Sangele

➢O suspensie formata din 2 faze:

➢o faza solida dispersata (elementele
figurate) si
➢o faza lichida, dispersanta –
plasma- o solutie complexa
continand dizolvate sau in suspensie
numeroase molecule organice si
saruri minerale partial disociate in
ioni
➢Circula prin sistemul cardiovascular
– homeostazia mediului intern este
conditionata de circulatia capilara –
vectorul diverselor substante spre si
dinspre tesuturi
 60%
Compozitia sangelui
➢ Elementele figurate
( 3%-volum corpuscular)
➢ Plasma 4% (volum 20% 40%
plasmatic)
5%-8% sector intravascular
(sange si limfa)
15% sector interstitial
 Compozitia
➢ Elementele figurate
➢ Plasma

Ex. Barbat adult 5-6 L de sange

 Volum Plasmatic 55%
Ex:3000 ml
Compozitia
➢ Elementele figurate
➢ Plasma VOLEMIA=volumul
total al sangelui

VOLEMIA variaza:
• Sex – barbatii au o cantitate mai
mare de sg (SC, masa musculara)
• Varsta – nou nascut volum mai Volum Globular 45%
mare din cauza volumului Ex: 2000 ml
eritrocitar mare; la varsta a 3-a
volumul tinde sa scada
 Volum Plasmatic 55%
Ex:3000 ml
Compozitia
➢ Elementele figurate
➢ Plasma VOLEMIA=volumul
total al sangelui

VOLEMIA variaza:
• Sex – barbatii au o cantitate mai
mare de sg (SC, masa musculara)
• Varsta – nou nascut volum mai Volum Globular 45%
mare din cauza violumului
eritrocitar mare; la varsta a 3-a
Ex: 2000 ml
volumul tinde sa scada
 Hematocrit MEASUREMENT OF HAEMATOCRIT
The haematocrit ratio (Ht) is the proportion of blood made up of cells -
mainly red blood cells.
After centrifugation the
➢Concept: The percentage of 1.0
heavier red cells settle to
the bottom of the tube.
blood volume occupied by plasma The straw-coloured plasma
centri-
the packed red blood cell fuge
remains at the top.
The two layers are
volume 0.5
buffy coat
separated by a ‘buffy coat’
of white cells and platelets.
➢Normal range: man, 40% - red cells
Normal values for Ht
50%, Women 37% - 48% 0 range between 0.42 - 0.47,
generally larger in men
blood
than women.
sample
Raportul dintre volumul
sangvin circulant si cel
de rezerva se poate
modifica rapid in conditii
fiziologice sau
patologice, realizand
adevarate redistributii
sangvine

Asigurarea irigatiei
functionale differentiate
a diverselor organe si
tesuturi cu solicitari
cardiace minime, iar in
cazuri patologice asigura
mentinerea
hemodinamicii sau
irigatia organelor vitale
ptr supravietuire
 Volum Plasmatic 55%
Ex:3000 ml
Compozitia
➢ Elementele figurate
➢ Plasma VOLEMIA=volumul
total al sangelui

Volum Globular 45%

Ex: 2000 ml
Compozitia
➢ Elementele figurate
➢ Plasma
Major cations and anions of the intracellular and extracellular fluids Nonelectrolytes of the plasma
 Cand activitatea
osmotica se exprima in
miliosmoli pe litru de
solutie se foloseste
termenul de
osmolaritate
Plasma Osmotic Pressure
• Osmosis: Net diffusion of the water across a semipermeable
membrane to a region in which there is a higher
concentration of solute
osmotic pressure
➢The osmosis of the water molecules can be opposed by
applying a pressure in direction opposite that of the
osmosis.
➢The precise amount of pressure required to prevent the
osmosis is called the osmotic pressure
Effects of Osmosis
H20 moves by osmosis into the lower [H20] until
equilibrium is reached.
osmotic pressure
➢In clinical practice, it is common to
substitute the term tonicity for osmolarity
when referring to solutions.
➢A solution is isotonic (isosmotic) if a
normal cell does not change its volume
when exposed to it.
➢This solution has a same osmotic pressure as
that of the plasma.
A solution that causes the cell to swell is termed
hypotonic (hypoosmotic) solution.

0.9% Na
solution
99.1% H2O
0.5% Na
99.5% H2O
A solution that causes shrinkage of the cell is
called hypertonic (hyperosmotic) solution.

0.9% NaCl solution

99.1% H2O
8% NaCl
92% H2O
Plasma Proteins
– constitute 7-9% of the plasma
➢ Albumins (60% - 80%)
➢ Produced by the liver
➢ Provide the osmotic pressure and necessary to maintain blood
volume and pressure.
➢ Effective Filtration Pressure = (capillary pressure + interstitial
osmotic pressure) – (plasma colloid osmotic pressure +
interstitial hydrostatic pressure)
➢ Globulins, divided into three types:
➢ Alpha and beta globulin, produced by the liver and function
to transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins in the blood.
➢ Gamma globulins are antibodies produced by lymphocytes
and function in immunity.
Plasma pH: 7.35 – 7.45
➢Maintained in a very narrow range through numerous mechanisms.
➢Acids in the blood are buffered by bicarbonate in the plasma, and
blood pH is maintained by the actions of the lungs and kidneys.
➢The lungs aid acid –base balance through elimination of carbon dioxide,
which regulates the amount of carbonic acid in the blood.
➢The kidneys participate in acid – base balance by excreting H+ and retaining
plasma bicarbonate.
Viscosity
➢ The frictional force between the elements in the blood.
➢ The relative viscosity of the blood is 4-5, which is greater
than that in plasma (1.6 – 2.4) and water (1).
➢ The higher the red cell concentration and the amount of
plasma protein, the greater the viscosity of the blood.
➢ Increase of the viscosity can enhance the peripheral
blood resistance, decreasing the blood supply to tissue.
Densitatea
➢ Sange: 1057-1601

➢ Plasma: 1025-1030
Elemente figurate

➢Eritrocite - red blood cells

➢pe unele buletine de
analize:RBC (erythrocytes)
➢Leucocite -white blood cells
➢WBC (leucocytes)
➢ Trombocite - platelets
(thrombocytes)
Red cells (Erythrocytes)

➢ Number: 5.1 to 5.8 million in

males and 4.3 to 5.2 million in
females per milliliter blood.
➢ Shape: flat, biconcave discs, about
7-8 um in diameter and 2.2 um
thick.
➢ Importance of the unique shape:
provides an increased surface area
through which gas can diffuse.
Anizocitoza