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IOANA LUPESCU
IRM T1 FS+GD
Coronary ligament
NORMAL ANATOMY
The right subphrenic space is bounded by the falciform ligament anteromedially and the right
coronary ligament posteriorly. Posteromedial to the right coronary ligament is the bare area of
the liver, the nonperitonealized attachment of the liver to the diaphragm, where peritoneal ascites
Torigian D.A et al. NETTER’S
is excluded. The bare Correlative
area of the liver isImaging:
continuous with the retroperitoneum.
IRM T1 FS+GD
Left posterior
subphrenic space
Superior recess of
lesser sac
Gastrohepatic ligament
NORMAL ANATOMY
The left anterior subphrenic space extends from the falciform ligament anteromedially to surround
the anterior left hepatic lobe and anterior gastric wall deep to the diaphragm. The inferior
portion of this space, located between the left hepatic lobe posteriorly and the diaphragm
anteriorly, may be considered a separate space, called the left anterior perihepatic space, which
is bounded posteriorly by the left coronary ligament. The left posterior subphrenic space completely
envelops the spleen and is also known as the “perisplenic space.”
The left subhepatic space, also known as the “left posterior perihepatic space” or “gastrohepatic
recess,” is located between the lateral segment of the liver anteriorly and the stomach posteri-
orly, to the left of the gastrohepatic ligament.
The superior recess of the lesser sac is also seen at this level, adjacent to the caudate lobe of
Torigian D.A et al. NETTER’S
the liver (segmentCorrelative
I). Imaging:
Abdominal
114 NETTER’Sand Pelvic
CORRELATIVE Anatomy.
IMAGING: Elsevier
ABDOMINAL 2013
AND PELVIC ANATOMY
Falciform ligament
Right anterior
subhepatic space
Gastrohepatic ligament
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Greater omentum
(with gastroepiploic
vessels)
Foramen of
Winslow
(epiploic
foramen) Lesser sac
Right
subphrenic
space
Left posterior
subphrenic
space
Splenic recess
NORMAL ANATOMY
The hepatoduodenal ligament extends from the porta hepatis to the duodenum and contains the
proper hepatic artery, main portal vein, and common bile duct. The hepatoduodenal ligament
forms the anterior margin of the foramen of Winslow, also known as the epiploic foramen, which
is the communication between the lesser and greater sacs.
Lesser sac
Right anterior
subhepatic space Greater omentum
(with gastroepiploic
vessels)
Right
subphrenic
space
Gastrosplenic
ligament
(with short
gastric vessels) IRM T2
Left posterior
subphrenic
Right posterior space
subhepatic space
Splenic recess
NORMAL ANATOMY
The lesser sac is bounded by the pancreas posteriorly, the stomach and gastrohepatic ligament
anteriorly, and the gastrosplenic ligament and greater omentum laterally. Note that the gastro-
splenic ligament is a part of the greater omentum.
Right paracolic
space Left paracolic
space
IRM T1 FS+GD
Left posterior
subphrenic
space
NORMAL ANATOMY
The spleen is attached posteriorly to the retroperitoneum by the splenorenal ligament, forming
the bare area of the spleen. The splenic artery and vein travel within the splenorenal ligament
at the splenic hilum.
The transverse mesocolon is seen extending from the anterior aspect of the retroperitoneum
at the level of the pancreas to the posterior superior wall of the transverse colon, dividing
the abdominal peritoneal cavity into the supramesocolic and inframesocolic compartments
described earlier. This may serve as a conduit for the spread of disease from the retroperitoneum
to the transverse colon, as in the patient with acute pancreatitis.
Left paracolic
space
Left infracolic
space
Right
paracolic
space
Anterior
renal
fascia
IRM T2
Root of small Left posterior
bowel mesentery subphrenic
space
NORMAL ANATOMY
The root of the small bowel mesentery is seen at the duodenal-jejunal junction, suspended by
the ligament of Treitz.
