty (no "u")
5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty (note "f", not "v")
6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty
7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy
8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty (only one "t")
9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety (note the "e")
b. Numeralul ordinal:
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e.Numeralul multiplicativ (The Multiplicative Numeral)
once - odată; twice - de două ori; three times - de trei ori, four times, five times, etc.
Numeralul distributiv (The Distributive Numeral)
Exerciţii – Practice
Pronumele personal:
Nominativ Dativ/Acuzativ
I me
you you
he him
she her
it it
we us
they them
Exemple: You like me and I like you.- Ţie îţi place de mine şi mie îmi place de tine.
Pronumele reflexiv
♥ are terminaţia -self la singular şi -selves la plural
Persoana Singular Plural
I myself ourselves
a II-a yourself yourselves
a III-a himself (masc.)
herself (fem.) themselves
itself (neutru)
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It's our food It's ours It belongs to us
It's your food It's yours It belongs to you
It's their food It's theirs It belongs to them
Pronumele interogativ
who este folosit pentru fiinţe
what pentru lucruri
which pentru fiinţe şi lucruri
how much pentru cantităţi
how many pentru număr
what kind of pentru calităţi, etc
Exemple:
Who are they waiting for?- Pe cine aşteaptă ei?
What did he tell you? – Ce ţi-a spus?
What time is it? – Cât este ceasul?
Which of these books do you prefer ? – Pe care din aceste cărţi o preferi?
From what country does he come from? – Din ce ţară vine?
Pronumele relativ
♥ se referă la un substantiv sau înlocuitor al acestuia menţionat anterior şi face legătura între
propoziţia în care se află şi cea pe care o însoţeşte:
I know people who don’t like this kind of food.
I know people that don’t like this kind of food.
Pronumele relative sunt: who, which şi that
Nominativ Dativ/Acuzativ Genitiv
Who Who(m) Whose
Exemplu: I don’t know whose car is this one.- Nu ştiu a cui este maşina aceasta.
whoever -oricine. Whoever speaks must translate. Oricine vorbeşte trebuie să traducă.
Whichever- oricare. He will take whichever is his. O/Îl va lua pe oricare este a/al lui.
Pronumele nehotărât
♥ desemnează global (all) sau parţial (each, either) obiecte sau fenomene
Some = ceva, nişte, puţin, puţină, unii, unele, câţiva, câteva, vreun, vreo, se întrebuinţează în
propoziţii afirmative, interogative (ptr a pune accentul pe ceva)
Exemplu:
She bought some. (vegetables, items, etc)
Did you visit some of the museums the tourist guide recommended ?
Any = vreun, vreo, niciun(ul), nicio, niciuna se întrebuinţează:
în propoziţii afirmative cu sensul: oricare, orice: Any of you could answer this question.
în propoziţii interogative şi negative: Have you got any ? I haven’t got any.
♥ Compuşii lui some, any şi no:
somebody/someone - anybody/anyone - nobody/no one none
something - anything - nothing
Exemple:
I saw somebody in your room.
I saw something in your room.
I saw nobody in your room.
I saw nothing in your room.
Each = fiecare: Each of them - Fiecare (dintre ei)
Either (forma negativă neither) = fiecare: Have you seen either of them ? L-ai văzut pe vreunul
dintre ei (doi) ?
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Every =fiecare: Every pupil must do his homework.
All = tot, toată, toţi, toate: I’ve seen them all. Le-am văzut pe toate.
One = un, unul, una cineva:There were two children in the room: one was good and one was bad.
Pronumele negativ
nobody, no one (nimeni), none (nici unul), neither (nici unul din doi), nothing (nimic): Exemple:
Neither of them is right. Nici unul dintre ei (doi) nu are dreptate.
What have you bought ? Nothing. Ce-ai cumpărat ? Nimic.
Exerciţii – Practice
Hi Daniel,
___ name is John. This is ___ friend Jason. He's 32. ___ sister is 34 and ___ workplace is very
near. Jason and I work in the same office. There are 150 employees in ___ company.
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8) The children, ____ shouted in the street, are not from our school.
9) The car, ____ driver is a young man, is from England.
10) What did you do with the money ____ your parents lent you?
1) John and Angela haven't met ____ for a very long time.
2) My friends enjoyed ____ at the party.
3) Daniel repaired computer car ____.
4) We helped ____ with our written task.
5) People often give ____ presents at Christmas.
6) I bought ____ a new record player.
7) Katie, did you do the homework ____?
8) They looked at ____ and smiled.
9) They often write e-mails to ____ because they're best friends.
10) She only thinks of ____. She's a little bit selfish.
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b) când cele două elemente formează un tot din punct de vedere al sensului comparaţia se
realizează cu ajutorul lui more şi the most:
heart-broken - more heart-broken - the most heart-broken (inima frântă)
♥ comparativului de egalitate şi inferioritate:
My room is as large as hers (la fel de mare ca)
My homework is not as easy as yours.
This film is less interesting than the previous one. (mai puţin interesant decât)
♥ superlativul absolut se construieşte cu ajutorul adverbelor
very, too, highly, extremely, utterly:
The film was very amusing. It is extremelly difficult to make such a film.
