UNIVERSITATEA DE STAT DIN MOLDOVA FACULTATEA DE LITERE

Cu titlu de manuscris C.Z.U.: 811.135.1:811.111]373.7-115(043.2)

BUZEA (IONESCU) OANA ROXANA

ANTONIMIA FRAZEOLOGIC N LIMBILE ROMN I ENGLEZ

10.02.19. LINGVISTIC GENERAL (CONTRASTIV-TIPOLOGIC) Tez de doctor n filologie

Conductor tiinific:

COLUN Gheorghe, doctor habilitat n filologie, confereniar universitar

Autor:

BUZEA (IONESCU) Oana Roxana

CHIINU, 2012

 Buzea (Ionescu) Oana Roxana, 2012

CUPRINS ADNOTRI ............................................................................................................................. LISTA DE ABREVIERI 1. ANTONIMIA FRAZEOLOGIC FENOMEN LINGVISTIC UNIVERSAL ..... 1.1. Generaliti privind frazeologia i antonimia frazeologic .. 1.2. Antonimia frazeologic n sistemul general al limbii ........................................... 1.3. Concept asupra antonimiei lexicale i a celei frazeologice .. 1.5. Concluzii ... 2. TIPOLOGIA STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC I PARTICULARITILE LEXICO-GRAMATICALE ALE ANTONIMELOR N LIMBILE ROMN I ENGLEZ........................................................................................................................... 2.1. Principii de clasificare a antonimelor frazeologice ... 2.2. Caracteristica antonimelor frazeologice dup natura semantic a elementelor componente ................................................................................................................. A. Antonime frazeologice avnd componeni identici n limbile romn i englez B. Antonime frazeologice avnd componeni diferii n limbile romn i englez 2.4. Seriile antonimice frazeologice i seriile sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice ............ 2.5. Concluzii ....................................................................................................................... LIMBILE ROMN I ENGLEZ................................................................................... 3.1. Natura logico-semantic a frazeologismelor antonimice .............................................. 3.3. Trsturile semantice difereniale care stau la baza opoziiei frazeologismelor antonimice ..................................................................................................................... 3.4. Frazeologisme ce au n componena lor antonime lexicale .......................................... 92 112 81 3.2. Apartenena antonimelor frazeologice la diverse grupuri tematice ............................... 85 36 2.3. Tipologia structural-morfologic a antonimelor frazeologice ....................................... 39 40 44 57 78 35 35

5 8

INTRODUCERE . 9 15 15 24 27

1.4. Trsturile specifice ale antonimiei frazeologice .. 30 32

3. CLASIFICAREA SEMANTIC A ANTONIMELOR FRAZEOLOGICE DIN 81

3.5. Concluzii ....................................................................................................................... CONCLUZII GENERALE I RECOMANDRI.............................................................. BIBLIOGRAFIE ....................................................................................................................

117 119 122

ANEX. Dicionar romn-englez de antonime frazeologice ............................................... 132 DECLARAIE PRIVIND ASUMAREA RSPUNDERII................................................. CV-ul AUTORULUI.............................................................................................................

221 222

ADNOTARE Buzea (Ionescu) Oana Roxana Antonimia frazeologic n limbile romn i englez, tez de doctor n tiine filologice, specialitatea 10. 02. 19. Lingvistic general (contrastivtipologic ), Universitatea de Stat din Moldova, Chiinu, 2012. Structural lucrarea este constituit din Introducere, trei capitole, concluzii i recomandri, bibliografie din 192 titluri, o anex, 121pagini de text de baz. Cuvinte-cheie: antonimie, antonime frazeologice, cuplu antonimic frazeologie, sistem frazeologic, studiu contrastiv - comparativ, tipologie. frazeologic,

Domeniul de studiu al tezei vizeaz studierea contrastiv-tipologic a antonimelor frazeologice din limbile romn i englez. Scopul i obiectivele lucrrii: elaborarea tipologiei antonimelor frazeologice din romn i englez. Obiective: 1. a releva aspectele teoretice i a stabili trsturile specifice ale antonimiei frazeologice; 2. a clasifica antonimele frazeologice din limba romn i din limba englez; 3. a determina cele mai uzuale antonime frazeologice n romn i englez; 4. a face o tipologie structural a antonimelor frazeologice din limbile cercetate; 5. a stabili antonimele frazeologice, care au n structura lor antonime lexicale. Noutatea i originalitatea tiinific: investigarea antonimiei frazeologice n limbile romn i englez i analiza unui bogat material faptic din ambele limbi, care a permis efectuarea diverselor clasificri structural-semantice ale antonimelor frazeologice romneti i englezeti. Problema tiinific important soluionat o constituie evidenierea trsturilor paradigmatice i sintagmatice ale antonimelor frazeologice din cele dou limbi. Valoarea tiinific a lucrrii rezid n contribuia la dezvoltarea frazeologiei, ramur relativ tnr a lingvisticii romneti. Metodologia cercetrii tiinifice o constituie: metoda identificrii frazeologice, contrastiv-tipologic, metoda diferenial-universal etc. Semnificaia teoretic i valoarea aplicativ a lucrrii: a fost stabilit tipologia antonimelor frazeologice cu aceeai structur morfologic i cu structuri diferite n romn i englez. Rezultate valoroase au fost obinute i privind clasificarea tematic a antonimelor frazeologice, a corespondenei lor cu diverse pri de vorbire etc. Implementarea investigaiilor tiinifice: la predarea cursurilor universitare de lexicologie, frazeologie, sintax i pentru scrierea unor manuale i dicionare, n procesul traducerilor.

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ANNOTATION Buzea (Ionescu) Oana Roxana The Phraseology Antonymy in Romanian and English PhD thesis in philological sciences, code 10.02.19. General linguistics (contrastivetypological), State University of Moldova, Chisinau, 2012. Structure: the paper has an introduction, three chapters, conclusions and literature review, references from 192 titles, an appendix, a 121-page body. Key words: antonymy, phraseology antonyms, phraseology antonymic pair, phraseology, phraseology semantic opposition, phraseology system, contrastive-comparative study, typology. Topic: a detailed study from a contrastive-typological perspective of the phraseology antonyms in Romanian and English. Purpose and objectives: compiling an extensive study on the typology of phraseology antonyms in Romanian and English. The following objectives have been targeted: 1. to reveal the core theoretical issues of the phraseology antonymy; 2. to establish the specific features of the phraseology antonymy; 3. to classify the phraseology antonyms in Romanian and English; 4. to establish the most usual phraseology antonyms in Romanian and English; 5. to draft a structural typology of phraseology antonyms in the languages under study. The scientific novelty and originality of the thesis an important semantic category has been examined, namely the phraseology antonymy in Romanian and English; an abundant real material in both languages has been searched into, which allowed detailed structural-semantic classifications of the Romanian and English phraseology antonyms. The important scientific problem solved in the investigated area consists in the identification of paradigmatic and syntagmatic features of the phraseology antonyms in Romanian and English. The scientific value of the research resides in its contribution to the development of phraseology - a relatively new branch of Romanian linguistics. Methodology of the scientific research is the method of phraseology identification, descriptive method, contrastive-typological, differential-universal, etc. The theoretical and practical value of the paper lie in the fact that the typology of the same-structure and different structure phraseology antonyms has been established for Romanian and English. Valuable findings have been acquired in the theme classification of the phraseology antonyms, of their correspondence with morphology words, etc. Implementation of the scientific analysis. The analysis results may be used in teaching lexicology academic courses, phraseology, syntax and for compiling course books and dictionaries, in the process of translations.

LISTA ABREVIERILOR

Acad. academician Adj. adjectiv Adv. adverb Amer. american Conj. conjuncie Etc. etcetera Lb. vorb. limba vorbit N nume (substantiv) Num. numeral

Part. participiu Prep. prepoziie Pron. pronume Sl. slang Smb. somebody Smth. - something V. verb Vol. volum

INTRODUCERE

n studiile recente de lingvistic, paralel cu problemele tradiionale general-teoretice i comparative (sincronice i diacronice), un loc important l ocup frazeologia. Investigaiile frazeologice sunt inovatoare i necesare. Dup opiniile multor savani filologi, frazeologia este o ramur tnr a lingvisticii, cu toate c are o istorie de secole. Primele pietre la temelia frazeologiei au fost amplasate nainte de a se vorbi despre o ramur bine definit a lingvisticii. O contribuie valoroas la apariia i dezvoltarea frazeologiei au avut-o lucrrile unor mari lingviti de talie mondial: O. Jespersen, A. Sechehage i, n mod special, Ch. Bally. [135, p. 257-277] n a doua jumtate a secolului al XX-lea s-au evideniat lingviti renumii, care i-au consacrat activitatea tiinific pentru fundamentarea teoretic a metodelor, principiilor i clasificrilor imensului material frazeologic: acad. I. Iordan, F. Dimitrescu, Th. Hristea etc. Tezaurul frazeologic al oricrei limbi e constituit din adevrate pietre rare, lefuite pn la luciul lingvistic pe parcursul secolelor de predecesorii popoarelor diferite. Frazeologismele romneti au diverse origini. Un prim bun gospodar, care a adunat muli ani la rnd cea mai mare parte a bogiei spirituale a moilor i strmoilor notri a fost Iuliu A. Zanne [131], care a preluat tafeta vornicului Iordache Golescu (1798-1848). Iscusitul folclorist, inginer de profesie, a editat ntre anii 1895-1905 cea mai complet oper de paremiologie romneasc, culegere care, pe lng bogatul material de proverbe, zictori, povuiri, cuvinte adevrate, asemnri, idiomuri i cimilituri, culese de autor, mai include manuscrisul lui Iordache Golescu Pilde, povuri i cuvinte adevrate i poveti i, de asemenea, sunt reproduse zictorile din Povestea vorbei de Anton Pann. [132] Lucrarea monumental a lui I. A. Zanne Proverbele romnilor nsumeaz circa 7.000 de pagini i cuprinde 18.940 de tipuri de proverbe (vol. I-VII), la care se adaug nc 4.500 de tipuri, incluse n volumele IX-X, plus cele 16.350 de tipuri din culegerea lui Iordache Golescu, care constituie volumul al VIII-lea al legendarei enciclopedii. Vorbind despre contribuia lingvitilor romni din secolele XIX-XX la dezvoltarea acestei ramuri a tiinei despre limb, prof. t. Munteanu menioneaz c n lingvistica romneasc au fost studiate doar aspecte teoretice sau arii limitate ale temei n cauz. [apud 24, p. 8]

Cu toate acestea, frazeologia romneasc i datoreaz mult, n aceast privin, lui B. P. Hadeu, Al. Philippide, L. ineanu, I. A. Candrea, I. Iordan, F. Dumitrescu, Th. Hristea, St. Dumistrcel, N. Corlteanu, V. Soloviov, Gh. Colun etc. Prof. Th. Hristea regret c studiul frazeologiei e mai vitregit chiar dect al vocabularului. Studiul mbinrilor lexicale stabile continu s fie foarte neglijat, iar existena disciplinei lingvistice pe care o numim frazeologie e, practic, aproape ignorat. [75] Renumitul frazeolog Th. Hristea avea dreptate cnd spunea c frazeologia este o min n toat puterea cuvntului la a crei exploatare temeinic i exhaustiv nimeni nu s-a gndit prea serios n lingvistica romneasc. [74, p. 5] Dintre toate aspectele tiinifice, ce in de domeniul lexicului i frazeologiei, cercetarea valorilor semantice ale frazeologismelor constituie, pentru lingvistica romneasc, un domeniu nou.. Avnd un statut lingvistic complex, frazeologismele urmeaz s devin obiectul de studiu al unor lucrri mai vaste. Semantica frazeologic include diverse categorii semasiologice: polisemia, omonimia, sinonimia, antonimia frazeologismelor etc. Dintre categoriile enumerate, antonimia frazeologic se bucur de un interes aparte, deoarece lucrrile de ultim or din domeniul semasiologiei demonstreaz c antonimia, n general, reprezint una din axele principale n jurul creia se ordoneaz sistemul lexical (i frazeologic subl. n.) al limbii [13, p. 144]. n lingvistica romneasc studierea antonimelor frazeologice, n general, ine de domeniul pionieratului. i antonimele frazeologice din limba englez nu au constituit obiectul de studiu al vreunei lucrri aparte de lingvistic. Situaia social-politic i economic din lume a condiionat, inevitabil, necesitatea cunoaterii limbilor strine i, n primul rnd, a limbii engleze. Pentru facilizarea nsuirii unor limbi strine, studiile lingvistice contrastiv-tipologice sunt de un real folos. Esena cercetrilor de acest gen const n a gsi i a determina tangene i divergene ntre unele fenomene i fapte lingvistice din cadrul diverselor limbi, n cazul de fa, al limbilor romn i englez. Metoda contrastiv-tipologic i-a preocupat pe mai muli lingviti, printre care i-am putea meniona pe D. Chioran [139, p. 96-112], M. Gheorghiu [67 ], C. Avdanei [2 ], I. Scherf [112 ], C. Zaharia [130 ] . Teza de fa i propune s examineze n plan contrastiv-tipologic antonimele frazeologice din limbile romn i englez.

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Actualitatea i importana problemei abordate const, n primul rnd, n necesitatea unei studieri aprofundate privind situaia contrastiv-tipologic a antonimelor frazeologice n limbile romn i englez. Actualitatea cercetrii este determinat, n al doilea rnd, de specificul tezaurului frazeologic al fiecrei limbi, i, n al treilea rnd, de necesitatea elaborrii unor concluzii tiinifico-practice referitor la antonimele frazeologice din romn i englez. La fel de actual este studierea principiilor de clasificare ale antonimelor frazeologice n cele dou limbi. Stabilirea tipologiei structural-semantice a antonimelor frazeologice n limbile romn i englez prezint, de asemenea, un interes deosebit. Scopul tezei const n a elabora un studiu contrastiv-tipologic al antonimelor frazeologice n limbile romn i englez. Pentru realizarea acestei finaliti, se propun urmtoarele obiective: 1) a releva aspectele teoretice eseniale ale antonimiei frazeologice; 2) a stabili trsturile specifice ale antonimiei frazeologice; 3) a clasifica antonimele frazeologice n cele dou limbi n conformitate cu: a) natura lexico-semantic a elementelor componente; b) structura morfologic a antonimelor frazeologice; c) numrul de antonime frazeologice care intr n cuplul antonimic sau n seria antonimic; d) natura semantic a frazeologismelor opozante; e) paticularitile lor lexico-gramaticale ( corespondena cu diverse pri de vorbire ); f) apartenena antonimelor frazeologice la diferite grupuri tematice. 4) a determina cele mai uzuale antonime frazeologice n romn i englez; 5) a face o tipologie structural a lor; 6) a stabili antonimele frazeologice, care au n structura lor antonime lexicale. Noutatea i originalitatea tiinific a cercetrii. Strategia efecturii unui studiu complex contrastiv-tipologic al antonimelor frazeologice, i-a angajat pe lingviti intr-o polemic constructiv. n tez se propune o concepie de sintez, care contribuie la facilitarea analizelor contrastivtipologice. Teza ofer o analiz detaliat a unei categorii semantice antonimia frazeologic n limbile romn i englez.Au fost evideniate trsturile comune i difereniale ale antonimelor lexicale i ale celor frazeologice. 11

Lucrarea reprezint o contribuie semnificativ n dezvoltarea tezaurelor frazeologice ale limbilor romn i englez. Au fost aprofundate studiile anterioare asupra antonimiei frazeologice din ambele limbi. Astfel, pentru prima dat s-a realizat o cercetare profund a unui bogat material faptic, care constituie un dicionar bilingv de antonime frazeologice. Investigaia s-a axat pe noiunile de sens frazeologic i de contrapunere semantic la nivel frazeologic. Au fost utilizate diverse tipuri de clasificri i tipologizri structural-semantice ale antonimelor frazeologice n limbile romn i englez. Problema tiinific important soluionat n procesul cercetrii este faptul c au fost evideniate trsturile paradigmatice i sintagmatice ale antonimelor frazeologice din cele dou limbi. Valoarea tiinific a lucrrii rezid n contribuia la dezvoltarea frazeologiei, ramur relativ tnr a lingvisticii romneti. Semnificaia teoretic i valoarea aplicativ a lucrrii. Sub aspect teoretic, teza se manifest prin faptul c au fost evideniate trsturile specifice ale antonimelor lexicale i ale celor frazeologice. Studierea contrastiv a oferit posibilitatea de a stabili tipologia antonimelor frazeologice cu aceeai structur morfologic i cu structuri diferite n cele dou limbi cercetate. O importan teoretic real are i analiza privind structura semantic (clasificarea tematic) a antonimelor frazeologice i, de asemenea, determinarea raportului (corespondenei) ce se stabilete ntre antonimele frazeologice i prile de vorbire din limbile romn i englez. Rezultatele obinute pot fi utilizate la predarea cursurilor de lexicologie, frazeologie, morfologie i sintax la facultile de litere, limbi strine, jurnalism etc. Lucrarea furnizeaz un bogat i util material pentru scrierea manualelor de lexicologie i frazeologie comparat, la elaborarea unui dicionar bilingv romn-englez de antonime frazeologice. Rezultatele studiului furnizeaz un sprijin de ndejde traductorilor de opere artistice din limba romn n limba englez i viceversa. Obiectul concret al cercetrii l constituie 3.010 perechi de antonime frazeologice din limba romn ( extrase din Dicionarul limbii romne literare contemporane,vol. I-IV, Bucureti: Editura Academiei, 1955-1957) i 2200 din limba englez ( extrase din Dicionar frazeologic englezromn i romn-englez, Bucureti : Editura Teora, 2005 ). Materialul faptic (circa 300 de utilizri n contexte) a fost extras din diverse opere literare ale scriitorilor romni i englezi.

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Aprobarea rezultatelor. Rezultatele investigaiilor au fost expuse n edinele Catedrei de Limba Romn, Lingvistic General si Romanic a Universitii de Stat din Moldova (20042008); n cadrul conferinelor tiinifice ale corpului profesoral-didactic al Catedrei de Limbi Germanice, Slave i Orientale a Universitii Spiru Haret din Bucureti (2004-2010); n lucrarea intitulat Omagiu profesorului universitar Mihail Purice (Chiinu, 2007); n revista Analele Universitii Spiru Haret, nr. 8-9 din 2006-2007 i n nr. 11 din 2009; la Conferina tiinific Limbile i universalitatea (ULIM, 2007); n revista Alloquor Studia Humanitas Iassyensia Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iai; n cadrul Conferinei tiinifice Transmutarea limbii din perspectiva dialogului intercultural Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iai; n cadrul Conferinei tiinifice anuale a Facultii de Limbi i Literaturi Strine a Universitii Spiru Haret Linguistic and Literary Research from a Descriptive and Historical Perspective (Bucureti, 2009); la sesiunea de comunicri tiinifice Literaritate i literalitate n context actual Universitatea Hyperion (Bucureti, 2009); n cadrul proiectului Dicionar frazeologic poliglot Facultatea de Limbi i Literaturi Strine, Universitatea ,,Spiru Haret (Bucureti, 2009-2013). Sumarul compartimentelor tezei. Teza este alctuit din adnotare, lista abrevierilor, introducere, trei compartimente, concluzii generale i recomandri, bibliografie, o anex. n Introducere se descrie situaia n domeniul frazeologiei, n general, i n al investigaiilor semanticii frazeologice, n particular. Se insist, n mod expres, asupra analizei contrastiv-tipologice a antonimelor frazeologice. n compartimentul I ,,Antonimia frazeologic -- fenomen lingvistic universal se studiaz antonimia frazeologic n interiorul sistemelor frazeologice generale ale limbilor romn i englez. n linii mari, au fost elucidate unele probleme generale despre frazeologie ca ramur a lingvisticii. Este vorba despre reformularea definiiei noiunii de frazeologism, reliefarea hotarelor frazeologiei i a conceptului de frazeologism i, nu n ultimul rnd, a clasificrii frazeologismelor dup gradul de coeziune semantic a elementelor componente. n lingvistic exist mai multe definiii pentru noiunea de frazeologism. Se motiveaz aceasta prin varietatea metodelor de cercetare a materialului frazeologic, prin influena aspectelor care au fost investigate de un lingvist sau altul (structura intern sau extern a frazeologismelor, valoarea semantic, utilizarea frazeologismelor n limb sau n vorbire etc.).

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n compartimentul al II-lea ,,Tipologia structural-semantic i particularitile lexicogramaticale ale antonimelor frazeologice n limbile romn i englez se relev microsistemul antonimelor frazeologice i sunt prezentate diverse clasificri ale lor. Clasificarea antonimelor frazeologice este realizat n baza urmtoarelor criterii: I) natura lexico-semantic a elementelor componente; II) tipologia structural a frazeologismelor antonimice; III) particularitile lexico-gramaticale ( corespondena cu unele pri de vorbire ); IV) tipul relaiilor antonimice dintre frazeologismele monosemantice; V) tipul relaiilor sinonimice dintre frazeologismele polisemantice; VI) numrul de antonime frazeologice ce alctuiesc cuplul antonimic sau seria antonimic etc. n compartimentul al III-lea ,,Clasificarea semantic a antonimelor frazeologice , s-a inut cont de dou aspecte: A) de natura logico-semantic a opoziiei dintre membrii cuplului antonimic frazeologic; B) de grupurile tematice crora le aparin antonimele. Dup natura raporturilor logico-semantice, antonimele frazeologice din limbile romn i englez se clasific n urmtoarele tipuri: 1) graduale; 2) complementare; 3) vectoriale; 4) conversive. Antonimele frazeologice redau semnificaii din cele mai diverse arii ale realitii. Astfel, conform tematicii lor, n limba romn perechile antonimice, analizate n tez, formeaz 11 grupuri tematice, iar n limba englez au fost stabilite 16 grupuri tematice. O problem important din cadrul studierii seriilor sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice o constituie determinarea dominantei sinonimice. n calitate de dominant a seriilor sinonimice apare, de obicei, un frazeologism, care red ct mai clar sensul general al ntregii serii i este mai tipic, mai normativ i neutru din punct de vedere stilistic. n comparaie cu dominanta seriei, celelalte sinonime frazeologice se deosebesc prin diverse nuane semantice i, n special, stilistice. n ultimul compartiment al capitolului al treilea au fost analizate frazeologisme din ambele limbi, ce au n componena lor antonime lexicale.

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1. ANTONIMIA FRAZEOLOGIC FENOMEN LINGVISTIC UNIVERSAL 1.1. Generaliti privind frazeologia i antonimia frazeologic I. Determinarea trsturilor comune ale antonimelor frazeologice din limbile romn i englez permite s fie evideniate acele trsturi distinctive ale sensului frazeologic, care face ca antonimia frazeologic s devin un fenomen specific al limbii, iar sistemul frazeologic s obin statut autonom. Antonimia frazeologic este un fenomen lingvistic i un aspect important n cercetarea relaiilor semantice n interiorul sistemului general al limbii. Pentru a studia antonimia frazeologic este necesar a elucida, mai nti, unele probleme generale despre frazeologie ca ramur independent a lingvisticii. Este vorba despre stabilirea unei definiii de lucru a frazeologismelor, reliefarea hotarelor frazeologiei i a conceptului de frazeologism i, nu n ultimul rnd, al clasificrii frazeologismelor dup gradul de fuziune semantic a elementelor componente. n lingvistic exist mai multe definiii pentru noiunea de frazeologism. Se motiveaz aceasta prin varietatea metodelor de cercetare a materialului frazeologic, prin influena aspectelor care au fost investigate de un lingvist sau altul (structura intern sau extern a frazeologismelor, valoarea semantic, utilizarea n limb sau n vorbire etc.). [17, p. 179-185] nsi problema definirii frazeologismelor este discutat, deoarece n frazeologia contemporan exist diverse metode i, respectiv, concepii. Dintre acestea se evideniaz: 1) principiul (criteriul) semantic; 2) metoda contextual; 3) metoda variaional; 4) metoda aplicaiei frazeologice; 5) metoda identificrii frazeologice; 6) metoda complex. [apud: 25, p. 16-18] Majoritatea metodelor reprezint n sine diferite puncte de vedere privind cercetarea frazeologismelor. Ele sunt destinate studierii diferitelor aspecte ale frazeologismelor. Metodele de cercetare nu se contrazic, ci se completeaz reciproc. Dat fiind faptul c la definirea frazeologismelor se ine cont de metode diferite, este logic ca i definiiile s fie diverse. n frazeologie sunt bine cunoscute diverse definiii. n teza de fa se utilizeaz urmtoarea definiie: Frazeologismele sunt mbinri stabile de cuvinte (mai rar avnd structura unor propoziii sau fraze) al cror coninut general nu constituie o sum a semnificaiilor elementelor componente, ci reprezint un sens frazeologic, aprut n urma diverselor transferuri semantice ale 15

componenilor. [28, p. 13] La delimitarea frazeologismelor de locuiuni s-a inut cont de urmtoarele criterii: locuiunile constituie un grup de cuvinte dintre care unul este noional, iar celelalte -nenoionale; frazeologismele sunt alctuite din minimum dou cuvinte noionale; elementele componente ale locuiunilor i pstreaz sensurile de baz, pe cnd componentele frazeologismelor au sensuri frazeologice etc. Se cere a fi menionat i faptul c n privina stabilirii obiectului de studiu al frazeologiei i a hotarelor ei n lingvistic exist opinii diferite. Cauza necoincidenelor de preri const n aceea c, la delimitarea frazeologismelor de alte tipuri de mbinri stabile de cuvinte, lingvitii utilizeaz criterii diferite: imposibilitatea traducerii literale a frazeologismelor n alte limbi, sensul general al frazeologismelor nu este o sum a sensurilor elementelor componente ale frazeologismelor, caracterul lor reproductiv etc. [25, p. 18-20] Analiza principiilor de determinare a frazeologismelor de alte tipuri de mbinri stabile de cuvinte a demonstrat c niciunul dintre acestea nu este universal, adic nu poate fi aplicat la analiza tuturor frazeologismelor, principiile avnd un statut destul de convenional. La baza investigaiilor din tez se accept ca principiu de determinare a frazeologismelor de alte tipuri de mbinri stabile de cuvinte caracterul idiomatic al frazeologismelor, care reprezint un transfer de sens al coninutului general al mbinrii de cuvinte, ce are loc n baza diferitelor procese semantice la care sunt supuse elementele componente ale mbinrilor respective: metaforizarea, metaforizarea repetat, metonimizarea, abstractizarea sensurilor elementelor componente etc. Unii lingviti concep frazeologia n sens larg, alii n sens restrns. n teza de fa, frazeologia este conceput n sens restrns, considernd ca obiect de studiu al frazeologiei nu orice mbinare stabil de cuvinte (proverbe, zictori, cuvinte naripate, cuvinte compuse, aforisme, mbinri terminologice etc.), ci doar frazeologisme propriu-zise, care au dou varieti: expresii frazeologice i expresii idiomatice. [25, p. 30] Elementele componente ale expresiilor frazeologice (unul sau cteva) i mai pstreaz sensul semantic de baz sau se mai simte legtura sensului general al expresiilor frazeologice cu sensul iniial al fiecrui element component. Deci coeziunea semantic a elementelor componente ale expresiilor frazeologice este parial: a ajunge (a veni) la putere, btaie de cap, cnd era bunica fat mare, a duce cu vorba (pe cineva), a fi uor de cap, om de paie, a rupe tcerea, a trage cu urechea; to come (in) to power, to rise to power, to give/to cause (<great) trouble/bother to smb., to put smb. to (<a lot

16

of) trouble, once upon a time, to take in/to put off with fine words, to be open-minded, man of straw/a clay figure/dummy, to break the silence, to prick up/to cock up ones ears/to sit up and take notice. Coeziunea semantic a expresiilor idiomatice este total, ceea ce nseamn c toate elementele componente i-au pierdut semnificaiile de baz, iar coninutul general al mbinrilor este un sens frazeologic: a-i aprinde paie-n cap, a rupe ma n dou, rupt din soare, a spla putina, a tia frunze la cini, zeam de clopot (de hirle); to bring/to stir up/to raise a hornets nest about ones ear, to drop somebody like a hot potato/like a hot chestnut, a picture of beauty, to take to ones heels, to keep hands in pockets/to sit idle. Concepnd frazeologia n sens restrns, n lucrare sunt studiate n plan contrastiv doar expresiile frazeologice i expresiile idiomatice din limbile romn i englez. II. Interesul fa de noiunile cu sens contrar a aprut nc din Antichitate n studiile de elucidare a problemelor de semantic descriptiv, care i-au preocupat pe filozofii i filologii acelor timpuri. [114, p. 9] . Aspectele cercetate de Aristotel, Platon, Teofrast, Cicero i de filozofii de mai trziu (Hegel etc.) au fost descrise de lingvistul R. Srbu. [114, p. 11-16] La sfritul secolului al XIX-lea i nceputul secolului al XX-lea, printre disciplinele lingvistice se afirm semantica lingvistic sau semasiologia. n aceast perioad a crescut i interesul fa de cuvintele cu sens opus. n deceniul al aptelea al secolului al XIX-lea apare i termenul antonim, utilizat pentru prima dat de autorul primului dicionar de sinonime i antonime al limbii engleze Charles I. Smith (A Complete Collection of Synonyms and Antonyms, 1867). O contribuie esenial la dezvoltarea semasiologiei i, respectiv, a cercetrii fenomenului antonimiei au avut-o lingvitii M. Bral, St. Ullman, P. Guiraud, F. de Saussure, Ch. Bally, J. Vendryes, Kr. Nyrop, J. Trier, A. Jolles etc. [apud 114, p. 11-16] n lingvistica romn antonimia a fost cercetat de lingvitii M. Buc i I. Evseev [13], I. Coteanu [41], I. Iordan [80], R. Srbu [114], L. Wald [129] etc. n lucrrile lingvitilor enumerai mai sus sunt abordate aspecte teoretice ale antonimelor, particularitile lingvistice ale acestora, esena relaiilor de antonimie, interaciunea dintre antonime i alte fenomene semantice, funciile stilistice ale antonimelor etc. Aceast varietate de aspecte, pe care le prezint antonimia, n general, i antonimele limbilor romn i englez, n special, fac ca antonimia lexical i, mai ales, cea frazeologic s devin un domeniu interesant i actual al semasiologiei i al frazeologiei. La etapa contemporan principalele probleme ce in de antonimie se refer la: 17

1) esena relaiilor de antonimie lexical i frazeologic (raportul dintre categoriile logice i lingvistice n definirea antonimelor, particularitile semantice ale acestora); 2) tipologia opoziiilor antonimice; 3) delimitarea opoziiilor propriu-zise de alte tipuri de opoziie. [114, p. 29] Pentru a da o definiie relativ complet noiunilor de antonimie lexical i antonimie frazeologic este necesar, n primul rnd, s fie elucidate noiunile de sens lexical i sens frazeologic. Antonimia lexical i antonimia frazeologic sunt cazuri particulare ale sensului lexical i ale sensului frazeologic. De aceea, pentru a defini aceste dou noiuni, este necesar a scoate n eviden trsturile specifice ale sensului lexical i ale celui frazeologic. Conform Micului dicionar de termeni lingvistici, sensul lexical reprezint nelesul pe care vorbitorii l atribuie unui cuvnt. Calitatea unui cuvnt de a desemna ceva i de a evoca n mintea asculttorului imaginea obiectului desemnat. Se constituie ca rezultat al generalizrii caracteristicilor unei clase de obiecte. [6, p. 185] Dup cum se tie, sensul lexical reprezint o imagine generalizatoare, care exclude caracteristicile difereniale ale obiectelor, fcnd parte din aceeai clas. Iat de ce se spune c orice cuvnt generalizeaz. De exemplu, cuvntul carte are n dicionarele limbii romne urmtoarea definiie scriere (literar, tiinific, didactic .a.), tipritur (sau destinat tiparului) legat sau broat n volum. Autorii Micului dicionar de termeni lingvistici menioneaz c sensul lexical cunoate un numr impuntor de definiii, deoarece este o categorie complex. Astfel, fiecare definiie scoate n eviden diferite aspecte ale laturii de coninut al cuvntului. Cele mai multe definiii relev faptul c semnificaia de natur lexical este n relaie cu o anumit noiune, deci sensul lexical are la baz o noiune. Prin sensul su cuvntul descrie ntr-o form generalizat obiectul desemnat, reflectnd ansamblul de trsturi specifice acestuia, ceea ce i permite s trimit la clasa ntreag de obiecte, dar, n acelai timp, i la un anumit exemplar din clasa dat. [6, p. 186] Sensul lexical se divizeaz n mai multe uniti minimale, descrise detaliat de lingvitii M. Buc i I. Evseev [13, p. 52]. Totui n structura sensului lexical al unui cuvnt se pot delimita urmtoarele dou componente de baz: o component denotativ i o component conotativ. Componenta denotativ a sensului lexical este echivalentul noiunii care reflect o clas de obiecte, aciuni, nsuiri etc., deci reprezint latura conceptual sau cognitiv a sensului unui cuvnt. 18

Componenta conotativ a sensului lexical este ansamblul valorilor afectiv-expresive legate de sensul denotativ. n Micul dicionar de termeni lingvistici se menioneaz, pe bun dreptate, c elementul central al sensului lexical este componenta lui denotativ, n timp ce componenta conotativ are un caracter secundar. Ea poate aprea ca o nuan suplimentar de sens care se suprapune componentei denotative i care, pentru a se actualiza, are nevoie de un context. [6, p. 186] De exemplu, cuvntul carte, pe lng componenta denotativ, pe care am indicat-o mai sus, are i component conotativ de cunotine de scriere i citire; nvtur, tiin, cultur, erudiie [98, p. 340], valori care se realizeaz n anumite contexte: Nu tie carte, abia poate iscli, dar braul lui ine grbaciu stpnirii asupra prostimii. (M. Sadoveanu, N.F., p. 97) Postelnicul tefan Meter i petrecuse o parte din tinere la Veneia unde nvase carte latineasc. (M. Sadoveanu, F.J., p. 516) ntrecea mai pe toi bieii i din carte, dar i din nebunii. (I. Creang, A.C., p. 22) Sensul unor cuvinte se definete prin opoziie cu sensurile altor cuvinte ale limbii, n cadrul unui cmp lexico-semantic n care fiecare sens este element component. De exemplu: via moarte; alb negru; a nchide a deschide; bucurie tristee; a iubi a ur; pesimist optimist etc. Lingvistul D. Chioran, prezint un bogat material faptic, n acest sens, din limba englez; life death, white black, to close to open, happiness sadness, to love to hate, pessimist optimist. [139, p. 98] Cercetnd sensul lexical i criteriile de analiz a antonimelor (criteriul logic, lingvistic, psiholingvistic, ontologic, structural-semantic), lingvistul R. Srbu propune urmtoarea definiie pentru noiunea de antonime: Cuvinte corelative care sunt angajate n raporturi de contrarietate semantic i care s-au statornicit n contiina vorbitorilor sub forma unor cupluri cu valori de norm lingvistic, iar n context apar cu regularitate n opoziie direct, avnd posibiliti combinatorii asemntoare: frumos urt; bun ru; vesel trist; cald rece; moale tare; puternic slab. [114, p. 98] n tez se accept aceast definiie pentru noiunea de ,,antonime deoarece este una din cele mai complete i mai clare. Pe lng sensul lexical, cu toate varietile lui, n orice limb exista i sensul frazeologic. Acest sens este specific doar pentru frazeologisme i are anumite trsturi specifice. Sensul frazeologic se 19

manifest n funcie de tipul de frazeologisme: expresii frazeologice sau expresii idiomatice. n fiecare tip gradul de desemantizare, de abstractizare a elementelor componente este variat. Dup cum am mai menionat, desemantizarea componentelor expresiilor frazeologice este parial, deoarece unul sau cteva cuvinte din structura expresiilor i pstreaz sensul lexical propriu, de baz. n alte expresii frazeologice, att n limba romn, ct i n englez, lexemele, chiar dac nu se utilizeaz cu sens propriu, au anumite tangene cu sensul iniial: cnepa dracului, vulpe btrn, cusut cu a alb, a fi (a se crede) n al aptelea (al noulea) cer, a numra oasele (cuiva), a-i lua nasul la purtare, tras de pr, la spartul trgului; old vixen (bird), easily seen through/obvious/too thin, (to see) in the seventh heaven (with joy/of delight/all over oneself), full of bones, to cock ones nose/to forget ones place/his crest rises, far-fetched, after the fair/too late in the day. Elementele componente ale expresiilor idiomatice se desemantizeaz total, adic i pierd orice legtur cu sensurile lor lexicale de baz, fuziunea semantic a componentelor fiind total. Acest tip de sens se numete frazeologic: stlp de cafenea, coad de topor, cu scaun la cap, a fi (a nu fi) u de biseric, a-i da (a-i arta) arama pe fa, a-i aprinde paie-n cap, verde n ochi, la moii i verzi, n dorul lelii; habitu of coffee houses, sensible/judicious/wise/gumptious, to be/not to be quite the clean potato, to show/display ones true colours/character/to give oneself away, to raise/to stir up a hornets nest about ones ears, right ahead, when the pigs begin to fly, on St. Tibs eve/when two Sundays come in one week, at random/tentatively/half-heartedly. Deci cu ct nivelul de desemantizare a elementelor componente este mai nalt, cu att e mai pronunat sensul frazeologic i, invers, dac unele elemente componente i pstreaz sensul de baz sau mcar legtura cu sensul iniial, atunci la formarea sensului general va participa att sensul lexical, ct i sensul frazeologic. La definirea sensului frazeologic este necesar s se in cont de urmtoarele trsturi specifice: 1) sensul frazeologic are o evident valoare conotativ, un pronunat caracter expresiv i emotiv; 2) sensul frazeologic, pe lng semnificaiile denumite (obiecte, nsuiri, aciuni, circumstane etc.) mai red i atitudinea celui care vorbete fa de noiunile date; 3) nivelul de abstractizare a sensului frazeologic e cu mult mai avansat dect abstractizarea sensului lexical. Astfel, sensul frazeologic reprezint un mijloc specific de reprezentare a lumii n contiina omului, constituind o categorie semantic cu un nalt grad de abstractizare, ce se utilizeaz pentru caracterizarea expresiv-emotiv a noiunilor din realitatea nconjurtoare. 20

*** n procesul studierii antonimiei frazeologice s-a inut cont i de rezultatele obinute de lingviti n urma cercetrii antonimiei lexicale. n investigaiile tiinifice privind antonimia, n general, una din problemele eseniale este stabilirea naturii lingvistice a antonimiei. Problema cercetat se complic datorit faptului c antonimia este o categorie semasiologic bazat pe contrarietatea noiunilor exprimate. Contrarietatea ns este n acelai timp i noiune logic, i noiune psihologic, i noiune gnoseologic. Deci la definirea noiunii de antonimie trebuie s se in cont de diverse aspecte: lingvistic, logic, psihologic, ontologic etc. Uneori aceste aspecte se mbin ntre ele: logico-lingvistic, structural-semantic etc. Cei mai muli lingviti in cont la determinarea antonimelor de trei aspecte principale: lingvistic, logic i psihologic. Unii cercettori mai adaug la cele trei aspecte i pe al patrulea: gnoseologic. [78, p. 39-53; 114, p. 34-40] Esena aspectului (criteriului) logic const n aceea c relaiile dintre sensurile antonimice sunt tratate la fel ca i relaiile dintre noiunile logicii formale. Raporturile de antonimie sunt definite ca un tip de relaii dintre noiuni, iar antonimele sunt identificate cu un tip sau altul de noiuni incompatibile din logic. Printre adepii criteriului logic am putea numi lingvitii C.R. Ogden, N. Webster, E. Sapir, C. Otobcu etc. Lingvitii-logicieni identific relaiile dintre sensurile cuvintelor cu relaiile dintre noiuni. Unii autori ajung pn la ignorarea particularitilor lingvistice propriu-zise ale antonimiei, ceea ce nu este altceva dect negarea existenei obiective a cuvintelor antonime n limb. [114, p. 37] Adevrul este c, n general, clasificrile logice sunt prea artificiale pentru a fi aplicate la categoriile lingvistice. [114, p. 37] ntre categoriile logice i cele lingvistice exist de multe ori o neconcordan. La definirea noiunii de antonime frazeologice cei mai muli lingviti in cont de principiul sau criteriul lingvistic [188, p. 42], care are urmtoarele aspecte: semantic, stilistic, distributiv, structural, contextual. 1) Aspectul semantic presupune c antonimele frazeologice trebuie s aib, din punct de vedere semantic, att trsturi comune, ct i trsturi specifice. Comun pentru antonime este, n primul rnd, c ntre ele exist o asemnare semantic, determinat de faptul c antonimele desemneaz caliti, aciuni, fenomene, circumstane, ce aparin aceluiai domeniu din realitatea obiectiv. [13, p. 145] De exemplu, asemnrile dintre frazeologismele a fi cu ochii n patru a fi cu ochii legai; to mind ones eye/to have ones weather eye open/to have all ones eyes about one keeping ones

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eyes closed este determinat de faptul c ambele se refer la anumite trsturi de caracter i comportament. Diferena dintre cuplurile de antonime frazeologice const n aceea c ele au sensuri opuse. Astfel, opoziia dintre antonimele frazeologice a fi cu ochii n patru a fi cu ochii legai se manifest prin faptul c ele desemneaz caliti (nsuiri) ce se afl la extremitile aceluiai fenomen, aceleiai noiuni: primul frazeologism desemneaz noiunea de a fi cu bgare de seam, atent, a se pzi bine, iar al doilea noiunea a nu lua n seam, a nu fi atent, a nu se pzi deloc. Aspectul semantic este esenial la determinarea antonimelor frazeologice. Aceeai situaie e specific i limbii engleze. De exemplu, pentru frazeologismele (as) fat as butter gras, dolofan (as) thin as a lath (as a rail, as a rake) slab este comun faptul c ele se refer la descrierea figurii (omului sau animalelor): care are sub piele un strat gros de grsime; cu forme pline i rotunde care nu are un strat de grsime sub piele, uscat. Aadar, caracteristici importante ale antonimelor frazeologice din ambele limbi (romn i englez) se consider sensurile opuse i trsturile semantice comune pentru perechile antonimice. 2) Aspectul stilistic prevede ca perechile de antonime frazeologice s aib aceleai trsturi stilistice, adic ambele s fac parte din acelai strat stilistic. Prerile lingvitilor referitoare la acest criteriu difer. Cea mai mare parte a lingvitilor consider c este obligatoriu ca sensurile frazeologice ale cuplurilor s fie comune, adic s fac parte din acelai cmp lexico-semantic. E necesar, de asemenea, ca sensurile frazeologice s fie opuse, contrare. n ceea ce privete valorile stilistice ale antonimelor frazeologice, ele pot fi att comune, asemntoare, ct i diferite, adic pot ine de stiluri diferite n comparaie cu unitile lexicale, care in, de obicei, de acelai stil, frazeologismele au diverse valori conotative i aparin, respectiv, unor limbaje diferite. Astfel, dac s-ar considera c sunt antonimice numai perechile de frazeologisme care aparin aceluiai stil, numrul antonimelor frazeologice s-ar reduce foarte mult. Iat exemple de antonime frazeologice care au valori stilistice diferite, dar care sunt considerate, fr rezerve, antonimice: kick the bucket (jargon) a muri draw ones first breath (familiar) a se nate. 3) Aspectul distributiv. Deoarece sensul frazeologismelor se realizeaz complet n context, e necesar ca la determinarea antonimelor frazeologice s se in cont i de capacitile lor distributive, de capacitatea frazeologismelor de a se asocia cu alte uniti lexicale n context. Fenomenul antonimiei frazeologice este conceput n lingvistic n sens larg i n sens restrns. Pentru cercettorii care concep acest fenomen n sens larg, caracterul distributiv al perechilor 22

antonimice este o trstur facultativ n procesul determinrii cuplurilor antonimice frazeologice. Pentru cei care concep antonimia frazeologic n sens restrns, capacitatea frazeologismelor de a se combina cu alte cuvinte e considerat obligatorie. n tez se menioneaz c e inadmisibil a susine opinii extreme n privina distribuiei perechilor de antonime frazeologice. Distribuia sintactic a antonimelor frazeologice este un criteriu facultativ, care nu are un rol decisiv n determinarea cuplurilor antonimice. Astfel distribuia sintactic poate: a) s coincid: a cdea n labele (cuiva) a scpa din labele (cuiva); a duce cas bun (cu cineva) a duce cas rea (cu cineva); a heart of stone (inim de piatr) a heart of gold (inim de aur); lose ones wind (a-i iei din fire) get (recover) ones wind (a-i veni n fire). b) s nu coincid: a mngia pe cap (pe cineva) a face chica topor ( cuiva), a-i zmbi norocul (cuiva) a fi fr noroc; make a clear breast of something (a vorbi deschis) beat about (or around) the bush (a vorbi pe ocolite). Necoincidena distribuiei sintactice nu mpiedic mperecherea cuplurilor de antonime frazeologice nici n limba romn, nici n limba englez. 4) Aspectul structural. Indiferent dac coincid sau nu coincid structurile (morfologice, sintactice sau elementele componente) cuplurilor de frazeologisme, ele se consider antonimice. Condiia principal este s coincid cmpurile lexico-semantice i opoziia sensurilor frazeologismelor respective. Acest criteriu este acceptat de majoritatea lingvitilor i doar un numr mic de cercettori consider c structurile antonimelor frazeologice trebuie s coincid complet. (M. I. Sidorencko [192, p. 100-102]). 5) Aspectul contextual nu este obligatoriu pentru determinarea antonimelor frazeologice. El se refer, n primul rnd, la antonimele lexicale, care, de obicei, apar mpreun n acelai context . Caracterul neobligatoriu al utilizrii perechilor de antonime frazeologice n acelai context e determinat de trsturile interne ale frazeologismelor i de faptul c fiecare antonim este el nsui i concomitent opozantul lui. Un frazeologism antonimic l presupune, n acelai timp, i pe cuplul su. n baza celor cinci aspecte ale criteriului lingvistic de determinare a antonimelor frazeologice, se pot considera antonimice frazeologismele coreferente, ce se refer la aceeai clas lexico-gramatical, coincid total sau parial n funcie de structura elementelor componente, in de acelai cmp lexicosemantic, au sensuri frazeologice polare i in de acelai sau de diferite stiluri.