Right infracolic
space
Parietal
peritoneum
Left
Right
paracolic
paracolic
space
space
Left
infracolic
space
Ascending
Descending
colon IRM T2
colon Lateroconal
fascia
Perirenal Anterior
space pararenal space
Anterior renal
fascia
Posterior renal fascia
NORMAL ANATOMY
The right infracolic space is seen between the ascending colon and the small bowel mesentery.
The left infracolic space is seen between the descending colon and the small bowel mesentery,
and is in continuity with the pelvic peritoneal space.
Plan coronal
ligament
Left subhepatic
Right subphrenic space
space
Left posterior
subphrenic space
Lesser sac
Right paracolic
Small bowel
mesentery
IRM T2
space
Left paracolic
space
NORMAL ANATOMY
The right subphrenic space extends from the falciform ligament anteromedially to surround the
diaphragmatic surface of the right lobe of the liver and is continuous with the right subhepatic
space (seen on Abdomen Coronal 4 ) and the right paracolic space inferiorly. The right paracolic
space communicates freely with the right pelvic peritoneal space.
The left subphrenic space extends from the falciform ligament anteromedially to surround the
diaphragmatic surface of the left lobe of the liver and spleen, and is continuous with the left
subhepatic space. The left subphrenic space is limited posteriorly and inferiorly by the spleno-
Torigian D.Arenal
et al.
andNETTER’S Correlative
phrenicocolic ligaments Imaging:
and more superiorly by the gastrosplenic ligament. Adjacent
Abdominal and Pelvic
to the lateralAnatomy.
segment of the Elsevier
liver, the2013
left subhepatic space is continuous with the left sub-
phrenic space.
Left subhepatic
space
Gastrohepatic
Right subphrenic
space
ligament
Gastrocolic
Plan coronal
ligament
Hepatoduodenal Left posterior
ligament subphrenic space
Lesser sac
Right anterior
IRM T2
subhepatic space
Small bowel
Right paracolic mesentery
space
Left paracolic
space
Right infracolic
space Left infracolic
space
NORMAL ANATOMY
The gastrohepatic ligament is on the anterior superior margin of the lesser sac and contains
the left gastric artery and coronary vein.
Right subphrenic
space Gastrohepatic Plan coronal
ligament
Left posterior
subphrenic space
Hepatoduodenal Gastrocolic
ligament ligament
Lesser sac
Right anterior
subhepatic space
Right paracolic
space
Left infracolic IRM T2
space
NORMAL ANATOMY
The hepatoduodenal ligament contains the main portal vein, proper hepatic artery, and common
bile duct.
142 Torigian
NETTER’S D.A IMAGING:
CORRELATIVE et al. NETTER’S Correlative
ABDOMINAL AND Imaging:
PELVIC ANATOMY
Abdominal and Pelvic Anatomy. Elsevier 2013
Right subphrenic
space Plan coronal
Left posterior
subphrenic space
Right posterior
subhepatic space Gastrosplenic
(Morison’s pouch) ligament
Lesser sac
(splenic recess)
Right paracolic
space Phrenicocolic
IRM T2
ligament
Left paracolic
space
Left infracolic
space
NORMAL ANATOMY
The gastrosplenic ligament, a part of the greater omentum, is seen extending from the gastric fundus
to the splenic hilum and contains the left gastroepiploic vessels. The gastrosplenic ligament is
also in continuity with the splenorenal ligament at the splenic hilum.
Right subphrenic
space Left crus of Plan coronal
diaphragm
Right crus of
diaphragm
Left posterior
subphrenic space
Right posterior
subhepatic space
(Morison’s pouch)
Renal fascia
Renal fascia
Right paracolic
space
IRM T2
NORMAL ANATOMY
Renal fascia surrounding the cone-shaped retroperitoneal fat, kidneys, and adrenal glands
within the perirenal space isolates these retroperitoneal structures from the peritoneal ascites.