4.Adjective neregulate
good - better - the best ( bun- mai bun- cel mai bun)
bad - worse - the worst (rău- mai rău- cel mai rău)
much- more- the most (mult- mai mult- cel mai mult)
old- older- the oldest (bătrân, vechi- mai bătrân, vechi- cel mai bătrân, vechi)
old – elder- the eldest (în vârstă- mai în vârstă- cel mai în vârstă)
little -less - the least (puţin, mai puţin- cel mai puţin)
far - farther - the farthest (depărtat – mai depărtat- cel mai depărtat) sau further - the furthest
Exerciţii – Practice
Exerciţii – Practice
Găsiţi adjectivul din prima propoziţie şi completaţi spaţiile libere cu adverbul corespunzător:
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PREPOZIŢIA - PREPOSITION
♥ leagă părţi de vorbire diferite: substantive, adjective, verbe sau adverbe de substantive sau
substitute ale acestora:
In the picture, I can see a woman who is sitting at a table. She is sitting on a chair.
There is another chair next to the woman.
Unele cuvinte sunt urmate în mod obligatoriu de anumite prepoziţii:
a) Substantive:
- interest, progress, satisfaction + in;
- cause, chance, opportunity + of;
- exception, invitation, kindness + to;
b) Adjective:
- anxious, enthusiastic + about;
- alarmed, amazed, astonished, clever, good + at;
- bound, eager, famous, fit, sorry + for;
- disappointed, rich, successful + in;
- afraid, ashamed, aware, characteristic, fond, full, jealous, proud, sure, tired, typical, worthy +
of;
- affectionate, appropiate, attentive, contrary, cruel, deaf, indifferent, kind, parallel, polite, rude,
thankful + to;
- angry, busy, charmed, consistent, delighted, dizzy, faint, identical, pale, satisfied, stiff, wet +
with;
c) Verbe:
- aim, arrive, fire, gaze, glance, look + at;
- account, ask, blame, care, leave long + for;
- conceal, die, differ, escape, hide, prevent, protect + from;
- abound, believe, end, fail, originate, succeed (+-ing), + in;
- accuse, boast, cure, deprive, die, remind take care + of;
- agree, comment, concentrate, congratulate, mediate + on;
- adapt, adjust, apply, attribute, belong, cling, conform, consent, link, listen, prefer, reduce, refer,
report, sell, sail, subscribe, turn + to;
- complete, flush, glow, shake, shiver, side, subscribe, supply, threaten, tremble + with.
Prepositions Example
Prepositions of place: at, in, within, by, beside, next to, near, close to, against, over, above, on,
top of; under, beneath, below, underneath, in front of, before; behind, after, between, among
Prepositions of time at, on, in, by, before, after¸ from... to, till/until, during, for, (all)
through/throughout, over
Prepositions of manner With (cu), without (fără), in... manner/way
Prepositions of direction: to, into, onto, towards, through, across, over, up, down, along, past, by,
about, around, off, out of, from
Prepositions of reference: as to, as for, regarding, in regard to, concerning (formal), About, on
(despre):
Prepositions of cause: because of, on account of (formal), from, out of, for, through (din cauză
de)
Prepositions of concession: in spite, despite (formal), for all, with all (familiar) ( în ciuda, cu
toată / toate...
Exerciţii – Practice
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CONJUNCTIA - THE CONJUNCTION
Exerciţii – Practice
EX.1. Alegeţi conjuncţia coordonatoare potrivită din următoarele: and, but, or, so
1. Daniel was cold, _____he put on a coat.
2. Maria tried to translate the text, _____ it was too difficult.
3. To get from Piteşti to Bucharest, you can take a bus, _____ you can go by car.
4. I bought a bottle of wine, _____ we drank it together.
5. The teacher was not very nice, _____ the mark was good.
6. I went to buy my favorite CD, _____the shop didn't have it.
7. Irina needed some money, _____ she took a part-time job.
8. There's so much noise in the building lately! Maybe it's because of the new family who has
just moved in , _____ maybe it's just coincidence.
9. Julie has a guitar, _____ she plays it really well.
10. The concert was cancelled, _____ we went to a disco instead.
INTERJECŢIA- INTERJECTION
Clasificare:
Cu ajutorul interjecţiilor se exteriorizează:
1) senzaţii şi sentimente:
a) bucurie: Ah ! Ooh ! Jippee ! Hurray ! (a, ah, ura!).
b) surpriză: Oh ! Wow ! (a, ah, oh!). Oh, what a nice dress !
c) mirare: Oh, dear ! Dear me ! Indeed ! (vai dragă, vai de mine, într-adevăr) Oh, dear, I can’t
find my purse. Dear me ! What are you doing over there ?
d) admiraţie: Whew !(ah, doamne): Whew, how beautiful she is !
e) înţelegere: Aha ! (a, aha!): Aha, these gloves are exactly what I was looking for.
f) dispreţ: Fie ! Pshaw ! What a shame! (Ptiu, pah, ce ruşine!): Fie upon you ! You ought to be
ashamed at what you have done.
g) dezgust: Ugh! (îh!): Ugh, how dirty your hands are !
h) aprobare: Well done ! Congratulations ! (Foarte bine! Felicitări!) Well done, Peter ! You’ve
passed all your exams brilliantly.
i) dezaprobare: Nonsense! What a nuisance! (Prostii ! Ce pacoste!): What a nuisance! Now I’ll
have to do it all over again!
j) regret: Ah! Oh! What a pity! (a!, oh! ce păcat!): What a pity you couldn’t come! It was a good
play.
k) durere: Ouch! Ow! (vai, ah, aoleu!): ouch, it hurts!