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Criteriul lingvistic se utilizeaz, de obicei, la definirea antonimelor frazeologice atunci cnd se urmrete evidenierea tangenelor i deosebirilor dintre dou sau mai multe limbi. Unele aspecte ale antonimiei nu pot fi explicate numai cu ajutorul criteriului lingvistic, ci e nevoie i de unele categorii logice i psihologice. Lingvistul R. Srbu menioneaz, n aceast ordine de idei, c unele cuvinte cum ar fi alb i negru, sunt contrare numai n contiina noastr lingvistic, n timp ce, din punct de vedere ontologic, altele sunt culorile diametral opuse ale spectrului (cf. rou i violet ori infrarou i ultraviolet) [114, p. 77]. Avem de a face, n cazul acesta, cu criteriul psiholingvistic, care a fost susinut de lingvistul Ch. Bally. De exemplu, Ch. Bally remarca, pe bun dreptate, c antonimele (les contraires) sunt aranjate n contiina noastr n perechi, fiecare termen al perechii evocnd, ntr-un fel sau altul, imaginea celuilalt. [135, p. 161] n teza de fa, la determinarea antonimelor frazeologice, se va utiliza criteriul lingvistic. Cercettorii care opereaz cu acest criteriu reuesc s se apropie cel mai mult de rezolvarea genetic a problemei antonimelor. Dovad a celor spuse poate servi recentul Dicionar de antonime ale limbii romne [128] n dou volume, semnat de O. Vineler, care este cea mai reprezentativ lucrare lexicografic din domeniul antonimelor limbii romne. Conform criteriului lingvistic sunt antonime acele frazeologisme, care au sensuri frazeologice contrare, sunt identice ntre ele din punctul de vedere al trsturilor lexico-gramaticale i prin capacitile de a se combina cu alte elemente ale contextului: a bate (a trage) clopotele a tcea chitic; a-i face nume bun a-i face nume ru; a lua (pe cineva) cu biniorul (cu binele) a lua (pe cineva) cu rul; to ring a peal/to set the bells ringing never to say a word/to keep silent/to keep ones mouth shut; to deserve ones spurs to fall into disrepute; to treat smb. gently/to use fine words/to speak smb. fair to force smb. away/to use bad words. 1.2. Antonimia frazeologic n sistemul general al limbii Comunicarea dintre oameni se face prin intermediul cuvintelor i al frazeologismelor. Totalitatea cuvintelor i a frazeologismelor unei limbi formeaz dou sisteme principale: lexical i frazeologic. Fr cunoaterea acestor sisteme, actul de comunicare devine imposibil. Iat de ce una dintre sarcinile principale ale lingvisticii este studierea profund a sistemului lexical i al celui frazeologic al diferitelor limbi.

24

Frazeologismele sunt reprezentate de un sistem foarte variat, care ne ajut s utilizm frazeologismele necesare pentru comunicarea uman. Sistemul frazeologic permite nelegerea sensurilor i semnificaiilor pe care le redau frazeologismele, capacitatea lor de a se utiliza n contexte etc. Prin sistem frazeologic se nelege totalitatea frazeologismelor unei limbi, a criteriilor de clasificare a acestora, a modalitilor de formare i funcionare. Printre sarcinile principale ale sistemului frazeologic se enumer urmtoarele: cercetarea trsturilor paradigmatice ale frazeologismelor: 1) descrierea relaiilor dintre frazeologisme i alte uniti ale limbii; 2) aranjarea tezaurului frazeologic conform cmpurilor lexico-gramaticale (gruparea frazeologismelor cu sensuri nrudite sau apropiate);

3) organizarea frazeologismelor n serii sinonimice, cupluri antonimice etc.; 4) modul de realizare i de organizare a categoriilor gramaticale (morfologice) n structura frazeologismelor (gen, numr, caz, grade de comparaie, mod, timp, persoan etc.); studierea particularitilor sintagmatice ale frazeologismelor: 1) forma pe care, potrivit unor legiti funcionale ale fiecrei limbi, o mbrac frazeologismele n discursivitatea lor linear n context; 2) capacitile combinatorice, distributive, de asociere a frazeologismelor cu alte elemente ale enunului (propoziiei sau frazei). Deci caracterul sistemic al frazeologismelor se manifest att la nivel paradigmatic (pe linie vertical), ct i la nivel sintagmatic (pe linie orizontal). n lingvistica romneasc nu se pomenete n niciun studiu despre sistemul frazeologic. Se vorbete despre sistemele fonetic, lexical i gramatical. [6, p. 190-191; 13, p. 65-75; 114, p. 101-103;] De aceea, pe parcursul ntregii teze se vor descrie trsturile paradigmatice i sintagmatice ale frazeologismelor antonimice din limbile romn i englez. Orice sistem, indiferent de natura lui, are, la rndul lui, subsisteme, care posed trsturi specifice evidente. Referindu-se la antonimie, lingvistul R. Srbu menioneaz c acest fenomen lingvistic este prin excelen una dintre manifestrile evidente ale caracterului de sistem al limbii, n general, i al lexicului, n special. Clasificarea unitilor lexicale dup componentele lor semantice contrare permite o descriere structural a limbii, o evideniere clar a zonelor din lexic, n care se ntlnesc anumite microsisteme semantice constituite din lexeme opuse ca sens, ce alctuiesc clase nchise formate numai din doi termeni. [114, p. 103] n continuare autorul subliniaz urmatoarele: cunoaterea relaiilor de tip antonimic pe care le contracteaz un cuvnt ntr-un cmp lexico25

semantic permite o mai ampl cunoatere a relaiilor lui cu alte uniti lexicale i a locului acestui cuvnt n sistem. [114, p. 103] Autorii monografiei Probleme de semasiologie, M. Buc i I. Evseev, scriu c dintre categoriile semasiologice fundamentale, antonimia este singura categorie care ar figura ntr-un sistem semiotic ideal, adic ntr-un sistem n care relaiile dintre semnificani i semnificai sunt univoce: un semnificant corespunde unui semnificat, iar un semnificat se exprim printr-un singur semnificant. [13, p. 144] Observaiile preioase i interesante ale lingvistului R. Srbu despre caracterul sistemic al antonimelor lexicale se refer cu succes i la antonimele frazeologice, care reprezint o expresie pregnant a caracterului sistemic al frazeologismelor cu sens contrar n opoziii binare i n paradigme mai dezvoltate: a) opoziii bimembre: a se uita (a privi) cu ochi ri (la cineva) a se uita (a privi) cu ochi buni (la cineva); a clca strmb a clca drept; to view smb. with a friendly eye to view smb. with an unfriendly eye (to look daggers at smb.)/to cast an evil eye on smb.; to take a false step/to slip to make a good step; b) opoziii polimembre: a fi pe calea cea dreapt (bun), a fi pe drumul cel drept a fi pe o cale greit (rea), a fi pe un drum greit; a avea (a fi cu) ca la gur, nc nu i -a czut (nu i-a picat) caul de la gur, sprc cu ca la gur, a fi puior cu ca (pe botior), a avea dini de lapte, bo cu ochi, ieit din fa, (e nc) cu muci la nas a avea gsc n barb (cu gsca n barb), i-a nins n barb (n cap, n pr, pe la tmple), a fi nins de ani (de vreme), btut de bruma vremii, n amurgul vieii, btrn ca lumea, a avea multe vineri, a avea nou viei, uitat de moarte (de vreme); to be on the right path to be on the wrong path; to be on the right road to be on the wrong road; to be wet behind the ears to be hoary with age; to be as green as a gooseberry on the shady side of fifty to have nine lives like a cat to be tenacious of life, to be hoary (with age); well on in years; weighed down with age; in the afternoon of ones life; in the winter of ones life. Antonimele frazeologice constituie factorul constructiv n organizarea frazeologismelor din intervalul unui cmp lexico-semantic. Din perspectiv semantic, frazeologismele acoper majoritatea domeniilor vieii materiale i spirituale, aparinnd celor mai diverse sfere semantice: prile corpului omenesc, caliti i nsuiri ale omului, sentimente i abiliti, meserii, tradiii i obiceiuri, conservnd elemente ce aparin mai multor cmpuri conceptuale. 26

Sistemele frazeologice ale limbilor romn i englez sunt diferite i de aceea o analiz contrastiv ar scoate la iveal specificul sistemului frazeologic al fiecrei limbi. Analiza contrastiv a antonimelor frazeologice ce semnific noiunile de bun ru n limbile romn i englez demonstreaz faptul c ntre frazeologismele antonimice ale acestor limbi exist i trsturi comune, i trsturi specifice. Astfel, avem frazeologisme ce au aceeai semnificaie n ambele limbi: a fi bun la inim to be kind; a fi buntatea ntruchipat to be kindness itself etc., dar i frazeologisme romnesti care nu au echivalente n limba englez: a fi bun de pus la ran, a fi bun ca snul mamei, a fi ru de mama focului, a fi cinos la inim, a fi negru la suflet, a avea mae pestrie, a avea inim rea. Au fost atestate i frazeologisme englezeti care nu au echivalente n limba romn: to be as good a man as ever trade shoe, to be the milk of human kindness. Observaiile de mai sus accentueaz faptul c sistemele frazeologice ale limbilor romn i englez au i unele trsturi comune, dar i trsturi specifice. Evidenierea lor permite cunoaterea mai profund a acestor dou limbi. Ca orice sistem, i cel frazeologic reprezint un tot organizat, i o form de organizare relaional i opozitiv a frazeologismelor n procesul de comunicare. Sistemul frazeologic este alctuit din subsisteme interdependente, dar care nu exist izolat, ci prin corelaie strns ntre ele. Unul dintre aceste microsisteme este cel al antonimelor frazeologice, care i are locul i rolul su n cadrul sistemului frazeologic. 1.3. Concept asupra antonimiei lexicale i a celei frazeologice ntre antonimele lexicale i antonimele frazeologice exist tangene i deosebiri. Tangenele dintre antonimia lexical i antonimia frazeologic se manifest prin urmtoarele aspecte: I. n general, antonimia se ntlnete mai frecvent n cadrul cuvintelor i frazeologismelor ce semnific noiuni abstracte, spaiale, noiuni ce se refer la volum, caliti, cantiti, noiuni temporale, obiecte i fenomene ale lumii materiale, noiuni ce numesc activiti umane, sentimente, voina, dorina, starea omului etc. Att antonimia lexical, ct i cea frazeologic presupune, n primul rnd, existena contrapunerii logice, iar n limb se ntlnesc acolo unde exist opunerea polar a cuvintelor sau frazeologismelor: mare mic, etern temporar, a se aeza a se ridica, a pierde a ctiga, a arunca ancora a ridica ancora, ct roata morii ct un grunte de mutar,

27

slab ca o scndur gras ca un pepene, cu mna plin cu mna goal; obey disobey, restive compliant, contumacy resignation; to boss the show play second fiddle. II. Frazeologismele lexicale i cele frazeologice se aseamn ntre ele prin faptul c ambele tipuri pot avea uneori cteva antonime, adic opoziii: tare moale, lichid; hard soft, liquid; a spune pe leau a arunca praf n ochii oamenilor, a mistifica adevrul; call a spade a spade beat about the bush, pass the bottle of smoke. III. Din punct de vedere semantic, ambele tipuri de antonime (lexicale i frazeologice) redau noiuni ce in de aceleai cmpuri semantice, dar cu valori denotative i conotative plasate pe axe polare. De exemplu, dac se vor opune frazeologismele: a se supra foc, a se aprinde (de mnie), fly off the handle i a munci fr cruare, work ones fingers to bone, atunci ele nu vor fi antonimice, deoarece cele dou aciuni se deosebesc ntre ele: prima aciune caracterizeaz o stare psihic a omului, iar a doua aciune ine de procesul de munc al omului. Dar dac frazeologismul a munci fr cruare, work ones fingers to the bones va fi contrapus frazeologismului a tia frunze la cini, a sta cu minile n sn, twiddle ones thumbs, atunci ntre ele se stabilete un raport de antonimie, pentru c ele redau aceeai semnificaie: atitudinea omului fa de munc. Astfel, aspectul semantic al contrapunerii att al cuvintelor, ct i al frazeologismelor presupune i asemnri, n cazul de mai sus e vorba de atitudinea omului fa de munc, i deo sebiri, aciuni ce se afl la polii opui ai aceluiai cmp lexico-semantic: a activa, a munci a inactiva, a trndvi, a lenevi. IV. Ca i cuvintele polisemantice, i frazeologismele polisemantice pot stabili relaii opoziionale. De exemplu, frazeologismul polisemantic a depune armele are urmtoarele sensuri: 1) a se preda, a se declara nvins; 2) a ceda n faa argumentelor adversarului. Ambele sensuri ale acestui frazeologism sunt opozabile cu cele dou sensuri ale frazeologismului: a ridica armele: 1) a ncepe lupta mpotriva unui adversar; 2) a nu ceda n faa argumentelor adversarului. ntre aceste dou frazeologisme se stabilete un raport de antonimie frazeologic complet. [25, p. 84] Antonimia este complet i n cazul frazeologismelor: of much account (of something): 1) ce are valoare, nsemntate; 2) a se bucura de autoritate, de stim i of small account (of something): 1) ce nu are valoare, nsemntate; 2) a nu se bucura de stim, de autoritate. Dup cum se observ, din exemplele de mai sus, ambele sensuri ale primului frazeologism se opun celor dou sensuri ale frazeologismului al doilea. 28

n limba englez se ntlnesc puine perechi de antonime frazeologice polisemantice, care ar avea un raport de antonimie complet, adic toate sensurile s-ar opune complet. De cele mai multe ori, fiecare sens al unui frazeologism se opune altor frazeologisme. De exemplu, frazeologismul be (down) on the back (sau lie on ones back) are dou sensuri: 1) a fi pus tu, a fi neputincios; 2) a se mbolnvi, a cdea la pat. Utilizat cu primul sens, acest frazeologism are cteva antonime: win a victory a nvinge, a obine o victorie (asupra cuiva sau asupra ceva); gain a victory a obine o victorie (asupra cuiva); win in a canter a ctiga (ceva) cu uurin. Al doilea sens se afl n raport de antonimie cu frazeologismele: be safe and sound bine i sntos; be sound in wind and lamb complet sntos, ntr-o stare fizic bun; be (as) sound as a bell a fi sntos tun; be hole and hearty a fi plin de via i sntos; be alive and kicking viu i sntos; be as right as rain (the nail) a fi complet sntos; be (as) fit as a fiddle a avea sntate bun; be (as) fit as a flea a fi sntos deplin. Antonimia a dou frazeologisme polisemantice e direct legat de nuanele de sens pe care le posed. Dac aceste nuane sunt echivalente i independente, atunci o nuan de sens poate avea antonim n sistemul semantic al altui frazeologism polisemantic, iar a doua nuan de sens poate s nu aib antonim. ntre aceste antonime frazeologice se stabilete un raport de antonimie incomplet. Dac nuanele semantice sunt n relaie de reciprocitate, atunci, de obicei, ambele nuane ale unui frazeologism stabilesc raporturi de antonimie n sistemul sensurilor celuilalt frazeologism, stabilindu-se, astfel, un raport de antonimie complet. V. Antonimele frazeologice, ca i cele lexicale, se mbin cu lexeme ce in de acelai cmp semantic: a se acoperi de glorie (n lupt, n munc, n tiin, n literatur) a se acoperi de ocar (de ruine) (n lupt, n munc, n tiin, n literatur); a ctiga (n lupt, n munc, n tiin, n literatur) a pierde (n lupt, n munc, n tiin, n literatur); s-a dus (a plecat) departe s-a dus (a plecat) aproape; s-a dus (a plecat) peste nou mri i ri s-a dus (a plecat) la o arunctur de b; to cover oneself with glory to cover oneself with shame; at a stones throw from at the other end of the world. VI. Ca i cele lexicale, antonimele frazeologice in de aceeai clas lexico-gramatical, de aceleai pri de vorbire. Investigaiile demonstreaz c, de obicei, antonimele frazeologice se afl n relaie de coresponden cu verbele, adjectivele, substantivele i, rar, cu adverbele. a. Antonime frazeologice verbale: a-i arunca masca a-i pune masca; a bate la ochi a nu atrage atenia; work ones fingers to the bones (a munci fr preget) i twiddle ones thumbs (a sta cu minile n buzunar, a tia frunze la cini). 29

b.

Antonime frazeologice adjectivale: ieftin la plns scump la rs; a fi cu capul n nori a

fi cu picioarele pe pmnt; (as) clear as mud (ncurcat total) (as) clear as day (daylight) (limpede (clar) ca lumina zilei). c. Antonime frazeologice substantivale: fctor de bine fctor de ru; semn bun semn ru; dumb dog (om tcut, taciturn) a bag of wind (om vorbre, limbut, guraliv). d. Antonime frazeologice adverbiale: cu inima mpcat cu inima nempcat; cu mna plin cu mna goal; first of all(in primul rnd) last of all(in ultimul rnd), in good hands (pe mini bune) in bad hands (pe mini rele); at first hand (nemijlocit, direct) at second hand (din auzite, indirect). Antonimele frazeologice ndeplinesc aceleai funcii sintactice ca i prile de vorbire cu care stabilesc un raport de coresponden. Astfel, funcia sintactic de baz a antonimelor frazeologice verbale este cea de predicat, antonimele frazeologice adjectivale atribut, antonimele frazeologice substantivale subiect, complement, antonimele frazeologice adverbiale complemente, de obicei, circumstaniale. Att n limba romn, ct i n limba englez, mai numeroase sunt antonimele frazeologice verbale. Din numrul total de 3.010 de perechi de antonime frazeologice romneti i, respectiv, 2.200 din limba englez (Anex), n limba romn 65% din antonimele frazeologice sunt verbale, n limba englez 70%; antonime frazeologice adjectivale n limba romn sunt 20%, iar n limba englez 15%, antonime frazeologice substantivale sunt n limba romn 10%, iar n limba englez 5%, antonimele frazeologice adverbiale constituie n limba romn 5%, iar n limba englez 10%. Astfel s-a constatat c antonimele lexicale i antonimele frazeologice din limbile romn i englez au anumite trsturi asemntoare: 1) semnific, de obicei, noiuni abstracte i se ntlnesc acolo unde exist opoziii polare ale semnificaiilor; 2) au cteva antonime (serii antonimice); 3) redau noiuni ce in de aceleai cmpuri semantice; 4) ca i antonimele lexicale polisemantice, i antonimele frazeologice polisemantice stabilesc relaii opoziionale; 5) ambele tipuri au aceleai distribuii utilizate n contexte; 6) i antonimele lexicale, i antonimele frazeologice se afl n raport de coresponden cu verbele, adjectivele, substantivele i adverbele. 1.4. Trsturile specifice ale antonimelor frazeologice 1. Antonimia lexical e mai bogat dect antonimia frazeologic att n limba romn, ct i

n limba englez. 30

E un fenomen firesc, deoarece volumul unitilor lexicale (baza de formare a antonimelor lexicale) e cu mult mai mare dect volumul unitilor frazeologice (baza de formare a antonimelor frazeologice). n limba romn, de exemplu, la 100 de perechi de antonime lexicale revin n medie 17-18 perechi de antonime frazeologice. Aceste cifre au fost obinute n urma comparrii a 400 de perechi antonimice lexicale mai uzuale selectate din Dicionarul de antonime al limbii romne [128]. Pentru prima sut de antonime lexicale au fost observate 16 perechi de antonime frazeologice, pentru a doua sut 19, pentru a treia sut 16 i pentru a patra sut 15 perechi de antonime frazeologice. n limba englez, la 100 de antonime lexicale revin 10-12 perechi de antonime frazeologice. [191, p. 97] Consecina acestei inegaliti se rsfrnge direct asupra sferelor de realizare a antonimelor frazeologice, care sunt mult mai restrnse dect sferele de utilizare a antonimelor lexicale. 2. Att n limba romn, ct i n limba englez cuvintele antonime sunt alctuite din morfeme i constituie uniti structurale integrale. Antonimele frazeologice sunt formate din cuvinte i reprezint astfel uniti structurale separate (alctuite din dou, trei i mai multe lexeme). Analiza materialului faptic din ambele limbi a demonstrat c antonimele frazeologice se clasific n funcie de natura lor n: 1. Antonime frazeologice cu aceeai structur morfologic: a cdea n labele (cuiva) a scpa din labele (cuiva); a descoperi adevrul a ascunde adevrul; a fi n relaii bune a fi n relaii rele; be in harmony with something be out of harmony with something. 2. Antonime frazeologice cu structuri derivative diferite: a scoate n vileag a ascunde sub apte lacte; a fi tare de inim a fi fricos ca un iepure; a se face negru ca pmntul a se face alb ca varul; a fi cu ca la gur a avea gsca n barb; a se mnca ca cinii a tri ca fraii n dragoste; be at odds with something be in tune with something. 3. Antonimele lexicale, fiind neutre din punct de vedere stilistic, pot fi utlizate n diferite stiluri ale limbii: beletristic, publicistic, tiinific, oficial-administrativ etc. n special, antonimele lexicale contribuie la crearea unor figuri de stil precum: oximoronul, antiteza etc. Antonimele frazeologice au, n majoritatea cazurilor, valori conotative bine conturate i de aceea ele nu pot fi utilizate n toate stilurile. De obicei, antonimele frazeologice se utilizeaz n stilurile beletristic i publicistic i, doar cu anumite excepii, ele pot fi folosite n celelalte stiluri [23, p. 321-322; 31, p. 3-5]. 31

4. n comparaie cu antonimele lexicale, cele frazeologice se utilizeaz foarte rar n acelai context sau n contexte restrnse. De exemplu: Fata babei era slut, lene, fnoas i rea la inim. Fata moneagului ns era frumoas, harnic, asculttoare i bun la inim. (I. Creang, S., p. 197) It had been, when I read it, only a vaguely pregnant piece of nonsense as clear as mud but now it was all as clear as day, as evident as Euclid. (A. Saxton, T.G.M., p. 76) 5. Numrul antonimelor frazeologice, care au corespondene semantice printre antonimele lexicale este destul de mare. Fenomenul invers, cnd antonimele lexicale nu au corespondente printre frazeologisme, se ntlnete cu mult mai des datorit fapului c numrul de antonime lexicale depete cu mult numrul antonimelor frazeologice. 6. Seriile sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice sunt mai puin numeroase n comparaie cu cele lexicale. [20, p. 53-77] 1.5. Concluzii 1.1. Sensul frazeologic i antonimia frazeologic sunt fenomene lingvistice importante n cercetarea relaiilor semantice n interiorul sistemului frazeologic, n general, al limbilor romn i englez. 1.2. Frazeologismele sunt mbinri stabile de cuvinte al cror coninut nu constituie o sum a sensurilor elementelor componente, ci reprezint un sens frazeologic, obinut n urma transferurilor semantice, la care au fost supuse elementele componente. Sensul frazeologic este un mijloc specific de reprezentare a lumii n contiina omului, constituind o categorie semantic ce se utilizeaz pentru caracterizarea expresiv i emotiv a fiinelor i obiectelor din lumea nconjurtoare, n baza unui sens nou, obinut dintr-un aliaj de sensuri lexicale supuse unor transferuri semantice. 1.3. Principiul de baz de delimitare a frazeologismelor de alte uniti ale limbii este principiul idiomatic, strns legat de sensul frazeologic, deoarece prin idiomaticitate se subnelege un transfer de sens, o renovare semantic a coninutului general al mbinrilor de cuvinte, mai bine zis, o renovare semantic a elementelor componente ale mbinrilor de cuvinte. Printre procesele semantice care particip mai frecvent la renovarea semantic sunt: metaforizarea i metonimizarea.

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1.4. n tez frazeologia este conceput n sens restrns, adic obiectul de studiu al frazeologiei l constituie frazeologismele propriu-zise. Varieti ale frazeologismelor sunt expresiile frazeologice i expresiile idiomatice. 1.5. Sensul lexical i sensul frazeologic reprezint noiuni distincte, care au trsturi specifice ce le fac inconfundabile. Printre aceste trsturi am putea meniona: valoarea conotativ, elementul semantic suplimentar, ce indic atitudinea vorbitorului fa de noiunile exprimate, nivelul nalt de abstractizare al sensului, caracterul nemotivat, de cele mai multe ori, al acestui sens etc. 1.6. La determinarea noiunii de antonimie se ine cont de cele mai diverse principii: lingvistic, logic, psihologic etc. La baza investigaiilor din tez se afl principiul lingvistic, care are mai multe aspecte: 1) semantic; 2) stilistic; 3) distributiv; 4) structural; 5) contextual. Fiecare aspect are anumite trsturi specifice. 1.7. Conform principiului lingvistic, antonimele frazeologice se definesc astfel: Antonime sunt acele frazeologisme, care au sensuri frazeologice contrare , sunt identice ntre ele din punctul de vedere al trsturilor lexico-gramaticale i prin posibilitile de a se mbina cu alte elemente ale contextului. 1.8. Prin sistem frazeologic se nelege totalitatea frazeologismelor unei limbi, a criteriilor de clasificare a acestora, a modurilor de formare i funcionare. Caracterul sistematic al frazeologismelor se manifest att la nivel paradigmatic, ct i la nivel sintagmatic. 1.9. Sistemele frazeologice ale limbilor romn i englez sunt diferite, avnd att trsturi specifice, ct i trsturi comune. ntre antonimele lexicale i cele frazeologice exist att tangene, ct i deosebiri, tot aa cum exist tangene i deosebiri ntre cuvinte i frazeologisme. Tangenele se refer, n primul rnd, la faptul c frazeologismele, la fel ca i cuvintele, denumesc obiecte, nsuiri, caliti, aciuni, stri i diverse circumstane. Alte afiniti ar fi faptul c att antonimia lexical, ct i cea frazeologic presupune existena contrapunerii logice i se ntlnesc acolo unde e prezent opunerea polar a cuvintelor i a frazeologismelor. Ambele tipuri de antonime au uneori cteva opoziii, redau noiuni ce in de aceleai cmpuri semantice, dar cu valori denotative i conotative plasate pe axe polare. Ca i cuvintele polisemantice, i frazeologismele polisemantice stabilesc relaii opoziionale, au aceeai distribuie lexical i regim verbal. Att antonimele lexicale, ct i cele frazeologice in de aceleai clase lexicogramaticale, adic de aceleai pri de vorbire. Deosebirile constau n faptul c ntre cuvinte i frazeologisme nu se stabilete un raport de echivalen, ci un raport de coresponden, ceea ce nu 33

permite a pune semnul egalitii ntre aceste dou uniti ale limbii. ntre ele exist deosebiri eseniale n planul sensului, avnd diverse tipuri de nominaie: denotativ i conotativ. 1.10. Antonimele frazeologice au anumite trsturi specifice n comparaie cu antonimele lexicale: sunt reprezentate prin cuvinte (uniti structurale separate) i nu prin diverse morfeme; antonimele frazeologice au valori conotative, neputnd fi utilizate, astfel, n toate stilurile limbii literare; antonimele frazeologice sunt utilizate foarte rar n aceleai contexte; antonimele frazeologice au corespondente printre antonimele lexicale foarte des, ceea ce nu se poate spune despre fenomenul invers; seriile sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice constituie un numr mai redus n comparaie cu seriile sinonimicoantonimice lexicale.

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2. TIPOLOGIA STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC I PARTICULARITILE LEXICO-GRAMATICALE ALE ANTONIMELOR FRAZEOLOGICE N LIMBILE ROMN I ENGLEZ 2.1. Principii de clasificare a antonimelor frazeologice

n lingvistic, s-au fcut ncercri de a ncadra antonimele lexicale ale unor limbi n diferite tipuri, inndu-se cont de unele criterii formale i structural-semantice. n legtur cu diversele criterii de clasificare a antonimelor, lingvistul R. Srbu subliniaz c, datorit faptului c la definirea esenei antonimelor i stabilirea tipurilor acestora nu se pleac de la criterii unice i nu se ia, de regul, n considerare diversitatea aspectelor pe care le prezint antonimele unei limbi, clasificrile propuse difer de la un cercettor la altul, avnd de cele mai multe ori un caracter incomplet. [114, p. 125] n lingvistica romneasc o prim clasificare ampl a antonimelor lexicale a efectuat-o R. Srbu. Acest cercettor a clasificat antonimele lexicale n baza a patru aspecte: 1) aspectul lexico-gramatical; 2) aspectul morfo-lexical; 3) aspectul tematic; 4) aspectul semantic. [114, p. 126] Clasificarea antonimelor frazeologice n lingvistica romneasc a fost efectuat ntr-un studiu, semnat de frazeologul Gh. Colun [25, p. 79-89]. La clasificarea antonimelor frazeologice ale limbilor romn i englez s-a inut cont de urmtoarele criterii: 1) natura semantic a elementelor componente (lipsa sau prezena unui antonim lexical n structura antonimelor frazeologice); 2) structura frazeologismelor din cuplul antonimic; 3) numrul de frazeologisme ce intr n cuplul antonimic sau n seria sinonimico-antonimic; 4) clasificarea semantic a frazeologimelor opozante; 5) particularitile lexico-gramaticale ale antonimelor frazeologice; 6) apartenena tematic a antonimelor frazeologice; 35

2.2. Caracteristica antonimelor frazeologice dup natura semantic a elementelor componente n componena frazeologismelor din limba romn i din limba englez, ce constituie cupluri antonimice, pot intra cuvinte ce difer complet n ceea ce privete natura lor lexico-gramatical. Aceste cupluri formeaz antonime frazeologice propriu-zise: a se mnca ca cinii a tri n dragoste i nelegere; a se bucura de atenie a fi trecut cu vederea; a fi rece ca marmora a avea foc n vene; a bate la ochi a nu atrage atenia; a fi tare de inim a se teme i de umbra lui; a nu avea nici tciune n vatr a fi putred de bogat; a aduce (pe cineva) la via a trimite (pe cineva) pe lumea cealalt; a o da prin sperl a scpa basma curat; be twenty minds know ones own mind; brick as a bee slow as a snail; have eagles eyes see through a ladder; eat each other like dogs live in peace and harmony; be in the money be on the rocks; to call into being to send to death;to gain attention to wink at. [18, p. 129-136] n componena altor cupluri antonimice intr frazeologisme ce au un cuvnt, dou ce in de aceleai cmpuri lexico-semantice. Aceste cupluri formeaz antonime lexico-frazeologice: a avea gnduri bune a avea gnduri rele; a cdea (a nimeri) n labele (cuiva) a scpa din labele (cuiva); a duce cas bun a duce cas rea; cu capul (mintea) limpede cu capul (mintea) tulbure; a-i bga n cap a-i scoate din cap; a da de belea a scpa de belea; a day after the fair a day before the fair; play ones cards well play ones cards badly; have good thoughts have bad thoughts; have a good time have a bad time; have an open mind have a narrow mind; have a light hand have an open hand; get into trouble get out of trouble; have a good name-have a bad name. Att n limba romn, ct i n limba englez prevaleaz antonimele lexico-frazeologice. Ex.: a clca cu stngul a clca cu dreptul; a fi n relaii bune a fi n relaii rele; toane bune toane rele; a descoperi adevrul a ascunde adevrul; have good thoughts have bad thoughts; start with ones left foot start with ones right foot; be in good terms with smb. be in bad terms with smb.; find the truth hide the truth; be in a good mood be in a bad mood. n funcie de natura semantic a elementelor componente, antonimele frazeologice se clasific n cteva tipuri. n primul tip intr frazeologismele care nu au n structura lor cuvinte din acelai cmp lexicosemantic sau antonime lexicale. Respectiv, sensurile opuse nu sunt motivate formal (ca la antonimele lexicale cu rdcini diferite, de tipul mhnire bucurie; mare mic; a intra a iei; jos 36

 sus), ci sunt create n urma unor sinteze semantice, la care au fost supuse sensurile de baz ale lexemelor ce intr n componena lor: a-i alege cuvintele (expresiile) (to be particular in ones speech) a vorbi alandala (to talk through one's hat); a apuca (pe cineva) din scurt (to sieze smb. round the body) a lsa (pe cineva) n voia sorii (left to ones own devices, left to sink or swim); srac lipit pmntului (he is out at elbows, tatterdemalion, ragamuffin) putred de bogat (rolling in money); la o arunctur de b (at a stones throw (from)) peste nou mri i nou ri (at the other end of the world; miles and miles away). Din tipul al doilea fac parte antonimele frazeologice ce au n componena lor cte un antonim lexical: a arta bine (to look well) a arta ru (to look bad/unwell); ceas bun (a good time) ceas ru (a bad time); cu uile nchise (with/behind closed doors) cu uile deschise (with open doors); ieftin ca braga (cheap as dirt) scump ca focul (nu are echivalent n limba englez); a apuca nainte (to go straight off, to go non-stop) a apuca napoi (to go backwards). n structura antonimelor frazeologice din tipul al treilea intr antonimele lexicale ale cror sensuri polare sunt terse, neevidente, adic nu se afl la poli opui. Aceste antonime lexicale obin sensuri opuse evidente doar n structura unor frazeologisme: a-i reteza (a-i tia) (cuiva) aripile (to clip somebodys wings) a da (cuiva) aripi (to lend wings to); a avea ochi de vultur (to be eagle-eyed, to be sharp-sighted) a avea orbul ginilor (to suffer from night blindness); a da de belea (to get into trouble, to get hell) a scpa de belea (to get out of a mess, to get out of hell); a se acoperi de glorie (to cover oneself with glory) a se face de rs (to make oneself ridiculous); a clca drepturile (cuiva) (to encroach/to trespass/to trench up on smb.s rights) a respecta drepturile (cuiva) (to observe/respect/ obey a right); a fi n pas bun (to be in a good mood) a fi n pas proast (to be in a bad mood); drept ca secera (erect as a beaf) drept ca lumnarea (bolt upright, as straight as a taper/an arrow/a yard, erect as die/as a dart). Unii lingviti consider c ar exista i al patrulea tip, incluznd, de obicei, acele frazeologisme verbale, ce pot admite n structura lor adverbul negativ nu [191, p. 101-102]: a-i face btaie de cap (to have much ado) a nu-i face btaie de cap (not to have much ado); a fi trecut cu vederea (to be overlooked) a nu fi trecut cu vederea (not to be overlooked); a ajunge la nelegere (to reach an agreement with smb.) a nu ajunge la nelegere (not to reach an agreement with smb.); la doi pai (within a stones throw) nici la doi pai (not within a stones throw); ct lumea i pmntul (never to the end of time) nu e ct lumea i pmntul (not never to the end of time).