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATION
Plan sagital
of liver, superior
portion (VII)
Right subphrenic space
Hepatoduodenal
Medial segment of liver, ligament
superior portion (IVa) Right posterior
subhepatic space
Falciform ligament (Morison’s pouch) IRM T2
Ligamentum teres within
Posterior segment
falciform ligament
of liver, inferior
Transverse mesocolon portion (VI)
Duodenum
Transverse colon
Anterior renal
Right infracolic fascia
space
Posterior renal
Small bowel fascia
mesentery
Posterior pararenal
space
Perirenal space
NORMAL ANATOMY
The falciform ligament is a peritoneal reflection enclosing the ligamentum teres, the obliterated
remnant of the umbilical vein, as it travels from the umbilicus to the liver.
Plan sagital
superior portion (VIII)
Posterior segment
of liver, superior
portion (VII)
Right subphrenic space
Greater omentum
Posterior segment
of liver, inferior
IRM T2
portion (VI)
Right posterior
subhepatic space
Right paracolic (Morison’s pouch)
space
PATHOLOGIC PROCESS
Inflammatory processes and malignancies in the pelvis can spread superiorly through the right
paracolic space into the right subphrenic and subhepatic spaces. However, the left phrenico-
colic ligament prevents superior extension of disease from the left paracolic space into the left
Torigian D.A et al. NETTER’S
subphrenic Correlative
and subhepatic spaces. Imaging:
Right infracolic
space
Sigmoid colon
Right paracolic
space Left paracolic
space
Sigmoid
mesocolon
IRM T2
NORMAL ANATOMY
Branches from the inferior mesenteric artery and vein, including the sigmoid and superior rectal
vessels, pass within the sigmoid mesocolon.
Torigian D.A et al. NETTER’S Correlative Imaging:
Abdominal and Pelvic
PATHOLOGIC Anatomy. Elsevier 2013
PROCESS
The pelvic ligaments and peritoneal spaces are best appreciated in the presence of ascites, as
Plan axial transvers
Supravesical space
Parietal
Parietal
peritoneum
peritoneum
Left paracolic
Right paracolic
space
space
Uterus
Right ovary
Sigmoid colon IRM T2
Sigmoid
mesocolon
Supravesical space
Uterus
Sigmoid colon
Right ovary
Sigmoid
mesocolon
Lateral umbilical
fold Lateral umbilical
fold
Medial umbilical Medial umbilical
fold fold
Supravesical space
Mesovarium/
Uterus
Left ovary
IRM T2
mesosalpinx
(of broad Ovarian fossa
ligaments)
Ovarian fossa Rectouterine space
(pouch of Douglas)
(aka cul-de-sac)
Rectosigmoid
colon
Presacral space
NORMAL ANATOMY
The presacral (or retrorectal) space is a fat-containing extraperitoneal space seen between the
upper two thirds of the rectum and the sacrum. Presacral space tumors often arise from embry-
onic remnants, with sacrococcygeal teratoma the most common tumor arising in this region. MR
imaging is useful for delineating soft tissue planes and evaluating the presence or extent of
osseous invasion and nerve involvement, which is important for surgical planning.
Lateral umbilical
fold
Pararectal fossa
Rectum
Perirectal space
NORMAL ANATOMY
The paired broad ligaments are formed by two layers of peritoneum that drape over the uterus
and extend laterally from the uterus to the pelvic side walls. The superior free edge of each
broad ligament is formed by the fallopian tube medially and the suspensory ligament of the
ovary laterally. The paired round ligaments are bands of fibromuscular tissue that also course
within the broad ligament, attaching to the anterolateral uterine fundus and extending anteri-
orly through the deep inguinal ring and inguinal canal, terminating in the labia majora. Uterine
and ovarian blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics as well as a portion of the pelvic ureters also
course within the broad ligaments.