2) manifestări de voinţă:
a) o rugăminte, un îndemn: Oh! Help! (oh! Ajutor!); Ssh! Hush! Silence! (Sst, linişte!): Hush!
The baby’s sleeping!
b) o încurajare: Cheer up! Come on! (Curaj! Haide!): Come on, don’t be afraid! You’ll be fine.
c) o avertizare: Look Out! Fire! (Atenţie! Foc!): Fire ! The house is on fire!
3) se reproduc sunete şi zgomote din mediul înconjurător: Bow - wow !
Miaow! Baa! Buzz! (Ham - ham ! Miau! Beh! Bzzz!): Bang! Click! Crash!
Exerciţii – Practice
Alegeţi interjecţia potrivită situaţiilor de mai jos. Puteţi folosi interjecţii ca: ah, hello, dear, eh,
allas, hmm, oh, well, er, uh-huh, ouch, etc.
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PARTEA A II-A
♥ Subiectul este partea principală de propoziţie despre care se spune ceva cu ajutorul
predicatului.
Exemple:He is a really nice guy.
My dog attacked the burglar.
David plays the piano
The police interviewed all the witnesses.
The man who had followed us inside walked over to the telephone.
♥ Predicatul este partea principală de propoziţie care atribuie subiectului o acţiune, o stare sau o
însuşire.
Predicatul nominal este alcătuit din: un verb copulativ + un nume predicativ.
Verbe copulative:
a. verbul be: He is clever. El este deştept
b. verbe ale devenirii: become, get, grow, turn: Her hair has turned grey. A încărunţit. She is
getting old. Îmbătrâneşte.
c. Verbe ale continuării în aceeaşi stare : continue, keep, remain, hold, stay.
He kept silent. Tăcea.
d. verbe ale aparenţei: appear, look, seem: She seemed ill. Părea bolnavă. He looks pale. Este
palid.
Numele predicativ este exprimat:
a) printr-un substantiv sau echivalent al acestuia:
My nephew has become a doctor.
b) printr-un adjectiv, singur sau cu o complinire: She was happy. She was eager to come.
c) printr-un participiu trecut: The village seemed deserted.
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Exerciţii – Practice
Subjects Predicates
The dirty yellow cat stood outside the hotel all night.
We prowled through the dark alley.
Tom and his brother lived in the attic last winter.
The taxi driver baked delicious apple pies.
Anna's elderly mother were late yesterday.
The green tree snake sold used cars.
The detective in the gray raincoat was from the Middle East.
Seven rats waited patiently for his victim.
Cuvintele subliniate sunt complemente directe. Răspund la una din întrebările pe cine?, ce?
O altă metodă pentru a afla dacă un cuvânt este sau nu complement direct, este aceea de a
transforma fraza respectivă la diateza pasivă. Complementul direct va trebui sa devină subiectul
propoziţiei la diateza pasivă.
Exemplu:
1. Todd sang a song.
=> Passive: A song was sung by Todd.
2. Ashley became a rock star.
" a rock star " nu este complement direct şi deci nu poate deveni subiectul propoziţiei la diateza
pasivă.
Exerciţii – Practice
Exerciţii – Practice
66
a) verbe intranzitive cu prepoziţie obligatorie: care for, complain of, depend on, hint
at, insist on, long for, look at, pass for, warn of, wonder at, worry about :
The success of the meeting will depend on the speaker ’s inspiration.
b) verbe intranzitive cu două prepoziţii: agree with smb about smth, argue with
smb about smth.
He agreed with me about the plan.
c) verbe tranzitive cu prepoziţie obligatorie: acquaint smb with smth, advise smb.
about smth, assure smb of smth, blame smb for smth, bother smb. with smth,
convince smb, of smth, entrust smb with smth, mistake smb. for smth, warn smb
about smth:
I convinced him about the plan.
d) adjective sau participii care îndeplinesc funcţia de nume predicativ într-un
predicat nominal, urmate de o prepoziţie obligatorie:
about: He was reasonable about her decision.
at: She is good at chemistry.
in: He is interested in astronomy.
of: Romania’s foreign trade is based on co-operation and equal rights.
with: He is angry with your behaviour.
Alte adjective şi participii urmate de aceste prepoziţii sunt:
- angry, glad, happy, mad, annoyed, pleased worried + about;
- angry, clever, hopeless, terrible, alarmed, amused, annoyed, delighted, pleased + at;
- efficient, fortunate, lucky, persistent, (un)successful + in;
- afraid, certain, conscious, fond, glad, convinced, scared + of;
- dependent, insistent, keen, lent, set + on;
- busy, (un)comfortable, (in)compatible, content, furious, (un)happy, impatient, sick, uneasy,
annoyed, bored, concerned, delighted, disaplointed, excited, exhausted, horrified, obsessed,
occupied, overcome, pleased, satisfied, upset + with.
Exerciţii – Practice
Acuzativ cu - infinitiv
- participiu prezent
- participiu trecut
Nominativ cu - infinitiv
- participiu prezent
Infinitiv cu for - to
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Nominativul absolut cu -infinitivul
- participiu prezent
- participiu trecut
Construcţiile gerundiale
a) În construcţiile infinitivale ne interesează acţiunea în sine, faptul petrecut, care este văzut ca
încheiat:
We saw him sleep (= that he fell asleep). Am văzut că a adormit.
b) în construcţiile cu participiul în -ing, acţiunea este văzută în desfăşurare: We saw him dancing
(= that he was dancing). L-am văzut dansând.
c) în construcţiile cu participiul trecut, acţiunea este privită ca un rezultat: We found the dog
dead. Am găsit căţelul mort.