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Cercettoarea A. M. Emirova menioneaz c negaia nu (e) poate da natere cuplurilor antonimice frazeologice doar atunci cnd are valoare absolut. E vorba, de obicei, de anumi te cupluri adjectivale sau adverbiale precum: , ; etc. [apud 25, p.88] Atunci cnd adverbul nu (e) are statutul de a indica forme negative (n special la frazeologismele verbale), nu mai creaz raporturi opozante i, respectiv, nu poate contribui la formarea cuplurilor antonimice frazeologice. n exemple de tipul ; o o nu se creaz un raport de opoziie semantic, deoarece adverbul negativ e nu este obligatoriu, ci condiionat de context. [apud 25, p.88] Lingvistul M. I. Sidorenko menioneaz c e, ataat la frazeologisme de tipul , nu formeaz cupluri antonimice frazeologice, deoarece n asemenea situaii e are funcia lui de baz cea de negare, i nu de opozare. Avnd caracter obligatoriu de a nega o aciune, acest adverb nu schimb sensul general al frazeologismelor. [ apud 25, p.88] Cuplurile de tipul take the notice of take no notice of; pay attention to somebody pay no attention to somebody, sunt numite antonime frazeologice formate prin mijloace lexico-gramaticale. Frazeologul Gh. Colun consider c adverbul negativ nu, dac i pstreaz sensul i are funcia sa de baz cea de negaie nu formeaz cupluri antonimice. Aceast negaie nu influeneaz asupra sensului general al frazeologismelor i nu intr n structura frazeologismelor ca element component obligatoriu. [25, p. 88] Negaia nu are doar funcia de a nega ceva, de a crea forme negative, dar nu de a da natere raporturilor de opoziie semantic. [25, p. 88] n tez se susine prerea lingvistului Gh. Colun, deoarece i n limba englez, n general, introducerea negaiei no pe lng un frazeologism nu formeaz un cuplu antonimic frazeologic. Doar atunci, cnd intervin i unele criterii semantice, o pereche de frazeologisme cu negaia no este considerat antonimic: pay attention to somebody pay no attention to somebody, take notice of somebody take no notice of somebody. Rezolvarea definitiv a problemei ce ine de negaia nu n structura unor cupluri antonimice presupune o delimitare net dintre planul coninutului i planul formei unitilor lexicale i frazeologice. Se tie c planul coninutului i planul exprimrii nu ntotdeauna pot fi net difereniate.

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2.3. Tipologia structural-morfologic a antonimelor frazeologice Antonimia, ca fenomen lingvistic, presupune nu numai analiza contrastiv a semnificaiei frazeologismelor, ci i a mijloacelor de expresie a sensurilor frazeologice. n procesul cercetrii antonimiei frazeologice e necesar s se in cont de faptul c ntre sensul frazeologic i structura frazeologismelor exist o unitate organic i specific, deoarece nivelul frazeologic n orice limb formeaz un sistem aparte, propriu-zis. Specificul sensului frazeologic se manifest prin faptul c sensul frazeologismelor nu constituie o sum a sensurilor elementelor componente, ci reprezint o sintez complex a elementelor lingvistice, sociale, culturale etc. ale fiecrei limbi i, respectiv, ale fiecrui popor. Studierea contrastiv a antonimelor frazeologice n limbile romn i englez necesit o analiz paralel a tipologiei lor structurale n literatura de specialitate exist diferii termeni privind clasificarea antonimelor frazeologice n funcie de varietatea lor structural. Iat civa dintre ei: antonime frazeologice cu aceeai structur i antonime frazeologice cu diverse structuri; antonime frazeologice simple i antonime frazeologice compuse; antonimie frazeologic i antonimie lexico-frazeologic. n teza de fa sunt utilizai termenii antonime frazeologice cu structuri identice i antonime frazeologice cu structuri diverse. E. N. Miller, cercettor al antonimelor frazeologice din limba german, propune o alt clasificare: 1) antonime frazeologice cu structuri diferite; 2) antonime frazeologice cu aceleai structuri; i 3) antonime frazeologice cu structuri mixte, adic n seriile antonimice intr i frazeologisme cu aceleai structuri, i frazeologisme cu diferite structuri. [191, p. 84-84] A. I. Aliohina clasific antonimele frazeologice ale limbii engleze n dou grupe de baz: cu elemente lexicale diferite i cu aceleai elemente lexicale, care, la rndul lor, au cte 2-3 varieti. [188, p. 84-85] n teza de fa, antonimele frazeologice din limbile romn i englez se clasific, n funcie de structura lor gramatical, n dou clase mari: A) antonime frazeologice cu aceeai structur lexical sau antonime frazeologice avnd componeni identici; B) antonime frazeologice cu structuri lexicale diferite sau antonime frazeologice avnd componeni diferii.

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A. Antonime frazeologice avnd componeni identici n limbile romn i englez Antonimele frazeologice cu aceeai structur din limbile romn i englez reprezint o clas bine determinat de frazeologisme, care se deosebesc parial prin elementele lor componente, adic prin cuvintele ce intr n structura lor. De exemplu: a descoperi adevrul a ascunde adevrul; a fi n relaii bune a fi n relaii rele; a cdea la pat a se ridica de la pat; cu capul (n) jos cu capul (n) sus; fctor de bine fctor de rele; in cold blood (cu snge rece) in hot blood (cu sange fierbinte); good faith (cu bun credin) bad faith (cu rea credin); get the wrong saw by the ear (a o nimeri (ca Ieremia) cu oitea n gard) get the right saw by ear (a nimeri la fix/n plin). Prima trstur specific a perechilor antonimice de acest tip este faptul c, pe lng raportul de opoziie ce se stabilete ntre frazeologismele cuplului antonimic, ele se mai caracterizeaz i prin opoziii formale, externe, create de cuvintele ce nu coincid n cadrul cuplului respectiv. Deosebirile pot consta ntr-un cuvnt i, mai rar, n dou cuvinte din structura ambelor frazeologisme, ce formeaz un cuplu antonimic. Asemenea cuvinte n limba romn pot fi: drept stng, bun ru, gros subire, a nchide a deschide, a prinde a scpa, a cobor a urca, a clca cu piciorul drept a clca cu piciorul stng, a-i face nume bun a-i face nume ru, a nchide (cuiva) gura a deschide gura, iar n limba englez: wrong right; good bad; thick thin; shut open; shift hold; tighten loosen; to from; in out; up down; at home in public; thorns roses; behind ahead; of ivory of horn; clear as mud nimic clar clear as day clar ca bun ziua; a cool head linitit, cu snge rece hot head nfocat, cu snge iute. Lingvista A. I. Aliohina, pentru a evidenia trsturile distinctive, care contribuie la crearea sensurilor polare ale antonimelor frazeologice, a introdus termenul difereniator antonimic. [188, p. 8] Cu funcie de indicator formal al antonimiei sau ca difereniatori antonimici pot aprea anto nimele lexicale. n aceast calitate se utilizeaz diferite pri de vorbire semnificative: 1. Verbe: a agita spiritele a liniti spiritele; a aprecia dup merite a pedepsi dup merite; a-i scoate masca a-i pune masca; a da de bucluc a scpa de bucluc; a rpune viaa a drui viaa; a tia (cuiva) pofta de mncare a face (cuiva) poft de mncare; a-i tia (cuiva) aripile a da (cuiva) aripi; a bga n nevoi a scoate din nevoi; a-i veni apa la moar a lua ap de la moar; sink the shop (abstain from talking of, or in the language of ones business out of hours) talk shop (dwell upon business topics in social conversation, also to use business phraseology); keep ones countenance (maintain ones composure) lose 40

ones countenance (lose composure); control (or keep) ones temper (remain calm by an effort of will when one is tempted to become angry) a-i pstra calmul lose ones temper (become angry) a-i pierde calmul; throw off the mask (show ones real intentions and feelings) a-i da jos masca wear a mask (hide ones intentions and feelings) a-i pune masca; lose face (suffer a loss of reputation) a-i pierde prestigiul save ones face (escape shame or loss of reputation); shift ones ground (change ones arguments, intention or arguments) a iei cu faa curat; tighten the purse-strings (reduce expenditure) a strnge baierele pungii loosen the purse-strings (increase the expenditure) a desface baierele pungii. 2. Adjective: zdrobit de griji lipsit de griji; a avea mn larg a avea mn scurt; gras ca un pepene slab ca o scndur; bun de gur ru de gur; de neam bun de neam prost; a avea inim bun a avea inim rea; a avea gura cusut a avea gura spart; a avea limba scurt a avea limba lung; a avea punga plin a avea punga deart; a fi gros la pung a fi subire la pung; ajuns de cap greu de cap; deschis la minte sucit la minte; a fi sntos la minte a fi bolnav la minte; a fi uor de cap a fi greu de cap; foul play (treachery) joc murdar fair play (honest dealing) joc cinstit; with good grace (willingly and pleasently, readily) cu plcere with a bad grace (ungraciously, reluctantly, churlishly) cu neplcere; in good faith (with sincerity) cu bun credin in bad faith (deceit, treachery) cu rea credin; in cold blood (calmly, deliberately, without provocation, excitement or passion) cu snge rece in hot blood (in anger or passion) cu snge fierbinte; with a light heart (merrily, cheerfully) cu inima uoar with a heavy heart (sadly) cu inima grea; a crack (good or great) hand at something (experienced in, skillful in) a avea mn bun a bad (or poor) hand (not good at, poor performer) a avea mn rea; in bad (evil) part (unwillingly, be offended) bine dispus in good part (willingly, not to be offended) prost dispus; in an ill (evil) hour (unfortunately) n ceasul ru in a good (happy) hour (fortunately) la timpul potrivit; take in bad part (accept unwillingly, be offended) a o lua n nume de ru take in good part (receive without anger, not to be offended) a o lua n nume de bine; be slow in (or on) the uptake (slow to learn or understand) a fi greu de cap be quick in (or on) the uptake (quick to learn or understand) a-i merge mintea; get (or have) the right end of the stick (to understand a situation) get (or have) the wrong end of the stick (to misunderstand a situation); in good keep (well kept, in good condition) n form bun 41

in low keep (badly kept, in bad condition) n form proast; to have a thin skin (to be sensitive, or the reverse to criticism, insults) fi foarte sensibil to have a thick skin (to be insensitive to criticism, insults) a avea obrazul gros. 3. Substantive: a clca cu dreptul a clca cu stngul; a ajunge la cuite a ajunge la nelegere; a aduce (cuiva) suprri a aduce (cuiva) bucurii; a se acoperi de glorie a se acoperi de ocar; ct o bani ct un purice; a tri n belug a tri n datorii; clear as mud (not particularly lucid) clar ca noaptea clear as day (perfectly intelligible) limpede ca lumina zilei; a bed of roses (a pleasant, easy situation) a sta ca pe roze a bed of thorns (an unpleasant, difficult situation) a sta ca pe ghimpi; as welcome as flowers in May (heartily welcome) (plcut) ca ploaia n luna mai as welcome as a storm (as snow in harvest) (said of any undesired guest) ca sarea-n ochi; wash ones dirty linen in public (talk or write openly about unpleasant or disagreeable happenings in ones own home) a-i spla rufele-n public wash ones dirty linen at home (say nothing in public about family affairs, disputes or scandals) a-i spla rufele-n familie. 4. Adverbe substantivizate: a lua (pe cineva) cu binele a lua (pe cineva) cu rul; a o lua pe coarda de jos a o ine pe coarda de sus; a fi bine vzut a fi ru vzut; a o brodi bine a o brodi ru; a clca strmb a clca drept; a se avea de bine (cu cineva) a se avea de ru (cu cineva); a ajunge bine a ajunge ru; a arta bine a arta ru; a face bine a face ru; a termina ru a termina bine; a dormi tun a dormi iepurete; play ones cards well (conduct affairs with judgment and discretion) a fi priceput play ones cards badly (conduct affairs without judgment and discretion) a fi nepriceput; be (run) ahead of ones ticket a obine cel mai mare numr de voturi (pe lista partidului su) be (run) behind ones ticket a obine cel mai mic numr de voturi (pe lista partidului su); come up in the world a ajunge bine/mare come down in the world a ajunge ru/a decdea. 5. Numerale: de mna ntia de mna a doua; din prima surs de la o ter persoan (surs); play first fiddle a fi prima vioar, a avea funcie de conducere play second fiddle a fi a doua vioar, a ocupa funcii secundare; at first hand din prima surs at second hand din sursa a doua, din auzite. n romn i englez se ntlnesc puine antonime frazeologice, care ar avea ca difereniator antonimic numerale. Numrul antonimelor frazeologice de acest fel este cam acelai n ambele limbi. 6. Prepoziii: a face cu gust a face fr gust; a ridica din scaun a ridica n scaun. 42

 in (into) out of: be in the swim be out of swim; get into somebodys clutches get out of somebodys clutches; be in tune be out of tune; in case (in good case) out of case; be in ones element be out of ones element; in good humour out of humour; in character out of character; in (good, strong etc.) heart out of heart; in play out of play; in collar out of collar; in blood out of blood; in pocket out of pocket; be in harmony with something be out of harmony with something; in season out of season; be in keeping with something be out of keeping with something; be in the running be out of running; in good (high) spirits out of spirits; against with: swim against the stream swim with the stream; on off: be on the ones guard be off ones guard; on the map off the map; be (or remain) on the bit be off the bit; be on the air be off the air; out of within: keep out of bounds keep within the bounds; up to out of: up to date out of date; within beyond: keep within the bounds go beyond the bounds; out off: ones day out ones day off; off to: off the point to the point. Nu toate frazeologismele ns care au aceleai elemente componente i prepoziii antonimice formeaz cupluri antonimice. Condiia de baz este ca aceste perechi s stabileasc un raport opoziional al sensurilor frazeologice de care dispun. Pentru confirmare putem aduce urmtoarele cupluri de frazeologisme: be in the balance a fi n stare critic, a fi supus unei primejdii i be off the balance a-i pierde linitea sufleteasc, a-i pierde echilibru. Cu toate c n componena acestor frazeologisme exist prepoziiile in off, frazeologismele nu formeaz un cuplu antonimic, deoarece lipsete nucleul semantic, care ar permite s fie comparate. Noiunile a fi n stare critic i a-i pierde linitea sufleteasc nu se afl la poli semantici opui. n unele cupluri, utilizarea prepoziiilor constituie un difereniator antonimic suplimentar: a aduce la putere a scoate de la putere, a-i bga n cap a-i scoate din cap; get into somebodys clutches get out of somebodys clutche, be on the air be off the air. 7. n limba englez, spre deosebire de limba romn, un difereniator antonimic poate fi i adverbul negativ no. n asemenea cupluri antonimice, purttor al negaiei formale este al doilea frazeologism, care include n structura sa negaia no. Primul frazeologism are form afirmativ. S se compare urmtoarele cupluri: to make much account of something (a acorda o (mare) atenie 43

(cuiva)) to make no account of something (a nu acorda nicio atenie (cuiva)); by all (manner of) means (neaprat, indiferent ce se va ntmpla) by no (manner of) means (n niciun caz, sub niciun pretext); by any means (cu orice mijloace, cu orice pre) by no means (n niciun caz, sub niciun pretext, sub nicio form); pay attention to somebody (a atrage atenia (cuiva)) pay somebody no attention (a nu atrage atenia (cuiva)). Astfel, in limba romn exist dou mijloace de difereniere formal a cuplurilor antonimice frazeologice cu aceeai structur: 1) antonimele lexicale i 2) prepoziiile antonimice, pe cnd n limba englez se atest trei difereniatori formali antonimici pentru cuplurile antonimice frazeologice cu aceeai componen lexical: 1) antonimele lexicale; 2) prepoziiile antonimice; i 3) adverbul negativ no.

B. Antonime frazeologice avnd componeni diferii n limbile romn i englez Antonimele frazeologice cu elemente lexicale diferite au n structura lor un numr diferit de elemente componente. Respectiv, difer i structurile lor gramaticale: a bate la ochi a nu atrage atenia; a fi (a se afla) n dui buni a nu-i fi (cuiva) toi boii acas; a avea (a fi cu) ca la gur a fi nins de ani; ct frunz i iarb ct e negrul bobului; srac lipit pmntului a fi putred de bogat; a-i feteli obrazul a scpa basma curat; a avea gur de aur a nu putea ncurca nici dou vorbe; foc de harnic lene fr pereche; a muri de rs a plnge cu lacrimi amare; a-i zmbi norocul a-i fi norocul trcat; la o arunctur de b peste nou mri i nou ri; keep a calm sough (a tcea, a vorbi puin) talk nineteen to dozen (twenty or forty) (a-i toca gura ca o meli, a vorbi ca o moar stricat); be in harmony with (a fi (a se afla) n armonie, n nelegere, a corespunde, a se potrivi) be out of tune with something (a nu corespunde, a nu fi n armonie); be in keeping with something (a fi n armonie (cu cineva), a corespunde (cuiva) be at odds with something (a nu fi n armonie, a nu corespunde, a nu se mbina); be down in the mouth (a fi ntr-o stare deprimat, a fi cuprins de o adnc melancolie) be of good cheer (a fi bine dispus, a avea dispoziie bun); be in good (high) spirits (a avea o dispoziie bun, a avea dispoziie ridicat) be in the dumps (a fi trist, deprimat, a nu avea dispoziie ); be safe and sound (viu i sntos, ntreg i nevtmat) be out of health (a fi bolnav); be alive and kicking (viu i sntos, ntreg i nevtmat)

44

 be under the weather (a fi bolnav, a se simi ru); be in good health (a fi sntos) to feel sick (a se simi bolnav). Antonime frazeologice n contexte: Keep a calm sough... hear every mans counsel, and keep tour own. (W. Scott, T. A., p. 704) At a tea-time he came down to the drawing-room, and found them talking, as he expressed it, nineteen to the dozen. (J. Galsworthy, T. M. P., p. 225) While I write this I well know that what I say... will be taken as a straining at gnats... (A. Trollope, A. A., p. 317) When, having achieved success as a dramatist, I determined to devote the rest of my life to playwriting I reckoned without my hast. (W. S. Maugham, T. S. U., p. 400) Was he in perfectly good health at the time? (A. Christie, A. E. T., p. 54) I thought I felt a little sick. (W. S. Maugham, T. L. E., p. 98) I was in high spirits when once more I got out of the train at Blackstable. (W. S. Maugham,C. A., p. 97) She looked healthy and high spirits. (W. S. Maugham, A. C. A., p. 186) You couldnt help noticing it because hed always had such high spirits. (W. S. Maugham, A. C. A., p. 207) Talpa iadului, cum aude despre aceast minunie, trimite slujnica degrab s-i cheme femeia. (I. Creang, P., p. 29) tiam eu c dumneata eti o buntate de om i ai s-i dai. Era odat un zgrcit... ferfenios nct ai fi crezut c-i srac lipit pmntului. (N. Gane, N., p. 103) Era ncntat c i vorbete att de prietenos un om putred de bogat (C. Petrescu, A., p. 65) 45

Politica m-a respins... moia produce puin... am dou fete de mritat... i uite c-mi fetelir obrazul, iar de curat, cine m cur? (N. ic, G., p. 48) Nu tiu ce-a pit primul ministru; cred c n-a fost dezonorat, fiindc mai trziu, n coala militar de la Sibiu, o sal de cursuri i purta numele. Feciorul lui mi se pare c a ieit basma curat. (R. Tudoran, R. F. T., p. 96) Privea de departe vlmagul acela i se omora de rs. (I. Creang, P., p. 29) neleg c-i zadarnic a vrsa lacrimi amare. (Al. Vlahu, P., p. 87) Alung mndria ta, cci norocul i rde din toate prile. Logic ar fi ca pe proti s-i prseasc norocul, dar se ntmpl adesea ca logica s fie nvins de noroc. Grania era la o arunctur de b, trecea prin spatele grdinii de zarzavat a podarului Cristofor. (D.R. Popescu, P. D. G., p. 86) i merg ei ce merg, cale lung s le-ajung, trecnd peste apte mri i peste apte ri. (I . Creang, S., p. 197) Antonimele frazeologice cu structuri diferite pot fi divizate n dou clase mari: 1. Antonime frazeologice cu structuri lexicale complet diferite: a fi tare de inim a se teme i de umbra lui; a-i pune (bine) burta la cale a nu lua nici nafur n gur; a nu pune nici pictur n gur a avea darul beiei; a fi stul tob a avea burta lipit de spate; a crpa de ciud a-i rde inima de bucurie; in full blast (or plag) a-i merge (cuiva) din plin on ones last legs a-i merge (cuiva) rau; call a spade a spade a spune lucrurilor pe nume beat about the bush a umbla cu fofrlica. 2. Antonime frazeologice cu structuri lexicale diferite, dar care au i unele coincidene pariale de structur: a avea ureche fin a avea urechi de srm; a avea mn larg a fi strns la mn; a avea gura de aur ru de gur; a avea gura cusut a fi cu gura mare; (a fi) cu punga groas 46

a avea punga deart; a avea grune n cap a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap; fishy eye privire fr via eyes like gimlets privire ptrunztoare, privire plin de via; feel like a fish out of water a nu fi (a nu se simi) n apele sale feel like a million dollars a se simi n largul su. Antonimele frazeologice cu structuri lexicale diferite, dar care coincid parial pot avea: a. Un component comun: a o duce de azi pe mine a o duce n petreceri; a fi cu ochii n patru a fi cu ochii legai; bun de limb a avea pr pe limb; a dormi tun a dormi somnul iepurelui; a-i fi drag ca ochii din cap a fi drag ca sarea-n ochi; a ajunge mare i tare a ajunge cal de pot; a fi surd de-o ureche a avea ureche fin; a o duce de minune a o duce greu; a avea mn larg a fi strns la mn; a fi bun la inim a avea inim neagr; a fi plin de parale a nu avea nicio para chioar; a fi chitit la minte a avea minte de vrabie; with half of heart fr interes, fr plcere, fr entuziasm with all ones heart (and soul) din toat inima, din tot sufletul; a bitter (hard) pill to swallow pilul amar, coated pill (sugar coated, sweetened pill) pilul dulce; ride at single anchor a risca, a nu lua msuri de precauie cast (have or lay) an anchor to a lua msuri de precauie; go wide of the mark a nu fi n esen, departe de adevr, a nimeri cu oitea n gard hit the mark a nimeri n int, a avea succes; be flush of money (be made of money, have money to burn, wallow in money, stink of (with) money, be in the money a aduna bani cu lopata, a se sclda n aur, e putred de bogat be hard pressed (pushed) for money a fi n pan de bani; play fast and lose with a face un joc necinstit, dublu, a nu fi cinstit play fair (play the game) a face un joc cinstit; lose ones temper a-i pierde stpnirea de sine sooth ones nerves a-i potoli nervii; lose ones nerve a-i pierde stpnirea de sine pull oneself together a se calma. b. Dou componente comune: a fi sleit de puteri a fi n toat puterea; cu urechi de bumbac a avea urechi de lup; plin de bani plin de bani ca broasca de pr; a tri ca cinele la stn a tri ca cinele i pisica; be as good as ones word (be better than ones word) a-i ine cuvntul, a fi stpn pe cuvintele sale be worse than ones word (break ones word, depart from ones word, go back ones word) a-i nclca cuvntul, a nu-i ine cuvntul; feel like a fighting cock a tri n lux, a tri ca n snul lui Avraam feel like a boiled rag a fi complet ruinat. n ambele limbi mai numeroase sunt antonimele frazeologice cu un component comun. Numrul antonimelor frazeologice cu dou componente comune e restrns. Att n limba romn, ct i n limba englez, element component comun al antonimelor frazeologice poate fi: 47

1. Verbul: a aduce (pe cineva) la via a trimite (pe cineva) pe lumea cealalt; a-i feteli obrazul a scpa basma curat; a dormi adnc a nu nchide un ochi; a nu pune nici pictur n gur a bea pn d n bot; a avea urechi de lup a fi surd de-o ureche; a crpa (a muri, a plesni) de ciud a-i crete inima n piept (de bucurie); go it with a (or the) looseness (or rush) a face pe negndite, fr a fi atent, a da dovad de nereinere go easy on something a da dovad de mult atenie fa de cineva; play fast and loose a face un joc necinstit, dublu play fair (play the game) a face un joc cinstit, a proceda cinstit. Pentru antonimele frazeologice din limba romn nu e specific o structur, un model structural predominant. Structura antonimelor frazeologice, n care difereniatorul formal este un verb, este foarte variat. De exemplu: a spune cte-n lun i stele a tcea chitic; a-i tia (cuiva) aripile a da (cuiva) aripi; a-i face btaie de cap a nu-l ajunge nici vntul rece; a fi tare de inim a se teme i de umbra lui; count for nothing (count for little) a nu avea nicio nsemntate (importan) count for a great deal (or for much) a avea o mare nsemntate (importan); feel like a fighting cock a fi n form, a fi gata pentru lupt feel like a boiled a se simi foarte slab, nvins; feel like a fish out of water a se simi ca petele pe uscat, a nu fi n apele sale feel like a million dollars a se simi ca petele n ap. 2. Substantivul: a fi n al aptelea cer a fi pe muchie de cuit; a fi plin de via mic de zile; bun de gur a avea limb lat; a fi scump la vorb a avea limb lung; a fi (om) cu cap a fi cu sticlei n cap; be flush of money a aduna banii cu lopata, a se neca n aur be hard pressed (or pushed) a fi srac lipit pmntului, a nu avea nicio para chioar; be as good as ones word a-i ine cuvntul, a fi stpn pe cuvntul su break ones word a-i clca cuvntul, a nu-i ine cuvntul. Att n limba romn, ct i n limba englez prevaleaz antonimele frazeologice cu structuri lexicale diferite. De exemplu: ca prul pe broasc ct frunz i iarb; a fi putred de bogat a fi srac lipit pmntului; hang on to somebodys sleeve (be dependent on somebody) (a fi total dependent de cineva, a fi celuul (cuiva)) paddle ones own canoe (rely on ones own efforts) (a nu fi dependent de cineva); be well off (be very rich) (putred de bogat) be as poor as a church mouse (be very poor) (srac ca oarecele de biseric). Antonimele frazeologice cu elemente componente diferite, n funcie de trsturile lor lexicogramaticale, se afl n raport de coresponden cu diverse pri de vorbire.

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a. Antonimele frazeologice verbale sunt alctuite din dou i mai multe elemente componente. Componena lexical i structura gramatical a cuplurilor antonimice este variat. 1. V + N a aduce la via 2. V + Prep. + N a aduce pe lume 3. V + Prep. + N a plesni de ciud 4. V + (Adv.) + N + Prep. + N a nu pune (nici) pictur n gur 5. V + Adv. a tri boierete 6. V + ca + N + Prep. + N a tri ca gina la moar V + Prep. + N + N a trimite pe lumea cealalt V + Prep. + N + N a conduce pe ultimul drum V + N + Prep. + N a-i crete inima n piept V + Adv. a bea vrtos V + ca + N + Prep. + N a tri ca dracul n spini V + Prep. + N a tri din milostenii

Iat care sunt structurile cuplurilor antonimice frazeologice n limba englez: 1. V + N to weather the storm 2. V + N to take a (the) lead 3. V + N to miss the bus 4. V + Prep. + N (+ Prep.) fly in the face (of) 5. V + ones + N hold (stand) ones ground 6. V + Prep. + to somebodys + N hang on to somebodys sleeve 7. V + N + Prep. + N have (hold) a wolf by the ear V + Prep. + N go on the rocks V+A+N take a back seat V + Pron. + N to explore every avenue V + Prep. + ones + N draw (pull) in ones horns V + A + and + A blow hot and cold V + ones + A + N paddle ones own canoe V + Prep. + N get out of the wood

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8. V + ones + N feather ones nest 9. V + ones + N take ones time 10. V + N bury the hatchet

V + Prep. + N go to the dogs V + N + Prep. + N catch time by the fore-lock V + A + Prep; V + A + N fall foul of; part brass rags

Unele verbe din componena antonimelor frazeologice din ambele limbi i mai pstreaz sensul lexical de baz, n alte frazeologisme verbele se desemantizeaz, obinnd sensuri figurate, frazeologice. n ambele cazuri el indic corespondena frazeologismelor cu verbul. Particularitile morfologice ale verbului sunt mai ample dect ale celorlalte elemente componente, el avnd, cu anumite excepii, ntreaga paradigm morfologic, adic poate realiza categoriile morfologice ale modului, timpului, persoanei, numrului etc., iar mpreun cu celelalte elemente componente ndeplinete funcia sintactic de predicat verbal simplu. Substantivele din componena antonimelor frazeologice verbale romneti se utilizeaz, de obicei, cu forme de singular, cazul acuzativ, forma nehotrt (la via, pe lume, de ciud, n piept, la fa etc.). Se ntlnesc, mai rar, i substantive la forma hotrt, dar tot la numrul singular, cazul acuzativ: pe lumea, ca gina, ca pmntul. Aceste substantive constituie elemente componente ale unor comparaii (negru ca pmntul). Substantivele din structura antonimelor frazeologice verbale din limba englez pot avea paradigma morfologic complet, parial sau zero. Deci substantivele pot fi invariabile (paradigma zero): hang on to somebodys sleeve paddle ones own canoe. Substantivele subliniate se ntrebuineaz numai la singular. n structura primului frazeologism din perechea antonimic de mai jos substantivul se utilizeaz doar cu forma de singular, iar n al doilea frazeologism al cuplului numai cu forma de plural: fly in the face of pull (draw) in ones horns. Substantivul din componena primului frazeologism de mai jos poate avea p aradigma complet a numrului: dip (put) ones finger (fingers) in something, iar substantivul din al doilea frazeologism al cuplului antonimic poate fi utilizat doar cu paradigma zero: leave the field open. b. Antonimele frazeologice adverbiale ale limbii romne au cele mai variate structuri, care nu coincid ntotdeauna cu structurile antonimelor frazeologice adverbiale ale limbii engleze. Prezentm mai jos modelele principale.

50

1. N + Conj. + N ct frunz i iarb 2. N + Prep. + N ct pr n cap 3. N + Prep. + N ct papur n balt 4. Prep. + N + Conj. + N cte-n lun i stele 5. N + Prep. + N cte stele pe cer 6. N + V + N ct i cere inima 7. N + V + N ct i poate cojocul 1. Prep. + ones + N to ones teeth 2. Prep. + Num. + N on second thoughts 3. Prep. + Ns + N at arms length 4. Prep. + N to the fore, on the deck

V + Prep. + N ct ai pune pe-o msea V + Prep. + N ct va curge printre degete V+N+N ct e negrul bobului N + Prep. + N ct negru sub unghie N + Prep. + N ct pr n palm V + Prep. + N ct va curge printre degete N + Prep. + N ci iepuri n biseric Prep. + ones + N behind ones back Prep. + N + Prep. + N on the spur of the moment Prep. + A + N at close quarters Prep. + N + Prep. + N at the back of good-speed, at the ends of the earth

Analiza structurii elementelor componente ale antonimelor frazeologice adverbiale romneti, a demonstrat c topica componenilor este parial liber i nu fix, ca n limba englez. De exemplu, frazeologismele: ct va curge printre degete, ct ai pune pe-o msea, ct i cere inima, ct cojocul i poate pot fi utilizate i cu topic modificat: ct printre degete va curge, ct pe-o msea ai pune, ct inima i cere, ct i poate cojocul.

51

O trstur specific a antonimelor frazeologice adverbiale romneti este faptul c n structura lor nu apar adverbe, ci alte pri de vorbire: substantive, adjective, numerale, verbe, prepoziii i conjuncii. Analiza elementelor componente ale antonimelor frazeologice adverbiale din limba romn a demonstrat c schimbarea componenilor frazeologismelor e imposibil, cu excepia variantelor frazeologice. Categoriile morfologice ale substantivelor sunt stabile: ele se utilizeaz sau numai cu forme de plural, sau numai cu forme de singular. Adjectivele au, de obicei, structura gradului pozitiv. Substantivele din limba romn sunt utilizate n structura antonimelor frazeologice adverbiale cu ambele forme de numr: ct pr n cap ct va curge printre degete. Predomin substantivele la cazul acuzativ, forma nehotrt: ct frunz i iarb ct ai pune pe-o msea. Se ntlnesc ns, mai rar, i substantive la cazul nominativ, forma hotrt: ct i poate cojocul i, foarte rar, substantivele au forma cazului genitiv, forma hotrt: ct papur n balt ct e negrul bobului. n componena antonimelor frazeologice adverbiale apar adjective doar cu anumite excepii i au forme de singular, gradul pozitiv: cte-n lun i n stele ct negru sub unghie. Uneori adjectivul se substantivizeaz: ct papur n balt ct e negrul bobului. O alt trstur a antonimelor frazeologice adverbiale din limba romn, care formeaz cupluri antonimice, este c ele nu pot forma grade de comparaie. Antonimele frazeologice adverbiale ale limbii engleze constituie, n general, mbinri de cuvinte al cror prim element component este o prepoziie. Prezena prepoziiei este un indicator formal al apartenenei acestor frazeologisme la clasa lexico-gramatical a adverbelor sau a adjectivelor. Prepoziiile cuplului antonimic pot fi aceleai sau pot fi diferite, dar ele sunt constante pentru exprimarea semnificaiilor concrete ale frazeologismelor din cadrul cuplului antonimic. De exemplu: at at, on on, on in, in out, on at. Elementele componente din mijlocul frazeologismelor pot fi: substantive, adjective, numerale sau substantive cu prepoziie. Elementele componente finale sunt, de obicei, substantive (nume). c. Cuplurile de antonime frazeologice adjectivale din limba romn sunt mult mai variate din punct de vedere structural. Prezentm cele mai productive structuri. 1. N + ca (ct) + N lung (nalt) ct o prjin 2. N + ca (ct) + N nalt ct o prjin Prep. + N + N pn la pintenul cocoului N + V + N + Prep. + N i mnnc raele din buzunare 52

3. V + Prep. + N + Prep. + N a avea (a fi cu) ca la gur 4. Adv. + V(N) + N + Prep. + N nc nu i-a czut caul de la gur 5. N + Prep. + N + Prep. + N sprc cu ca la gur 6. V + N + Prep. + N a avea dini de lapte 7. Prep. + N + Prep. + N cu muci la nas 8. V(part.) + Prep. + N ieit din fa 9. V + Adv. + Prep. + N + Prep. + N e nc cu muci la nas 10. V + N + Prep. + (Prep. + N) a fi puior cu ca (pe botior) 11. V(part.) + Prep. + N a fi rupt de oboseal 12. V + Prep. + N + N a fi la captul puterilor 13. V + Prep. + N a fi la limit 14. V(part.) + Prep. + N a fi sleit de puteri

N + V + Prep. + N i-a nins n barb V + Prep. + N a fi nins de ani V(part.) + Prep. + N + N btut de bruma vremii Prep. + N + N n amurgul vieii Prep. + N + N n iarna vieii V + Adv. + Prep. + N nins nainte de vreme N+N lup btrn V + N + Prep. + N a avea ani de patriarh V + Prep. + N a fi n putere V + N + ca + N a fi tare ca piatra V+N+N a avea inim verde V + Adv. + N + N + Prep. + N a avea nc multe coarde la arc

Cuplurile de antonime frazeologice adjectivale din limba englez sunt mai puin variate dect cele din limba romn. Prezentm cele mai variate structuri: 1. as + A + as + N as light as a feather as slow as a snail as sharp as a needle as + A + as + N as heavy as a lead as brisk as a bee as blind as a bat (as bettle, brick-bat, mole, owl) 53

yielding as wax 2. V + NP(Noun Phrase) to be open minded 3. V + Prep. + Pron. + N to be in ones youth

firm (steady) as a rock V + NP(Noun Phrase) to be narrow minded V + Prep. + N + N to be in the dust of the life

Analiza tipologiei structurale a antonimelor frazeologice adjectivale din limba romn demonstreaz c n structura frazeologismelor ce formeaz cupluri antonimice intr cele mai diverse pri de vorbire: adjective, substantive, numerale, pronume, verbe, adverbe, prepoziii. Adjectivele se utilizeaz, de obicei, avnd forma iniial: genul masculin, numrul singular, cazul nominativ, gradul pozitiv: lung ca prjina, a fi tare ca piatra. Nu sunt excluse cazurile cnd adjectivele i schimb forma de gen sau de numr: lung ca o prjin, a fi tari ca piatra. Substantivele au, de obicei, forma numrului singular a avea (a fi cu) ca la gur, i-a nins n barb, a fi n putere. Se folosesc ns i formele de plural: i mnnc raele din buzunare, a fi sleit de puteri, a avea nc multe coarde la arc. Cele mai multe substantive sunt la cazul acuzativ, forma nehotrt: a avea ca la gur, a fi nins de ani, a avea dini de lapte, bo cu ochi, a fi rupt de oboseal. Mai rar, unele substantive sunt la cazul genitiv, forma hotrt: pn la pintenul cocoului, n iarna vieii, a fi la captul puterilor. Dac substantivele sunt urmate de cuvinte determinative, ele au forma hotrt a cazului acuzativ: nc nu i-a czut caul de la gur, btut de bruma vremii, n amurgul vieii, n iarna vieii. O trstur specific a antonimelor frazeologice adjectivale din limba romn este faptul c n structura unor frazeologisme intr i unele verbe: i mnnc raele din buzunar, i-a nins n barb, a-l ninge nainte de vreme, a avea ani de patriarh, a fi la limit. Verbele respective i pierd n componena acestor frazeologisme capacitatea de a reda o aciune propriu-zis. Ele indic doar un rezultat al aciunilor respective. Acest lucru se observ i mai bine n frazeologismele ce au ca elemente componente verbe la participiu: btut de bruma vremii, (a fi) rupt de oboseal, (a fi) sleit de puteri. Att formele personale ale verbelor, ct i cele impersonale, cu toate c i mai pstreaz sensul de baz, au obinut, sub influena celorlalte elemente ale frazeologismelor, sensuri noi, abstracte, apropiate de sensul frazeologic. De aceea ntregul frazeologism nu mai red o aciune sau o stare, ci caliti, nsuiri, constituind astfel frazeologisme adjectivale.