Bladder dome
Vesicouterine
pouch
Cardinal (transverse
Cervix cervical or
Mackenrodt’s)
ligaments
Parietal peritoneum
Rectouterine space
(pouch of Douglas)
(aka cul-de-sac)
Rectum
Perirectal space
NORMAL ANATOMY
The perirectal space surrounds the rectum and is in continuity with the other major extraperi-
toneal spaces in the pelvis, including the prevesical space anteriorly and laterally as well as the
presacral space. Denonvilliers’ (rectoprostatic) fascia comprises the anterior perirectal fascia
Torigian D.A et and
al.the
NETTER’S Correlative
posterior prostatic Imaging:
fascia in males (see Chapter 1, Abdominal Wall and Viscera).
Abdominal
178 and Pelvic Anatomy. Elsevier 2013
NETTER’S CORRELATIVE IMAGING: ABDOMINAL AND PELVIC ANATOMY
Prevesical space
(of Retzius)
Plan axial transvers
Perivesical space
Bladder
Cervix
IRM T2
Cardinal (transverse
cervical or
Rectum
Mackenrodt’s)
ligaments
IRM T2 IRM T2
IRM T2
IRM T2
IRM T2 IRM T2
IRM T2
IRM T2
ARM+Gd
• Diametrul esofagului este inegal prezentând trei stramtori la nivelul cărora diametrul sau este de 1,5-2
cm care alternează cu porţiuni mai dilatate la nivelul cărora diametrul este de aproximativ 2,5 cm.
• Stramtorile esofagiene:
• cricoidiană, corespunzătoare orificiului superior al esofagului,
• bronho-aortică determinată de aortă şi bronhia primitiva stângă
• diafragmatică
In sens cranio-caudal esofagulului i se descriu 3 portiuni:
Tranzit baritat
eso-gastric
Tranzit baritat
Stomacul eso-gastro-duodenal
The major
Left lobe
anches radi- of liver F
f the
st draining
Esofag
e esophagus.
he erect
Stomac S
ne abdomi-
Gastric S
ugae and rugae
has been
infant, the Fig. 5.5. Axial CT image through the upper abdomen. The gastric rugae a
CT cu contrast oral negativ
CT cu contrast oral pozitiv
si PCINI inj iv
Vascularizaţia stomacului
Fig. 5.6. Duodenum on barium meal. Barium coats the mucosa with its
Vascularizaţia duodenului
Superior VMS
mesenteric vein
Jejunum Jejun
AMS
Part of
superior
mesenteric artery
Ileon
Ileum
leum Ileon
Jejun
Jejunum
Entero -CT Entero -RM
Jejunul şi ileonul
Mijloace de fixare
• mezenterul este cel mai important mijloc de fixare a intestinului subțire;
• flexura duodeno-jejunala ancorată de mușchiul lui Treitz;
• presa abdominală.
Colon
transvers Colon
descendent
Colon
ascendent
Colon Sigmoid
Cec
Rect
COLON
CT+C
ies anterior to the iliac bones and the iliacus nal and external anal sphincter. At its junc
r relations of each side are similar, being mainly IRM in ponderatie T2
puborectalis muscle loops posteriorly arou
and the lateral part of the anterior abdominal junction of around 90 degrees. From this p
Clisma
ure lies inferior baritata
to the spleen and lower slips of
posteriorly and inferiorly to the anal verg
gm, the hepatic flexure is usually beneath the
, although it may interpose between this and the The internal sphincter Sacrum
is continuous wi
m. rectum, while the external sphincter supe
on is the first structure encountered with the Bladder VU the levator ani muscles of the pelvic floor.