Exerciţii – Practice
1. We expected the manager to speak first. 2. They thought him to be gifted in singing. 3. I heard
him walk slowly in the dark. 4. We advised him to go to the hospital as soon as possible 5. They
told us not to worry. 6. The manager asked him to explain the semester report. 7. They saw him
steal the money. 8. You consider his thoughts to be very weird.
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COMPLEMENTELE CIRCUMSTANŢIALE DE LOC, TIMP, MOD
– ADVERBIALS
♥ Complementul circumstanţial de loc indică locul, punctul de plecare, direcţia sau limita
unei acţiuni sau stări.
♥ Complementul circumstanţial de timp indică:
a) momentul acţiunii: now, nowadays, today, then;
b) succesiunea de timp: afterwards, before, eventually, formerly, previously, soon.
c) durata: lately, recently, since, still, yet;
d) frecvenţa: weekly, three times a day, often, usually, seldom, once in a while.
♥ Complementul circumstanţial de mod indică modul în care se îndeplineşte o acţiune
sau apare o însuşire.
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c) un substantiv, un adjectiv, pronume sau numeral, o construcţie infinitivală sau gerundială
introduse prin conjuncţiile as, not so/as, than: She is as smart as her parents.
d) o propoziţie circumstanţială de mod comparativă:
She smiled as if she were extremely happy, but....
Exerciţii – Practice
Atributul modifică sau determină un substntiv sau pronume care îndeplineşte în propoziţie
funcţia de:
1) subiect: The tall girl is my sister-in-law.
2) o parte secundară de prepoziţie:
a) complement direct sau indirect: They made an extraordinary attempt.
b) complement circumstanţial (de loc, timp etc.): They often go out quiet evenings.
Exerciţii – Practice
71
TEST FINAL
73
52. Q: _______ you ever ________ to Paris?
Did ... go Have .... go Have ... gone Shall .... go
53. Q: Have you finished your work ______?
Yet already still just
54. Q: Jack is really ______________ geography, especially Japanese history.
interested at interesting in interested in interested for
55. Q: These images ______________ by an artist named John Smith.
are photographed were photoed photographed were photographed
56. Q: He'll give you a call as soon as he __________.
will arrive arrives is arriving is going to arrive.
57. Q: He found his watch ___________ the papers on the table.
In among between through
58. Q: Would you mind ______________ me a hand?
to give give giving given
59. Q: I think Piteşti is ____ exciting ____ Bucharest.
as ... as so ... than as ... than so ... as
60. Q: He _________ he wanted to come.
told said me said told to me
61. Q: What ______________ at work?
do you have to do must you do have you to do do you
62. Q: How is he? - Daniel? He __________.
's fine s tall with blond hair 's quite a shy person actually 's twenty three
63. Q: He will meet you _________ the station at 9 o'clock sharp.
in front ahead in front of behind of
64. Q: If you want to be healthy, you _______ smoke or drink alcohol.
needn't couldn't shouldn't mustn't to
65. Q: He's _____________ politics.
interested interesting interested to interested in
66. Q: Where was Dany yesterday? - I don't know. He ________________ seeing the doctor.
might has been might have been couldn't have been mustn't have been
67. Q: Yes, that is the woman _________ horse almost trampled her!
which whose who that
68. Q: Would you like me to ______________ the kids next week?
look to look at look after look into
69. Q: I missed the bus, so I _________ take the next one.
musted must had to had
70. Q: Why are your hands so dirty? - Well, I __________________ in the garden for the last two
hours.
have worked worked am working have been working
71. Q: Fiestas ______________ in an old city in Germany for many years now.
have been making have made have been made are made
72. Q: Let me ___________! I didn't really want to eat all the cakes, I just couldn't help myself.
to say you say you explain me explain
73. Q: Yes, we have bought the tickets to the concert and we _______________ next Saturday. I'm so
excited.