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Printre antonimele frazeologice adjectivale ale limbii engleze prevaleaz cele comparative de tipul as + A + as + N. Specific pentru antonimele frazeologice adjectivale comparative este faptul c ele conin trei elemente componente: 1) elementul care se compar; 2) calitatea obiectului; i 3) obiectul cu care se face comparaie. Uneori apar numai dou elemente. De exemplu, frazeologismul as clear as a bell include dou elemente ale comparaiei: 1) calitatea (clear) i 2) obiectul cu care se face comparaia. Primul element al comparaiei de tipul as + adjectiv + as + substantiv este ntotdeauna un adjectiv calitativ, iar al doilea component un substantiv la numrul singular. n structura unor antonime frazeologice adjectivele sunt antonime lexicale. De exemplu: as light as a feather (uor ca un fulg) as heavy as a lead (greu ca plumbul) (antonime: light heavy); as weak as water (slab, fr putere) as strong as a horse (tare ca piatra) (antonime: weak strong); as soft as butter (moale ca untul) as hard as stone (tare ca piatra) (antonime: soft hard). Cu toate c ntre componentele secundare substantive nu se stabilete un raport de antonimie, se observ totui anumite legturi ntre sensurile lor. Aceste relaii sunt condiionate de cmpurile semantice comune din care fac parte substantivele. A se compara feather lead semnific greutatea, water horse semnific fora, butter stone semnific noiuni elastice: tare moale. Prezentm i alte exemple de antonime frazeologice adjectivale comparative din limba englez: as slow as a snail (sau a tortoise) ncet, lent as brisk as a bee (as nimble as a squirrel) iute, iste; as sharp as a needle care ptrunde adnc n esena lucrurilor, ptrunztor as blind as a bat (as bettle, brick-bat, mole, owl) orb, care nu observ ce se face n jur; yielding as wax supus, care cedeaz repede firm (steady) as a rock care nu poate fi convins, care nu cedeaz. Printre particularitile morfologice ale antonimelor frazeologice adjectivale comparative am putea meniona prezena substantivelor cu forme de singular, cu articolul nehotrt, mai rar, cu forme de plural. Prezena articolului poate fi explicat prin caracterul lui generalizator n mbinrile date. d. Antonimele frazeologice substantivale din ambele limbi au urmtoarele modele structurale: 1. N + N hda satului 2. N + Prep. + N urciune de om 3. N + Prep. + N N + Prep. + N o mndree de fat N + Prep. + N o grdin de om N+N 55

bo cu ochi

lup btrn

1. A + N bad character, bad egg forlorn hope fair play low tea 2. N + Prep. + N ass in grain a bird in the bush a bed of roses 3. A + N gay bird hot air old bird great lion lean (light, short, slender) purse strong meat

N + Prep. + N son of a bitch, good sport, man of man a tower of strength full play high tea Ns + N nobodys full a bird in the hand a bed of thorns N+N dull beggar straight tip spring chicken the man in the street mint of money milk for babies

n limba romn elementele componente ale antonimelor frazeologice substantivale au topic fix. n structura acestui tip de antonime frazeologice intr, de obicei, substantive i, mai rar, adjective sau pronume. Substantivele au paradigma morfologic zero, adic nu-i schimb forma dup numr, caz i alte categorii morfologice. Antonimele frazeologice substantivale din limba englez au, de asemenea, o topic fix. Substantivele din componena acestor frazeologisme se caracterizeaz prin paradigma zero, adic substantivele nu-i schimb forma dup numr, caz etc. n limba romn numrul antonimelor frazeologice substantivale cu structuri diferite este mai mic dect n limba englez. n concluzie, se cere de menionat c, n funcie de mijloacele de exprimare a sensurilor contrare, antonimele frazeologice se clasific att n limba romn, ct i n limba englez n dou clase: 1) antonime frazeologice cu aceeai structur; i 2) antonime frazeologice cu structuri diferite. 56

Antonimele frazeologice cu aceeai structur de tipul a fi n relaii bune a fi n relaii rele, cu capul (n) jos cu capul (n) sus; a cdea la pat a se ridica de la pat; good faith bad faith; do somebody a good turn do somebody a bad turn; in cold blood in hot blood se deosebesc ntre ele n funcie de structur printr-un element component, mai rar dou. Asemenea elemente sunt, de obicei, cuvinte antonime: bune rele, jos sus, a cdea a se ridica, good bad, cold hot. Alteori, cu valoare de element difereniator, apar cuvinte ce fac parte din acelai cmp lexico-semantic. Difereniatorii antonimici pot fi: 1) verbele: a-i scoate masca a-i pune masca; keep ones countenance (maintain ones composure) lose ones countenance (lose composure); 2) adjective: bun de gur ru de gur; foul play (treachery) fair play (honest dealing); 3) substantive: a aduce suprri a aduce bucurii; clear as mud (not particularely lucid) clear as day (perfectly intelligible); 4) adverbe: a arta bine a arta ru; come up in the world come down in the world; 5) prepoziii: a face cu gust a face fr gust; be in the swim be out of swim. Spre deosebire de limba englez, n care exist trei difereniatori formali antonimici 1) antonimele lexicale, 2) prepoziiile antonimice, 3) adverbul negativ no, n limba romn se utilizeaz doar doi difereniatori formali 1) antonimele lexicale i 2) prepoziiile antonimice. Antonimele frazeologice cu structuri diferite se clasific la rndul lor n dou subclase: 1. Antonime frazeologice care se deosebesc complet dup stuctura lexical: a fi n dui buni a nu-i fi toi boii acas; ct frunz i iarb ct e negrul bobului; foc de harnic lene fr pereche; a bate la ochi a nu atrage atenia; in full swing on ones last legs; call a spade beat about the bush; a tower of strength broken reed, a man of straw. 2. Antonime frazeologice cu structuri diferite, dar care, parial, coincid dup structur, adic au un element component comun, mai rar, dou: a o duce de azi pe mine a o duce n petreceri; a fi surd de-o ureche a avea ureche fin; bun de limb a avea pr pe limb; a tri ca cinele la stn a tri ca cinele i pisica; feel like a fighting cook feel like a boiled rag; fishy eye eyes like gimlets; feel like a fish out of water feel like a million of dollars. 2.4. Seriile antonimice frazeologice i seriile sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice Dup cum s-a menionat deja, difereniatorul antonimic constituie indicele formal la delimitarea sensurilor antonimelor frazeologice. Sensurile diverselor frazeologisme se consider antonimice, dac diferena a dou sensuri se afl n raport semantic opus, polar. Sensurile polare reprezint un rezultat al evoluiilor semantice i funcionale ale frazeologismelor. Dac exist acest raport semantic polar, atunci 57

frazeologismele respective se afl n relaie antonimic. Crearea i existena seriilor antonimice frazeologice n orice limb demonstreaz prezena caracterului sistematic constant n frazeologie. Difereniatorul antonimic se stabilete n funcie de caracterul corelaiei sensurilor frazeologismelor. Diversitatea corelaiilor ce exist ntre diferite obiecte i fenomene din lumea nconjurtoare i cuvintele sau frazeologismele ce le numesc se rsfrnge n mod direct i asupra caracterului opoziiilor antonimice. Astfel, relaiile antonimice se pot stabili ntre sensurile a dou frazeologisme, care numesc aceleai fenomene i obiecte ori aciuni i le caracterizeaz din acelai punct de vedere. Relaiile antonimice se stabilesc i ntre dou sensuri, ce se refer la diverse obiecte i fenomene. Astfel, n lumea nconjurtoare exist fenomene ale realitii, care, din punct de vedere logic, pot fi concepute numai n raport de contrapunere, cu toate c fac parte din acelai domeniu al activitii umane. Un oarecare x se contrapune numai cu y, adic unul l presupune numaidect pe al doilea i, respectiv, i gsete expresie n dou sau mai multe uniti opoziionale ale limbii. De exemplu: a-i scoate (a-i lepda) masca a-i da pe fa firea sau inteniile ascunse i a-i pune masca a-i ascunde inteniile sau firea adevrat; a descoperi adevrul a scoate la lumin ceva ascuns i a ascunde adevrul a tinui ceva bine cunoscut de alii; foul play joc necinstit fair play joc cinstit; merry as a cricket (sau as a grig, as a marriage-bell) plin de via i as dull as ditch-water lipsit de via; in bad faith necinstit i in good faith cinstit; make a clear breast of something a spune totul de-a fir-a-pr poate fi opus frazeologismului beat about the bush a umbla cu fofrlica, a nu spune lucrurilor pe nume. Relaiile antonimice de mai sus pot fi exprimate astfel: xy Alte fenomene ale realitii, concepute logic ca fapte opoziionale, pot s se afle n corelaie cu cteva fenomene i aceasta, la rndul su, se reflect asupra antonimiei contrapunerilor. De exemplu, dac x se opune lui y, acelai x se poate opune i lui z. De exemplu: x) a fi tare de inim y) a fi fricos ca un iepure z) a se teme i de umbra lui; x) to lower the colours y) to hoist the flag z) to show the colours. Relaiile respective se redau astfel: xyz Frazeologismele a) a cobor din scaun b) a ridica din scaun c) a scoate din scaun (din domnie) se opun semantic frazeologismelor: d) a urca (sui) la domnie e) a ridica n scaun f) a nla n scaun. 58

Frazeologismele: a) let the cat out of the bag a vorbi prea mult, a spune un secret; b) spill the beans a transmite un secret, a vorbi peste msur de mult; c) blow the gab (sau the gaff) a vorbi prea mult, vrute i nevrute se opun semantic frazeologismelor; d) close ones mouth, keep ones mouth close or shut a-i ine limba dup dini, a tcea; e) hold ones noise a tcea, a-i reine limba, a-i ine limba dup dini; f) shut (or shut up) ones mouth a-i ine limba dup dini; g) keep something under ones hat a ine ceva n secret; h) keep ones own counsel a pstra n secret, a-i ine limba dup dini. Relaiile de sinonimie i antonimie dintre aceste frazeologisme pot fi redate astfel: a b c d e f g h Frazeologismele: a) close ones mouth, b) keep ones mouth closed, c) shut (sau shut up) ones mouth, d) keep something under ones hat cu sensul de a tcea, a-i ine limba dup dini se afl n relaie de antonimie i cu frazeologismele: e) lay (place, put or throw) ones cards on the table, f) play with ones cards on the table a-i da crile pe fa, a-i expune cinstit inteniile, a spune tot fr a ascunde ceva. Relaiile sinonimico-antonimice ale acestor frazeologisme se redau astfel: a b c d e f Difereniatorul antonimic, care determin caracterul semantic antonimic al fiecrei serii, poate fi sistematizat n baza criteriilor de baz n interiorul fiecrei serii, n funcie de tipul structural al antonimelor frazeologice i, respectiv, de sensurile lor. Iat cteva serii sinonimice frazeologice, din limba romn i din englez, care se afl n relaie de antonimie cu alte serii sinonimice frazeologice, ce semnific ierarhia social a oamenilor, drnicia i zgrcenia, susinerea i nesusinerea, biruina i nfrngerea. Pturile de jos ale societii romneti sunt denumite de frazeologismele: 1) de la coarnele plugului de la ar; 2) a fi (a iei) din opinc a se trage din rani, din oameni sraci; 3) de neam prost de origine modest, din pturile de jos; 4) simplu muritor om obinuit, om de rnd. n limba englez pturile de jos ale societii sunt denumite de urmtoarele frazeologisme: 1) of poor descent; 2) a man from the ranks; 3) a common fellow; 59

4) an ordinary man; 5) to come of poor people. Pturile de sus ale societii romneti sunt denumite de frazeologismele: 1) (a fi) din os sfnt (din oase sfinte) (a fi) din neam domnesc; 2) a fi din os de domn (domnesc) a fi din familie domnitoare; 3) de neam mare (bun) care face parte din nobilime, nobil; 4) cu (de) snge albastru de neam mare, ales; 5) a fi (om) din (de) oameni a descinde din prini cu stare sau de neam nobil. Pturile de sus ale societii englezeti sunt denumite de frazeologismele: 1) to be sprung from a noble race; 2) to be of noble descent; 3) a man of ancient race; 4) a man of mark. Drnicia este semnificat de frazeologismele: 1) a da i cmaa (haina) (de pe el) a drui pn i ultimul lucru care-i aparine; 2) a fi (a avea) mn larg (deschis) a fi generos, darnic; 3) a avea mn slobod a fi darnic, generos; 4) to share ones last penny; 5) to give away the shirt of ones back; 6) to splash ones money about; 7) to be free with ones money; 8) money burns holes, a hole in his pocket. Zgrcenia e redat de frazeologismele: 1) a avea nou bieri la pung a fi foarte zgrcit; 2) a fi cu (a avea) mn strns sau a fi strns la mn (la pung) a fi zgrcit, meschin; 3) a avea mn scurt a fi zgrcit; 4) a fi zgrcit foc a fi nemaipomenit de zgrcit; 5) a fi zgrcitul-zgrciilor a fi extraordinar de zgrcit; 6) a mnca de sub unghie (unghii, tlpi) a fi zgrcit, a tri cu mult economie; 7) to skin a flint; 8) to be tight-fisted/skinny/curmudgeanly; 60

9) empty handed; 10) to be niggardly; 11) to live near. Susinerea poate fi exprimat prin urmtoarele frazeologisme sinonimice: 1) a da o mn de ajutor; 2) a ncuraja pe cineva. 3) a primi cu aplauze 1) give somebody a big hand a ntmpina cu aplauze furtunoase aciunile oamenilor sau unele lucruri; 2) give three cheers a saluta, dar mult mai oficial; 3) give somebody a pat on the back a saluta, dar mai prietenete, fr oficialitate; 4) give somebody full mark a exprima susinerea a ceva; Nesusinerea se exprim prin frazeologismele: 1) a nu vedea ceva cu ochi buni; 2) a vedea ntr-o lumin proast; 3) a-i face vnt. 1) take a dim view of something a privi ceva cu scepticism, pesimism; 2) take a poor view of something a avea o proast prere despre ceva; 3) give somebody the bird a uiera, a-i exprima nemulumirea, n general (se refer la actori i se afl n relaie de antonimie cu go down well); 4) put ones foot down a se opune n mod vehement, a-i exprima categoric nesusinerea cu scopul de a prentmpina aciunea; Seriile sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice pentru: biruin nfrngere. Biruina: 1) a bate mr pe cineva; 2) a stlci pe cineva n btai; 3) a face praf pe cineva; 4) a duce pe cineva; 5) a lsa pe cineva de izbelite. 1) knock somebody into a cocked hot a-l ntrece pe cineva, a-l nvinge pe cineva; 2) come through with flying colours a obine o biruin complet (deplin, total); 61

3) pull a fast one a birui prin vicleug; 4) do the dirty on somebody a nvinge, dar pe ci necinstite, a obine o victorie murdar; 5) play the game a nvinge (biruin, unde scopul scuz mijloacele); nfrngerea (njositoare): 1) a se da btut; 2) a abandona partida; 3) a nghii hapul; 4) a se duce de rp. 1) throw in the towel a se preda, a se recunoate nvins; 2) throw up the sponge a se recunoate nvins (la box); 3) take it on the chin a suferi nfrngere (dar fr a-i pierde sperana); 4) take ones medicine like a man a suferi o nfrngere dup merite; 5) go to the vall a suferi o nfrngere distrugtoare, a da faliment; Antonimele frazeologice ce intr n aceeai serie antonimic in, de obicei, de acelai limbaj, n special limbajul vorbit. Uneori, ns, ele pot avea diverse valori stilistice, ce nu permit utilizarea lor n anumite sfere de comunicare. Prezena nuanelor emotivo-expresive constituie cauza care face ca unele antonime frazeologice s fie utilizate doar n anumite limbaje: vorbit sau profesional, livresc sau tiinific, poetic sau familiar. De exemplu, n seria sinonimic down in the mouth sau in the chops, as melancholic as a cat trist, fr dispoziie, primul frazeologism ine de limbajul vorbit, al doilea de cel livresc. Celor dou frazeologisme li se opune frazeologismul as merry as a cricket (sau as merry as sandboy) vesel, plin de via, care ine de limbajul vorbit. Asftel, pe de-o parte, se poate vorbi despre relaiile interne dintre sinonimele frazeologice din aceeai serie, iar, pe de alt parte, despre relaiile interne dintre frazeologismele, ce constituie cupluri antonimice. Relaiile semantice interne dintre antonimele frazeologice, ce formeaz serii sinonimice, pot fi cele mai diverse. 1. Sensurile unor antonime frazeologice pot avea un caracter mai general sau mai particular, sau ntregul cuplu antonimic exprim sensuri generale sau particulare. A se compara: a da

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faliment go on the rocks a prospera n toate weather the storm, tcut, care nu vorbete mult dumb dog flecar, care vorbete vrute i nevrute, ludros bag of wind. 2. Sensurile antonimelor frazeologice pot fi mai mult sau mai puin emoionale. A se compara: cu snge rece in cold blood cu snge fierbinte in hot blood; sntos tun as strong as a horse slbu, firav, cu sntatea ubred as weak as water; foarte cinstit, deschis (direct) la vorb as straight as a die necinstit, amgitor as crooked as a dogs hind leg. 3. Sensul unor antonime frazeologice poate avea caracter apreciativ, iar sensul altora nu are acest caracter. A se compara: a-i da aere, a-i da mare importan assume (give oneself sau put on) airs a se neglija, a nu-i da (acorda) prea mare atenie come down a peg (sau a peg or two). 4. Sensurile antonimelor frazeologice se pot deosebi i din punctul de vedere al aparteneniei lor la diferite tipuri de limbaje (familiar sau sleng, sau jargon). A se compara: biat de treab, biat cu nume bun doad sport, or sort (sleng american good egg sau good onion) biat (om) ce are slav proast, fire cu trecut ntunecat, derbedeu, tip criminal, om pierdut bad character (egg, halfpenny, hat, lot, penny sau sort) (limbaj familiar). 5. Sensurile unor antonime frazeologice in de limbajul literar, poetic sau arhaic. A se compara: a spulbera visurile come through the gate of ivory a ndeplini visurile come through the gate of horn. Ambele antonime frazeologice au caracter arhaic i se utilizeaz rar. n seria a se rfui cu cineva (limbaj livresc) pay off (settle sau wipe off) old scores a lecui vechile rni (ale cuiva) rip up old grievances sau wounds re-open (sau rip up) old scores (limbaj literar). Difereniatorul antonimic nu va fi complet, dac nu se ine cont i de trsturile structurale ale antonimelor frazeologice. Antonimele frazeologice cu structuri diferite, ce constituie serii, posed anumite trsturi semantice. S se compare, de exemplu, urmtoarele dou frazeologisme substantivale: prieten nesigur, prieten pentru o clip (pn la prima nevoie) fair weather friend i prieten adevrat bossom friend. Cu toate c ele constituie un cuplu frazeologic antonimic, fiecare frazeologism mai are i nuane diferite de sens. Bossom friend nseamn prieten adevrat, iubit, apropiat, cruia i poi ncredina tot, cruia i poi deschide sufletul. De exemplu: 1. What a strange history that was of his marriage. So I have heard: but he is not quiet bossom friend enough with me to have told me all the particulars. 63

(J. Dixon, E. I., p. 23) 2. All was restored to the gladness of childhood, even to the little kitten which had been her playmate and bossom friend then, and which had been long forgotten in her waking hours. All the loved ones were there! (El. Gaskell, M. B. T. M. L., p. 45) Frazeologismul fair weather semnific prieten nesigur, care te poate prsi n clipa grea i care poate s acioneze chiar mpotriva ta. Sensul frazeologismului fair weather friend exprim o prietenie de scurt durat, ce exist n perioada bunstrii, nfloririi, pn la zilele negre intr n relaie de antonimie cu frazeologismul ace in the hole prieten pe care te poi baza n clipe grele. Nuane semantice asemntoare cu fair weather friend i ace in the hole au i frazeologismele din seria a tower of strength sprijin de ndejde, om pe care te poi baza i antonimele frazeologice broken reed, a man of straw cu sensul de om de nencredere. n cuplul fair weather friend ace in the hole aspectul distinctiv trece pe linia prieten sigur i prieten nesigur n clipa grea, iar n seria a tower of strength broken reed, man of straw caracterizarea omului (credincios necredincios) se face, n general, fr a se nainta vreo condiie. De exemplu: 1. ... an affectionate husband who is a tower of strength to her. (B. Shaw, T. D. D., p. 13) 2. Norfolk. Six or seven thousand is their utmost power. King Richard. Why, our battalia trebles that account. Besides, the kings name is a tower of strength, Which they upon the adverse faction want... (W. Shakespeare, K. R. III, p. 70) 4. They had lost faith, the Church had become a broken reed. (A. Saxton, T. G. M., p. V) 5. If the defendant be a man of straw, who is to pay the costs, sir? (Ch. Dickens, T. P. P., p. 310) Frazeologismele a tower of strength, a broken reed au sensul nu numai de om care nu inspir ncredere, dar i lucru, chestiune care nu inspir ncredere i se opun frazeologismului a forlorn hope: 1) ndejde foarte slab; 2) lucru fr nicio speran. 64

1. Here I fell twice; but as often I rose and rallied my faculties. This light was my forlorn hope; I must gain it. (Ch. Bront, J. E., p. 210) 2. What should he do now? Wait for a revival, or clear out? Poor old boy! Foggartism had never seemed to Michael a more forlorn hope than in this sanctum of its found and origin. (J. Galsworthy, T. S. S., p. II) Antonimul frazeologic adjectival as weak as water (as a cat) se opune frazeologismului as strong as a horse: 1. Its a shave, in a foshion, but I cant say Im stuck on it. It takes out the nerve. Im as weak as a cat. (J. London, T. V. M., p. 27) 2. Sir, I am only getting well of a fever, and I am as weak as water. (W. S. Maugham, C. A. A., p. 49) 3. ... she was as strong as a horse and never tired, so he used often to take her for walks in the Park. (W. S. Maugham, T., p. 72) Pe de alt parte, as weak as water cu caracter slab se opune frazeologismului as hard as flint tare ca piatra, nendurtor (despre inim): 1. You love Eva, and Eva loves you, Esnest; but remember this, she is weak as water. (H. Haggard, T. W. H., p. 108) 2. She was completely unmoved, Blore said, Hearts as hard as flints these righteous spinsters! (A. Christie, A. T. T. W. N., p. 219) Unii lingviti nu consider antonimice frazeologismele ce intr n cuplul sau seria antonimic avnd nuane de sens diferite. Acad. S. Berejan nu este de acord cu aceti lingviti i menioneaz c de nuanele de sens trebuie s inem cont doar n studiile de stilistic i nu n orice situaie [7, p. 21]. Asemenea frazeologisme ca to have someone on the mat a da o mustrare, a face o spuneal, to haul somebody over the coals a face o mustrare semnific o mustrare formal, oficial; send somebody away with flies in ones ear are sensul de a da o mustrare aspr. i mai accentuant este mustrarea exprimat prin frazeologismele to snap somebodys head (nosse) off, to 65

give the edge of ones tonque to somebody. i, n sfrit, o mustrare jignitoare, ofensatoare se exprim prin frazeologismul to call somebody all names. Exist ns i frazeologisme care au sensuri i nuane de sens ntre care e greu s faci distincie: care e sensul propriu-zis i care e nuana de sens. Aceasta se explic prin faptul c potenialul semantic al sensurilor i al nuanelor de sens ale frazeologismelor se difereniaz neesenial. Antonimele frazeologice cu aceeai structur nu formeaz, de obicei, serii sinonimicoantonimice. Relaiile antonimice se reduc de cele mai multe ori doar la un cuplu antonimic. De exemplu: a cnta prima vioar play first fiddle, a cnta vioara a doua play second fiddle. Antonimele frazeologice cu aceeai structur, de regul, nu au sinonime. Variantele frazeologice nu sunt pe larg rspndite ca la antonimele frazeologice cu diverse structuri. Ele pot fi ntlnite doar la un membru al cuplului antonimic frazeologic sau aceste variante lipsesc, n general. De exemplu, n cuplul antonimic a cnta prima vioar play first fiddle a cnta vioara a doua play second fiddle, primul frazeologism formeaz urmtoarea serie sinonimic: 1) take a (the) lead a lua asupra sa conducerea, a sta n frunte, a fi n avangard, a juca rolul principal, a ocupa primul rol, a juca prima vioar; 2) begin (lead) the dance a juca rolul principal, de baz ntr-o manifestare oarecare, a manifesta iniiativ; 3) boss the show a sta n frunte, a juca rolul principal, a fi primul, a juca prima vioar. Criteriile de difereniere semantic a unui frazeologism trebuie utilizate cu mult atenie n funcie de natura sensului acestui frazeologism. Se are n vedere, mai nti, caracterul monosemantic i polisemantic al frazeologismului. n mediul antonimelor frazeologice romneti n relaii opoziionale se pot afla toate nuanele semantice ale frazeologismelor polisemantice. [25, p. 84] Iat cteva exemple de antonime frazeologice polisemantice: a depune armele a) a se preda, a se declara nvins, b) a ceda n faa argumentelor adversarului, a se declara convins i a ridica armele a) a ncepe lupta mpotriva unui adversar, b) a nu ceda n faa argumentelor adversarului, a nu se da (a nu se lsa) convins; a mnca (pe cineva sau ceva) cu ochii a) a fi ispitit de o mncare, atrgtoare; b) a dori mult (pe cineva sau ceva) i a nu-l vedea n ochi (pe cineva sau ceva) a) a nu prefera vreun produs alimentar, b) a nu putea suporta (pe cineva sau ceva); a ctiga teren a) a progresa puin cte puin ntr-o aciune, b) a-i consolida poziia i a pierde teren a) a regresa puin cte puin ntr-o aciune, b) a-i pierde poziia; a cobor steagul a) a renuna la lupt, b) a se da nvins i a ridica steagul a) a porni la lupt, b) a nu se da nvins. 66

n asemenea cupluri antonimice frazeologice antonimia este complet, deoarece n relaii antonimice se afl toate nuanele semantice ale frazeologismelor din cadrul cuplurilor. Dac n relaie de antonimie se afl doar unele nuane de sens, de obicei, cele mai uzuale, atunci antonimia frazeologic se consider incomplet: a-l mngia (pe cineva) pe cap a) a dezmierda, a alinta, b) (ironic) a lovi (pe cineva), a bate i a face chica topor a) a trage de pr (pe cineva), a prui; b) a bate zdravn (pe cineva). Antonime sunt sensul b) din primul frazeologism i sensurile a) i b) ale frazelogismului al doilea. n cuplul antonimic frazeologic a fi (tot) cu mna n buzunar: a) a fi darnic; b) a fi cheltuitor i a avea nou bieri la pung a fi zgrcit n relaie de antonimie se afl sensul a) al primului frazeologism i sensul frazeologismului al doilea, monosemantic [25, p. 84-85]. n cadrul frazeologismelor polisemantice uneori nu toate nuanele de sens pot fi n relaie de antonimie cu nuanele semantice ale altui frazeologism antonimic. De exemplu, primul sens al frazeologismului in full (fine, great sau high) feather este n dispoziie bun. Utilizat cu acest sens, frazeologismul respectiv se afl n relaie de antonimie cu down in the mouth (sau in the chaps) n dispoziie rea, proast, mhnit. Cu sensul al doilea, frazeologismul in full feather cel care are muli bani se opune sensului frazeologismului out of pocket fr bani, fr nicio lecaie n buzunar i formeaz un alt cuplu antonimic. Utilizat cu al treilea sens, n form de srbtoare, frazeologismul in full feather nu are pereche antonimic. Exist frazeologisme polisemantice care stabilesc relaii de antonimie doar cu unul din sensurile pe care le posed. De exemplu, frazeologismul a trda un secret spill the beans intr n relaie de antonimie cu seria sinonimic close ones mouth (sau cu keep ones mouth closed/shut), hold ones noise (peace sau tonque), keep something under ones hat, keep ones own counsel. Toate frazeologismele de mai sus au sensul general a ine limba dup dini. Folosite cu sensul a strica planurile, ele nu formeaz relaii antonimice cu spill the beans. Frazeologismul polisemantic as sober as a judge: 1) absolut treaz; 2) serios, ce gndete sntos, are antonim numai pentru primul sens: blind (dead) drunk as a fiddle, as a lord, as an owl, fish beat mort.

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n limba romn i n limba englez seriile sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice au cele mai variate structuri din punctul de vedere al numrului de elemente componente, adic de frazeologisme. n cele ce urmeaz vor fi prezentate cele mai uzuale serii sinonimico-antonimice din ambele limbi. Au fost atestate nou serii sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice, care au acelai numr de frazeologisme n ambele limbi: I. Un frazeologism dou frazeologisme: 1) a fi crescut n bumbac (n puf i n mtase) 1) a fi trecut prin ciur i drmon, 2) a fi uns cu toate unsorile; 1) a fi tare de inim 1) a fi fricos ca un iepure, 2) a se teme i de umbra lui; 1) to lower the colours 1) to hoist a flag, 2) to show the colours; 1) to laze away ones time 1) like a streak of lightning, 2) as swift as an arrow; 1) to remain speechless 1) to unbridle ones tongue, 2) to unloose(n) ones tongue; 1) to lay a good foundation 1) not to taste food for three days, 2) not to touch food; 1) to cast/to drop anchor 1) to weigh/to raise anchor, 2) to put off/to put out the sea. II. Un frazeologism trei frazeologisme: 1) a-i pune (bine) burta la cale 1) a nu lua nici nafur n gur, 2) a nu lua nici rou n gur, 3) a nu pune (a nu bga, a nu lua) nimic n gur; 1) a (se) acoperi cu glorie 1) a se acoperi de ocar (de ruine), 2) a-i feteli mantaua (numele, obrazul), 3) a se face de rs; 1) to be lucky 1) to be out of luck, 2) to be out of luck, 3) to have no end of luck; 1) an ordinary man 1) to be royalty; 2) of good stock; 3) of noble descent; 1) to take a good (the right) way 1) to get off the right way/track, 2) to go astray/adrift, 3) to take a wrong/bent course. III. Un frazeologism patru frazeologisme: 1) a ajunge mare i tare 1) a ajunge cal de pot, 2) a ajunge de clac, 3) a ajunge din cal mgar, 4) a ajunge o obial; 1) to die with laughter 1) to shed bitter tears, 2) to weep ones eyes out, 3) to cry ones heart out, 4) to weep ones eyes out; 1) to keep in the pin 1) to be addicted to drinking, 2) to drink deep, 3) to drink like a fish, 4) to drink like a lord; 1) to sieze smb. round the body 1) left to ones own devices, 2) left to sink or swim, 3) to let everything slide, 4) to let things slide; 1) to have an ear for music 1) to be dull, 2) hard of hearing, 3) to have no ear, 4) to be deaf. IV. Un frazeologism cinci frazeologisme: 1) a nu pune nici pictur n gur 1) a avea darul (patima) beiei (suptului), 2) bea (suge) de stinge, 3) bea pn d n bot, 4) a bea vrtos, 5) a se nate n zodia raelor; 1) to raise onself very high 1) to sink, 2) to get low, 3) to be brought low, 4) to get down, 5) to go to blazes/hell/to the dogs/pot/devil. 68

V. Opunerea se face ntre dou perechi de frazeologisme: 1) a da de naiba, 2) a da de bucluc 1) a scpa de naiba, 2) a scpa de bucluc; 1) a fi (a se afla) n toane bune, 2) a fi bine dispus 1) a fi (a se afla) n toane rele, 2) a fi ru dispus; 1) no end of people, 2) a lot of people 1) not the shadow of a ghost (was in sight), 2) not a living soul/creature (was to be seen); 1) to reduce smb. to poverty, 2) to drive smb. to despair 1) to raise smb. from the dunghill/the gutter, 2) to take smb. from the street; 1) a good time, 2) the right moment 1) a bad time, 2) the wrong moment. VI. Unei serii sinonimice din dou frazeologisme i se opune alt serie sinonimic din trei frazeologisme: 1) a avea ureche fin, 2) a avea urechi de lup 1) a avea urechi de srm, 2) a avea bumbac (vat) n urechi, 3) a fi surd (tare, fudul) de-o ureche; 1) to look well, 2) to have a hood face (to bear ones age well) 1) to look bad/unwell, 2) not to look well, 3) to look not all/quite the thing; 1) to shelter smb., 2) to take smb. from the street 1) to throw/to fling smb. out of doors/to the door, 2) to turn smb. out of the house/into the street, 3) to turn smb. adrift. VII. Dou frazeologisme dousprezece frazeologisme: 1) a fi n culmea fericirii, 2) a fi n al aptelea (al noulea) cer 1) a-i fi greu pe suflet, 2) a fi n cumpn de via (de moarte), 3) a-i fi inima grea, 4) a-i fi inima neagr, 5) a ajunge la ananghie, 6) a fi n dilem, 7) a fi n impas, 8) a fi n ncurctur, 9) a fi n nevoie (n mare nevoie), 10) a fi ntre ciocan i nicoval, 11) a fi ntre dou focuri, 12) a fi ntre Scila i Caribda; 1) to open ones mouth/lips, 2) to open ones face 1) to shut smb.s mouth, 2) to stop smb.s mouth, 3) to jump down smb.s throat, 4) to talk smb. down, 5) to silence smb., 6) to make smb. shut up, 7) to stunt smb., 8) to put to silence, 9) to seal smb.s lips, 10) to muzzle smb.s press, 11) to settle smb.s guns, 12) to put the kibosh on smb. VIII. Unei serii sinonimice din trei frazeologisme i se opune alt serie sinonimic din trei frazeologisme: 1) a cobor din domnie, 2) a ridica din scaun, 3) a scoate din scaun (din domnie) 1) a urca (a sui) la domnie, 2) a ridica n scaun, 3) a nla n scaun; 1) to sleep lake a log/top/a dormouse, 2) to sleep as fast as a church, 3) to sleep soundly 1) to sleep with one eye, 2) ones eyes open, 3) to sleep a dog-sleep. IX. Unei serii sinonimice din patru frazeologisme i se opune alt serie sinonimic din patru frazeologisme: 1) a avea gura de aur, 2) a avea darul vorbirii, 3) a avea condei, 4) bun de limb (de gur) 1) a avea limb lat, 2) a nu putea ncurca nici dou cuvinte, 3) a avea pr pe limb, 4) ru de gur; 1) to have a good name, 2) to have a good record, 3) to be held in high

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repute, 4) to be well-spoken of 1) to have a bad name, 2) to be ill-reputed, 3) to be held in lowrepute, 4) to be/to lie under scandal. n limba romn au fost atestate aptesprezece serii sinonimico-antonimice, care nu au corespondente n limba englez in funcie de numrul de elemente (frazeologisme) componente: I. Un frazeologism dousprezece frazeologisme: 1) a fi stul dob 1) a avea burta lipit de spate, 2) a avea coastele lipite, 3) a avea o foame de lup, 4) i ghiorie maele de foame, 5) i joac oarecii n pntece (de foame), 6) a fi rupt (frnt) n co, 7) a i se pune soarele drept inim, 8) a fi lat de foame, 9) a i se lipi coastele (de foame), 10) a fi mort de foame, 11) a i se lungi urechile de foame, 12) i-au mas oarecii n pntece. II. Dou frazeologisme patru frazeologisme: 1) a o duce de minune, 2) a o duce n petreceri (ntr-un chef) 1) a o duce de azi pe mine, 2) a o duce greu, 3) a o duce prost (greu), 4) a o duce tr-grpi. III. Unei serii sinonimice din dou frazeologisme i se opune o alt serie sinonimic din cinci frazeologisme: 1) a crpa (a muri) de ciud, 2) a crpa de necaz 1) a-i rde inima de bucurie, 2) a-i crete inima n piept (de bucurie), 3) a-i crete sufletul, 4) a crete carnea (pe cineva) de bucurie, 5) a-i freca minile de bucurie. IV. Dou frazeologisme nou frazeologisme: 1) peste nou mri i nou ri, 2) la marginea (la captul) pmntului 1) ct dai cu pratia, 2) ct ai arunca cu securea, 3) ct ajunge sgeata, 4) ct bate ochiul, 5) ct poate cuprinde ochiul, 6) (a fi) la deprtare de-o crj, 7) la doi pai, 8) la o arunctur (o zvrlitur) de b, 9) la o sritur de aici. V. Dou frazeologisme douzeci i trei de frazeologisme: 1) a fi n via, 2) a fi n vigoare 1) a fi (a se afla) n pragul morii, 2) a fi ntre via i moarte, 3) a fi pe marginea prpastiei, 4) a fi la un pas de moarte, 5) a fi pe duc, 6) a fi pe moarte, 7) a-i fi (cuiva) zilele numrate, 8) a-i iei (cuiva) sufletul, 9) a i se apropia vremea (ceasul), 10) a i se curma zilele, 11) a fi pe marginea mormntului, 12) a-i suna doagele, 13) a-i trebui pop, 14) a mirosi a coliv (a tmie, a pmnt), 15) a nu mai avea zile multe, 16) a nu o mai duce mult, 17) a o duce de azi pe mine, 18) (a-i fi leacul) numai sapa i hrleul (lopata), 19) a fi mic de zile, 20) a fi mai mult mort (dect viu), 21) a fi (a ajunge) pe marginea gropii, 22) a fi cu un picior n groap, 23) a fi pe patul de moarte. VI. Trei frazeologisme apte frazeologisme: 1) a da i cmaa de pe dnsul, 2) a fi (a avea) mna larg, 3) a avea mn slobod 1) a avea nou bieri la pung, 2) a fi cu mna