moid
opening the peritoneum. Posterior to it lie small
Sigmoid prises a muscle sling, that
Rect runs from the p
Rectum
on Seminal
second part of the duodenum, and a part of the VS
vesicle the coccyx, and below this circular fibers
is variable in length (Fig. 5.12) and the relations canal. These three components of the sph
Prostate Prostata
is and the state of bladder filling. The bladder gland rated clearly from each other, and are und
male lie inferiorly and anteriorly to it and, for the arterial supply to the anal canal is from th
it is bordered by loops of ileum. Posteriorly lies
tum
Rect
inferiorly from the inferior rectal artery. T
crum and rectum.
ered posteriorly by the sacrum and coccyx, the important. Superiorly, the lymphatic chan
the pelvic floor, and sympathetic nerves. nodes, while the lower anal canal drains t
itoneal reflection and small bowel and sigmoid IRM- metoda
Barium enema image of the rectum and sigmoid colon. Note the tube in imagistica
division is de elecție în
a function of the anal canal ma
n the seminal vesicles, vas deferens, bladder, and
um. This view is taken obliquely. evaluarea regiunii rectosigmoidiene
the embryonic hindgut and the skin surfa
and the vagina, cervix, and uterus in the female.
f the large bowel is derived from the superior
Fig. 5.13. Sagittal MRI image to show the rectum surrounded by fat (white on
far as the distal transverse colon and thereafter 41
this sequence) and small vessels anteriorly to the sacrum and posterior to the
nferior mesenteric artery. These are discussed seminal vesicles, bladder and prostate in this male patient. Note also the angle
cs drain along the lines of the arteries. at the ano-rectal junction.
• Grosimea N a peretelui colonic: 3 mm
• Grosimea peretelui colonic > 4 mm – aspect patologic
Apendicele
• Lungime: 8-10 cm
• Diametru axial: < 6 mm
• Grosime perete: < 2 mm
Arterele si venele cecului
• Arterele iau naștere din artera ileocolică care este ramură din AMS
şi sunt reprezentate de artera cecală anterioară care asigură
vascularizația feţei anterioare a cecului şi artera cecală posterioară (A.
caecalis posterior) care asigură vascularizația feței posterioare a
cecului.
• Venele colonului pornesc din reţele situate la nivelul tunicii submucoase, a tunicii
musculare şi a stratului subseros, se varsă în venele drepte, care însoţesc arterele
omonime şi drenează în VMS şi inferioară care sunt tributare VP.
Circulatia arteriala
1.Esofag
- atrezia esofagiană
- duplicaţia esofagiană
- brahiesofagul
- atonia esofagiană
- megaesofagul
- diverticulii
2. Intestin subţire
- mezenterul comun
- diverticulul Meckel
3. Colon
- situs inversus
- mezenterul comun
- ptoza
- sindrom Chilaiditi
- dolicocolonul/ megadolicocolonul HGTH. Brahiesofag
Diverticul jejunal
Sindroame în patologia
tubului digestiv
• Sindromul inflamator
- modificări funcţionale
- modificări organice
- Esofagite
- Gastrite
- Enterite
- Pancolite
Gastrită.
Ulcer bulb duodenal
Localizare si extensie
IRM
Fistula inter-sfincteriana- gradul 1
T1 FS+Gd
• Ischemie
• Ocluzie intestinala
• Enterita/colita
• Traumatisme
Stenoză malignă
colon descendent
Ocluzie intestinala. Cancer
sigmoidian infiltrativ stenozant
• Gore RM and Levine MS. Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology, 4th Edition , Elsevier 2015. ISBN: 978-1-
4557-5117-4
• Lisle D.A. Imaging for students, fourth edition an imprint of Hodder Education, a division of Hachette UK,
2012. ISBN-13 978 1 444 121 827
• Gunderman R.B. Essential Radiology, Thieme, second edition, 2006. ISBN 978160
• Lupescu IG, Iana Ghe, Popa B.V. et al.- Radiologie si Imagistica medicala, curs pentru studenti si medici
rezidenti, Ed.Carol Davila, 2018. ISBN: 978-973-708-993-9
• https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pneumoperitoneum