will go won't go shall be going are going
74. Q: Most people like rugby, but ____ my opinion it's too chaotic.
Of from in with
75. Q: Are you travelling to Prague ____ business or ____ holiday?
For on to in
76. Q: Have you read the article _____ Time magazine ____ Google?
on – on to – on in – on from – on
77. Q: What's that book _____?
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about to from of
78. Q: I stayed ____ the Ritz Hotel ________ my stay in New York.
in – to to – while at – while at – during
79. Q: I looked this word ____ in the dictionary, but I still don't understand its meaning.
from on up over
80. Q: We need some sugar. We're almost completely ____ it.
out out of over through
81. Q: Luckily, I made it to the station ___ time to catch the last train.
in for at to
82. Q: My house is ___ the end of the street ___ the left.
in – on at – in in – at at – on
83. Q: The post office doesn't open _____ 9 a.m.
For until still just
84. Q: Are you ___ or ___ the prime minister?
pro – con for – against with – against proto – contra
85. Q: Were you ____ time for your appointment? Or were you late?
to on at of
86. Q: Throw the ball ___ Daniel, please.
next beneath to against
87. Q: I got ____ home late last night.
To at _ in
88. Q: Please talk __ the manager and don't shout __ me!
to – to at – to to – at with – to
89. Q: You can start the computer ___ pressing that button.
with to by from
90. Q: She was born ____ Spain ___ March 16, 1992.
in – in in – to in – on to – in
91. Q: He was born ___ Germany ___ April.
in – to on – in in – in in – at
92. Q: Be careful! You're going to set the paper ___ fire!
to on in with
93. Q: I need to learn these verbs ___ heart ___ tomorrow.
by – on by – to from – by by – by
94. Q: She'll be finished ____ the end of the week.
By from to in
95. Q: You must take the medicine _____ the next five minutes.
Since until within at
96. Q: I haven't seen Larry ___ ages!
At in since until
97. Q: It is years ____ I last played tennis.
For when since at
98. Q: Jack will be out _____ 3.30.
Since at from until
99. Q: Daniel _____ (live) in New York for the past 15 years.
has lived lives lived
100. Q: Jane ____ (work) for H&M before she came to work for us.
Works worked has worked
101. Q: Are there ______ peaches in the kitchen?
Much any some a
102. Q: That is _____ interesting book.
The a an -
103. Q: I went ______ church last Sunday.
At in to on
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104. Q: What _____ he like? - He is very friendly.
Does did is has
105. Q: I ________ a new car last month.
bought have bought buyed did bought
106. Q: How ________ money do you have in your wallet?
many few much some
107. Q: She came ______ home late last night.
- at to in
108. Q: Daniel is a nice boy, and I like _____.
- him his it
109. Q: I get up ______ eight o'clock every day.
In on at to
110. Q: I like __________ music.
Listen listen to listening to to listening to
111. Q: What __________ in your free time?
you do do you do are you doing does you do
112. Q: My father _______ in a software company.
Works work is working is worked
113. Q: Would you like _______ coffee?
Any an some to
114. Q: I _____ drive a car.
can't to can want have
115. Q: He likes watching TV ______ evening.
in the at during in
116. Q: I drove my car _____ the garage.
In at into onto
117. Q: _________. Is there a bank near here?
Please Excuse me Pardon Hey
118. Q: I live in ______.
italy Italy Italian italian
119. Q: The bank is at the end of this street _____ the left.
at in on over
120. Q: The bank is _______ the post office.
near of next to next close
121. Q: There are ______ magazines on the table.
any an some a
122. Q: I would like _____ rice.
a one some any
123. Q: I went to London three years _____.
last ago time past yet
124. Q: I would love to visit Prague sometime. Unfortunately, I ____ (be/never) there.
have never been was never will never be
125. Q: Daniel _____ (play) tennis for five years when he _____ (be) at school.
has played – was played – was has played - has been
126. Q: : Do you like ______ Chinese food?
- an some the
127. Q: I _____ (work) in Spain for 5 years. I ____ (begin) work as soon as I arrived.
work – began have worked - have begun have worked – began
128. Q: I'm afraid I'm not hungry. I _____ (eat/already).
didn't eat already have already eaten haven't already eaten
129. Q: When Daniel was at school, he _____ (learn) to play the piano. He _____ (play) it ever since.
has learned - has played learned - has played learned – played
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130. Q: Could you give me some advice? I _____ (buy) this sweater yesterday. Do you think I should
take it back?
Bought have bought buyed
131. Q: George lives in New York. Before she _____ (move) here, she ____ (live) in Seattle for 3
years.
moved - has lived moved – lived has moved – lived
132. Q: Peter ____ (go) to Paris last year. That means that he ____ (be) to Paris 3 times!
went - has been went – was has gone – was
133. Q: Just a moment! I _____ (not think) of a good idea yet!
haven't thought didn't think don't think
134. Q: Irina _____ (believe) that for ages!
believes has believed was believed
135. Q: How long _____ (you/live) there before coming here?
have you lived did you live do you live
136. Q: She _____ (write) the email but doesn't know how to send it.
has written writes written
137. Q: I ____ (just/have) something done to my hair. Do you like it?
have just had just have had just have
138. Q: Hurry up! The concert _____ (begin) and we are late.
Begins has begun began
139. Q: Andra _____ (record) many albums and will probably make many more.
records has recorded recorded
140. Q: Nat King Cole _____ (record) many albums during his great career.
records has recorded recorded
141. Q: How many magazines ____ (read) this year?
did you read do you read have you read
142. Q: How many books ____ (read) last year?
do you read have you read did you read
143. Q: ____ (newspaper/arrive)? Yes, Daniel is reading it at the moment.
Did the newspaper arrived Does the newspaper arrive Has the newspaper arrived
144. Q: Where ____ (you/find) that book? - I _____(find) it in the library.
have you found - have found did you find – found did you find - have found
145. Q: ____ (you/smoke) a lot before becoming a non-smoker?
Have you smoked Did you smoked Did you smoke
146. Q: He _____ (leave) the shop a few minutes ago.
was left left has left
147. Q: She ____ (not leave) the house yet.
has left hasn't left didn't leave
148. Q: I _____ (not know) you ____ (be) here! _____ (you/be) here long?
haven't known - were - Have you been
didn't know - were - Have you been
didn't know - have been - Have you been
149. Q: _____ (you/see) today's paper?
Do you see Have you seen Are you seeing
150. Q: I'm tired. I _____ (not get) much sleep last night.
haven't got didn't get wasn't get
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Cheia exerciţiilor
Interogativ:
Do you leave home at 12 o’clock? Does he leave home at 1 o’clock?
Do you go to work by car? Does he go to work by train?
Do you speak English well? Does he speak English badly?