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strns, 3) a fi strns la mn (la pung), 4) a avea mn scurt, 5) a fi zgrcit foc, 6) a fi zgrcitul zgrciilor, 7) a mnca de sub unghie (unghii, tlpi). VII. Trei frazeologisme treisprezece frazeologisme: 1) cu ceafa groas, 2) gras ca un pepene, 3) a nu-l mai ncpea pielea de gras 1) a avea numai sufletul n oase, 2) a-i curge oasele, 3) a fi slab ca o scndur (ca un ogar, ca un r), 4) a fi numai pielea i osul de el (numai piele i os), 5) a-i iei (cuiva) oasele prin piele, 6) a-i curge untura (grsimea) pe nas, 7) a fi (a se usca, a rmne) ca o scndur, 8) i sufl (i fluier) vntul prin oase, 9) gras de nu-i numeri oasele, 10) gras ca scripca, 11) i numeri oasele, 12) a rmne doar umbra din el, 13) scndur de slab. VIII. Trei frazeologisme paisprezece frazeologisme: 1) a fi treaz-trezu, 2) a fi treaz la minte, 3) a nu pune strop de butur n gur 1) (a fi) beat cri (turt, mort, butuc, lulea), 2) ameit de butur, 3) a fi cri de beat, 4) a fi n patru ie, 5) a fi la vulpe, 6) a fi slujitorul lui Bahus, 7) a fi lemn de beat, 8) a fi mort (de) beat, 9) a merge n patru labe, 10) a rtci casele de beat ce e, 11) a se face lulea, 12) a nu se mai putea ine pe picioare, 13) a o lua n clan, 14) a ine leul la ureche. IX. Patru frazeologisme dousprezece frazeologisme: 1) ct e lumea i pmntul, 2) ct e hul, 3) amar de vreme, 4) la sfntul ateapt 1) ct ai bate n (din) palme, 2) ct ai clipi din ochi, 3) ct ai da n cremene, 4) ct ai frige un ou, 5) ct ai plesni din bici, 6) ct ai plesni din palme, 7) ct ai scpra dintr-un amnar, 8) ct ai zice mei, 9) ct ai zice pete, 10) ct ai mbuca o dat, 11) ct dai cu pratia, 12) ct ar sta un pop n rai. X. Cinci frazeologisme cinci frazeologisme: 1) de la coarnele plugului, 2) a fi (a iei) din opinc, 3) de neam prost, 4) a fi de pe drumuri, 5) simplu muritor 1) a fi din os sfnt, 2) din oase sfinte, 3) cu snge albastru, 4) de neam bun, 5) a fi din oameni. XI. apte frazeologisme zece frazeologisme: 1) a se simi de parc toat lumea e a lui, 2) a se simi n largul su, 3) a fi (a se crede) n al aptelea (noulea) cer, 4) mi-a (i-a) pus Dumnezeu mna n cap, 5) a fi n apele sale, 6) a fi nebun de bucurie (fericire), 7) a nu-i ncpea inima n piept 1) a-i ajunge (cuiva) cuitul la os, 2) a fi ntre ciocan i nicoval (ntre dou focuri, ntre Scila i Caribda), 3) a fi n cumpn de via (de moarte), 4) a fi cu cuitul la gt, 5) a fi pe marginea prpastiei, 6) a fi pe dric, 7) a fi pe muchie de cuit, 8) a-i sta viaa ntr-un fir de a, 9) a ajunge funia la par, 10) a fi pe linie moart. XII. Nou frazeologisme douzeci i dou de frazeologisme: 1) a-l trece apte rnduri de sudori, 2) a se speti muncind, 3) a se prpdi muncind, 4) a munci ca un bou (ca un cal, ca un 71

catr), 5) a munci n sudoarea frunii, 6) a munci fr preget, 7) a munci din greu, 8) a munci ca un hamal (salahor), 9) a munci ct apte 1) a asuda sub limb, 2) a nu lua (a nu ridica) un pai, 3) a nu mica mcar un deget, 4) a trage chiulul, 5) a trage ma (pe dracul) de coad, 6) a umbla cscnd gura, 7) a umbla frunza frsinelului, 8) a umbla gur-casc, 9) a umbla haimana, 10) a bate drumurile (pietrele), 11) a umbla hbuca (handralu), 12) a umbla n bobote, 13) a umbla n dodii, 14) a umbla n dorul lelii, 15) a umbla pe urlai, 16) a umbla teleleu (Tnase), 17) a umbla lelea (brambura, haihui), 18) a bate apa n piu, 19) a bate lturile, 20) a bate strzile, 21) a tia frunze la cini, 22) a sta cu minile n sn. XIII. Unsprezece frazeologisme unsprezece frazeologisme: 1) a avea inim bun, 2) a avea inim de aur, 3) a avea inim larg, 4) a fi bun la inim (la suflet), 5) a fi buntatea ntruchipat, 6) a fi buntate de om, 7) a fi bun de pus la ran, 8) e bun ca pinea cea cald (alb), 9) e pinea lui Dumnezeu, 10) a fi bun ca snul mamei, 11) a fi om de omenie 1) a avea inim rea, 2) a avea inim de cri, 3) a avea inim neagr, 4) a fi cinos (negru) la inim, 5) e ru ca un cine, 6) ru de mama focului, 7) ru la inim (suflet), 8) negru la suflet, 9) a avea mae pestrie (a fi pestri la mae), 10) a fi cu carnea blat, 11) a fi fr inim. XIV. Cincisprezece frazeologisme optsprezece frazeologisme: 1) a avea gura cusut, 2) a avea lact la gur, 3) a avea limb scurt, 4) nu-i scoi vorba din gur nici cu cletele, 5) a fi scump la vorb, 6) mut ca petele (ca un pete), 7) a tcea ca mormntul (ca pmntul), 8) a tcea ca petele (mlc, ca melcul, chitic, molcom), 9) a nu putea lega (spune) dou vorbe (cuvinte), 10) a nu scoate nicio vorb (din gur), 11) a lua ap n gur, 12) a fi mut ca pmntul, 13) parc a luat vorba n arend, 14) a-i pieri (cuiva) limba (piuitul), 15) a tcea ca lactul n belciug 1) a avea gur spart, 2) a avea limba ascuit, ascuit la limb, 3) a avea (a fi cu) limb lung, 4) a fi cu gura mare, 5) a nu-i sta gura, 6) nu i-a tors mam-sa pe limb, 7) a fi ru de gur (de clan), 8) i umbl gura ca o moar stricat (hodorogit, neferecat), 9) a fi slobod (liber) de (la) gur (limb), 10) a fi limb slobod, 11) a fi uor de (la) gur, 12) a fi limb lung, 13) a-i toca (a-i turui) gura ca o meli (ca o moar stricat, ca o moar hodorogit), 14) a toca (la) verzi i uscate, 15) a toca cte-n lun i soare (stele), 16) a face larm, 17) a face colb, 18) a fi nepat (iute, ascuit) la vorb. XV. Cincisprezece frazeologisme treizeci de frazeologisme: 1) a avea bani grl (cu sacul, cu carul, s-i mnnci cu lungura, 2) a avea cheag, 3) a avea punga groas (plin), 4) a avea seu (la rrunchi), 5) (a fi) cu punga plin, 6) a se sclda n bani (aur), 7) a ntoarce banii cu lopata, 8) a fi stup de bani (doldora de bani), 9) a fi putred de bogat (de bani), 10) a fi gros la pung, 11) a fi plin de 72

parale (de bani), 12) (a fi) cu punga groas, 13) a se culca pe bani, 14) a se sclda n bani, 15) (a fi) larg la pung 1) a nu avea nicio lecaie (frnt), 2) a nu avea nicio para chioar, 3) a fi srac lipit pmntului, 4) a ajunge la covrigi, 5) a avea punga deart, 6) a fi lipit pmntului, 7) a-i bate (a-i uiera) vntul prin buzunare, 8) a-i bate vntul prin traist, 9) a-i cnta cucul prin (n) pung, 10) a fi cu punga goal, 11) a fi (a rmne) lefter, 12) a fi n pan de bani, 13) a fi logodit cu srcia, 14) a fi srac ca oarecele de biseric, 15) a-i fi (cuiva) punga oftigoas, 16) a fi subire la pung, 17) a fi strmtorat de bani, 18) a fi (a ajunge, a rmne) tinichia, 19) a-i iei prul prin cciul, 20) a ntoarce punga pe dos, 21) (a fi) tuf n buzunar, 22) i curg obielele, 23) i fluier vntul n pung, 24) plin de bani ca broasca de pr (de ln), 25) a rmne cu aa mmligii, 26) a rmne cu buzunarele goale, 27) a rmne cu traista n b, 28) a rmne fr un capt de a, 29) a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar), 30) a rmne numai cmaa pe el. XVI. Douzeci de frazeologisme douzeci de frazeologisme: 1) a tri boierete (ca un boier), 2) a tri ca banul n lad, 3) a tri ca cinele la stn, 4) a tri ca lupul n pdure, 5) a tri ca oamenii, 6) a tri (a fi, a se simi) ca n pntecele mamei, 7) a tri ca pe pmntul fgduinei, 8) a tri domnete (ca un domn), 9) a o duce mprtete, 10) a tri ca un pa, 11) a tri ca ursul la prisac, 12) a tri n belug, 13) a tri n cacaval, 14) a tri n huzur, 15) a tri ca un huhurez, 16) a tri pe picior mare, 17) a tri ca gina la moar, 18) a tri ca n rai, 19) a tri ca n snul mamei, 20) a tri ca n snul lui Avraam 1) a tri ca cinele cu pisica, 2) a tri ca ma cu oarecele (ca oarecele cu pisica), 3) a tri ca cucul n frunz, 4) a tri ca doamne ferete, 5) a tri ca dracul cu popa, 6) a tri ca dracul n spini, 7) a tri ca frunza pe ap, 8) a tri ca pe mrcini, 9) a tri ca viermele n hrean, 10) a tri cu pine i sare, 11) a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine), 12) a tri din cerit (din pomeni), 13) a tri din datorii, 14) a tri din milostenii, 15) a tri din sticle, 16) a tri dintr-o coaj de pine, 17) a tri fcnd foame, 18) a tri n mizerie (srcie), 19) a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri), 20) a tri numai cu ap i pine. XVII. Optsprezece frazeologisme treizeci i unu de frazeologisme: 1) a avea glagore n cap, 2) ajuns de cap, 3) a avea cap, 4) a fi (om) cu cap, 5) a avea grune n cap, 6) deschis la minte, 7) a fi chitit la minte, 8) a fi socotit la minte, 9) a fi cu scaun la cap, 10) a fi n toate minile, 11) a fi cu mintea ntreag (sntoas), 12) (a fi om) aezat la minte, 13) a fi om nvat, 14) a fi uor de cap, 15) a-i merge bila, 16) (a fi) cu minte ascuit, 17) (a fi) cu minte treaz (treaz la minte), 18) (a fi) sprinten la minte 1) prost ca noaptea, 2) prost ca gardul, 3) prost ca oaia, 4) prost ca o cizm, 5) prost ca o curc, 6) prost ca un mgar, 7) prost de d n gropi, 8) prost de rage, 9) prost fr 73

pereche, 10) prost la minte, 11) a fi strmt (ngust) la minte, 12) greu (tare) de (la) cap, 13) a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag), 14) a fi tare de boac (de cap), 15) (a fi) mic la minte, 16) a fi (cam) sucit la minte, 17) a fi cam tra-la-la, 18) a fi clei, 19) a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap, 20) a-i cnta (cuiva) sticleii n cap, 21) detept (iret, iste) ca oaia, 22) a fi pleuv la minte, 23) (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca), 24) a fi prostul protilor, 25) (a fi) napoiat mintal, 26) a fi din cei cu pr pe limb, 27) a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag), 28) a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru), 29) a avea minte de coc, 30) a avea minte de vrabie, 31) a avea ap la cap. n limba englez au fost atestate douzeci i dou de serii sinonimico-antonimice, care in funcie de numrul componenilor, nu au corespondente n limba romn: I. Un frazeologism nou frazeologisme: 1) to cover oneself with glory 1) to cover oneself with shame, 2) to make onself ridiculous, 3) to bring discredit on onself, 4) to make an exhibition of onself, 5) to make a fool or an ass of oneself, 6) to become everybodys laughing stock, 7) to make a show of oneself, 8) to make a laughing stock of oneself, 9) to be open to ridicule. II. Dou frazeologisme zece frazeologisme: 1) as fat/plump as butter/as a partridge/as butter, 2) to grow too big for ones boots 1) to be a mere skeleton, 2) to lose flesh, 3) to waste away to skin and bone, 4) as thin as a hurdle/a lath/a rake/a rail/a gate/a whipping post/as threadpaper/as lean, 5) thin as a rake/a bone/a bag of bones; 6) skin and bone, 7) bare-boned/-nipped, 8) his bones came out trough his skin/bag of bones, 9) hes mere shadow os his former self, 10) lean as a rake. III. Trei frazeologisme un frazeologism: 1) to hit it, 2) to hit the right nail or the head, 3) to hit the right thing 1) to come at the wrong time/season; 1) to have nerves of steel, 2) to have iron nerves, 3) to have theros of steel 1) to have nerves on the stretch. IV. Patru frazeologisme dou frazeologisme: 1) to be eagle-eyed, 2) to be sharp-sighted, 3) to see through a brickwall/millstone, 4) to have a straight eye 1) to suffer from night blindness, 2) where are your eyes?; 1) to strike (to catch) the eye, 2) to attract notice, 3) to be obvious, 4) to be suspicious/glaring 1) not to compel attention, 2) not to attract smb.s attention; 1) to put smb. in needs, 2) to run into debts, 3) to overrun/to outrun the constable, 4) to lead smb. into a scrape 1) to put/to match smb. out of the fire, 2) to help a lame dog over a stile; 1) to live like husband and wife, 2) to be hand and glove to each other, 3) to get on (with smb.), 4) to get on like a house on fire 1) to live like enemies, 2) to be badly off.

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V. Patru frazeologisme cinci frazeologisme: 1) to take it into ones head, 2) to run away with the idea that, 3) to bring smb. to reason, 4) to make smb. see reason 1) to put/to get/to knock smth. out of smb.s head/mind, 2) to persuade smb. out of smth., 3) to persuade smb. not to do/from doing smth., 4) to dismiss smth. from ones mind, 5) to discover smth. out of ones thoughts; 1) to splash ones money about, 2) to be free with ones money, 3) money burns holes, 4) a hole in his pocket 1) to take money with both hands, 2) to flay/to skin a flint, 3) to be tight-fisted/skinny/curmudgeanly/empty handed, 4) to be niggardly, 5) to live near. VI. Patru frazeologisme ase frazeologisme: 1) to be a sterling fellow, 2) to be kindhearted, 3) to wear ones heart on ones sleeve, 4) to be open-hearted 1) to have (a fit of) the blues, 2) to be hard hearted, 3) to be heartless, 4) he has no heart, 5) bitterness, 6) gall. VII. Cinci frazeologisme dou frazeologisme: 1) to put smb. into prison/in ward/in jail, 2) to imprison smb., 3) to lodge smb. in goal, 4) to clap smb. by the heels, 5) to put smb. away 1) to unchain/to unshackle, 2) to set smb. free. VIII. Cinci frazeologisme patru frazeologisme: 1) to bring to an end/close, 2) to see/carry smth. through, 3) to carry/to bring to its conclusions, 4) to see smth. to a satisfactory conclusion, 5) to go to the whole hog 1) to be in the beginning, 2) at the outset, 3) right from the beginning/the start/outset, 4) at first set out. IX. Cinci frazeologisme treizeci i unu frazeologisme: 1) to be in force, 2) full of health, 3) full of life, 4) bursting with vivacity; 5) alive and kicking 1) as good as dead, 2) to lie at deaths door, 3) between life and death, 4) within/by a haibreath of death, 5) at deaths door, 6) more dead than alive, 7) more than half dead, 8) running short/out, 9) coming to an end, 10) on ones deathbed, 11) on ones last legs, 12) on ones upper/beam-ends, 13) at the edge of the abyss/ grave/pit, 14) breathing ones last, 15) at the point of death, 16) in clutches of death, 17) in ones extreme moments, 18) in ones last/dying moments/hour, 19) not to be long for this world, 20) his days are numbered, 21) to have a bad/a killing time, 22) his hour is at hand, 23) to put an end to ones life, 24) to commit suicide, 25) to lay violent hands upon oneself, 26) to have one foot in the grave, 27) to be on the brink of the grave/precipe, 28) to be far gone, 29) to have barely enough to keep body and soul together, 30) ones number is up, 31) not to last much longer. X. ase frazeologisme trei frazeologisme: 1) to give it up, 2) to acknowledge ones defeat, 3) to go out of business, 4) to show/to fly the white feather, 5) to lay down ones arms, 6) to groung arms 1) to rise arms against, 2) to fly to arms against, 3) to take up arms. 75

XI. apte frazeologisme cinci frazeologisme: 1) in the twinkling of an eye, 2) in a ticktack, 3) as far as one can see/the eye can reach, 4) within a stones throw, 5) at a stones throw (from), 6) within hail, 7) in a split second 1) at the end of the earth, 2) at the back of beyond, 3) at the other end of the world, 4) at the worlds end, 5) miles and miles away. XII. apte frazeologime douzeci i ase de frazeologisme: 1) to have plenty/lots of money, 2) to have tones of money, 3) to roll/to wallow in money/riches, 4) to be made of money, 5) to have any amount of money, 6) to be in cash/in funds, 7) to have plenty of oof 1) to come upon the parish, 2) to go to the dogs, 3) not to have a penny (a piece) to bless oneself with, 4) to be short of money, 5) to get rid of money/out of money, 6) not to have a bean, 7) to be on the rocks, 8) to be low-water marks, 9) to be on ones uppers, 10) to be out of purse, 11) to be as poor as a church mouse, 12) out at heels, 13) not to have a penny to ones name/in the world, 14) on the Penniless Bench, 15) out of Gods blessing into the warm sun, 16) to be short of money, 17) to be in a lack of money, 18) to have an empty/a light/slender purse, 19) to have no money, 20) to be up a tree, 21) to go to bad, 22) to be reduced, 23) to be pinched, 24) to run/be out of money, 25) to be broke, 26) to be penniless/broke. XIII. Opt frazeologisme Opt frazeologisme: 1) to have a good pen-writer, 2) to have a knack for writing, 3) to drive a pen/quill (to be good), 4) to be a good person, 5) to way ones tongue, 6) to have a flippant tongue, 7) to have ones tongue well-oiled, 8) to have the gift of the gab 1) to have a sharp (a caustic) tongue, 2) to have a poisonous tongue, 3) not to be able to say a word, 4) not to be able to enter into a conversation with smb., 5) given to gossip, 6) scandalmongering, 7) fond of scandal, 8) full-mouthed. XIV. Opt frazeologisme zece frazeologisme: 1) out of swadding clothes, 2) hes still a squash (an egg), 3) cradle straws are scarce out of his breech, 4) as green as grass/a gooseberry, 5) to be a young guy, 6) wet behind the ears, 7) to be very young, 8) to be in ones youth 1) on the shady, 2) to have nine lives like a cat, 3) grown hoary (with age), 4) he is hoary (with age), 5) decline/autumn of life, 6) far gone in years, 7) in the afternoon of ones life, 8) old dog/wolf, 9) to be very old, 10) he is hoary (with age). XV. Zece frazeologisme un frazeologism: 1) to come to light, 2) to turn out, 3) to coap up, 4) to turn up, 5) to break water, 6) to get ones head above the water, 7) to come to grass, 8) to break, 9) to pop forth, 10) to turn up suddenly 1) to melt/vanish into thin air.

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XVI. Zece frazeologisme patru frazeologisme: 1) at (ones) pleasure, 2) like sand on the sea-shore, 3) huge, 4) a lot, 5) numerous, 6) as hair on the head, 7) their name is Legion, as thick as blackberries/hols/huckleberries/peas, 8) no end of, 9) a sea of, 10) to draw a long bow 1) a little, 2) a bit, 3) a grai, 4) almost nothing. XVII. Zece frazeologisme douzeci i patru de frazeologisme: 1) to have (barely) enough to keep the wolf from the door/at bay, 2) to have (barely) enough to keep body and soul together, 3) to eke out ones existence, 4) to lead a dogs life, 5) to be badly off, 6) to be hard up, 7) to live rough, 8) to live hobbling along/with the streatest pains, 9) to have a thin/rough time of it, 10) to have a terrible time of it 1) to be on the spree/tiles, 2) to paint the town red, 3) to take ones life in both hands and eat it, 3) to be fast, 5) to lead a fast life, 6) to go on the racket, 7) to keep body and soul together, 8) to live ones life, 9) to lord it, 10) to live as a gentleman, 11) to live in (grand) style, 12) to hit the pace, 13) to live in clover, 14) to live like pigs in clover, 14) to live at rack and manger, 15) to live like a fighting cock, 16) to live plenty, 17) to live on the fat land, 18) to have a good time of it, 19) to live like a wolf in the forest, 20) to live in neighbourly terms, 21) to jog along comfortably, 22) to lead a comfortable life, 23) to lead an easy life, 24) to live like a prince. XVIII. Dousprezece frazeologisme opt frazeologisme: 1) in the turn of a hand, 2) in a trice/a twinkle, 3) in (less than) no time, 4) before you can say Jack Robinson, 5) before you can say knife, 6) hand over hand, 7) in the blowing of a match, 8) in a crack, 9) in two tows, 10) in a ticktack, 11) in a flash, 12) in a split second 1) never to the away/of ones days, 2) never to the end of time, 3) on St. Jibs Eve, 4) when two Sundays come in one week, 5) when the pigs begin to fly, 6) when the Ettiopian changes his skin, 7) at the blue moon, 8) on the Greek calends. XIX. Dousprezece frazeologisme zece frazeologisme: 1) not to say, never to say/utter a word, 2) not to open ones lips, 3) to keep silent, 4) to sit/to keep munchance, 5) to say neither by nor burn, 6) to hold ones peace/tongue/gab, 7) to keep ones tongue between ones teeth, 8) to keep ones mouth shut, 9) to be as mute/still as a mouse/as a creep-mouse, 10) to shut/to close ones mouth, 11) to keep a still tongue in ones head, 12) to keep ones own counsel 1) to have a full mouth, 2) to have a poisonous/a slanderous/wicked/venomous/evil/loose/a sharp/caustic tongue, 3) to make noise, 4) to have a very large/wide mouth, 5) to speak ones mind too/freely, 6) to talk at random, 7) to prattle, 8) to patter away, 9) to talk too much, 10) to talk thirteen/nineteen to the dozen. XX. Dousprezece frazeologisme douzeci i apte: 1) open-minded, 2) to have a ready wit, 3) to be as sharp as a needle, 4) to be quick of understanding, 5) brainy, 6) quick-witted, 77

7) quick in the uptake, 8) to have a good head/brain/to have gumption, 9) to have good brains, 10) to have a good-head-prece, 11) as sharp as a needle cute, 12) to be smart 1) not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic, 2) be wrong in the upper story, 3) to be off ones base, 4) to have a tile loose, 5) to have bats in the belfry, 6) hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel, 7) to lack gumption, 8) to be a button short, 9) to have lost a button, 10) not to have ones button on, 11) to be bonkers, 12) narrow-minded, 13) bald-headed, 14) as free from sense as a frog from feathers, 15) as daft as a brush, 16) as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl, 17) as thick as two short planks, 18) as silly as can be, 19) a precious fool, 20) a vacuous individual, 21) to have a one rack mind, 22) wrong-minded/ twisted mind, 23) not to know ones arse from ones elbow, 24) slow in the uptake, 25) beef witted, 26) wise nehindhand, 27) a bit wrong in the garret. XXI. Treisprezece frazeologisme trei frazeologisme: 1) to get into trouble, 2) to get hell, 3) to get into scrape/a mess, 4) to bring a hornets nest about ones ears, 5) to get into a nice hobble, 6) to get into hot water, 7) to come short home, 8) to come/to go a howler/a crapper, 9) to pull a boner, 10) to catch a Tartar, 11) to get in Dutch, 12) to burst ones boiler, 13) to plunge into a difficulty 1) to get out of a mess, 2) to get out of hell/a scrape, 3) to help smb. out of a difficulty/a scrape. XXII. Cincisprezece frazeologisme apte frazeologisme: 1) to kick the bucket, 2) to hop the twig/the perch, 3) to turn up ones toes (to the daisies), 4) to get ones toes up, 5) to kick/to lay/to tip/to topple up ones heels, 6) to go to the glory, 7) to go aloft, 8) to go to ones account, 9) to lose the number of ones mess, 10) to stick ones spoon in the wall, 11) to drop a cue, 12) to go bang, 13) to cut the cable, 14) to cash/to pass in one checks, 15) to step off 1) to be born, 2) to come into the world, 3) to draw the first breath, 4) to see the light of day, 5) to be ushered into this world, 6) to come to town, 7) to come to light. Seriile sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice pot avea aceleai structuri gramaticale, structuri asemntoare i diferite sau numai structuri gramaticale diferite. Cele mai multe serii sinonimicoantonimice frazeologice au structuri gramaticale asemntoare i diferite. De cele mai multe ori paralelismul numrului de componeni n seriile sinonimico-antonimice lipsete. 2.5. Concluzii 2.1 n funcie de natura lexical a elementelor componente, antonimele frazeologice din ambele limbi se clasific n cteva tipuri. n primul tip intr frazeologismele care nu au n structura lor cuvinte comune sau antonime lexicale. Din tipul al doilea fac parte antonimele frazeologice ce au 78

fiecare n componena lor cte un antonim lexical. n tipul al treilea de antonime frazeologice intr antonimele lexicale care nu au evidente sensuri opozante, adic nu se afl la poli opui. n limba englez, spre deosebire de limba romn, exist i al patrulea tip, n care sunt incluse frazeologismele, de obicei, verbale, care admit n structura lor adverbul negativ no, nu. 2.2 n funcie de natura lor gramatical, antonimele frazeologice ale limbilor romn i englez se clasific n dou clase mari: a) antonime frazeologice cu aceeai structur lexical i b) antonime frazeologice cu structuri lexicale diferite. Fiecare clas se caracterizeaz prin trsturi specifice individuale att n limba romn, ct i n limba englez, care sunt evideniate cu ajutorul difereniatorilor antonimici. Astfel, n cadrul antonimelor frazeologice cu aceeai structur lexical, cu valoare de difereniatori antonimici pot aprea antonimele lexicale, exprimate prin verbe, adjective, substantive, adverbe, numerale, prepoziii, iar n limba englez i prin adverbul negativ no. 2.3 Antonimele frazeologice cu structuri diferite se clasific n dou mari clase: 1) antonime frazeologice cu structuri lexicale complet diferite i 2) antonime frazeologice cu structuri lexicale diferite, dar care au i unele asemnri. 2.4 Antonimele frazeologice din ambele limbi, ce au structuri asemntoare, pot avea: a) un component comun i b) dou elemente comune. Att n romn, ct i n englez, prevaleaz antonimele frazeologice, ce au un component comun. Element comun poate fi un verb sau un substantiv. 2.5 Antonimele frazeologice cu structuri lexicale diferite, dar care au i unele asemnri, nu au elemente comune. Componena lexical i structura lor gramatical difer. n limba englez n comparaie cu romna, prevaleaz acest tip de antonime frazeologice. Antonimele frazeologice romneti i englezeti cu structuri lexicale diferite, n funcie de trsturile lor lexico-gramaticale, se afl n raport de coresponden cu verbele (6 modele structurale n limba romn i 10 modele structurale n limba englez), cu adverbele (7 modele structurale n limba romn i 4 modele structurale n limba englez), cu adjectivele (14 modele structurale n limba romn i 3 modele structurale n limba englez), cu substantivele (3 modele structurale n limba romn i 3 modele structurale n limba englez). 2.6 Unele fenomene ale realitii pot fi concepute numai n raport de contrarietate (x se contrapune numai cu y), altele se alf n relaie opoziional cu cteva fenomene (x se opune lui y, acelai x se poate opune i lui z). Astfel, ntre frazeologisme se creaz att relaii de antonimie, ct i relaii de sinonimie (a b c d e f g h). Seriile sinonimico -antonimice ale 79

frazeologismelor au cele mai diverse structuri din punctul de vedere al elementelor componente att n limba romn, ct i n limba englez. Relaiile semantice interne dintre antonimele frazeologice ce formeaz serii antonimice sunt cele mai diverse. Aceste relaii sunt evideniate cu ajutorul difereniatorului antonimic. Trsturile structural-semantice ale seriilor de antonime frazeologice depind de tipologia structural a acestor frazeologisme. E vorba de antonimele frazeologice cu aceeai structur i de antonimele frazeologice cu structuri diferite. n acelai timp, trebuie s se in cont de caracterul polisemantic al frazeologismelor. n funcie de acest criteriu, antonimia frazeologic poate fi complet (toate nuanele de sens ale frazeologismelor sunt opoziionale) i incomplet (nu toate nuanele de sens ale frazeologismelor sunt n raport opoziional). 2.7 Din punctul de vedere al numrului de elemente componente (de frazeologisme), seriile sinonimico-antonimice sunt foarte variate att n limba romn, ct i n limba englez. n tez au fost atestate 26 de serii sinonimico-antonimice n limba romn i 31 de serii sinonimico-antonimice n limba englez. Seriile sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice din ambele limbi pot avea aceleai structuri gramaticale, structuri asemntoare sau structuri gramaticale diferite. Majoritatea seriilor sinonimicoantonimice frazeologice au structuri gramaticale asemntoare sau diferite.

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3. CLASIFICAREA SEMANTIC A ANTONIMELOR FRAZEOLOGICE DIN LIMBILE ROMN I ENGLEZ

Clasificarea semantic a antonimelor frazeologice se face innd cont de urmtoarele aspecte: 1) natura logico-semantic a opoziiei dintre membrii cuplului antonimic frazeologic; 2) grupurile tematice crora le aparin antonimele frazeologice; 3) trsturile semantice difereniale care stau la baza opoziiei antonimice. 3.1. Natura logico-semantic a frazeologismelor antonimice Dup natura raporturilor logico-semantice, antonimele frazeologice ale limbii romne i cele ale limbii engleze se clasific n urmtoarele tipuri: 1) antonime frazeologice graduale; 2) antonime frazeologice complementare; 3) antonime frazeologice vectoriale; 4) antonime frazeologice conversive. 1. Antonimele frazeologice graduale exprim noiuni polare din sfera noiunii genetice. Ele dispun de sensuri ce admit anumite gradri i vizeaz proprieti relative ale obiectelor i fenomenelor din lumea nconjurtoare. Cel mai frecvent se supun gradrii diverse nsuiri i caliti, care pot exista ntr-un grad mai mic sau mai mare la un obiect n comparaie cu alte obiecte [114, p. 145]. Astfel, antonimele frazeologice graduale sunt constituite, n principiu, din frazeologisme adjectivale i adverbiale: a fi rupt (frnt, mort) de oboseal a fi (n plin) putere; a toca cte-n lun i stele a fi mut ca pmntul. Antonimele frazeologice graduale admit i termeni intermediari, care nu redau noiuni polare. Semnificaiile acestor frazeologisme s-ar afla undeva la jumtate de cale dintre A i B.

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frazeologism intermediar A (a fi) srac lipit a avea pine i (a fi) putred de pmntului sare bogat B

frazeologism intermediar A not drink to touch to drink to drink like a lord B

occasionally

Alte exemple: a avea darul beiei a servi (a bea) ocazional a nu pune (nici) pictur n gur; a face (a lucra) din toat inima a face (a lucra) din datorie a face (a lucra) de mntuial; a fi tare de inim nu se teme de gini a fi fricos ca un iepure; a fi stul dob a mnca ca n post (sau a mnca pe nesturate) a avea burta lipit de spate; a avea ureche fin l-a clcat ursul pe-o ureche a avea bumbac (vat) n urechi; a avea darul vorbirii a avea limb pocit a nu putea ncurca nici dou cuvinte; a-l trece apte rnduri de sudori a lucra cine-cinete a nu lua (a nu ridica) un pai de pe jos; to do smth. from the bottom of ones heart to skimp ones work, to do things in a scrambling fashion, to make a mess of a job, to be as poor as a church-mouse to have tons of money, to be courageous to be afraid of ones own shadow, to have the gift of the gab not to link two words. 2. Antonimele frazeologice complementare sau negraduale sunt alctuite din cupluri antonimice reciproc opuse, care acoper n ntregime sfera noiunii de gen, excluznd posibilitatea unui termen intermediar, adic nu admit grade (trepte) intermediare [120, p. 214]. De exemplu: ceas bun ceas ru; a clca cu dreptul a clca cu stngul; a duce (a-i face) (cuiva) suprri a aduce (a-i face) (cuiva) bucurii; the right moment the wrong moment; to make a good start to make a bad start; to bring happiness/good-luck to bring unhappiness/ill-luck/bad/luck. Raportul antonimic de complementaritate poate fi redat grafic n felul urmtor: ceas bun A ceas ru B

the right moment A

the wrong moment B

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Alte exemple de antonime frazeologice complementare din limba romn: a fi (a se afla) n toane bune a fi (a se afla) n toane rele, a fi bine dispus a fi ru dispus, a se acoperi de glorie a se acoperi de ocar (de ruine), a da de naiba a scpa de naiba, a crpa de ciud (de necaz) a-i rde inima de bucurie, la marginea (la captul) pmntului la o arunctur (o zvrlitur) de b, amar de vreme ct ai bate n (din) palme, a avea inim bun a avea inim rea. Antonimele frazeologice complementare se regsesc i n limba englez, dar cu o frecven mai sczut dect n limba romn: to be in high-spirits to be in low spirits, to cover oneself with glory to cover oneself with shame to get into trouble to get out of trouble, at the worlds end at a stones throw (from). 3. Antonimele frazeologice vectoriale exprim opoziii n care elementele cuplurilor redau aciuni, mai rar obiecte sau nsuiri, orientate n direcii opuse. E de reinut c antonimele vectoriale apar n numr mai mare n clasa frazeologismelor verbale i aproape c nu se ntlnesc printre frazeologismele substantivale i adjectivale. De exemplu: a cobor steagul a ridica steagul; a cdea la pat a se ridica de la pat; to hoist a flag, to show the colours to lower the colours; to take to ones bed, to fall ill, to be taken ill to leave the bed, to get up from the bed, to rise in ones feet. Grafic, aciunile exprimate de cele dou cupluri antonimice frazeologice se redau astfel: B B

a cobor steagul

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a se ridica de la pat

a ridica steagul

a cdea la pat

B to show the colours

to lower the colours

Mai exemplificm antonime frazeologice vectoriale din limba romn: a cobor din domnie a urca (a sui) la domnie, a scoate din scaun (din domnie) a nla n scaun, a aduna (pe cineva) de pe drumuri a-l arunca (pe cineva) pe drumuri, a-i da jos masca a-i pune masca, a deschide (cuiva) ochii a nchide (cuiva) ochii, a scoate n vileag a ascunde sub apte lacte, a depune armele a ridica armele, a pune (a bga) sabia n teac a scoate sabia din teac, a aprea ca din pmnt a intra ca n pmnt, a apuca nainte a apuca napoi, a arunca ancora a ridica ancora, a cobor tonul a ridica tonul, a-i bga n cap a-i scoate din cap, a face his a face cea, soare-rsare soare-apune. n limba englez antonimele frazeologice vectoriale se ntlnesc cu preponderen n clasa frazeologismelor verbale. De exemplu: to lower the flag/colours to show/hoist the flag/colours, to fall ill/to take to ones bed to rise from the bed, to put off the mask to put on a mask, to open smbs eyes to close smbs eyes, to bring to light/to reveal to keep smth. close, to cast anchor to raise anchor, to lower ones voice to pitch ones voice higher, sun-rise sun-set. 4. Antonimele frazeologice conversive se refer la unul i acelai denotat, adic desemneaz aceeai aciune, descris din punctul de vedere ale unor participani situai pe poziii diametral opuse [114, p. 148]. Unul din participani este agentul (subiectul) aciunii, iar al doilea participant este obiectul asupra cruia se rsfrnge aciunea. Lingvistul R. Srbu, referindu-se la antonimele lexicale conversive, prezint urmtorul exemplu concludent: Cuvintele a vinde a cumpra exprim una i aceeai aciune denotat (<schimbarea proprietii asupra unui lucru prin plata contravalorii lui>), vzut n acelai timp din dou puncte de vedere opuse: <a intra n posesia unui lucru>/<a ceda dreptul de proprietate fa de acest lucru>, <prin plata (achitarea/ncasarea)contra valorii lui> [114, p. 148]. 84

to leave the bed

to fall ill

Opoziia aceasta poate fi redat astfel: X vinde ceva lui Z = Z cumpr ceva de la X. n limba romn, categoriile conversivelor (de la lat. conversio = schimbare, transformare) este mai puin rspndit dect n alte limbi, cum ar fi, de exemplu, engleza, unde exist verbe care, desemnnd o aciune, precizeaz i direcia de orientare a acesteia: spre obiectul sau spre subiectul aciunii [114, p. 202]. Dac la nivel lexical se ntlnesc antonime conversive (a ctiga a pierde, a da a primi, a trimite a primi, a vinde a cumpra, a importa a exporta, import export; to win- to lose, to give to receive, to take to give, to send to receive, to sell to buy, to import to export, import export), atunci la nivel frazeologic numrul antonimelor frazeologice conversive este foarte mic: a ctiga teren a pierde teren, a-i ctiga bucica de pine a-i pierde bucica de pine, a trimite veti triste a primi veti bune, a fi n ctig a fi n pierdere; to gain ground to lose ground to earn ones crust to lose ones crust, to send good news to smb. to receive good news to be in money to be out of pocket. 3.2. Apartenena antonimelor frazeologice la diverse grupuri tematice n lingvistic exist diferite clasificri ale antonimelor lexicale i frazeologice conform grupurilor tematice din care fac parte. Lingvitii V. erban i I. Evseev grupeaz trsturile distinctive care stau la baza opoziiei antonimice lexicale n jurul urmtoarelor coordonate: 1. Coordonatele spaiale, care se concretizeaz prin raportare la locul subiectului: aici acolo, la axele vertical i orizontal: sus jos, a cobor a urca, nainte napoi, a nainta a se retrage etc. 2. Coordonatele temporale, care se refer la cele trei mari diviziuni ale timpului (prezent, trecut, viitor) i la relaiile fundamentale n cadrul fiecruia dintre timpuri (simultaneitate, anteri oritate, posterioritate): acum atunci, acum cndva, ieri azi, devreme trziu, etern trector, prezent trecut, sincronie diacronie etc. 3. Coordonatele cantitative care ordoneaz perechile antonimice, opunndu-le prin intermediul categoriilor mare/mic, mult/puin, absen/prezen etc. De exemplu: mare mic, nalt scund, minim maxim, a amplifica a diminua, a crete a descrete, a diminua a spori, majoritate minoritate, o dat de (mai) multe ori etc. 85

4.

Coordonatele calitative grupeaz antonimele pe baza unor categorii pragmatice, axio-

logice, etice i estetice, care constituie poli opui ai unor scri valorice cuprinse ntre bine i ru, frumos i urt, pozitiv i negativ, simplu i complex etc. De exemplu: bun ru, cinstit necinstit, drept nedrept, frumos urt, negativ pozitiv, dreptate nedreptate, inocen vinovie, principialitate neprincipialitate, virtute viciu, vitejie laitate etc. [120, p. 215-216]. Lingvistul R. Srbu clasific antonimele lexicale ale limbii romne, n funcie de domeniile realitii obiective la care se refer termenii opozabili, n urmtoarele grupuri lexico-semantice: 1. Antonime care desemneaz caliti i activiti ale omului. Acestea se refer, n spe, la: ru, detept prost, bolnav sntos, slab gras, mort viu, nalt scund etc.; aprecieri etico-estetice: harnic lene, obiectiv subiectiv etc.; aciviti (aciuni, rezultate ale unor aciuni) specifice omului: succes insucces, victorie nfrngere, a da a lua, a vorbi a tcea, a-i aminti a uita, a permite a interzice, a ctiga a pierde etc.; emoii i sentimente: iubire ur, bucurie tristee, fericire nefericire, ncredere nencredere, speran disperare, fric curaj, a se bucura a se ntrista etc.; gradul de cultur: cult incult, instruit neinstruit, avansat napoiat etc.; trsturi de caracter i comportament, aptitudini i nsuiri volitive: activ pasiv, altruist egoist, cinstit necinstit, contient incontient, curajos fricos, puternic slab, trie slbiciune, talentat netalentat, consecven inconsecven, hotrt nehotrt, perseverent neperseverent etc.; starea civil i vrsta omului: cstorit necstorit, tnr btrn, vrstnic nevrstnic etc.; categorii i relaii sociale: progres regres, progresist reacionar, bogat srac, individual colectiv, legal nelegal, folositor duntor, dreptate nedreptate, acord dezacord, echitate inechitate, dependen independen, a accepta a refuza etc.; 2. Antonime care se refer la fenomene i stri ale naturii: lumin ntuneric, cald frig, Antonime care desemneaz noiuni temporale i spaiale (micarea, deplasarea, schimiarn var, nordic sudic, rsrit apus, zi noapte, a se lumina a se ntuneca etc. 3. barea poziiei n spaiu): ziua noaptea, permanent temporar, vara iarna, nceput sfrit, rar frecvent, lung scurt, continuu discontinuu, devreme trziu, nou vechi, sus jos, aici acolo, nsuiri fizice (stri fizice) i psihice (intelectuale): frumos urt, capabil incapabil, bun

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interior exterior, nainte napoi, import export, dreapta stnga, apropiat ndeprtat, central periferic, primul ultimul, a se ridica a se aeza, a urca a cobor etc. 4. Antonime care exprim relaii cantitative: mult puin, mare mic, lat ngust, des rar, Antonime care se refer la noiunea de calitate, denumind diferite nsuiri ale obiectelor, a mri a micora, a subaprecia a supraaprecia etc. 5. i anume: forma: gros subire, drept strmb etc.; greutatea fizic, dificultatea, claritatea: uor greu, simplu complex, uor dificil, clar confuz, expresiv inexpresiv, definit indefinit etc.; temperatura: clduros friguros, fierbinte rece etc.; importana: important neimportant, cunoscut necunoscut, principal secundar, semnificativ nesemnificativ etc. Alte msuri cum sunt: preul: ieftin scump; culoarea: alb negru, nchis deschis; gustul: amar dulce; stare fizic: concentrat diluat, solid lichid; duritatea: moale tare, neted aspru; sunetul: plcut neplcut, nalt jos; vocea: ascuit groas; volumul: plin gol; nlimea: nalt mic; autenticitatea: adevrat fals, real nereal; stabilitatea: statornic schimbtor, durabil ubred; ordinea: primul ultimul; umiditatea: umed uscat etc. 6. Antonime ce se refer la categorii etice, estetice i filosofice: virtute viciu, bine ru, adevr minciun, idealism materialism, afirmaie negaie, abstract concret, absolut relativ, material spiritual etc. [114, p. 142-144]. n limba romn o prim ncercare de a clasifica antonimele frazeologice conform grupelor tematice din care fac parte i aparine lingvistului Gh. Colun. Limba romn, avnd un tezaur 87

frazeologic bogat, cuprinde cele mai diverse arii ale realitii i civilizaiei romneti. Astfel, cele 220 de cupluri antonime frazeologice, supuse analizei de frazeologul Gh. Colun, reprezint urmtoarele domenii: 1. Categorii i relaii sociale (73 de cupluri): a se acoperi de glorie a se acoperii de ocar, a agita spiritele a liniti spiritele, a-i ctiga bucica de pine a-i pierde bucica de pine, a clca drepturile (cuiva) a respecta drepturile (cuiva), cu uile nchise cu uile deschise, a fi (a sta) n frunte a fi (a sta) la coad, a fi pe pace a fi pe picior de rzboi etc. 2. Trsturi de caracter i comportament (32 de cupluri): a avea ochi buni a avea ochi ri, cu ochii nchii cu ochii deschii, a fi bine dispus a fi ru dispus, a fi cu ochii n patru a fi cu ochii legai, a fi slab de nger a fi tare de nger, a o da prin perl a scpa basma curat etc. 3. Caliti i nsuiri ale fiinelor i obiectelor (25 de cupluri): a avea darul vorbirii a avea limba lat, a avea obraz gros a avea obraz subire, drept ca funia n sac drept ca lumnarea, harnic foc lene fr pereche, mic la suflet mare la suflet etc. 4. Stri fiziologice ale omului (24 de cupluri): a-l apuca frica a-l lsa frica, bolnav de moarte sntos tun, a dormi butean a dormi iepurete, a-i potoli foamea (setea) a-i strni foamea (setea), a se prpdi de rs a plnge cu lacrimi amare etc. 5. Categorii etico-estetice i fiziologice (19 cupluri): a adormi contiina (cuiva) a trezi contiina (cuiva), a avea contiina curat a avea contiina ptat, a face pe deteptul a face pe prostul etc. 6. Micare, deplasare, schimbare a poziiei n spaiu (14 cupluri): a aprea ca din pmnt a intra ca n pmnt, a arunca ancora a ridica ancora, a face la stnga a face la dreapta, a o lua de la coad a o lua de la nceput etc. 7. Emoii i sentimente (12 cupluri): a amr zilele (cuiva) a ndulci zilele (cuiva), a-i fi drag ca ochii din cap a-i fi drag ca sarea n ochi etc. 8. nsuiri intelectuale, aptitudini i caliti volitive (12 cupluri): a avea orizont larg a avea orizont ngust, a-i clca cuvntul (jurmntul) a-i ine cuvntul (jurmntul), a fi mai presus de orice critic a fi mai prejos de orice critic etc. 9. Cantiti i mrimi (5 cupluri): (a avea) amar de bani (a nu avea) nicio lecaie (frnt), amar de lume niciun suflet de om, ct o oal de praznic ct un fir de mac etc. 10. Spaiu (2 cupluri): soare-rsare soare-apune, ct dai cu pratia peste nou mri i nou ri etc. 88

11. Timp i durat (un cuplu): ct ai bate n (din) palme la sfntul ateapt [25, p. 82-84]. n limba englez, cuplurile antonimice frazeologice au o arie tematic ampl. Cu toate acestea, A.V. Kunin a stabilit doar cteva grupuri tematice de antonime frazeologice. 1. Tipul a ncepe a termina: put (set) smith on foot a pune nceputul la ceva, a ncepe s realizeze ceva, get (start) the ball rolling a face primul pas, a ncepe ring down the curtain (sau ring the curtain down) a pune capt (sfrit) la ceva. 2. Tipul aciune distrugerea rezultatului acinuii: loosen ones (sau the) purse strings a cheltui tighten ones (sau the) purse strings a economisi. 3. Tipul bine ru, corect incorect, cinstit necinstit: come to the right shop a se adresa conform adresei come to the wrong shop a nu se adresa conform adresei; earn an honest penny a ctiga prin munc cinstit live by ones wits a ctiga mijloacele de existen pe cale necinstit; fair play joc cinstit foul play joc murdar; good form ton bun bad form ton ru; in good faith cinstit in bad faith necinstit; in somebodys good books a fi la loc de cinste in somebodys bad books a nu fi luat n consideraie de cineva, a fi la eviden proast; play ones cards well a efectua ceva cu deteptciune play ones cards badly a face ceva fr cap; with a good grace cu mult plcere, satisfacie with a bad grace fr plcere, fr nicio satisfacie. 4. Tipul mare mic: cantitatea: (as) plentiful blackberries din belug (as) scarce as hens teeth foarte srac; distana: at close quarters, cheek by jow, at ones elbow, (right) under ones nose alturi, umr la umr a far cry from... a fi departe de...; greutatea, puterea, viteza: (as) heavy as lead greu ca plumbul (as) light as a feather (sau as thisledown) uor ca pana, ca fulgul; (as) strong as a horse sntos tun (as) weak as a cat (kitten sau water) firav, bolnav; at a snails pace cu pai de melc at breackneck speed cu iueala fulgerului; caliti abstracte (simplu compus, a preamri a diminua): childs play lucru foarte uor, fleac Herculean task munc de Hercules, munc extrem de grea; make a mountain out of molehill a face din nar armsar make little of something a subaprecia, a nu aprecia la justa valoare [190, p. 112-113].

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n realitate, n limba englez exist mult mai multe grupuri tematice de antonime frazeologice dect cele prezentate de lingvistul A.V. Kunin. Iat care sunt cele mai uzuale: 1. Mrimi ale spaiului: at arms length distan relativ mare at close quarters distan relativ mic; ready to ones grasp la o arunctur de b beyond ones grasp un spaiu mare de nenchipuit, at the worlds end la captul pmntului at a stones throw (from) la o arunctur de b. 2. Noiuni ale lumii materiale; obiecte i fenomene ale realitii (de exemplu, bunstarea starea grea material): bed of roses via uoar i fericit, be in clover a tri n rsfare bed of thorne via grea i neplcut, make both ends meet a o duce de azi pe mine, to lead a dogs life ,,via de cine to live like a prince ,,via de prin, to live in privation ,,lipsuri, to live in plenty ,,a nu duce lips de nimic. 3. Activiti ale minii omului: atenia: have (sau keep) an (sau ones) eye on a asculta cu mult atenie, a nu pierde din vedere (ceva sau pe cineva), a urmri, a privi cu atenie, a privi n toate prile close ones ears to/turn a deaf ear to, shut ones ears to, seal or stop ones ear a nu asculta, a nu acorda atenie; deteptciunea: have all ones wits about one 1) a nu-i pierde capul, a fi de veghe, 2) a avea minte ager, a gndi foarte bine, bring somebody to his senses a face pe deteptul, a-l nva minte pe cineva play the fool (goat, monky) a o face pe prostul, a se prosti, lose ones senses a se prosti, a se purta urt; dreptatea i sinceritatea: make a clean breast of something a fi sincer, a-i recunoate sincer greeala, minciuna play a double game a nu fi sincer, a spune minciuni, a mini, beat about the bush a umbla cu fofrlica. 4. Dorina nedorina: with a good grace cu mult plcere with a bad (or an ill grace) fr nicio plcere; wish smb. ill ,, a dori rul cuiva wish smb. well ,,a dori binele cuiva, wish smb. luck ,,a ura cuiva noroc wish smb. badluck ,,a ura cuiva ghinion. 5. Cumsecdenia lispa de cumsecdenie: good faith cumsecdenie bad faith lisp de cumsecdenie; good egg ,,caracter bun bad egg ,,caracter ru.

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6. Cinstea necinstea: as honest as a man as ever lived by bread om foarte cinstit, suflet curat as honest a man as ever broke head, as honest a man as ever trad on earth, as crooked as a dogs hind leg om necinstit, suflet meschin. 7. Vigurozitate lncezeal: take heart a se mbrbta, a-i lua inima n dini, fit as a fiddle cu dispoziie foarte bun, plin de sntate, merry as cricket (as a grig, as a mariage bell) foarte vesel, plin de via look blue a avea chip lncezit, weak as water (as a cat) 1) firav, istovit de puteri, 2) fr trie de caracter, slab de fire; dull as ditch-water insuportabil de plictisitor, foarte trist. 8. Mndria, preamrirea njosirea, modestia: carry (hold) ones head high a ine capul sus, a umbla cu capul pe sus, be on (get on, mount, ride) the high horse a-i da importan, a se ine cu nasul pe sus, assume (give onself, put on) airs a-i lua nasul la purtare, a nu-i ajunge cu prjina la nas sing small (change ones tune) a se mpca cu gndul, a se da btut, a se lsa pgubit, a se resemna, cat dirt (eat humble pie, eat ones lest) a fi supus njosirii, a-i cere scuze njositoare. 9. Sinceritatea nesinceritatea: fair play sinceritatea, cinstea, play fair (play the game) 1) a face un joc cinstit, sincer, 2) a proceda sincer, cinstit play fast and loose a face un joc necinstit, nesincer, a proceda nesincer. 10. Dispoziia indispoziia omului: keep a stiff upper lip, keep ones chin (sau pecker) up a nu-i pierde ndejdea, a nu dispera lose heart a-i pierde sperana, a dispera. 11. Experiena lipsa de experien: old bird lup btrn spring chicken bo cu ochi. 12. Caliti emotive i intelectuale: (as) gentle as a lamb blnd ca un mieluel (as) hard as nails crud, nemilos; (as) straight as a die direct, cinstit (as) crooked as a dogs hind leg necinstit, mincinos. 13. Bogia srcia: (as) rich as Craesus bogat ca i Krez (as) poor as a church mouse srac lipit pmntului; rolling in riches/wealth ,,putred de bogat not to have a penny to bless oneself with ,,srac lipit. 14. Frumuseea urenia: (as) pretty as a picture frumoas ca un tablou (as) ugly as sin urt ca Muma-Pdurii. 15. Senzaii gustative (plcute neplcute): (as) bitter as gall (sau wormwood) amar ca pelinul, (as) sour as vinegar acru ca oetul (as) sweet as honey (sau as a nut) dulce ca mierea. 91

16. Caliti sufleteti: a heart of gold inim de aur a heart of stone, stone heart, strong heart inim de piatr; to be well-disposed ,,a fi bine intenionat to be ill-disposed towards smb. ,,a fi ru intenionat fa de cineva. Enumerarea grupurilor tematice ale antonimelor frazeologice din cele dou limbi demonstreaz c limba englez este mai bogat, avnd 16 grupuri tematice, pe cnd n limba romn au fost atestate doar 11. 3.3. Trsturile semantice difereniale care stau la baza opoziiei frazeologismelor antonimice Ca i antonimele lexicale, antonimele frazeologice au un volum divers de substan semantic, cu care termenii opui se afl angajai n opoziia antonimic. Privite din acest unghi, ambele tipuri de antonime pot fi clasificate n funcie de domeniul n care ele apar: n limb sau n vorbire. Din punctul de vedere al regularitii cu care apar n context, n opoziie direct, antonimele limbii romne i limbii engleze pot fi: 1) propriu-zise sau uzuale, i 2) ocazionale sau contextuale. n funcie de volumul de substan semantic cu care dou cuvinte sau dou frazeologime se afl angajate n opoziie antonimic se disting: 1) antonime totale sau absolute; 2) antonime pariale sau relative. [114, p. 149, 152] n lucrarea de fa, care are scopul de a analiza antonimele frazeologice n limb, i nu n vorbire, prima clasificare, adic antonimele uzuale i contextuale vor rmne n afara cercetrii, clasificare ce poate constitui obiectul de cercetare al altui studiu. Antonimele frazeologice, n funcie de trsturile semantice difereniale, care stau la baza opoziiilor antonimice frazeologice, se clasific n: 1) totale sau absolute, i 2) pariale sau relative. Vor fi supuse analizei nu numai perechi de antonime frazeologice, ci i serii sinonimicoantonimice. Din aceast cauz, e necesar prezentarea, mai nti, a ctorva aspecte ce in de sinonimia frazeologic. ntre antonimie i sinonimie dou tipuri importante de relaii semantice exist strnse legturi. Aceste legturi se manifest prin faptul c antonimele frazeologice pot construi serii 92

antonimice. Printre frazeologisme exist multe expresii, care sunt apropiate ca sens, dar care difer n funcie de nuanele semantice i stilistice. Asemenea frazeologisme se consider sinonimice. Avnd aceleai sensuri, la prima vedere, s-ar prea c sinonimele antonimice ar putea s fie substituite ntre ele. n realitate ns, asemenea substituiri sunt aproape imposibile, deoarece fiecare frazeologism, ce intr n seria sinonimic, are trsturi specifice semantice i stilistice. Astfel, am putea defini sinonimele frazeologice n felul urmtor: sinonimice sunt acele frazeologisme care au structuri asemntoare sau diferite i posed aceleai sensuri, dar nuanate din punct de vedere semantic sau stilistic. Seriile sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice nu sunt omogene dup numrul de elemente componente. n paragraful precedent au fost prezentate 26 de serii sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice din limba romn i 31 de serii sinonimico-antonimice din limba englez. Numrul seriilor sinonimico-antonimice e cu mult mai mare, desigur, att n limba romn, ct i n limba englez. Prezentm cte un exemplu de serii sinonimico-antonimice din ambele limbi: a ajunge mare i tare 1) a ajunge cal de pot, 2) a ajunge de clac, 3) a ajunge din cal mgar, 4) a ajunge o obial; wash ones dirty linen at home a nu scoate gunoiul din cas, a nu divulga secretele sau problemele dintr-o familie sau dintr-un cerc concret de oameni 1) wash ones linen in public a divulga secretele sau alte chestiuni din familie, a scoate gunoiul din cas; 2) tell tales out of school a divulga (ceva), de obicei, cu rutate, a divulga taine intime din familie sau de serviciu; 3) foul ones own nest a ponegri, a huli, a critica dumnos familia sa, societatea sau organizaia (ntreprinderea, instituia); 4) cry stinking fish a ponegri, a huli, a critica aspru pe apropiaii si sau pe colegi. I. Uneori, n relaie de sinonimie pot s se afle cte dou frazeologisme antonimice, ce au aceeai structur: 1) a fi (a se afla) n toane bune; 2) a fi bine dispus 1) a fi (a se afla) n toane rele; 2) a fi ru dispus; 2) be in harmony with something (somebody) (a fi n acord cu) 1) be out of harmony with something (a nu fi n acord cu); 3) be in keeping with something (a fi n concordan cu) 2) be out of keeping with something (a nu fi n concordan cu).

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II. Alteori, n relaie de sinonimie se afl antonime frazeologice cu aceeai structur i cu structuri diferite. Pentru exemplificare poate servi seria sinonimic-antonimic a muri a se nate, to die to be born. a (-i) adormi (somnul cel) de veci a adormi ntru Domnul a-i afla moartea a-i cnta popa aghiosul a da hrtioara popii (reg.) a da ortul (sau pclea) popii a adormi (a dormi) somnul cel de pe urm (somnul celor drepi) a-i da ultima suflare a-i da sufletul a se duce ctre Domnul a se duce (a pieri) de pe faa pmntului a se duce n tirea Celui de Sus (Domnului) a se duce pe cale nentoars (nenturnat) a se duce pe drum nentors (nenturnat) a se duce pe lumea cealalt a-i face costum de scnduri (fam.) a fura (a lua) sfntul (sfinii) (pe cineva) (reg.) a iei ctre Dumnezeu (nv.) a iei din lume a-i iei sufletul a ncheia socotelile cu viaa a intra n mormnt a intra n pmnt a nchide ochii (pentru totdeauna, pe veci) a i se nchide ochii a ntinde picioarele a-i lsa pielea pe undeva (fam.) 94 a aprea pe lume a da via (cuiva) a prinde fiin a deschide ochii a vedea lumina zilei

a lsa sntatea (reg.) a-i lepda potcoavele (pop. i fam.) a-l lua Dumnezeu a-l lua moartea a mirosi a coliv (a pmnt) a muri fr lumnare a muri fr pern la cap a muri ca un pui de gin a muri cu zile (cu zilele n mn) a nu mai clca iarba verde a prsi lumea a-i pica steaua (nv. i pop.) a pleca n tirea Celui de Sus a trece rul Styx (cu luntraul Charon) be born with a silver spoon in ones mouth be born under a lucky star be born with a coul on ones head be born on the wrong side of the blanket draw the first breath

come to an untimely end lose the number of ones mess take ones end break ones heart draw ones last breath kick up ones heels step off the big plank sink into the grave sleep in the grave pay ones debt (or the debt of nature) come to the ground join the angels give up the ghost go off the hooks go the way og all flesh go to glory

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go to ones last account go to ones long (rest) haird in ones checks join the great majority kick the bucket pass beyond the veil shuffle off this mortal coil take the ferry urn up ones toes (to the daisies) Cele mai multe serii sinonimico-antonimice sunt alctuite n ambele limbi din antonime

III. ru:

frazeologice, ce au structuri diferite. A se compara seria ce semnific noiunile a tri bine a tri a tri ca un boier (boierete) a tri ca banul n lad a tri ca cinele la stn a tri ca lupul n pdure a tri ca oamenii a tri (a fi, a se simi) ca n pntecele mamei a tri ca pe pmntul fgduinei a tri domnete (ca un domn) a o duce mprtete a tri ca un pa a tri ca ursul la prisac a tri n belug a tri n cacaval a tri n huzur a tri ca un huhurez a tri pe picior larg a tri ca gina la moar a tri ca n rai a tri ca cinele cu pisica a tri ca ma cu oarecele a tri ca cucul n frunz a tri ca doamne ferete a tri ca dracul cu popa a tri ca dracul n spini a tri ca frunza pe ap a tri ca pe mrcini a tri ca viermele n hrean a tri cu pine i sare a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) a tri din cerit (din pomeni) a tri din datorii a tri din milostenii a tri din sticle a tri dintr-o coaj de pine a tri fcnd foame a tri n mizerie (srcie) 96

a tri ca la snul mamei a tri ca n snul lui Avraam

a tri n nevoie (n lipsuri) a tri cu ap i pine

be comfortably off a ctiga bine, a fi bine asigurat have ones bread buttered for life a fi asigurat material pentru toat viaa, a o duce bine eat (or live on) the fat of the land a tri n bunti, a tri ca gina la moar

be out of business a fi falimentar be on ones bones a fi ntr-o stare material grea, a fi pe drojdie be in low water a-i sufla vntul prin buzunare, a fi ntr-o stare financiar critic

be (or live) in clover a tri boierete, a tri n belug live like a fighting cock a tri ca n snul lui Avraam live in the lap of luxury a tri pe picior mare stink of (with) money a fi foarte bogat be well-to-do (well to do) a fi putred de bogat

feel the draught a fi pe drojdie, a fi fr bani fall on evil days a trece prin zile negre be in queer street a-i sufla vntul prin buzunare be in low water(s) a fi n situaie material grea be on the rocks a ajunge la sap de lemn, a fi n situaie material grea be on ones beam ends a rmne fr mijloace financiare, a fi aproape ruinat

be in comfortable (easy, good) a avea o situaie material bun

be on easy street a fi plin de parale

not to have a penny (sixpence) to bless oneself with a nu avea nicio para chioar

be in funds a avea bani grl

be stony broke a fi lefter

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be made of money a fi putred de bogat feather ones own nest a se asigura pe sine, a se mbogi line ones pockets a se mbogi, a-i umple buzunarele make a (ones) pile a-i aduna capital, a tri n bogie live like a king (lord, prince) a tri boierete, a tri din belug, a tri n huzur live at crack and manger a tri n huzur have ones bread buttered for life a fi asigurat material pentru toat viaa have ones cake baked a avea o stare material bun, a tri n belug crack a tidy crust a prospera, a tri n huzur

go down the drain (everything, money) a rmne cu buzunarele goale be on (or up) a stump a fi n situaie foarte grea, a se ruina not to have a feather to fly with a se face de rs, a se ruina, a rmne fr bani sit on the Penniless Bench a se afla n stare de srcie lucie go to ruin a se ruina, a merge spre dezastru

fall (go) to rack (wreck) and ruin a ajunge n deplin ruinare be down and out a fi fr bani i fr lucru, a fi fr niciun mijloc de existen, a se ruina go broke a se ruina, a fi n criz de bani be out at elbows a fi n criz de bani, a fi srac go to blazes (to hell, to pogt, to the devil, to the dogs, to pigs and whistles) a se duce dracului, naiba live on air a nu avea mijloace pentru existen be hard up a avea nevoie acut de bani be badly off a fi srac lipit

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not to have a bean a nu avea nicio para chiar be on ones uppers a duce lips de bani, a fi fr bani, a ajunge la cel mai nalt punct al srciei go to rack and ruin a muri n srcie, a se ruina complet n seriile sinonimice-antonimice, constituite din frazeologisme cu aceeai structur i cu structuri diferite sau numai din frazeologisme cu structuri diverse, exist un numr diferit de frazeologisme componente n ambele serii, adic nu exist o simetrie ntre numrul de frazeologisme ale seriilor sinonimice-antonimice De exemplu, pentru noiunea de a muri am atestat n limba romn 44 de frazeologisme, iar pentru noiunea a se nate 7 frazeologisme; n limba englez pentru noiunea de a muri am atestat 25 de frazeologisme, iar pentru noiunea de a se nate am atestat 5 frazeologisme. Pentru noiunea de prost n limba romn exist 31 de frazeologisme, iar pentru noiunea de detept 18 expresii; n limba englez, pentru noiunea de detept am atestat 4 frazeologisme, iar pentru cea de prost 22 de frazeologisme. Pentru noiunea de bogat n limba romn exist 15 frazeologisme, iar pentru noiunea de srac exist 30 de expresii; n limba englez, pentru noiunea de bogat am atestat 7 frazeologisme, iar pentru srac 8 frazeologisme. Analiza contrastiv a antonimelor frazeologice ce semnific a tri bine a tri ru demonstreaz c numrul antonimelor frazeologice din limba englez prevaleaz. n englez, pentru noiunea a tri bine exist 29 de frazeologisme, iar n limba romn 20 de frazeologisme. n limba englez, 38 de frazeologisme au semnificaia de a tri ru, iar n limba romn 20 de expresii. Cel mai rspndit tip de relaii reciproce ntre antonime i sinonime se stabilete n cadrul seriilor sinonimice-antonimice, care includ n sine att frazeologisme cu aceeai structur, ct i cu structuri diferite. n cazurile cnd ambele antonime frazeologice au sinonime frazeologice, atunci putem vorbi despre sinonimia perechilor de frazeologisme antonimice. Condiia obligatorie pentru ca antonimele frazeologice s creeze serii sinonimice se consider prezena trsturilor logico-semantice asemntoare, indiferent dac aceste frazeologime au nuane semantice sau stilistice diferite.

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n funcie de existena sau lipsa nuanelor semantice sau stilistice asemntoare sau diferite, ntre frazeologismele sinonimice din cadrul seriilor sinonimice-antonimice, seriile pot fi: totale sau absolute; i pariale sau relative. Totale sunt acele serii n care frazeologismele contrare se opun reciproc prin ntregul lor coninut semantic, iar n cazul antonimelor frazeologice polisematice opunerea trebuie s existe ntre toate sensurilor lor. Cuplurile antonimice frazeologice sunt totale atunci cnd sunt asemntoare dup sens i dup trsturile funcional-stilistice: a da de naiba a scpa de naiba; a da de bucluc a scpa de bucluc; be in somebodys good books (a fi vzut bine de cineva) be in somebodys bad books (a fi ru vzut de cineva); be in somebodys black books (a fi pe lista neagr a cuiva, a fi vzut cu ochi ri) be in somebodys good books (a fi vzut cu ochi buni). Antonimele frazeologice de mai sus (din limba romn i din limba englez) au aceleai sensuri i nu se deosebesc cu nimic din punctul de vedere al trsturilor funcional-stilistice. Urmtoarele serii sinonimice-antonimice ale antonimelor frazeologice totale sunt alctuite att din frazeologisme cu aceeai structur, ct i din frazeologisme cu structuri diferite: a-i ajunge (cuiva) cuitul la os a se simi de parc toat lumea e a lui; a fi ntre ciocan i nicoval a se simi n largul su; a fi n cumpn de via a fi (a se crede) n al noulea cer; a fi cu cuitul la gt i-a pus Dumnezeu mna n cap; a fi pe margine de prpastie a fi n apele sale; a fi pe dric a fi nebun de bucurie (de fericire); a fi pe muche de cuit a nu-i ncpea inima n piept; a-i sta viaa ntr-un fir de a a fi n culmea fericirii; a-i ajunge funia la par; a fi pe linie moart. 1) be in bad mood (a fi prost dispus) be in good mood (a fi bine dispus); 2) be in a bad temper (a fi n toane rele) be in a good temper (a fi n toane bune); 100

3) be out of humour (a fi prost dispus) be in good humour (a fi bine dispus); 4) be in low spirits (a fi prost dispus) be in good spirits (a fi bine dispus); 5) be out of sorts (a se simi cam prost) be of good cheer (a se simi bine); 6) be in the dumps (a nu fi n apele sale) be in (of) good heart (a fi n apele sale); 7) be down in the mouth (a nu fi n apele sale) be in fine (high) feather (a se simi bine); 8) be as cross as two sticks (a nu-i fi toi boii acas) be in full feather (a fi n toate minile). Cu toate c frazeologismele de mai sus au diverse motivaii metaforice (figurate), posed o percepie neadecvat emoional i au unele nuane semantice specifice, frazeologismele din prima serie exprim una i aceeai noiune a nu fi n dispoziie bun, a fi indispus, iar frazeologismele din seria a doua sinonimic au semnificaia de a fi n dispoziie bun. Frazeologismele din ambele serii sinonimice au aceeai sfer stilistic de utilizare limbajul literar i vorbit. Analiza comparativ ne indic faptul c exist n limba romn 8 frazeologisme ce indic noiunea de a nu fi n dispoziie bun, iar n limba englez 15 frazeologisme. Pentru noiunea a fi n dispoziie rea n limba englez exist 15 frazeologisme, iar n limba romn 10 frazeologisme. Pariale sunt acele serii n care frazeologismele contrare se opun reciproc numai printr-o parte din coninutul lor semantic. Aceste sinonime frazeologice sunt alctuite din frazeologisme care se deosebesc ntre ele prin unele nuane semantice i, desigur, posed sfere funcional-stilistice diferite de utilizare i un colorit emotiv-expresiv specific. Pentru exemplificare, poate servi seria sinonimico-antonimic a frazeologismelor ce semnific noiunile a se supra, a-i iei din fire a-i pstra calmul. a se supra ca vcarul pe sat a se supra foc a-i sri andra a se supra ru a fi suprat foc a-i pierde cumptul a-i iei din fire a-i iei din piele a-i iei din pepeni a nu-i iei din fire a-i pstra sngele rece a-i pstra calmul a-i ine cumptul a fi calm a-i pstra firea

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lose ones goat (hair, shirt) (a-i iei din fire) get ones irish (monkey) up (sl., a crap de ciud) get ones rag out (sl., a crpa de rutate) go up in the air (a-i iei din fire) get in a wax (sl., a se nfuria, a-i iei din rbu) get hot under the collar (sl., a-i pierde autocontrolul, a se supra) get up on ones hind legs (sl., a se nfuria foc) get up on ones ear (sl., a se nfuria foc) get in a bate (sl., a se nfuria foc) lose ones temper (a-i iei din fire, a-i pierde autocontrolul) fly (get) into a temper (a-i iei din fire, a se nfuria) get off (at) the deep end (a-i pierde autocontrolul, a-i iei din fire) fly into a passion (a se supra foc, a se nfuria, a se aprinde) fly into a rage (a fi furios, nebun) burst into a rage (a ajunge la furie, a nnebuni)

keep ones temper (lb. vorb. a rmne linitit) get oneself in hand (lb. vorb. a se lua n mini, a-i menine calmul) have ones brains on ice (a rmne linitit, echilibrat) collect ones faculties (lb. vorb. a-i controla aciunile) keep ones balance (lb. vorb. a-i controla aciunile) put oneself together (lb. vorb. a se concentra, a se lua n mini) keep ones countenance (lb. vorb. a se lua n mini) recover ones temper (lb. vorb. a se liniti, a se autocontrola) not to bat an eye (or eyelid) (a nu-i pierde autocontrolul) keep cool (a manifesta reinere, a rmne linitit) keep a cool head (a se autocontrola) keep ones hair (shirt, wool) on (a nu-i iei din fire) get oneself in hand (a se lua n mini) control ones temper (a se reine, a se autocontrola, a se lua n mini) have (or keep) a level head (a manifesta reinere, a rmne linitit) 102

fall into a fury (a-i pierde autocontrolul, a se nfuria) see red (a se nfuria, a fi orb de ciud) fly off the handle (a se nfuria, a-i iei din rbu, a-i pierde calmul) get off ones bike (a se supra) lose ones grip (of or on) (a-i pierde controlul asupra sa)

master of ones self (a se reine, a se autocontrola) keep ones head (a se autocontrola, a rmne linitit) regain ones temper (a se lua n mini, a rezista la tot)

have a broad back (a ndura n tcere) get a grip on oneself (a se lua n mini)

Neutre din toate punctele de vedere sunt frazeologismele keep ones temper (control ones temper) lose ones temper. Toate celelalte frazeologisme au diverse nuane de sens i valori funcional-stilistice. De exemplu, frazeologismele fly into a temper, fall into a rage, burst into a rage, fall into a fury, see red exprim gradul cel mai avansat al furiei, suprrii (a se nfuria, a ajunge pn la nebunie, a-i pierde minile, a fi orb de furios). Deosebirile semantice provoac deseori i deosebiri de ordin stilistic i emotiv-expresiv. De exemplu, dac comparm frazeologismele fly off the handle (lb. vorb.) (a se nfierbnta, a exploda, a se arunca asupra cuiva pierzndu-i autocontrolul, a ipa) i get hot under the collar (sleng) (a se supra, a se emoiona puternic, a se nfoca, a se nfierbnta), n afar c ambele au nuane semantice diverse, ele se mai deosebesc i din punct de vedere stilistic, adic primul frazeologism ine de limbajul vorbit, iar al doilea de limbajul sleng. Necoincidene valorice stilistice se ntlnesc i n a doua serie sinonimic. De exemplu, frazeologismele keep a cool head i keep ones hair (shirt, wool) on (a-i pstra calmul, a nu-i pierde capul) au un colorit stilistic diferit: primul frazeologism se utilizeaz n limba literar (limbajul literar), iar al doilea frazeologism n limbajul sleng. Prezena sinonimelor pariale n seria sinonimico-antonimic de mai sus duce la crearea relaiilor antonimice pariale ntre frazeologismele din prima serie i frazeologismele din seria a doua. Antonime frazeologice pariale (avnd nuane de sens i valori funcional-stilistice diverse) sunt i urmtoarele exemple: fall into a passion (lb. vorb.) (a-i iei din fire) keep ones hair (shirt, 103

wool) on (sl.) (a nu-i iei din fire); fly off the handle (lb. vorb.) (a-i iei din srite) keep ones temper (lb. lit., vorb.) (a-i pstra calmul); get ones rag out (sl.) (a se face foc i par) keep ones countenance (lb. vorb.) (a-i pstra calmul); get up in the air (sl.) (a-i iei din pepeni) pull oneself together (lb. vorb.) (a se stpni). O problem discutat de lingviti este posibilitatea utilizrii unui antonim frazeologic n locul altui frazeologism din aceeai serie sinonimic. Pentru a clarifica aceast problem e necesar s fie analizate, mai nti, relaiile interne dintre antonimele frazeologice i, n al doilea rnd, legturile interne dintre frazeologismele, ce alctuiesc cele dou serii i care sunt sinonime ntre ele. E necesar a meniona c relaiile interne dintre antonimele frazeologice, ce formeaz serii antonimice, au urmtoarele coordonate: 1. Sensul unor antonime frazeologice poate avea caracter mai general sau mai particular sau ntreaga serie antonimic exprim sensuri generale sau particulare. 2. Sensul unor antonime frazeologice poate fi mai mult sau mai puin emotiv sau neutru. 3. Sensul unor antonimele frazeologice poate avea un pronunat colorit stilistic, sensul altor antonime frazeologice poate s nu aib colorit stilistic. 4. Sensul antonimelor frazeologice poate fi diferit i din punctul de vedere al sferelor de utilizare. 5. Sensul antonimelor frazeologice se poate diferenia i n funcie de apartenena lor la stilul familiar, sleng sau jargon. 6. Sensul unor antonime frazeologice ine de limbajul literar sau poetic, sau arhaic. A se urmri antonimele frazeologice cu semnificaia nfrngere victorie: a obine o victorie deplin a ctiga lupta a obine o victorie a iei victorios a nvinge toate obstacolele a avea succes pe linie a ctiga jocul a ctiga distanat a birui (a nvinge) cu uurin a da gata (pe cineva) 104 a se recunoate nvins a se declara nvins a pierde jocul a iei din joc a suferi o nfrngere meritat a pierde lupta a suferi o nereuit a prsi scena

throw in (up) the sponge throw in the towel pull a fast one throw in (up) in the sponge throw in the towel lower (strike) ones colours lose the day (or field) go to the wall throw in (up) ones hands take something on the chin take ones medicine like a man play the game come through with colours

win the victory gain a victory cry craven gain a victory win a victory carry all (or everything) before one carry (win) the day win in a canter win hands down knock somebody into a cocked hat do the dirty on somebody lose the game go to the wall

Compararea sinonimelor frazeologice cu sensul de nfrngere, care, au un coninut general, dar n acelai timp fiecare frazeologism denumete aceast noiune n mod variat a artat c cel mai neutru frazeologism este throw in (up) the sponge a renuna la ncercrile de a obine n continuare ceva, a nceta lupta, a se recunoate nvins, a se preda (fizic i moral, militar, economic i alte domenii). n raport cu acest frazeologism, toate celelalte expresii conin diverse deosebiri semantice sau funcional-stilistice. De exemplu, throw in the towel, dup sens, coincide complet cu frazeologismul throw in (up) the sponge, dar este o variant lexico-structural folosit cu mult mai rar. Mai apropiat ca sens este frazeologismul throw in (up) ones hand a recunoate nfrngerea sa, a se preda, a iei din joc; literalmente: a ridica minile. Acest frazeologism are urmtoarea nuan semantic a renuna la lupt din cauz c s-a speriat. Frazeologismul lower (strike) ones colours a renuna la cerinele sale, la planurile sale, a se retrage neputnd s-i ating scopurile, a se preda cuiva, neputnd s reziste are urmtoarea nuan semantic nfrngere jalnic i njositoare. Frazeologismele throw in (up) ones hand i lower (strike) ones colour pot fi substituite reciproc, deoarece sensurile lor sunt foarte apropiate i ambele frazeologime in de limbajul literarvorbit. 105

Frazeologismul take something on the chin a suferi nfrngere, dar a nu se dezice de lupt, a nu-i pierde sperana. Diferena semantic fa de celelalte frazeologisme este a nfrunta drz greutile vieii, nfrngerea. Frazeologismul take ones medicine like a man a suferi nfrngere, a suferi o nfrngere meritat. Diferena semantic const n a nfrunta drz nfrngerea, a se mpca cu cele ce se vor ntmpla ulterior. Frazeologismul lose the day (field) are semnificaia de a pierde lupta. Frazeologismul go to the wall a suferi un eec, o nfrngere, a suferi o nereuit, a se prvli, a fi impus, constrns s cedeze locul su, a prsi scena. Diferena semantic cel mai nalt grad al nfrngerii. Iat i frazeologimele ce redau noiunea victorie. Frazeologismul win a victory a nvinge, a obine victorie asupra cuiva sau asupra a ceva. Nuana semantic suplimentar a depune toate eforturile, toate puterile. Frazeologismul carry all (or everything) before one a prospera, a avea succes n toate, a obine rezultate frumoase, a nvinge toate obstacolele. Nuana semantic suplimentar a cuceri inima cuiva. Frazeologismul carry (or win) the day (despre militari): a ctiga lupta, a obine victorie. Nuana semantic suplimentar victorie pe cmpul de lupt. Frazeologismul win in a canter a ctiga, a birui. Nuana semantic suplimentar a nvinge cu uurin. Frazeologismul win hands down a nvinge, a birui. Nuana semantic suplimentar cu uurin, fr a depune niciun efort, a nvinge fr a mica mcar un deget. Frazeologismul knock somebody into a cocked hat a nvinge, a ntrece. Nuana semantic suplimentar a-l da gata pe cineva. Frazeologismul come through with flying colours a obine victorie deplin. Nuana semantic suplimentar cel mai nalt grad al victoriei. Frazeologismul pull a fast one (amer. vorb.) a nvinge. Nuana semantic suplimentar a amgi, a-l duce de nas. Frazeologismul do the dirty on somebody a birui. Nuana semantic suplimentar a proceda n mod urt, ticlos n legtur cu cineva sau ceva, a proceda porcete.

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Frazeologismul play the game a birui. Nuan semantic suplimentar victorie n care scopul scuz mijloacele. Existena posibilitilor diferite de mbinare a fiecrei serii sinonimice, iar n unele cazuri i existena nuanelor semantice (a se compara come throw with flying colours a obine o victorie deplin, win hands down a obine o victorie deplin i carry (or win) the day a ctiga lupta) face imposibil stabilirea unor corelaii antonimice ntre fiecare frazeologism din prima serie sinonimic. n asemenea cazuri se poate vorbi doar despre o atragere relativ a frazeologimelor din prima serie cu unele frazeologime din seria a doua. De exemplu, cnd este vorba despre o victorie pe cmpul de lupt, atunci este posibil urmtoarea opoziie antonimic: carry (win) the day lose the day i nu e posibil opunerea cu: play the game, win in a canter, win hands down. Dac e vorba despre a nvinge, a-l ntrece pe cineva i a recunoate nfrngerea sa, a se preda, a iei din joc, atunci e posibil urmtoarea opunere antonimic: knock somebody into a cocked hot throw in (up) ones head. Frazeologismele din seriile sinonimico-antonimice totale i pariale sau egale i neegale se deosebesc n privina nuanelor semantice. Totui e posibil libera schimbare a antonimelor frazeologice cu frazeologismele sinonimice lor. Aa c toate frazeologismele primei serii sinonimice formeaz cupluri antonimice cu fiecare frazeologism din seria a doua sinonimic. Asemenea schimbare nu duce deloc la schimbarea sensurilor frazeologismelor contrapuse. Esena relaiilor dintre frazeologimele seriilor sinonimico-antonimice pariale const n faptul c fiecare antonim frazeologic din serie posed n opunerile antonimice diverse nuane stilistice sau funcionale. n continuare se va analiza o problem foarte important din cadrul studierii seriilor sinonimicoantonimice frazeologice: posibilitatea sau imposibilitatea determinrii dominantei din seriile sinonimico-antonimice. n calitate de dominant a seriilor sinonimice apare, de obicei, un frazeologism, care red ct mai clar sensul general al ntregii serii i este mai tipic, mai normativ i neutru din punct de vedere stilistic. n comparaie cu dominanta seriei, celelalte sinonime frazeologice se deosebesc prin diverse nuane semantice i, n special, stilistice. Studierea frazeologismelor din limbile romn i englez a demonstrat c stabilirea dominantei sinonimice frazeologice a seriilor sinonimico-antonimice e posibil.

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Pentru exemplificare vor servi seriile sinonimice-antonimice frazeologice cu sensul de detept prost: 1) a avea glagore n cap; 2) ajuns de cap; 3) a avea cap; 4) a fi (om) cu cap; 5) a avea grune n cap; 6) deschis la minte; 7) a fi chibit la minte; 8) a fi socotit la minte; 9) a fi cu scaun la cap; 10) a fi n toate minile; 11) a fi cu mintea ntreag (sntoas); 12) (a fi om) aezat la minte; 13) a fi om nvat; 14) a fi uor de cap; 15) a-i merge bila; 16) (a fi) cu minte ascuit; 17) (a fi) cu mintea treaz; 18) a fi sprinten la minte 1) prost ca noaptea; 2) prost ca gardul; 3) prost ca oaia; 4) prost ca o cizm; 5) prost ca o curc; 6) prost ca un mgar; 7) prost de d n gropi; 8) prost de rage; 9) prost fr pereche; 10) prost la minte; 11) a fi strmt (ngust) la minte; 12) greu (tare) de (la) cap; 13) a fi cam ntr-o doag; 14) a fi tare de boac (de cap); 15) (a fi) mic la minte; 16) a fi (cam) sucit la minte; 17) a fi cam tra-la-la; 18) a fi clei; 19) a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap; 20) a-i cnta (cuiva) sticleii n cap; 21) detept (iret, iste) ca oaia; 22) a fi pleuv la minte; 23) (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca); 24) a fi prosul protilor; 25) (a fi) napoiat mintal; 26) a fi din cei cu pr pe limb; 27) a nu fi n toate minile; 28) a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru); 29) a avea minte de coc; 30) a avea minte de vrabie; 31) a avea ap la cap. n aceste serii sinonimico-antonimice dominant este cuplul a avea cap prost la minte, deoarece ambele frazeologisme au sens general i sunt neutre din punct de vedere stilistic: ambele aparin limbajului literar-vorbit. Celelalte frazeologisme, referite la aceste dou antonime frazeologice, sunt marcate stilistic i au nuane de sens. n calitate de dominant a seriilor sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice ce au aceeai structur se stabilete acel frazeologism, care e neutru stilistic. De exemplu, n seria sinonimico-antonimic cu sensul de a iubi a ur dominant poate fi considerat antonimul frazeologic take a dislike a nu iubi pe cineva sau ceva take liking a iubi pe cineva sau ceva. Aceste frazeologisme au un sens mai mult sau mai puin general i sunt neutre din punct de vedere stilistic. Toate celelalte perechi antonimice, referite la acest cuplu, au sau nuane semantice, sau nuane stilistice. De exemplu, frazeologismul conceive a dislike a nu iubi pe cineva sau ceva n funcie de trecerea timpului nu se utilizeaz n stilul vorbit; take an aversion a nu iubi pe cineva, a simi antipatie take a fancy to somebody a iubi pe cineva, a se deprinde cu cineva sau ceva n funcie de asemnarea idealului sau din capricii personale, a-i fi cuiva pe plac. Ultimul cuplu indic cel mai nalt grad al manifestrii sentimentului a ur a iubi. n seriile antonimice cu sensul a acorda atenie a ignora pe cineva sau ceva, a nu acorda atenie, frazeologismele take a notice of somebody take no notice of somebody pot s funcioneze n calitate de dominant, deoarece au sensuri mai generale. A se compara: 108

 take notice of (a observa, a bga de seam) take no notice of (a nu observa); pay attention to (a fi atent la) take no notice of (a nu fi atent la); give attention to (a acorda atenie) turn a deaf ear (a nu-i pleca urechea la); lend attention (a fi atent la) shut ones eyes to (a nchide ochii); bestow attention (a acorda atenie) give the go by (a nu acorda atenie); pay heed to (a acorda atenie) shut ones ear to (a fi surd la); give head to (a ridica moralul cuiva) shut ones eyes (a nchide ochii asupra unui lucru); take heed of (a bga n seam) turn a deaf ear to (a nu-i pleca urechia la); take note of (a bga de seam) shut ones eyes to (a nchide ochii); take account of (a da atenie unui lucru) make no account of somebody (something) (a nu acorda atenie unui lucru); rivet ones attention (or to) somebody (a-i concentra atenia asupra cuiva) leave (out) it the cold (a nu acorda atenie cuiva). n unele cazuri, determinarea dominantei seriei sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice este problematic. n aceste situaii, drept dominant pot servi unele antonime lexicale sau diverse mbinri de cuvinte. Astfel, este aproape imposibil de stabilit dominanta n seriile sinonimico-antonimice alctuite din antonime frazeologice ce au structuri diferite. S se compare seriile sinonimico-antonimice: a avea bani grl (cu sacul, cu carul, s-i a nu avea nicio lecaie (frint) mnnci cu lingura) a avea cheag a avea punga groas (plin) a avea seu (la rrunchi) (a fi) cu punga plin a se sclda n bani (n aur) a ntoarce banii cu lopata a fi stup de bani (doldora de bani) a fi putred de bogat (de bani) a fi gros la pung a fi plin de parale (de bani) a nu avea nicio para chioar a fi srac lipit pmntului a ajunge la covrigi a avea pung deart a fi lipit pmntului a-i bate (a-i fluiera) vntul prin buzunare a-i bate vntul prin traist a-i cnta cucul prin (n) pung a fi cu punga goal a fi (a rmne) lefter a fi n pan de bani

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(a fi) cu punga groas a se culca pe bani a se sclda n bani (a fi) larg la pung

a fi logodit cu srcia a fi srac ca oarecele de biseric a-i fi punga oftigoas a fi subire la pung a fi strmtorat de bani a fi (a ajunge, a rmne) tinichea a-i iei prul prin cciul a ntoarce punga pe dos (a fi) tuf n buzunar i curg obielele i fluier vntul n pung plin de bani ca broasca de pr a rmne cu aa mmligii a rmne cu buzunarele goale a rmne cu traista n b a rmne fr niciun capt de a a rmne fr niciun ban a rmne numai cmaa pe el

(be) safe and sound (teafr i nevtmat) (be) out of health (a fi bolnav); (be) sound in wind and limb (sntos i teafr) (be) out of sorts (a nu fi n apele sale); (be) as sound as a bell (sntos tun) (be) under the weather (bolnav); (be) hale and hearty (sntos i voios) (be) off colour (a fi lipsit de culoare); (be) alive and kicking (plin de via) (be) out of health (a fi bolnav); (be) as right as rain (or the mail) (a se simi perfect) (be) out of sorts (a nu fi n apele sale); (be) as fit as a fiddle (a fi n form) (be) under the weather (bolnav); (be) as fit as flea (a fi n form) (be) off colour (a fi lipsit de culoare); i n seriile sinonimico-antonimice de mai sus e greu s se stabileasc dominanta, deoarece e imposibil de gsit un cuplu antonimic, care ar avea sens general. n afar de aceasta, toate frazeologismele au diverse nuane de sens. 110

Din cercetrile de mai sus reiese c seriile sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice includ frazeologisme cu aceeai structur sau cu structuri diferite legate ntre ele prin comunitatea factorului logico-semantic, prin posibilitatea de a avea nuane semantice i valori funcional-stilistice diverse. Pentru determinarea dominantelor acestor serii e necesar s se in cont de anumite criterii. Ca exemplu, ar putea servi i seria sinonimico-antonimic din limba englez cu sensurile a ajuta, a acorda ajutor a nu depune nici cel mai mic efort pentru a ajuta pe cineva, a lsa n nevoie: hear a hand (a da o mn de ajutor) not to lift (raise, stir, turn) a hand (a nu ridica un deget); bear aid (a da o mn de ajutor) leave somebody high and dry (a lsa (pe cineva) balt); be of assistance to somebody (a da o mn de ajutor) stand in somebodys path (way) (a sta n calea cuiva); be of (some) help to somebody (a fi de ajutor) not to lift (raise, stir, turn) a finger (a nu ridica un deget); extend (stretch) a helping hand (a ntinde o mn de ajutor) not to start a peg (a nu ridica un pai); give help (a oferi ajutor) not to lift (raise, stir, turn) a finger (a nu ridica un deget); give somebody a hand (a oferi (cuiva) o mn de ajutor) not to turn a hand (a nu mica un deget); give somebody a helping hand (a oferi (cuiva) o mn de ajutor) not to raise a hand (a nu mica un deget); give somebody a leg up (a oferi (cuiva) o mn de ajutor) stand in somebodys way (a sta n calea (cuiva)); help a lame dog over a stile (a ajuta (pe cineva) la nevoie) not to stir a hand (a nu da o mn de ajutor); lend aid (a da o mn de ajutor) leave somebody stranded (a nu da o mn de ajutor); render assistance (a da o mn de ajutor) not to strat a peg (a nu ridica un pai). n aceste serii e imposibil de determinat dominanta, deoarece apar pe prim-plan deosebirile nuanelor de sens, apartenena funcional-stilistic i posibilitile diverse de mbinare a antonimelor frazeologice.