Do you get home at six? Does he get home at seven?
Do you have two kids? Does he have three kids?
Negativ:
Interogativ
Situation 1
Daniel: Grandpa:
1. I’ll work in the lab tomorrow. Where will you work?
2. I’ll do an interesting experiment tomorrow. What will you do?
3. I’ll obtain hydrogen in the Chemistry lesson. What will you obtain?
4. I’ll learn interesting things next week. When will you learn?
5. I’ll study hydrogen next week. What will you study?
6. I’ll ask the teacher a lot of questions. Who will you ask ?
Situation 2 -
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
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3. Had Daniel sunbathed on the beach before?
Yes, he had.
Had Irina sunbathed on the beach before?
No, she hadn’t.
Present Continuous
1. Larry is working in his office now.
2. Daniel is typing a letter in the secretariate
3. Ioana is presenting a project in the conference room.
4. Maria is speaking on the phone in the hall now.
5. Matei is meeting some clients in the guests room.
Future Continuous
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3) At 7 o'clock on Monday they will be singing the new song. (to sing)
4) He will be sleeping when you call her. (to sleep)
5) It will probably be raining when I reach Madrid. (to rain)
6) Mary will be watching a video when I arrive tonight. (to watch)
7) You will be eating spaghetti soon. (to eat)
8) This time next week he will be flying to Africa. (to fly)
9) Peggy will be coming to the party on Sunday. (to come)
10) Tomorrow at nine I will be writing a test paper. (to write)
1. We have been talking about that horrible accident for half an hour.
2. She has been cooking a chicken soup for 1 hour.
3. They have been phoning the manager for the last five minutes.
4. Mary has been living in Manhattan since June 1998.
5. It has been raining since morning.
Diateza:
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Persoana şi numărul
1) He is dreaming.
2) It is green.
3) They are on the wall.
4) It is running.
5) We are watching TV.
6) They are in the garden.
7) He is riding his bike.
8) She is from Bristol.
9) She has got a brother.
10) Have you got a computer, Mandy?
Subjonctivul
1. It is very important that all employees be dressed in their proper uniforms before 6:30 a.m.
2. I wish my sister were here.
3. The coach insisted that Mario play the center position, even though he's much too short for
that position..
4. Mary hoped that the meeting be adjourned.
5. My mother would know what to do. Oh, would that she were here with us now!
6. If only Mark were a little more responsible in his choice of courses!
7. If Mrs. Smith had been ill that night, the Smiths would not have gone to the cinema.
8. Her employees treated Mrs. Smith as though she were a queen.
9. I wish I felt better today.
Infinitivul şi gerunziul
Participiul trecut:
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Verbele auxiliare
Verbele modale
Ex.1.
1.We couldn't go to the party. We're going to a wedding.
2. He would be able to pass the exam if he studied harder.
3. I can't remember his name.
4. They weren't able to go. The weather was too bad.
5. Sorry, Teacher. I haven't been able to do it yet.
Ex. 2
1. I must be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably have to take a taxi if I want to be on time.
2. You mustn't submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. If the form is not
complete, you will be rejected and you will have to reapply at a later date.
3. Tina: Look at these flowers - they're beautiful! But, there's no card. Who could have sent
them?
Stephanie: It must have been David. He's the only one who would send you flowers, you know.
4. You mustn't forget to pay the rent. Mr Daniel is very strict about paying on time.
5. You don't have to be like this! Why don't you try saying "please" once in a while.
Ex 3.
1. Mike's flight from Paris took more than 7 hours.
He must be quite exhausted after such a long flight.
2. The books are optional. My teacher said we could read them if we needed extra credit. But we
don't have to read them if we don't want to.
3. Daniel couldn't hear a word because the crowd was cheering so loudly.
4. The refrigerator isn't working. It must have been damaged during the move.
5. Mike: Can you hold your breath for more than a minute?
Jack: No, I can't.
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6. You don't have to be rich to be famous. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got
a penny.
7. I've redone this math problem at least ten times, but my answer is wrong according to the
answer key. So, the answer in the book must be wrong!
8. You couldn't do the job if you didn't speak three languages fluently.
9. You shouldn't worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the promotion, or
you don't. If you don't, just apply for another job.
10. You may leave the table once you have finished your dinner and politely excused yourself.
11. Jenny's engagement ring is speechless! It must have cost a fortune.
12. Shall we move into the living room? There's a beautiful view of the forest from there.
13. You had better take along some cash. The shop may not accept credit cards.
14. The machine can start moving by pressing the left button.
15. I can't stand these people - I don’t understand their priciples, so you get rid of them!
16. Do you always have to say the first thing that pops into your head.
Can't you think once in a while before you open your mouth?
17. Daniel and Mathew said they would come over right after work, so they should be here by
5:00.
18. You shall no longer suffer this injustice! Freedom shall be yours!
19. If I had gone to an University in England, I could have participated in their English
immersion program.
20. The lamp might not be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out or something.
Substantivul:
Ex 1.
1) This is Peter's book.
2) Let's go to the Smiths'.
3) The children's room is upstairs.
4) John's sister is twelve years old.
5) Susan and Steve's bags have blue stickers.
6) Men's shoes are on the second floor.
7) My parents' car was not expensive.
8) Charles's CD player is new.
9) This is the boy's bike.
10) These are the boys' pencils.
Ex. 2.