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3.4. Frazeologisme ce au n componena lor antonime lexicale n acest paragraf, vor fi analizate frazeologismele ce au n componena lor antonime lexicale, dar nu stabilesc un raport de antonimie cu alte frazeologisme. Necesitatea studierii acestor frazeologisme se explic prin faptul c ele sunt formate n baza opoziiilor antonimice, or relaiile de antonimie strbat aproape toate sistemele i subsistemele limbilor, desigur i la nivel lexicofrazeologic. Astfel, n ambele limbi, romn i englez, exist multe frazeologisme ce conin n structura lor antonime lexicale. Frazeologimele ce au n componena lor antonime lexicale au constituit obiectul de studiu al unor lucrri din lingvistica rus [apud 25, p.88] i, parial, din lingvistica englez [181, 97]. n lingvistica romneasc, acest tip de frazeologisme nu a fost nc cercetat. Existena lor este atestat n limba romn de lingvitii V. Marin [86, p. 112] i Gh. Colun. [20, p. 53-77] n teza de fa se va evidenia, mai nti, tipologia structural a acestor frazeologisme, iar apoi se va urmri felul cum contribuie sensul antonimelor lexicale la constituirea sensului general al frazeologismelor. Frazeologismele ce au n structura lor antonime lexicale se constituie n baza antitezei i de aceea se numesc frazeologisme-antiteze. Lingvistul I. V. Arnold d urmtoarea definiie pentru antitez: antiteza este figura de stil, care se folosete pentru mrirea expresivitii n baza confruntrii n acelai text a unor noiuni complet opuse din punctul de vedere semantic; Antithesis is a phrase, sentence or a group of such in which a thing (or a concept) is measured against or contrasted to its opposite. [134, p. 63] Dicionarul explicativ al limbii romne definete astfel antiteza: figur de stil, bazat pe opoziia dintre dou idei, fenomene, situaii, personaje, expresii etc., care se pun reciproc n relief . [48, p. 48] Frazeologismele cu caracter de antitez prezint uniti alctuite din dou cuvinte, ce se afl n raport de coordonare i au sensuri opuse. Frazeologismele-antitez ale limbii romne se clasific, n funcie de mijloacele de redare a relaiilor de opoziie, n patru clase: 1) create cu ajutorul conjunciilor coordonatoare copulative: zi i noapte; nainte i napoi; sus i jos; tnr i btrn; nici mai mult nici mai puin; nici cald nici frig; nici bine nici ru; nici viu nici mort etc.;

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2) creeate cu ajutorul conjunciilor coordonatoare disjuctive: mai mult sau mai puin; mai devreme sau mai trziu; viu sau mort etc.; 3) create cu ajutorul prepoziiilor: negru pe alb; de la mic la mare; de diminea pn seara; a nu se alege ctigul din pagub; de azi pe mine etc.; 4) create cu ajutorul prepoziiilor i conjunciilor: ntre via i moarte; ntre cer i pmnt; pe via i pe moarte; cu trup i suflet etc. n limba romn, cu funcie de element de legtur apar mai frecvent conjunciile coordonatoare copulative i, nici, dup care urmeaz n ordine descrescnd prepoziiile i conjunciile: ntre... i, pe... i, cu... i; prepoziii: pe, de la... la, de... pn, de... pe; conjuncii coordonatoare disjunctive: sau. Din punctul de vedere al trsturilor externe de redare a opoziiei, frazeologismele-antitez ale limbii engleze se calsific n trei clase: Antiteze ce au indici formali ai poziiei: conjuncii: head or tails (cap sau pajur); (not) a jot or (a) tittle (niciun pic, nimic, nicio iot); rain or shine (orice ar fi, n orice condiie); right or left (peste tot, n toate direciile); to and fro (napoi i nainte); ups and downs (zboruri i cderi); neither here nor there (nici la sat, nici la ora); love is neither bought or sold (dragostea nu o cumperi i nu o vinzi); construcii cu prepoziiile from... to: from head to heels (ntreg i nevtmat, din cap pn clcie, din cap pn n picioare); frazeologisme ce au cuvinte antonimice: to and fro (nainte i napoi) ups and downs (zboruri i cderi); sooner or later (mai devreme sau mai trziu); neither here nor there (nici la sat, nici la ora). Analiza structurii frazeologismelor-antitez din limbile romn i englez a demonstrat c ele au structuri diferite. n urma analizei s-a ajuns la concluzia c antiteza se construiete n limb a englez, n majoritatea cazurilor, n baza coordonrii. Cu funcie de element de legtur, de cele mai multe ori, apar conjunciile and, or, neither... nor. De exemplu: the Alpha and Omega (alfa i omega, esenialul), back and forth (fundamental, din toate punctele de vedere, iari i iari), backwards and forwards (fundamental, pn la cele mai mici necesiti, n lung i n lat), head or tails (cap sau pajur), not a jot or (a) tittle (nimic, niciun pic, nicio iot), neither here nor there (nici la sat, nici la ora), neither rhyme nor reason (nici la deal, nici la vale; nici n clin, nici n mnec). 113

innd cont de caracterul specific al formrii frazeologimelor-antitez, e necesar s se menioneze c ele sunt formate din construcii ale cror elemente componente i pstreaz sensurile lexico-gramaticale de baz. Elementele componente au, de obicei, topic fix, sunt pri omogene de propoziie, exprimate prin cuvinte ce fac parte din aceeai clas lexico-gramatical. n limba romn frazeologimele ce au n componena lor antonime lexicale sunt formate din: 1) dou substantive legate cu ajutorul conjunciilor coordonatoare copulative i, nici: zi i noapte, alfa i omega; 2) substantive cu prepoziie, legate cu ajutorul conjunciei coordonatoare i: la dreapta i la stnga, cu trup i suflet, ntre cer i pmnt; 3) dou adjective legate prin intermediul conjunciilor coordonatoare i, nici: tnr i btrn, nici viu nici mort; 4) dou adverbe legate prin intermediul conjunciilor coordonatoare i, nici, sau: nainte i napoi, nici bine nici ru, mai devreme sau mai trziu; 5) dou adverbe substantivizate i conjuncia coordonatoare copulativ i: binele i rul .a.; 6) dou adverbe compuse i conjuncia i: la bine i la ru; 7) dou adjective i o prepoziie: negru pe alb, de la mic la mare; 8) un verb i dou substantive antonimice, legate cu conjuncia i, urmate de inversia substantivelor: a face noaptea zi i ziua noapte; 9) un verb i dou substantive, legate cu conjuncia i: a fi (toi) o ap i un pmnt; 10) un verb i dou substantive cu prepoziie, legate cu conjuncia i: a fgdui n dreapta i n stnga, a mprtia la dreapta i la stnga; 11) un verb urmat de un substantiv determinat si de alte dou substantive antonimice cu prepoziie, legate cu conjuncia i: a mpri laude n dreapta i n stnga; 12) un verb urmat de dou pronume nehotrte antonimice i de dou substantive cu prepoziii antonimice: a fi unul la his i cellalt la cea; 13) un verb urmat de dou adjective substantivizate legate de conjuncia i: a nira verzi i uscate; 14) un verb urmat de dou substantive, ce au n propoziie conjuncia i: a fi i cap i coad; 15) un verb urmat de dou pronume nehotrte cu prepoziie i repetarea conjunciei i de dou ori: a fi i cu unii i cu alii;

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16) un verb pronominal (cu form negativ) urmat de dou substantive legate cu o prepoziie: a nu se alege ctigul din pagub; 17) un verb urmat de un adverb repetat i dou participii: a fi lesne de dobndit i lense de cheltuit; 18) un adverb (repetat de dou ori) i dou substantive cu prepoziii antonimice: greu la deal i greu la vale; 19) dou adverbe cantitative legate cu conjuncia sau: mai mult sau mai puin; 20) dou adverbe la gradul comparativ, precedate de conjuncia nici: nici mai mult nici mai puin; 21) dou adverbe la gradul comparativ, legate cu conjuncia sau: mai devreme sau mai trziu; 22) dou adverbe compuse: de azi pe mine. n limba englez frazeologismele cu antonime lexicale n componena lor au urmtoarele structuri: 1) dou substantive i conjuncia neither... nor: neither rhyme nor reason (nici la deal, nici la vale); 2) dou adverbe i conjuncia neither... nor: neither here nor there (nici la sat, nici la ora; nici cine, nici ogar); 3) dou substantive i conjuncia or: head or tails (cap sau pajur); rain or shine (orice nu s-ar ntmpla, n orice condiii); 4) dou verbe i conjuncia or: to sink or swim (fie ce-o fi); to make or mar (sau reparat, sau distrus); to stand or fall (a muri sau a nvinge), to kill or cure (ori tratat, ori trimis pe cealalt lume); 5) dou adverbe i conjuncia or: now or never (acum ori niciodat); 6) dou adjective i conjuncia or: black or white (negru sau alb); 7) dou substantive i conjuncia and: beauty and the beast (frumoas i urt); bouquets and brickbats (slav i hul); 8) dou adjective i conjuncia and: the long and the short of it (esena activitii); in black and white (negru pe alb); 9) dou adverbe i conjuncia and: now and then (uneori, din vreme n vreme); here and there (peste tot i oriunde); hither and thither (peste tot, n toate direciile), ups and downs (zboruiri i cderi); right and left (peste tot, n toate direciile); 115

10) dou verbe i conjuncia and: touch and go (risc, stare critic, situaie periculoas); hide and seek (de-a v-ai-ascunselea, joc); give and take (compromis, cedri reciproce, schimb de amabiliti); 11) numeral, adjectiv i conjuncia and: first and last (n general i n ntregime); 12) dou cuvinte auxiliare i substantive: from clew to earning (de sus pn jos, din cap pn n picioare); from top to toe (din cap pn n clcie, din cap pn n picioare); from head to heels (n ntregime i complet); 13) unu cuvnt auxiliar, dou substantive i conjuncia and: between wind and water (n cele mai sensibile locuri). Sensul general al frazeologismelor-antitez se formeaz, de obicei, de la sensurile figurate ale cuvintelor ce intr n structura lor. De exemplu: a face noaptea zi i ziua noapte a lucra sau a petrece noaptea i a dormi ziua, a duce o via dezordonat; greu la deal i greu la vale se spune cnd cineva este silit s fac fa unei situaii dificile cu posibiliti (materiale) reduse; pe via i pe moarte n chip dezndjduit, cu nverunare, din toate puterile, cu riscul vieii. Elementele componente ale frazeologimelor-antitez (cuvintele) nu au obinut nc sensuri frazeologice, adic nu i-au pierdut sensul lor de baz sau legtura cu acest sens. De exemplu: la bine i la ru a se ajuta reciproc indiferent de situaie: bun sau rea; a trage (a fi) unul la his i altul la cea se spune despre doi oameni care nu se neleg; mai devreme sau mai trziu se spune despre un lucru, care indiferent de mprejurri, va avea totui loc. Sensul general al acestor frazeologime nu este, cu toate acestea, o sum aritmetic a sensurilor de baz ale cuvintelor ce intr n componena lor, ci un sens abstractizat. Iat cteva exemple de frazeologime-antonimice din limba englez: to kill or cure sau tratat, sau trimis pe lumea cealalt; to mend or mar ori s fie reparat, ori s fie stricat; more or less mai mult sau mai puin; now or less acum sau niciodat, sooner or later mai devreme sau mai trziu; for love or money cu orice pre; neither rhyme nor reason nici la deal, nici la vale; to sink or swim fie ce-o fi; to stand or fail a muri sau a nvinge; the long and the short of it esena lucrurilor; through thick and thin n toate mprejurrile, indiferent de orice obstacol; between wind and water cele mai sensibile locuri. Antitezele create prin intermediul frazeologismelor constituie un important procedeu stilistic, fiind un mijloc eficace de dezvoltare a formelor vorbirii de meditare i de expresie personal. Ele

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permit s fie contrapuse cele mai diverse fenomene, semne, stri, caliti etc., pentru a fi scoase n eviden n procesul opoziionrii lor. Exemple n limba englez: And now I was tearing to and from in the grip of horrible hypothesis a grip that tightened when at last the left-gates opened with a clatter outside that held me breathless until a well-known tattoo followed on my door. (E. W. Hornung, R., p. 79) I was an Eastender from tongue to toe at the moment, but you will understand that I dont run unnecessary risks of recognition by a brute like that. (E. W. Hornung, R., p. 52)

3.5. Concluzii 3.1. La clasificarea semantic a antonimelor frazeologice se ine cont de urmtoarele aspecte: a) de natura logico-semantic a opoziiei dintre cuplurile antonimic frazeologice; b) de grupurile tematice crora le aparin antonimele frazeologice; c) de trsturile semantice difereniale, care stau la baza opoziiei antonimice. 3.2. n funcie de natura raporturilor logico-semantice, antonimele frazeologice ale limbilor romn i englez se clasific n urmtoarele tipuri: 1) antonime frazeologice graduale; 2) antonime frazeologice complementare; 3) antonime frazeologice vectoriale; 4) antonime frazeologice conversive. Fiecare tip posed anumite trsturi specifice i se manifest n mod diferit n cele dou limbi. De exemplu, pentru limba romn sunt mai mult specifice antonimele frazeologice gradabile i complementare, iar pentru limba englez antonimele frazeologice vectoriale i gradabile. 3.3. Antonimele frazeologice ale limbii romne i ale limbii engleze, n funcie de domeniile realitii obiective, de care in frazeologismele opozante, se refer la diverse cmpuri lexico semantice. Pentru antonimele frazeologice ale limbii romne am stabilit 11 grupuri tematice, iar pentru antonimele frazeologice ale limbii engleze 16 grupuri tematice. 3.4. Antonimele lexicale, n funcie de regularitatea cu care apar n context n opoziie direct, se clasific n 1) propriu-zise sau uzuale i 2) ocazionale sau contextuale. 3.5. Antonimele frazeologice pot fi clasificate i n funcie de trsturile semantice difereniale ce stau la baza opoziiilor anonimice frazeologice. Conform acestui principiu, 117

antonimele frazeologice din ambele limbi, romn i englez, se clasific n 1) totale sau absolute i 2) pariale sau relative. Acestei clasificri pot fi supuse att cuplurile de antonime frazeologice, ct i seriile sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice. Totale sunt acele serii n care frazeologismele contrare se opun reciproc prin ntregul lor coninut semantic, iat n cazul antonimelor frazeologice polisemantice opunerea trebuie s existe ntre toate sensurile lor, avnd aceleai trsturi funcionalstilistice. Pariale sunt acele serii n care frazeologismele contrare se opun numai parial prin coninutul lor semantic. Elementele componente (frazeologismele) se deosebesc nttre ele prin unele nuane semantice i, desigur, prin sferele funcional-stilistice. 3.6. De cele mai multe ori, utilizarea unui frazeologism n locul altui frazeologism din seriile sinonimice, ce se afl n raport antonimic, este imposibil datorit relaiilor semantice interne ale acestor frazeologisme, relaii ce sunt condiionate de anumite criterii. 3.7. n calitate de dominant a seriilor sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice se consider acele frazeologisme ce au sensuri generale i sunt neutre din punctul de vedere stilistic. 3.8. n ambele limbi, romn i englez, exist frazeologisme ce conin n structura lor antonime lexicale. Tipologia structural a acestor frazeologisme este variat. Pentru limba romn au fost stabilite 22 de modele structurale, iar pentru limba englez 11 modele structurale. Sensul antonimelor lexicale contribuie n mare msur la constituirea sensului general al frazeologismelor. Frazeologismele ce au n structura lor antonime lexicale se numesc frazeologisme-antiteze. n funcie de mijloacele de redare a opoziiei, frazeologismele-antitez ale limbii romne se clasific n patru clase, iar cele din limba englez n trei clase. Antitezele create prin intermediul frazeologismelor constituie un important procedeu stilistic att n limba romn, ct i n limba englez.

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CONCLUZII GENERALE I RECOMANDRI Studierea contrastiv-tipologic a antonimelor frazeologice din limbile romn i englez a permis s se poat face urmtoarele concluzii generale i recomandri: Antonimia frazeologic reprezint un aspect important n cercetarea relaiilor semantice n

1.

sistemele frazeologice ale limbilor romn i englez. 2. Antonimice sunt acele frazeologisme, care au sensuri contrare, se aseamn ntre ele din punctul de vedere al trsturilor lexico-gramaticale i au aceleai capaciti de a se mbina cu alte elemente ale contextului. 3. Printre trsturile specifice ale antonimelor frazeologice din ambele limbi se pot enumera: 1) au un numr mai redus de cupluri antonimice; 2) au n componena lor dou i mai multe cuvinte, ce constituie uniti structurale separate; 3) se utilizeaz foarte rar n acelai context; 4) seriile sinonimicoantonimice frazeologice sunt mai puin numeroase n comparaie cu cele lexicale. 4. n funcie de natura lexico-semantic a elementelor componente, antonimele frazeologice din ambele limbi se clasific n: a) antonime frazeologice, care au n structura lor cuvinte diferite; b) antonime frazeologice, avnd antonime lexicale n componen lor; c) antonime frazeologice, coninnd antonime lexicale contextuale, care nu au sensuri opozante, obinndu-le numai n structura frazeologismelor. n limba englez, spre deosebire de limba romn, exist i al patrulea tip, n care sunt incluse frazeologismele, de obicei, verbale, cu adverbul negativ no. 5. Antonimele frazeologice ale limbilor romn i englez se clasific n funcie de tipologia lor structural n dou clase mari: A) cu aceeai structur lexical i B) cu structuri lexicale diferite. Fiecare clas se caracterizeaz prin trsturi specifice individuale att n limba romn, ct i n limba englez. Astfel, n cadrul antonimelor frazeologice cu aceeai structur lexical, cu valoare de difereniatori antonimici pot aprea antonimele lexicale, exprimate prin verbe, adjective, substantive, adverbe, numerale, prepoziii, iar n limba englez i prin adverbul negativ no. Antonimele frazeologice cu structuri diferite se clasific n dou clase: 1) cu structuri lexicale complet diferite i 2) cu structuri lexicale parial diferite. Antonimele frazeologice din ambele limbi, ce au structuri asemntoare, pot avea: a) un component comun i b) dou elemente comune. Att n romn, ct i n englez, prevaleaz antonimele frazeologice care au un component comun, ce poate fi un verb sau un substantiv. 119

6. Antonimele frazeologice romneti i englezeti cu structuri lexicale diferite se afl n raport de coresponden cu: verbele (6 modele n limba romn i 10 n limba englez), adverbele (7 modele n limba romn i 4 n limba englez), adjectivele (14 modele n limba romn i 3 n limba englez), substantivele (3 modele n limba romn i 3 n limba englez). 7. Seriile sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice din ambele limbi pot avea aceleai structuri lexico-gramaticale, structuri asemntoare sau structuri lexico-gramaticale diferite. Majoritatea seriilor sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice au structuri lexico-gramaticale diferite i, mai rar, asemntoare. 8. Clasificarea semantic a antonimelor frazeologice s-a fcut inndu-se cont de urmtoarele aspecte: A) de natura logico-semantic a opoziiei dintre cuplurile antonimice; B) de grupurile tematice crora le aparin ele. Antonimele frazeologice ale limbilor romn i englez se clasific conform raporturilor logico-semantice n urmtoarele tipuri: 1) graduale; 2) complementare; 3) vectoriale; 4) conversive. Fiecare tip posed anumite trsturi specifice i se manifest n mod diferit n cele dou limbi. De exemplu, pentru limba englez sunt mai mult specifice antonimele frazeologice vectoriale i graduale, iar pentru limba romn cele graduale i complementare. Antonimele frazeologice din ambele limbi reflect diferite domenii ale realitii i in de anumite cmpuri lexico-semantice. Pentru antonimele frazeologice ale limbii romne au fost stabilite 11 grupuri tematice, iar pentru antonimele frazeologice ale limbii engleze 16. 9. Dup trsturile semantice difereniale ce stau la baza opoziiilor frazeologice antonimele frazeologice polisemantice din romn i englez se clasific n: 1) totale sau absolute i 2) pariale sau relative. Cuplurile i seriile sinonimico-antonimice sunt totale atunci, cnd toate sensurile frazeologismelor se opun reciproc. O condiie important este ca aceste cupluri i serii sinonimico antonimice s aib i aceleai trsturi funcional-stilistice. Cuplurile i seriile sinonimicoantonimice sunt pariale atunci, cnd sensurile frazeologismelor contrare se opun numai parial i, desigur, se utilizeaz n diferite sfere funcional-stilistice. 10. Dominantele din seriile sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice se stabilesc innd cont de urmtoarele criterii: 1) n calitate de dominant a seriilor sinonimico-antonimice frazeologice ce au aceeai structur se consider acele frazeologisme ce sunt neutre din punct de vedere stilistic, i 2) n cazul antonimelor cu structuri diferite, ca dominante sinonimice, funcioneaz frazeologismele ce au sensuri mai generale.

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11. n ambele limbi exist frazeologisme ce conin n structura lor antonime lexicale. Tipologia structural a acestora este variat. Pentru limba romn au fost stabilite 22 de modele structurale, iar pentru limba englez 11. 12. Antonimele frazeologice contribuie la crearea antitezei, care constituie un important procedeu stilistic att n limba romn, ct i n limba englez. Rezultatele investigaiei permit s fie formulate urmtoarele recomandri: 1. S se aprofundeze studiile contrastive ale antonimelor frazeologice pentru a scoate n relief trsturile specifice ale tezaurului frazeologic al diverselor limbi. 2. S se utilizeze principiile de studiere contrastiv-tipologic a antonimelor frazeologice pentru a facilita nsuirea limbilor romn i englez n procesul predrii lor. 3. S se aplice rezultatele studiilor contrastiv-tipologice ale antonimelor frazeologice n procesul traducerilor literare din romn n englez i viceversa. 4. S se propun pentru studeni i masteranzi introducerea unui curs special intitulat: Studierea contrastiv-tipologic a frazeologismelor.

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ANEXA Dicionar romn-englez de antonime frazeologice

a (se) acoperi de glorie to cover oneself with glory.

a se acoperi de ocar (de) ruine to cover oneself with shame. a se face de rs to make onself ridiculous, to bring discredit on oneself, to make an exhibition of oneself, to make a fool or an ass of oneself, to become everybodys laughing stock, to make a show of oneself, to make a laughing stock of oneself, to be open to ridicule. a dormi numai cu un ochi to sleep with one eye, ones eyes open, to sleep a dog-sleep.

a adormi adnc (butean, tun, mort, nentors, butuc, dus) to sleep like a log/top/a dormouse, to sleep as fast as a church, to sleep soundly. a adormi contiina (cuiva) to lull/to silence/to quiet ones conscience. a dormi (somnul cel) de veci (a adormi pe veci) to sleep the sleep of the just, to sleep the sleep that knows no waking, to be at rest with ones fathers. a aduce bucurie to bring happiness/good-luck. a aduce cu de-a sila to force smb. to come. a aduce la putere to bring smb. to power. a aduce pe lume (a da via) to give birth. a aduce (a-i face) (cuiva) suprri to bring trouble to smb.

a trezi contiina (cuiva) to be aware, to awake ones conscience. a vedea lunima zilei to see the light of the day, to be born, to come into the world, to draw the first breath, to be ushered into this world, to come to town.

a aduce nenorocire to bring unhappiness/ill-luck/bad/luck. a veni de voie bun to come on ones will. a scoate de la putere (a rsturna de la putere) to remove smb. form power. a conduce pe ultimul drum to mourn smb./to bury smb. a aduce (a-i face) (cuiva) bucuri to bring happiness/joy to smb. 132

adus din spate bent, crooked, hunched, paking ones head. a aduna (pe cineva) de pe drumuri, a adposti i a lua (pe cineva) sub ocrotire to shelter smb., to take smb. from the street. a afla trgul i ara to know everything. a agita (a aa) spiritele to rouse the spirits. a ajunge bine to raise oneself very high. a ajunge la cuite to come to knives, to quarrel with smb., to come to blows. a ajunge mare i tare to get far, to get on (in the world), to be a young hopeful.

drept ca lumnarea bolt upright, as straight as a taper/an arrow/a yard, erect as a die, as a dart. a lsa (a arunca, a azvrli) (pe cineva) pe (n) drum (drumuri), a da (pe cineva) afar din cas sau din serviciu, a lua (cuiva) totul, a srci (pe cineva) a) to throw/to fling smb. out of doors/to the door, b) to turn smb. out of the house/into the street, to turn smb. adrift. a nu ti nici pmntul you never can tell, one never knows, who can tell?, dont be too sure. a liniti (a ogoi, a potoli) spiritele to pour oil on the (troubled) waters. a ajunge ru to sink, to get low, to be brought low, to get down, to go to blazes/hell/to the dogs /pot/devil. a ajunge la nelegere to reach an agreement with smb., to make terms, to come to an understanding. a ajunge cal de pot to come down in the world, to become a laughing stock, to bring shame upon oneself; a ajunge de clac to pass into a proverb, to become proverbial, to become a by-word; a ajunge din cal mgar to come down in the world, to go to the dogs (pot), to go from bad to worse; a ajunge o obial to become a proverb. a ajunge (a ncpea) pe mini rele to fall into bad hands. a avea ap la cap *1; a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to have bats in the belfry;

a ajunge (a ncpea) pe mini bune to fall into good hands. ajuns de cap smart, clever, intelligent; to have a good head/brain/to have gumption; as sharp as a needle cute; to be smart; to be open minded; to be clever.

* nu are echivalent n limba englez.

133

a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; (a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. amar de lume no end of people, a lot of people. amar de vreme much water has flowed/run under the bridge(s); for a long time to come; for a long time; for a long period of time. niciun suflet de om not the shadow of a ghost (was in sight), not a living soul/creature (was to be seen). ct ai bate n (din) palme in the turn of a hand; ct ai clipi din ochi in a flash, in a twinkling of an eye; ct ai da cu pratia in the blowing of a match; ct ai da n cremene in no time; ct ai frige un ou before you could (one can) say Jack Robinson; ct ai mbuca o dat in two tows; ct ai plesni din bici in a tick-tack, at a slap; ct ai plesni din palme in (less than) no time, in a trice/in a winkle; ct ai spra dintr-un amnar hand over hand/ fist; ct ai zice mei before one can say Jack Robinson; ct ai zice pete before you could say knife; ct ar sta un pop n rai in a crack, in a split second. 134

a amr zilele (cuiva) to grey life out of smb. a aprea ca din pmnt to come to light, to turn out, to coap up, to turn up, to break water, to get ones head above the water, to come to grass, to break, to pop forth, to turn up suddenly. a aprea ca prin minune, a se arta privirii to turn up suddenly. apsat (zdrobit) de griji overwhelmed with worries, to see to everything. a aprecia dup merite to appreciate smb. on his/her merits. a apuca (pe cineva) din scurt to sieze smb. round the body. a apuca nainte to go straight off, to go non-stop. a apuca pe o cale dreapt to take a good (the right) way. a arta bine to look well, to have a good face (to bear ones age well). a arunca ancora to cast/to drop anchor. a arunca mnua to throw down the glove/the gauntlet to smb. a arunca (pe cineva) pe drumuri to reduce smb. to poverty, to drive smb. to despair. (a avea) amar de bani to have plenty of money. a avea bani grl (cu sacul, cu carul, s-i mnnci cu lingura) to have plenty/lots of money, to have tones of money, to roll/to

a ndulci zilele (cuiva) to gild/sugar smb.s life (pill). a intra ca n pmnt to melt/vanish into thin air.

a disprea ca prin farmec, a pieri (foarte repede i) fr urm to vanish as if by magic. lipsit de griji to have no worry, to take no worry of.

a pedepsi dup merite to punish smb. for a sin, to visit a sin upon smb. a lsa (pe cineva) n voia soartei left to ones own devices, left to sink or swim, to let everything slide, to let things slide. a apuca napoi to go backwards. a apuca pe o cale greit to get off the right way/track, to go astray/adrift, to take a wrong/bent course. a arta ru to look bad/unwell, not to look well, to look not all/quite the thing. a ridica ancora to weigh/to raise anchor, to put off/to put out the sea (de asemenea, a o porni pe mare). a ridica mnua, a primi (provocarea) (cuiva) la duel, (prin ext.) a primi provocarea (cuiva) to take/to pick up a gauntlet, to accept a challenge. a-l strnge (pe cineva) de pe drumuri to raise smb. from the dunghill/the gutter, to take smb. from the street. (a nu avea) nicio lecaie (frnt) to be penniless. a ajunge la covrigi to come upon the parish, to go to the dogs, to be on the rocks; a nu avea nicio lecaie (frnt) not to have a penny (a piece) to bless oneself with; 135

wallow in money/riches, to be made of money, to have any amount of money, to be in cash/in funds, to have plenty of oof;

a nu avea nicio para chioar not to have a bean, lean, light, short slender purse; a avea punga deart slender purse; a-i bate (a-i uiera) vntul prin buzunare to have an empty purse; a-i bate vntul prin traist to have an empty purse; a-i cnta cucul prin (n) pung to have an empty purse; a fi cu punga goal to have a light purse; a fi n pan de bani to be short of money, to get rid of money/out of money; a fi (a rmne) lefter not to have a bean, to be broke; a fi lipit pmntului to be on the rocks; a fi logodit cu srcia to be low-water marks, to be on ones uppers; a-i fi punga oftigoas to be out of purse; a fi srac ca oarecele de biseric to be out of money, to be as poor as a church mouse, out at heels, not to have a penny to ones name/in the world; a fi srac lipit pmntului on the Penniless Bench; a fi strmtorat de bani out of Gods blessing into the warm sun, to be short of money, to be in a lack of money; a fi subire la pung to have an empty purse; a fi (a ajunge, a rmne) tinichea to be broke; a-i iei prul prin cciul to be broke; i curg obielele to be out of money; i fluier vntul n pung to have an empty purse; a ntoarce punga pe dos to have no money; plin de bani ca broasca de pr (de ln) to be broke; a rmne cu aa mmligii to be penniless; a rmne cu buzunarele goale to be up a tree; a rmne cu traista n b to go to bad; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) to be reduced, to be pinched; a rmne fr niciun capt de a to run out of money; a rmne numai cmaa pe el to be broke; (a fi) tuf n buzunar to be penniless/broke. a avea ap la cap *; a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. 136

a avea cap smart, clever, intelligent, to have a good head/brain/to have gumption, to have good brains, as sharp as a needle cute, to be smart.

a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to have bats in the belfry; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; (a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. a avea condei bun to have a good pen-writer, to have a knack for writing, to drive a pen/quill (to be good), to be a good person, to way ones tongue, to have a flippant tongue, to have ones tongue welloiled. a avea (a fi cu) ca la gur to be a young guy, wet behind the ears, as green as a gooseberry, to be very young, to be in ones youth. a avea limb lat to have a sharp (a caustic) tongue, to have a poisonous tongue; a avea pr pe limb to have a poisonous tongue; a nu putea ncurca nici dou cuvinte not to be able to say a word, not to be able to enter into a conversation with smb.; ru de gur given to gossip, scandal-mongering, fond of scandal, foul-mouthed. a avea ani btui pe muche to be old; a avea ani de patriarh to be old; a avea gsc n barb (cu gsca n traist) he breathes his last, his days are numbered, his life is moving towards its end, he is on his last legs; a avea multe vineri to be very old; a avea nou vieii (suflete) to have nine lives like a cat, to be hard to kill, to be tenacious of life, to die hard; 137

btrn ca lumea very old; btut de bruma vremii very old; a fi btut de brum very old; a fi ncrcat cu (de) zile (de ani) to have many days to live; a fi nins de ani (de vreme) to be very old; i-a nins n barb (n cap, n pr, pe la tmple) to be very old; naintat n vrst to be very old; n amurgul vieii in the dust of the life; n iarna vieii in the winter of the life; lup btrn to be an old wolf; a-l ninge nainte de vreme he is hoary with age; uitat de moarte (de vreme) as old as time. a avea cheag to be well-off, to live in a clover, to be beefy/hefty (de asemenea, a fi viguros). a ajunge la covrigi to come upon the parish, to go to the dogs, to be on the rocks (de asemenea, a nu avea bani, a ajunge n sap de lemn); a avea punga deart to have an empty purse; a nu avea nicio lecaie (frnt) to be broke; a nu avea nicio para chioar to be penniless; a-i bate (a-i uiera) vntul prin buzunare to be on the rocks; a-i bate vntul prin traist to have an empty purse; a-i cnta cucul prin (n) pung to be on the rocks; a fi cu punga goal to have an empty purse; a fi n pan de bani to be out of purse/money, to be at low-water mark(s), to be on ones uppers, to be broke; a fi (a rmne) lefter to run out/short of money, to be penniless/pinched/reduced, to be up a tree, not to have a penny to bless oneself with; a fi lipit pmntului to be on the rocks; a fi logodit cu srcia to be penniless, to be low-water marks, to be on ones uppers; a-i fi punga oftigoas to be on the rocks; a fi srac ca oarecele de biseric to be out of money, to be as poor as a church mouse, out at heels, not to have a penny to ones name/in the world; a fi srac lipit pmntului to be in/under difficulties; a fi strmtorat de bani to have an empty purse; a fi subire la pung to go to the bad, to be broke; a fi (a ajunge, a rmne) tinichea to be penniless, to be broke; a-i iei prul prin cciul to be broke; i curg obielele to be broke; i fluier vntul n pung to have an empty purse; a ntoarce punga pe dos to have no money; plin de bani ca broasca de pr (de ln) to have an empty purse; 138

a rmne cu aa mmligii to be as poor as a church mouse, as jobs cat, out at heels, not to have a penny to bless oneself with, not to have a penny to ones name/in the world, on the Penniless Bench, out of Gods blessing into the warm sun; a rmne cu buzunarele goale to go (and) whistle for it; a rmne cu traista n b to go to bad; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) to be reduced, to be pinched; a rmne fr niciun capt de a to be left without a penny, to be penniless; a rmne numai cmaa pe el to be broke. a avea contiina curat to have a safe con-science. a avea darul (patima) beiei (suptului) to be addicted to drinking, to be of intemperate habits, to be fond of ones drops/the bottle, to be given to drink. a avea darul vorbirii to be an orator, to have the gift of the gab, to be a good orator. a avea contiina ptat to have a purdened/a bad/a guilty conscience. a nu pune (nici) pictur n gur not to drink a drop.

a avea limba lat to have a forked tongue; a avea pr pe limb to be a bad orator; a nu putea ncurca nici dou cuvinte not to be able to speak two words; ru de gur to be given to gossip, scandal mongering, fond of scandal, foul-mouthed. a avea ani btui pe muche to be very old; a avea ani de patriarh to be very old; a avea gsc n barb (cu gsca n traist) he breathes his last, his days are numbered, his life is moving towards its end, he is on his last legs; a avea multe vineri to be very old; a avea nou viei (suflete) to have nine lives like a cat, to be hard to kill, to be tenacious of life, to die hard; btrn ca lumea very old; btut de bruma vremii very old; a fi btut de brum very old; a fi ncrcat cu (de) zile (de ani) to have many days to live; a fi nins de ani (de vreme) to be very old; i-a nins n barb (n cap, n pr, pe la tmple) to be very old; naintat n vrst to be very old; n amurgul vieii in the dust of the life; n iarna vieii in the winter of the life; lup btrn to be an old wolf; a-l ninge nainte de vreme he is hoary with age; 139

a avea dini de lapte be very young, to be as green as a gooseberry;

uitat de moarte (de vreme) as old as time. a avea faim bun to have a good name, to have a good record, to be held in high repute, to be wellspoken of. a avea gnduri bune to mean kindly/well. a avea glagore n cap to be levelheaded, to be high-leveled. a avea faim proast to have a bad name, to be ill/reputed, to be held in low-repute, to be/to lie under scandal.