1) half – halves 2) kilo – kilos 3) woman – women 4) mouth – mouths 5) foot – feet
6) sheep – sheep 7) penny – pence 8) bus – buses 9) day – days10) fish – fish
Ex 3.
1) a piece of advice 2) a packet of rice 3) a bar of chocolate
4) a glass of milk 5) a cup of tea 6) a bottle of lemonade
7) a slice of meat 8) a barrel of oil 9) a game of tennis
10) a jar of jam
Ex.4.
ira = air aet = tea ikn = ink ilo = oil fgo = fog
eber = beer einw = wine doow = wood acek = cake aclo = coal ahir = hair
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Articolul
Adjectivul demonstrativ
Adjectivul posesiv
Adjectivul interogativ
1. What time is the flight ?
2. Which girl has a red bag ?
3. Whose mother is a nurse ?
4. What subject do you like ?
5. Whose books are these ?
Adjectivul nehotărât
1. Do any black people work in your company?
Yes, there are some.
2. She hasn't any clothes to wear to the party.
No problem, I can give her some.
3. Mary, there is no gas in the car.
Oh, no. We had better get some.
4. Are there any good movies this weekend?
No, there are none.
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5. I want to take a shower; is there any hot water?
I'm sorry, there is no hot water.
Numeralul
Pronumele
EX. 1.
1) He is dreaming.
2) It is green.
3) They are on the wall.
4) It is running.
5) We are watching TV.
EX.2.
My name is John. This is my friend Jason. He's 32. His sister is 34 and her workplace is very
near. Jason and I work in the same office. There are 150 employees in our company.
EX.3.
1) Robert made this T-shirt himself.
2) Lisa did the homework herself
3) We helped ourselves to some cola at the party.
4) Emma, did you take the photo all by yourself?
5) I wrote this poem myself.
6) He cut himself with the knife while he was doing the dishes.
7) The lion can defend itself.
8) My mother often talks to herself.
9) Tim and Gerry, if you want more milk, help yourselves.
10) Alice and Doris collected the stickers themselves.
EX. 4. 1) I talked to the boy whose car had broken down in front of the building.
2) Mr John, who is a taxi driver, lives in the neighbourhood.
3) We often visit our aunt in Bucharest which is in the south of Romania.
4) This is the boy who comes from France.
5) That's Irina, the girl who has just arrived at the airport.
6) Thank you very much for your e-mail which was very interesting.
7) The man, whose father is a professor, forgot his umbrella.
8) The children, who shouted in the street, are not from our school.
9) The car, whose driver is a young man, is from England.
10) What did you do with the money which your parents lent you?
EX.5. 1) John and Angela haven't met each other for a very long time.
2) My friends enjoyed themselves at the party.
3) Daniel repaired computer car himself.
4) We helped each other with our written task.
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5) People often give each other presents at Christmas.
6) I bought myself a new record player.
7) Katie, did you do the homework yourself?
8) They looked at each other and smiled.
9) They often write e-mails to each other because they're best friends.
10) She only thinks of herself. She's a little bit selfish.
Adjectivul
Adverbul
Prepoziţia
EX. 1.
We live in London.
Would you like to go to the cinema tonight?
No, thanks. I was at the cinema yesterday.
We are going on holiday next week.
There is a bridge across the river.
The flight from Bucharest to Lecce was via Berlin.
On my wall, there are many picture postcards.
Who is the person in this picture?
Come into the sitting room, we want to watch TV.
The town lies 530 meters above sea level.
EX.2.
1. What are you doing at the weekend?
2. I don't know yet. Maybe I'll go to the cinema on Saturday.
3. That's interesting. I haven't been to the cinema for so many years.
4. We could go there together in the afternoon.
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5. That would be great. But I would prefer to go there in the evening. I am visiting my grandma
on Saturday.
6. That's okay. The film starts at eight o'clock.
7. I can pick you up at half past seven. How long does the film last?
8. It lasts for two hours and forty-five minutes.
9. From eight till a quarter to eleven.
10.That's right. But I must hurry home after the film. I have to be home by eleven o'clock.
Conjuncţia
EX.1.
1. Daniel was cold, so he put on a coat.
2. Maria tried to translate the text, but it was too difficult.
3. To get from Piteşti to Bucharest, you can take a bus, or you can go by car.
4. I bought a bottle of wine, and we drank it together.
5. The teacher was not very nice, but the mark was good.
6. I went to buy my favorite CD, but the shop didn't have it.
7. Irina needed some money, so she took a part-time job.
8. There's so much noise in the building lately! Maybe it's because of the new familz who has
just moved in ,or maybe it's just coincidence.
9. Julie has a guitar, and she plays it really well.
10. The concert was cancelled, so we went to a disco instead.
EX.2.
Daniel couldn't buy any presents because he didn't have any money.
I don't drink coffee as it makes me nervous.
Although it was snowing, I wasn’t cold.
Since she doesn't speak English, she can't translate that text.
Daniel passed the exam first time while his brother had to retake it four times.
Paula got the job she wanted even though she had no experience.
I will be late today because my car has broken down.
Whereas my wife likes to travel abroad, I prefer to stay at the countryside for my vacations.
Interjecţia
Subiectul şi predicatul
EX.1.
1. Yesterday, (Ross and Monica )took their children to the zoo.
2. (The elephants, the lions, and all of the other animals) were outside.
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3. (The president of the bank )looked everywhere for the papers .
4. (They) listened quietly.
5. (The yellow race car with red stripes) finished the first in the race.
6. After his speech,( the president of the meeting) shook hands with all members of the crowd .
EX.2.
1. The dirty yellow cat prowled through the dark alley/ lived in the attic last winter.
2. We stood outside the hotel all night./ baked delicious apple pies./ were late yesterday.
3. Tom and his brother stood outside the hotel all night./ baked delicious apple pies./ were late
yesterday./ sold used cars.
4. The taxi driver stood outside the hotel all night./ was from the Middle East.
5. Anna's elderly mother baked delicious apple pies./ was from the Middle East.
6. The green tree snake was from the Middle East.
7. The detective in the gray raincoat stood outside the hotel all night./ waited patiently for his
victim.
8. Seven rats lived in the attic last winter.
Complementul direct
Complementul indirect
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Complementul prepoziţional
Construcţii complexe:
EX.1.
a. nominativul absolut
b. nominativul absolut
3- N+ infinitiv
4- Ac + infinitive
5- N absolut + part. prezent
EX.2.
1. The manager was expected to speak first. 2. He was thought to be gifted in singing. 3. He was
heard walking slowly in the dark. 4. He was advised him to go to the hospital as soon as possible
5. We were told not to worry. 6. He was asked him by the manager to explain the semester
report. 7. He was seen stealing the money. 8. His thoughts are considered to be very weird.
They were in Paris. (last week) → They were in Paris last week.- adverbial of time
She walks his dog. (rarely) → She rarely walks his dog. - adverbial of manner
She waited. (patiently) → She waited patiently. - adverbial of manner
My father goes fishing. (always) → My father always goes fishing. - adverbial of time
Your bedroom is. (upstairs) → Your bedroom is upstairs. - adverbial of place
We don't go skiing. (in summer) → We don't go skiing in summer. - adverbial of time
Cats can hear. (well) → Cats can hear well. - adverbial of manner
I saw him. (there) → I saw him there.- adverbial of place
The boy speaks English. (fluently) → The boy speaks English fluently. - adverbial of manner
I have seen that movie. (never) / (before) → I have never seen that movie before. - adverbial of
time
Atributul
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TEST FINAL
91
81. in 121. some
82. at – on 122. some
83. until 123. ago
84. for – against 124. have never been
85. on 125. played – was
86. to 126. -
87. _ 127. have worked – began
88. to – at 128. have already eaten
89. by 129. learned - has played
90. in – on 130. bought
91. in – in 131. moved – lived
92. on 132. went - has been
93. by – by 133. haven't thought
94. by 134. has believed
95. within 135. did you live
96. in 136. has written
97. since 137. have just had
98. until 138. has begun
99. has lived 139. has recorded
100. has worked 140. recorded
101. any 141. have you read
102. an 142. did you read
103. to 143. Has the newspaper arrived
104. is 144. have you found - have found
105. bought 145. Did you smoke
106. much 146. left
107. - 147. hasn't left
108. him 148.didn't know - were - Have you been
109. at 149. Have you seen
110. listening to 150. didn't get
111. do you do
112. works
113. some
114. can
115. in the
116. into
117. Excuse me
118. Italy
119. on
120. next to
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TIMPURILE LIMBII ENGLEZE - fişă exemplu
93
Did you go to work yesterday? Were you reading when I entered the room?
Negative: S + Did + Not + V Negative: S + Be (past) + Not + V ing
They didn’t go to work yesterday? He wasn’t eating when she phoned.
Acţiune trecută terminată în Acţiune trecută în desfăşurare în prezent:
moment precizat: (ago, last, When you entered my room, I was watching
yesterday, in 2004): I met her in TV.
1981.
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Verbul TO WORK -model
Indicative
Present Past Tense
I work I worked
you work you worked
he/she/it works he/she/it worked
we work we worked
you work you worked
they work they worked
Present continuous Past continuous
I am working I was working
you are working you were working
he/she/it is working he/she/it was working
we are working we were working
you are working you were working
they are working they were working
Past perfect continuous Present perfect
I had been working I have worked
you had been working you have worked
he/she/it had been working he/she/it has worked
we had been working we have worked
you had been working you have worked
they had been working they have worked
Past perfect Future
I had worked I will work
you had worked you will work
he/she/it had worked he/she/it will work
we had worked we will work
you had worked you will work
they had worked they will work
Future perfect Future continuous
I will have worked I will be working
you will have worked you will be working
he/she/it will have worked he/she/it will be working
we will have worked we will be working
you will have worked you will be working
they will have worked they will be working
Future perfect continuous Present perfect continuous
I will have been working I have been working
you will have been working you have been working
he/she/it will have been working he/she/it has been working
we will have been working we have been working
you will have been working you have been working
they will have been working they have been working
Infinitive Participle
to work Present Past
working worked
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Bibliografie:
Leon Leviţchi, Ioan Preda - Gramatica limbii engleze, Ed. Ştiinţifică 1967;
Alice Bădescu - Gramatica limbii engleze, Ed.Ştiinţifică, 1963;
Georgiana Gălăţeanu, Ecaterina Comişel, - Gramatica limbii engleze, pentru uz şcolar, Editura
didactică şi pedagogică – Bucureşti,1982
Catedra de limbă şi literatură engleză. Universitatea din Bucureşti - Gramatica limbii
engleze, Ed. Ştiinţifică, 1962;
Ioana Ştefănescu - Lectures in English Morphology, Univ. din Buc., 1978.
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