a avea gnduri rele to be bent on mischief, to mean ill. a avea ap la cap *; a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to have bats in the belfry; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; (a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones 140

elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. a avea grune n cap to have maggots in the brain/rats in the attic/bats in the belfry/a bee in the bannet. prost ca gardul as stupid as a goose; prost ca oaia to be as stupid as a ditchwater; prost ca o cizm to be as stupid as an owl; prost ca o curc to be as stupid as a goose; prost ca un mgar to be as stupid as a goose; prost de d n gropi to be as stupid as a donkey; prost de rage to be as stupid as a donkey; prost fr pereche to be as stupid as an owl; prost la minte to be as stupid as a goose; a fi strmt (ngust) la minte to be too silly for words; greu (tare) de (la) cap (minte) to be as stupid as an owl; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be pig-headed; a fi tare de boac (de cap) to be beef-witted, to be wise behind head; (a fi) mic la minte to be thick-headed; a fi (cam) sucit la minte narrow-minded/illiberal; a fi cam tra-la-la to be as stupid as an owl; a fi clei to be narrow-minded; a fi (a avea) sticlei n cap to be as stupid as a goose; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to be narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte to be as stupid as a goose; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) to have bats in the belfry; a fi prostul protilor to be as dull as a water (ditchwater); (a fi) napoiat mintal to be as stupid as an owl; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb to be as stupid as a goose; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be as stupid as a donkey; a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to be as stupid as an owl; a avea minte de coc to be as stupid as a goose. a avea gura spart to have a full mouth, to have a poisonous tongue (de asemenea, a avea o limb de viper); a avea limba ascuit (ascuit la limb) to have a sharp/caustic tongue; a avea (a fi cu) limba lung to have a very lage/wide mouth; a face colb to have a slanderous/wicked/ venomous/evil/loose tongue; a face larm to make noise; a fi cu gura mare to have a wide mouth; a fi nepat (iute, ascuit) la vorb to have a sharp/caustic 141

a avea gura cusut not to say, never to say/utter a word, not to open ones lips, to keep silent, to sit/to keep munchance, to say neither by nor burn, to hold ones peace/tongue/gab, to keep ones tongue between ones teeth, to keep ones mouth shut, to be as mute/still as a mouse/as a creep-mouse/to shut/to close ones mouth, to keep a still tongue in ones head, to keep

ones own counsel.

tongue; a fi limb lung to have a very lage/wide mouth; a fi limb slobod to speak ones mind too/freely; a fi ru de gur (de clan) *; a fi slobod (liber) de (la) gur (limb) to speak ones mind too/freely; a nu-i sta gura to talk nineteen/thirteen to the dozen; a toca cte-n lun i soare (stele) to talk at random, to prattle; a-i toca (a-i turui) gura ca o meli (ca o moar stricat, ca o moar hodorogit) to patter away, to talk too much, to talk thirteen/nineteen to the dozen; a toca (la) verzi i uscate to talk at random, to prattle; nu i-a tors mam-sa pe limb *; (a fi) uor de (la) gur *; i umbl gura ca o moar stricat (hodorogit, nefierecat) to patter away, to talk too much, to talk thirteen/nineteen to the dozen. a avea limb lat to have a poisonous tongue; a avea pr pe limb to have a bad mouth; a nu putea ncurca nici dou cuvinte to be foolish ru de gur given to gossip, scandal-mongering, fond of scandal, foul-mouthed. a avea inim de cri *; a avea inim neagr to have (a fit of) the blues; a avea inim rea bitterness; gall; a avea mae pestie (a fi pestri la mae) *; a fi cinos (negru) la inim (la suflet) hard hearted; a fi cu carnea blat *; a fi fr inim heartless; he has no heart; negru la suflet *; (e) ru ca un cine *; ru de mama focului *; ru la inim (la suflet) bitterness; gall. a avea inim de cri *; a avea inim neagr to have (a fit of) the blues; a avea inim rea bitterness; gall; a avea mae pestie (a fi pestri la mae) *; a fi cinos (negru) la inim (la suflet) hard hearted; a fi cu carnea blat *; a fi fr inim heartless; he has no heart; nergu la suflet *; (e) ru ca un cine *; ru de mama focului *; ru la inim (la suflet) bitterness; gall. 142

a avea gur de aur to have smooth tongue.

a avea inim bun to be a sterling fellow, to be kindhearted.

a avea inim de aur to wear ones heart on ones sleeve, to be open-hearted.

a avea inim larg to wear ones heart on ones sleeve, to be openhearted.

a avea inim de cri *; a avea inim neagr to have (a fit of) the blues; a avea inim rea bitterness; gall; a avea mae pestie (a fi pestri la mae) *; a fi cinos (negru) la inim (la suflet) hard hearted; a fi cu carnea blat *; a fi fr inim heartless; he has no heart; nergu la suflet *; (e) ru ca un cine *; ru de mama focului *; ru la inim (la suflet) bitterness; gall. a avea gura spart to have a full/big mouth, to have a poisonous tongue; a avea limba ascuit (ascuit la limb) to have a sharp/caustic tongue; a avea (a fi cu) limba lung to have a very large/wide/long mouth; a face colb to have a slanderous/wicked/ venomous/evil/loose tongue, to make noise; a face larm to make noise; a fi cu gura mare to have a wide mouth, to chat; a fi nepat (iute, ascuit) la vorb to have a sharp/caustic tongue, to have a sharp in talking; a fi limb lung to have a very large/wide mouth, to be a big talker; a fi limb slobod to speak ones mind too/freely; a fi ru de gur (de clan) *; a fi slobod (liber) de (la) gur (limb) to speak ones mind too/freely; a nu-i sta gura to talk nineteen/thirteen to the dozen; a toca cte-n lun i soare (stele) to talk at random, to prattle, to draw the long bow, to tell tales, to pull the long bow; a-i toca (a-i turui) gura ca o meli (ca o moar stricat, ca o moar hodorogit) to patter away, to talk too much, to talk thirteen/nineteen to the dozen; a toca (la) verzi i uscate to talk at random, to prattle; nu i-a tors mam-sa pe limb to talk nonsense, bilge, twaddle at random; (a fi) uor de (la) gur to talk through ones hat, through the back of ones neck; i umbl gura ca o moar stricat (hodorogit, nefierecat) to patter away, to talk too much, to talk thirteen/nineteen to the dozen. a avea mn scurt to take money with both hands; 143

a avea lact la gur to have/keep ones mouth shut, to shut up, to be silent, to have a short tongue.

a avea mn slobod to splash

ones money about, to be free with ones money, to be free with ones money, money burns holes, a hole in his pocket. a avea mn bun, a avea mn uoar (a fi uor la mn) to have a light hand at smth. a avea nervi de oel to have nerves of steel, to have iron nerves, to have theros of steel. a avea nume bun to have a good name, to have a good record, to be held in high repute, to be well spoken of. a avea obraz gros (a fi gros de obraz) to have a thick skin. a avea ochi buni to think good of smb. a avea ochi de vulture to be eagle-eyed, to be sharp-sighted, to see through a brickwall/millstone, to have a straight eye. a avea orizont larg (vederi largi) to have large/wide horizons. a avea pres bun to have/to receive/to get a good press. a avea punga groas (plin) to have a big/fat/ heavy/long/well-lived purse.

a avea nou bieri la pung to flay/to skin a flint; a fi cu mna strns to be tight-fisted/skinny/ curmudgeanly; a fi stns la mn (la pung) empty handed; a fi zgrcit foc, a fi zgrcitul zgrciilor to be niggardly; a mnca de sub unghie (unghii, tlpi) to live near. a fi ru la mn, a avea mn grea to have a heavy hand. a avea nervi slabi to have nerves on the stretch.

a avea nume ru to have a bad name, to be ill-reputed, to be held in low repute, to be/to lie under scandal.

a avea obraz subire (a fi subire de obraz) to have a thin (noble) skin. a avea ochi ri to think ill of smb. a avea orbul ginilor (vedere scurt) to suffer from night blindness, where are your eyes?

a avea orizont ngust (vederi nguste) to have narrow horizons. a avea pres rea to have/to receive a bad press. a ajunge la covrigi to come upon the parish, to go to the dogs, to be on the rocks; a nu avea nicio lecaie (frnt) not to have a penny (a piece) to bless oneself with; a nu avea nicio para chioar not to have a bean, lean, light, short slender purse; a avea punga deart slender purse; a-i bate (a-i uiera) vntul prin buzunare to have an empty purse; a-i bate vntul prin traist to have an empty purse; a-i cnta cucul prin (n) pung to have an empty purse; a fi cu punga goal to have a light purse; a fi n pan de bani to be short of money, to get rid of 144

money/out of money; a fi (a rmne) lefter not to have a bean, to be broke; a fi lipit pmntului to be on the rocks; a fi logodit cu srcia to be low-water marks, to be on ones uppers; a-i fi punga oftigoas to be out of purse; a fi srac ca oarecele de biseric to be out of money, to be as poor as a church mouse, out at heels, not to have a penny to ones name/in the world; a fi srac lipit pmntului on the Penniless Bench; a fi strmtorat de bani out of Gods blessing into the warm sun, to be short of money, to be in a lack of money; a fi subire la pung to have an empty purse; a fi (a ajunge, a rmne) tinichea to be broke; a-i iei prul prin cciul to be broke; i curg obielele to be out of money; i fluier vntul n pung to have an empty purse; a ntoarce punga pe dos to have no money; plin de bani ca broasca de pr (de ln) to be broke; a rmne cu aa mmligii to be penniless; a rmne cu buzunarele goale to be up a tree; a rmne cu traista n b to go to bad; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) to be reduced, to be pinched; a rmne fr niciun capt de a to run out of money; a rmne numai cmaa pe el to be broke; (a fi) tuf n buzunar to be penniless/broke. a ajunge la covrigi a avea punga deart to have a lean/light/ short/slender purse. a avea seu (la rrunchi) *. a ajunge la covrigi to come upon the parish, to go to the dogs, to be on the rocks; a nu avea nicio lecaie (frnt) not to have a penny (a piece) to bless oneself with; a nu avea nicio para chioar not to have a bean, lean, light, short slender purse; a avea punga deart slender purse; a-i bate (a-i uiera) vntul prin buzunare to have an empty purse; a-i bate vntul prin traist to have an empty purse; a-i cnta cucul prin (n) pung to have an empty purse; a fi cu punga goal to have a light purse; a fi n pan de bani to be short of money, to get rid of money/out of money; a fi (a rmne) lefter not to have a bean, to be broke; 145

a fi lipit pmntului to be on the rocks; a fi logodit cu srcia to be low-water marks, to be on ones uppers; a-i fi punga oftigoas to be out of purse; a fi srac ca oarecele de biseric to be out of money, to be as poor as a church mouse, out at heels, not to have a penny to ones name/in the world; a fi srac lipit pmntului on the Penniless Bench; a fi strmtorat de bani out of Gods blessing into the warm sun, to be short of money, to be in a lack of money; a fi subire la pung to have an empty purse; a fi (a ajunge, a rmne) tinichea to be broke; a-i iei prul prin cciul to be broke; i curg obielele to be out of money; i fluier vntul n pung to have an empty purse; a ntoarce punga pe dos to have no money; plin de bani ca broasca de pr (de ln) to be broke; a rmne cu aa mmligii to be penniless; a rmne cu buzunarele goale to be up a tree; a rmne cu traista n b to go to bad; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) to be reduced, to be pinched; a rmne fr niciun capt de a to run out of money; a rmne numai cmaa pe el to be broke; (a fi) tuf n buzunar to be penniless/broke. a avea ureche fin to have an ear for music. a avea urechi de lup to have an ear for music. a bate (a trage) clopotele to ring a peal, to set the bells ringing/swinging/to talk wildly, to rave, to talk at random. a bate la ochi to strike (to catch) the eye, to attract notice, to be obvious, to be suspicious/glaring. a-i bga n cap to take it into ones head, to run away with the idea that, to bring smb. to reason, to make smb. see reason. a avea bumbac (vat) n urechi to be dull; a avea urechi de srm hard of hearing; a fi surd (tare, fudul) de-o ureche to have no ear, to be deaf. a avea bumbac (vat) n urechi to be dull; a avea urechi de srm hard of hearing; a fi surd (tare, fudul) de-o ureche to have no ear, to be deaf. a tcea chitic not/never to say/utter a word, not to open ones lips, to keep silent, to sit/keep munchance, to say neither by nor burn, to hold ones peace/gab/tongue, to keep ones tongue between ones teeth, to keep ones mouth shut, to be as mute/still as a mouse/creep-mouse. a nu atrage atenia not to compel attention, not to attract smb.s attention. a-i scoate din cap to put/to get/to knock smth. out of smb.s head/mind, to persuade smb. out of smth., to persuade smb. not to do/from doing smth., to dismiss smth. from ones mind, to discover smth. out of ones thoughts. 146

a bga (pe cineva) n nevoi to put smb. in needs, to run into debts, to overrun/to outrun the constable, to lead smb. into a scrape. a bga (a da) la gros (la rcoare) to put smb. into prison/in ward/in jail, to imprison smb., to lodge smb. in goal, to clap smb. by the heels, to put smb. away. bogat la suflet kind-hearted, good in spirits, smart. bolnav de moarte (bolnav mort), grav bolnav to be very sick/ill, to be in a very bad condition.

a scoate (pe cineva) din nevoi to put/to match smb. out of the fire, to help a lame dog over a stile.

a scoate de la gros (de la rcoare) to unchain/to unshackle, to set smb. free.

srac la suflet poor in spirits, barren-spirited, weak-minded, barmy. sntos tun to be very healthy, radiating health, as sound as a bell/a roach/a colt, strong in health, as strong as a horse, as fine as a fiddle/a flea, as right as rain/the mail, as healthy as a buck, sound in wind and limb, up to the knocker, keeping the bone green, whole and sound, alive and kicking. a o brodi ru to come at the wrong time/season.

a o brodi bine to hit it, to hit the right nail or the head, to hit the right thing. bun de limb (de gur) having a ready/a glib tongue, having the gift of the gab, having a well hung/a well oiled/a flippant/a long tongue.

a avea limb lat to have a venomous/wicked tongue; a avea pr pe limb to have a tongue full of venom; a nu putea ncurca nici dou cuvinte to be speechless, not to link/articulate two words; ru de gur given to gossip, scandal-mongering, fond of scandal, foul-mouthed. ru la inim, pestri la mae wick, bad-hearted, unkind. talpa iadului the devils dam (n basme), devil in petticoats, devils daughter. frig de crap pietrele to be/feel cold. a scpa din labele (cuiva) to get off smb.s clutches, to elude smb. grasp. a se ridica de la pat to leave the bed, to get up from the bed, to rise in ones feet. a clca ca prin strchini to put ones foot into/in it, to put ones foot into ones mouth, his fingers are all thumbs. 147

bun la inim, milos kind-hearted, with a heart of gold. o buntate de om a good creature, a man with a heart of gold. cald de te topeti very warm, to be/feel very warm. a cdea (a nimeri) n labele (cuiva) to fall into the clutches of, to fall into smb.s power. a cdea la pat to take to ones bed, to fall ill, to be taken ill. a clca (a umbla) ca pe ace to tread lightly.

a clca cu dreptul to make a good start/ beginning. a clca drepturile (cuiva) to encroach/to trespass/to trench up on smb.s rights/upon ones neighbours, to violate ones right. a clca strmb to slip/to stumble, to take a false step, to make a faux pas. a-i clca cuvntul (jurmntul) to dreak ones word, to break ones faith; a nu-i respecta cuvntul (promisiunea dat) to departure from ones word, to break faith with smth. a cpta (a face, a prinde) aripi to plug up, to take courage. ceas bun a good time, the right moment. a-i ctiga bucica de pine to earn ones crust/ living/keep/own grass, to boil the pot/to keep the pot boiling. ct ai arunca cu securea *;

a clca cu stngul to make a bad beginning, to put ones foot in it. a respecta drepturile (cuiva) to observe/respect/ obey a right.

a clca drept to take a good step, to walk firmly.

a-i ine cuvntul (jurmntul) to keep ones promise/word, to make good ones promise, to stand to ones word/promise, to be as good as ones word.

a-i frnge aripile to break ones neck. ceas ru a bad time, the wrong moment. a-i pierde bucica de pine to lose ones crust.

la marginea (captul) pmntului at the end of the earth, at the back of beyond, at the other end of the world; peste nou mri i nou ri at the worlds end, miles and miles away. amar de vreme never to the away/of ones days; ct lumea i pmntul never to the end of time; la sfntul ateapt on St. Jibs Eve, when two Sundays come in one week, when the pigs begin to fly, when the Ettiopian changes his skin, at the blue moon, on the Greek calends. amar de vreme never to the away/of ones days; ct lumea i pmntul never to the end of time; la sfntul ateapt on St. Jibs Eve, when two Sundays come 148

ct ai bate n (din) palme in the turn of a hand.

ct ai clipi din ochi in a trice/a twinkle.

in one week, when the pigs begin to fly, when the Ettiopian changes his skin, at the blue moon, on the Greek calends. ct ai da n cremene in (less than) no time. amar de vreme never to the away/of ones days; ct lumea i pmntul never to the end of time; la sfntul ateapt on St. Jibs Eve, when two Sundays come in one week, when the pigs begin to fly, when the Ettiopian changes his skin, at the blue moon, on the Greek calends. amar de vreme never to the away/of ones days; ct lumea i pmntul never to the end of time; la sfntul ateapt on St. Jibs Eve, when two Sundays come in one week, when the pigs begin to fly, when the Ettiopian changes his skin, at the blue moon, on the Greek calends. amar de vreme never to the away/of ones days; ct lumea i pmntul never to the end of time; la sfntul ateapt on St. Jibs Eve, when two Sundays come in one week, when the pigs begin to fly, when the Ettiopian changes his skin, at the blue moon, on the Greek calends. amar de vreme never to the away/of ones days; ct lumea i pmntul never to the end of time; la sfntul ateapt on St. Jibs Eve, when two Sundays come in one week, when the pigs begin to fly, when the Ettiopian changes his skin, at the blue moon, on the Greek calends. amar de vreme never to the away/of ones days; ct lumea i pmntul never to the end of time; la sfntul ateapt on St. Jibs Eve, when two Sundays come in one week, when the pigs begin to fly, when the Ettiopian changes his skin, at the blue moon, on the Greek calends. amar de vreme never to the away/of ones days; ct lumea i pmntul never to the end of time; la sfntul ateapt on St. Jibs Eve, when two Sundays come in one week, when the pigs begin to fly, when the Ettiopian changes his skin, at the blue moon, on the Greek calends. amar de vreme never to the away/of ones days; ct lumea i pmntul never to the end of time; la sfntul ateapt on St. Jibs Eve, when two Sundays come in one week, when the pigs begin to fly, when the Ettiopian changes his skin, at the blue moon, on the Greek calends. amar de vreme never to the away/of ones days; ct lumea i pmntul never to the end of time; 149

ct ai frige un ou before you can say Jack Robinson.

ct ai mbuca o dat before you can say knife.

ct ai plesni din bici (din palme) hand over hand.

ct ai scpra dintr-un amnar in the blowing of a match.

ct ai zice mei in a crack.

ct ai zice pete in two tows.

ct te-ai ntoarce (nvrti) ntr-un picior in a tick-tack.

la sfntul ateapt on St. Jibs Eve, when two Sundays come in one week, when the pigs begin to fly, when the Ettiopian changes his skin, at the blue moon, on the Greek calends. ct te-ai scobi ntr-un dinte (intr-o msea) in a flash. amar de vreme never to the away/of ones days; ct lumea i pmntul never to the end of time; la sfntul ateapt on St. Jibs Eve, when two Sundays come in one week, when the pigs begin to fly, when the Ettiopian changes his skin, at the blue moon, on the Greek calends. amar de vreme never to the away/of ones days; ct lumea i pmntul never to the end of time; la sfntul ateapt on St. Jibs Eve, when two Sundays come in one week, when the pigs begin to fly, when the Ettiopian changes his skin, at the blue moon, on the Greek calends. la marginea (captul) pmntului at the end of the earth, at the back of beyond, at the other end of the world; peste nou mri i nou ri at the worlds end, miles and miles away. amar de vreme never to the away/of ones days; ct lumea i pmntul never to the end of time; la sfntul ateapt on St. Jibs Eve, when two Sundays come in one week, when the pigs begin to fly, when the Ettiopian changes his skin, at the blue moon, on the Greek calends. la marginea (captul) pmntului at the end of the earth, at the back of beyond, at the other end of the world; peste nou mri i nou ri at the worlds end, miles and miles away. amar de vreme never to the away/of ones days; ct lumea i pmntul never to the end of time; la sfntul ateapt on St. Jibs Eve, when two Sundays come in one week, when the pigs begin to fly, when the Ettiopian changes his skin, at the blue moon, on the Greek calends; cale de o pot *; la marginea (captul) pmntului at the end of the earth, at the back of beyond, at the other end of the world; peste nou mri i nou ri at the worlds end, miles and miles away. ct ai bate n (din) palme in the turn of a hand; ct ai clipi din ochi in a trice, in a winkle, in the twinkling of an eye; ct ai da n cremene in (less than) no time; 150

ct te-ai terge (te-ai freca) pe la ochi in a split second.

ct ajunge sgeata in a split second.

ct st un pop n rai before you can say Jack Robinson.

ct bate ochiul in the twinkling of an eye.

ct dai cu pratia in a tick-tack.

ct e hul never to the end of time, never to the end of ones days.

ct ai frige un ou before one could say Jack Robinson; ct ai mbuca o dat before you could say knife; ct ai plesni din bici in a crack; ct ai plesni din palme hand over hand, at a slap; ct ai scpra dintr-un amnar in the blowing of a match; ct ai zice mei in the two tows; ct ai zice pete in a tick-tack; ct st un pop n rai in a flash; ct dai cu pratia in a split second. ct e lumea i pmntul never to the end of time. ct ai bate n (din) palme in the turn of a hand; ct ai clipi din ochi in a trice, in a winkle, in the twinkling of an eye; ct ai da n cremene in (less than) no time; ct ai frige un ou before one could say Jack Robinson; ct ai mbuca o dat before you could say knife; ct ai plesni din bici in a crack; ct ai plesni din palme hand over hand, at a slap; ct ai scpra dintr-un amnar in the blowing of a match; ct ai zice mei in the two tows; ct ai zice pete in a tick-tack; ct st un pop n rai in a flash; ct dai cu pratia in a split second. ct ai pune pe-o msea, ct e negrul bobului, ct negru sub unghie, ct pr n palm (pe broasc), ct va curge printre degete, ci iepuri n biseric, ci peri n palm (n podul palmei), nici ct s pui pe-o msea a little, a bit, a grain, almost nothing. ct ai pune pe-o msea, ct e negrul bobului, ct negru sub unghie, ct pr n palm (pe broasc), ct va curge printre degete, ci iepuri n biseric, ci peri n palm (n podul palmei), nici ct s pui pe-o msea a little, a bit, a grain, almost nothing. ct ai pune pe-o msea, ct e negrul bobului, ct negru sub unghie, ct pr n palm (pe broasc), ct va curge printre degete, ci iepuri n biseric, ci peri n palm (n podul palmei), nici ct s pui pe-o msea a little, a bit, a grain, almost nothing. ct chioapa, ct un fir de mac, ct un grunte de mutar, ct un purice a bit, a little, not at all, not a jot/a straw. ct chioapa, ct un fir de mac, ct un grunte de mutar, ct un purice a bit, a little, not at all, not a jot/a straw. 151

ct i cere inima at (ones) pleasure.

ct i poate cojocul at (ones) pleasure.

ct nisipul mrii (ca nisipul mrii) like sand on the sea-shore.

ct o bani (ct bania) huge, a lot, numerous. ct o oal de praznic huge, a lot, numerous.

ct pr n cap (n barb) as hair on the head.

ct ai pune pe-o msea, ct e negrul bobului, ct negru sub unghie, ct pr n palm (pe broasc), ct va curge printre degete, ci iepuri n biseric, ci peri n palm (n podul palmei), nici ct s pui pe-o msea a little, a bit, a grain, almost nothing. la marginea (captul) pmntului at the end of the earth, at the back of beyond, at the other end of the world; peste nou mri i nou ri at the worlds end, miles and miles away.

ct poate curpinde ochiul as far as one can see/the eye can reach.

ct roata cruii (morii) a lot, huge. ct toate zilele (de mare) huge, as far as one can see. ct frunz i iarb their name is Legion, as thick as blackberries/hols/huckleberries/peas.

ct chioapa, ct un fir de mac, ct un grunte de mutar, ct un purice a bit, a little, not at all, not a jot/a straw. ct chioapa, ct un fir de mac, ct un grunte de mutar, ct un purice a bit, a little, not at all, not a jot/a straw. ct ai pune pe-o msea, ct e negrul bobului, ct negru sub unghie, ct pr n palm (pe broasc), ct va curge printre degete, ci iepuri n biseric, ci peri n palm (n podul palmei), nici ct s pui pe-o msea a little, a bit, a grain, almost nothing. ct ai pune pe-o msea, ct e negrul bobului, ct negru sub unghie, ct pr n palm (pe broasc), ct va curge printre degete, ci iepuri n biseric, ci peri n palm (n podul palmei), nici ct s pui pe-o msea a little, a bit, a grain, almost nothing. ct ai pune pe-o msea, ct e negrul bobului, ct negru sub unghie, ct pr n palm (pe broasc), ct va curge printre degete, ci iepuri n biseric, ci peri n palm (n podul palmei), nici ct s pui pe-o msea a little, a bit, a grain, almost nothing. ct ai pune pe-o msea, ct e negrul bobului, ct negru sub unghie, ct pr n palm (pe broasc), ct va curge printre degete, ci iepuri n biseric, ci peri n palm (n podul palmei), nici ct s pui pe-o msea a little, a bit, a grain, almost nothing. ct ai pune pe-o msea, ct e negrul bobului, ct negru sub unghie, ct pr n palm (pe broasc), ct va curge printre degete, ci iepuri n biseric, ci peri n palm (n podul palmei), nici ct s pui pe-o msea a little, a bit, a grain, almost nothing. 152

ct papur n balt no end of, a sea of.

ct spuz i pulbere no end of, a sea of.

cte-n lun i stele to draw a log bow.

cte stele sunt pe cer to draw a log bow.

ci peri n barb to draw a long bow.

ct ai pune pe-o msea, ct e negrul bobului, ct negru sub unghie, ct pr n palm (pe broasc), ct va curge printre degete, ci iepuri n biseric, ci peri n palm (n podul palmei), nici ct s pui pe-o msea a little, a bit, a grain, almost nothing. a nla n scaun to mount, to ascend the throne; a ridica n scaun to be called to the throne; a urca (a sui) la domnie to apoint smb. King. a ridica steagul to hoist a flag, to show the colours. a ridica tonul (vocea) to pitch ones voice higher. a crete carnea (pe cineva) de bucurie, a-i crete inima n piept (de bucurie) my heart is swelling with joy; a-i crete sufletul, a-i rde inima de bucurie he beams with satisfaction; a-i freca minile de bucurie to rub ones hands with joy. iute ca un prisnel like a streak of lightning, as swift as an arrow. a ridica (pe cineva) n slava cerului to crack smb. up to the nines. cu capul n sus with up/straight head. cu capul (cu mintea) tulbure in ones wrong mind. a avea numai suflet n oase to be a mere skeleton; a-i curge oasele to lose flesh a-i curge untura (grsimea) pe nas, a fi (a se usca, a rmne) ca o scndur to waste away to skin and bone; a fi numai pielea i osul din el (numai piele i oase), a fi slab ca o scndur (ca un ogar, ca un r) as thin as a hurdle/a lath/a rake/a rail/a gate/a whipping post/as thread-paper/as lean; gras ca scorpia, gras de-i numeri coastele thin as a rake/a bone/a bag of bones; a-i iei (cuiva) oasele prin piele, i numeri oasele, i sufl (i fluier) vntul prin oase, a rmne doar umbra din el, scndur de slab skin and bone, bare-boned/-nipped. cu inima nempcat with a heavy/a soar heart; cu inima sngernd a heart of stone, a hard heart; 153

a cobor din domnie to unseat smb., to cast a king from his throne. a cobor steagul to lower the colours. a cobor tonul (vocea) to lower ones voice. a crpa (a muri, a plesni) de ciud (de necaz) to burst with envy, anger.

a crete iarba sub el to laze away ones time. a critica de-i merge colbul to pick a hole in smb.s coat. cu capul n jos with bent/drooping head. cu capul (cu mintea) limpede in ones right mind. cu ceafa groas as fat/plump as butter/as a partridge.

cu inima mpcat lightheartedly, with a free heart, open-

hearted. cu contiina curat with a safe conscience. cu mna plin full-handed. cum se poate mai bine quite as it should be, never better. cu nasul n jos with ones nose down. cu ochii nchii with ones eyes closed. curat ca paharul as pure as lily. cu tragere de inim readily, eagerly, willingly. cu uile nchise with/behind closed doors. a da (cuiva) ap la moar to draw water to smb.s mill, to bring grist to smb.s mill. a da de bucluc, a da de naiba to get into trouble, to get hell, to get into scrape/a mess, to bring a hornets nest about ones ears, to get into a nice hobble, to get into hot water, to come short home, to come/to go a howler/a crapper, to pull a boner, to catch a Tartar, to get in Dutch, to burst ones boiler, to plunge into a difficulty. a da ortul popii to kick the bucket, to hop the twig/the perch, to turn up ones toes (to the daisies), to get ones toes up, to kick/to lay/to tip/to topple up ones heels, to go to the glory, to go aloft, to go to ones account, to lose the number of ones mess, to stick ones spoon in the wall, to drop a cue, to go bang, to cut the cable, to cash/to pass in one checks, to step off.

cu inima zdrobit with a heavy heart. cu contiina ptat with an unsafe conscience. cu mna goal (cu minile goale) empty-handed. cum se poate mai ru quite bad, never worse. cu nasul n sus with ones nose in the air. cu ochii deschii wide-awake. curat ca n grajd dirty, a mess. fr tragere de inim unreadily, unwillingly, uneagerly. cu uile deschise with open doors. a-i lua (a-i tia) (cuiva) apa de la moar to cut the ground from smb.s feet, to take the wind out of smb.s sails, to knock the cottom out of an agreement. a scpa de bucluc, a scpa de naiba to get out of a mess, to get out of hell/a scrape, to help smb. out of a difficulty/a scrape.

a vedea lumina zilei to be born, to come into the world, to draw the first breath, to see the light of day, to be ushered into this world, to come to town.

154

a da i cmaa de pe dnsul to share ones last penny, to give away the shirt off ones back.

a avea mn scurt to take money with both hands; a avea nou bieri la pung to flay/to skin a flint; a fi cu mna strns to be tight-fisted/skinny/ curmudgeanly; a fi stns la mn (la pung) empty handed; a fi zgrcit foc, a fi zgrcitul zgrciilor to be niggardly; a mnca de sub unghie (unghii, tlpi) to live near. a scpa basma curat to get off scot-free. de ru augur ill-omen, of ill-omen, presageful of evil. a intra n drepturi to come into ones own rights.

a o da prin perl to lie, to be a lier. de bun augur of good omen, presageful of good. a decdea din drepturi, a pierde un drept prin nendeplinirea n termenul prevzut de lege a unor condiii sau formaliti to lose ones rights. de la coarnele plugului, de neam prost of bad descent/origin. de mna ntia first hand. a depune armele, a se declara nvins to give it up, to acknowledge ones defeat, to go out of business, to show/to fly the white feather, to lay down ones arms, to groung arms. a deschide (cuiva) gura, a face (pe cineva) s vorbeasc, a-l sili s spun ceva ce de bun voie nu spune to open ones mouth/lips, to open ones face.

cu snge albastru, de neam bun, din oase sfinte, a fi din oameni, a fi din os sfnt of noble descent. de mna a doua second hand. a ridica (a lua) armele (arma), a porni la lupt (mpotriva cuiva) to rise arms against, to fly to arms against, to take up arms.

a nchide (cuiva) gura, a determina (pe cineva) s nu mai vorbeasc to shut smb.s mouth, to stop smb.s mouth, to jump down smb.s throat, to talk smb. down, to silence smb., to make smb. shut up, to stunt smb., to put to silence, to seal smb.s lips, to muzzle smb.s press, to settle smb.s guns, to put the kibosh on smb. a nchide ochii, a pleca din lume to pass away, to see the last of this world, to close ones eyes (for good), to close a dying mans eyes. a avea ap la cap *; a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a 155

a deschide ochii, a vedea lumina zilei, a intra n lume to come to light, to see the day light, to be born. deschis la minte open-minded, to have a ready wit, to be as sharp as a needle, to be quick of understanding, brainy.

broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to have bats in the belfry; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; (a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. a descoperi (a afla) adevrul to find out the truth. a ascunde adevrul to hide the truth, to make false representations to smb.

a dormi adnc to sleep like a log/top/a dormouse, to sleep as fast as a church. drept ca funia n sac (n traist), drept ca secera erect as a beaf. a duce cas bun to live like

a dormi iepurete (somnul iepurelui), a nu nchide un ochi to sleep with ones eyes open, to sleep a dogs sleep, to sleep lightly. drept ca lumnarea bolt upright, as straight as a taper/an arrow/a yard, erect as die/as a dart. a duce cas rea to live like enemies, to be badly off. 156

husband and wife, to be hand and glove to each other, to get on (with smb.), to get on like a house on fire. a duce la bun sfrit to bring to an end/close, to see/carry smth. through, to carry/to bring to its conclusions, to see smth. to a satisfactory conclusion, to go to the whole hog. a o duce de azi pe mine (greu, prost, tr-grpi) to have (barely) enough to keep the wolf from the door/at bay, to have (barely) enough to keep body and soul together, to eke out ones existence, to lead a dogs life, to be badly off, to be hard up, to live rough, to live hobbling along/with the streatest pains. a o duce de minune *. a fi la nceput de cale to be in the beginning, at the outset, right from the beginning/the start/outset, at first set out.

a o duce n petreceri (ntr-un chef) to be on the spree/tiles, to paint the town red, to take ones life in both hands and eat it, to be fast, to lead a fast life, to go on the racket, to keep body and soul together, to live ones life.

a o duce de azi pe mine to eke out ones existence, to scratch gravel, to eke out a living, to keep the wolf from the door, to scratch a living; a o duce greu to have a thin time of it, to have a rough time, to have a rough time of it; a o duce prost (greu) to have a thin time of it, to be badly off, to have a terrible time of it; a o duce tr-grpi to rough it. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din ceit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; 157

a o duce mprtete to lord it.

a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr-o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a o duce n petreceri (ntr-un chef) to take ones life in both hands and eat it, to be on the racket. a o duce de azi pe mine to eke out ones existence, to scratch gravel, to eke out a living, to keep the wolf from the door, to scratch a living; a o duce greu to have a thin time of it, to have a rough time, to have a rough time of it; a o duce prost (greu) to have a thin time of it, to be badly off, to have a terrible time of it; a o duce tr-grpi to rough it. cu bgare de seam to be on the watch, to bear a brain, to tread lightly, to take in a reef.

dus pe gnduri (cu gndul aiurea) absorbed in thoughts, to be wrapped up in one's own thoughts, to be engrossed in one's thoughts. duman de moarte *. e bun ca pinea cald *.

prieten la cataram to be hand and glove with. a avea inim de cri *; a avea inim neagr to have (a fit of) the blues; a avea inim rea bitterness; gall; a avea mae pestie (a fi pestri la mae) *; a fi cinos (negru) la inim (la suflet) hard hearted; a fi cu carnea blat *; a fi fr inim heartless; he has no heart; nergu la suflet *; (e) ru ca un cine *; ru de mama focului *; ru la inim (la suflet) bitterness; gall. a avea ani btui pe muchie on the shady; a avea ani de patriarh *; a avea gsc n barb (cu gsca n traist) *; a avea multe vineri *; a avea nou vieii (suflete) to have nine lives like a cat; btrn ca lumea *; btut de bruma vremii grown hoary (with age); a fi btut de brum he is hoary (with age); naintat n vrst decline/autumn of life; a fi ncrcat cu (de) zile (de ani) far gone in years; 158

(e nc) cu mucii la nas *.

n amurgul vieii in the afternoon of ones life; n iarna vieii *; lup btrn old dog; a-l ninge nainte de vreme *;; a fi nins de ani (de vreme) to be very old; i-a nins n barb (n cap, n pr, pe la tmple) he is hoary (with age); uitat de moarte (de vreme) *. e pinea lui dumnezeu the milk of human kindness. a avea inim de cri *; a avea inim neagr to have (a fit of) the blues; a avea inim rea bitterness; gall; a avea mae pestie (a fi pestri la mae) *; a fi cinos (negru) la inim (la suflet) hard hearted; a fi cu carnea blat *; a fi fr inim heartless; he has no heart; nergu la suflet *; (e) ru ca un cine *; ru de mama focului *; ru la inim (la suflet) bitterness; gall. a nu-l ajunge nici vnt rece *. a face (a duce) cas rea (cu cineva) *.

a-i face btaie de cap to have much ado. a face (a duce) cas bun (cu cineva) (mpreun) to live like husband and wife; to be hand and glove with each other. a face cu gust *. a face cu ou i cu oet to send smb. away with a flea in his ear; to give it smb. hot. a face de ocar (de ruine, de rs, de batjocur, de basm) to cry shame upon. a face (a lucra) din toat inima *. a face his pull one way. a face impresie bun to cut a good figure. a face la stnga strike to the left.

a face fr gust *. a ridica n slava cerului to praise/to land/to excelt/smb. (up) to the skies. a ridica n slvi to praise/to land/to excelt/smb. (up) to the skies. a face (a lucra) de mntuial (tr-grpi) to give a lick and a promise. a face cea pull other way. a face impresie rea to cut a sorry figure. a face la dreapta strike to the right. 159

a-i face (a-i ctiga) nume ru to fall into disrepute. a o face pe deteptul (pe savantul) to be a smartass; to set oneself up as a scholar. a face ru (cuiva) to do wrong/evil. a face (a prinde) seu *. a o face boacn (fiart) to drop a brick. a o face lat (de tot) to angle/to crib/to cabbage. a o face pe nebunul to act the fool. faim bun good fame. a-i feteli mantaua (numele, obrazul) to make the fur fly. fctor de bine *. a fi (om) aezat la minte to have all ones buttons.

a-i face (a-i ctiga) nume bun to gain/to acquire fame; to make ones name. a o face pe prostul (pe naivul, pe nebunul) to play stupid.

a face bine (cuiva) to do right/well. a ajunge (a se vedea) la (n) sap to come upon the parish. a scpa basma curat to get off scot free. a scpa basma curat to get off scot free. a o face pe detepul set onself up as a scholar. faim rea bad fame. a se acoperi de glorie to cover oneself with glory. fftor de rele *. a avea ap la cap *; a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to have bats in the belfry; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; 160

prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; (a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. a fi bine dispus (plin de voie bun) in good spirits. a fi bine vzut to be in smb.s good books a fi bun ca snul mamei as good a man as ever trod shoe-leather. a fi (a se afla) n toane rele to be out of humour; a fi ru (prost) dispus in a bad mood. a fi ru vzut to be under a cloud. a avea inim de cri *; a avea inim neagr to have (a fit of) the blues; a avea inim rea bitterness; gall; a avea mae pestie (a fi pestri la mae) *; a fi cinos (negru) la inim (la suflet) hard hearted; a fi cu carnea blat *; a fi fr inim heartless; he has no heart; nergu la suflet *; (e) ru ca un cine *; ru de mama focului *; ru la inim (la suflet) bitterness; gall. a fi ru de gur given to gossip; foul/mouthed. a avea inim de cri *; a avea inim neagr to have (a fit of) the blues; a avea inim rea bitterness; gall; a avea mae pestie (a fi pestri la mae) *; a fi cinos (negru) la inim (la suflet) hard hearted; a fi cu carnea blat *; a fi fr inim heartless; he has no heart; nergu la suflet *; 161

a fi bun de gur to have a glib tongue. a fi bun de pus la ran with a heart of gold; kindness itself; a fi bun la inim (la suflet) kindhearted; a fi buntate de om, a fi buntatea ntruchipat to be kindness itself; to be the perfection of kindness.

(e) ru ca un cine *; ru de mama focului *; ru la inim (la suflet) bitterness; gall. a fi crescut n bumbac (sau n puf, sau n mtase) raised in luxury. (a fi) cu punga plin open-/largehanded; free with ones money; dealing out his money freely; (a fi) cu punga groas to have a big/fat/well-lined purse. a fi trecut prin ciur i drmon to have been passed through the mill; to know a thing or two; a fi uns cu toate unsorile to be up all the tricks/dodges/fiddles. a ajunge la covrigi to come upon the parish; to go to the dogs; to be on the rocks; a avea punga deart *; a nu avea nicio lecaie (frnt) to be penniless; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) to be at low-water mark; a-i bate (a-i uiera) vntul prin buzunar to be in low-water; a-i bate vntul prin traist *; a-i cnta cucul prin (n) pung *; a fi cu punga goal *; a fi n pan de bani hard up (for money); pushed/pressed for money; out of cash; in a tight spot; in a nice fix; a fi (a rmne) lefter to run out/short of money; to be penniless/pinched/reduced. a fi lipit pmntului not to have a shirt to ones back; a fi logodit cu srcia *; a-i fi punga oftigoas *; a fi srac ca oarecele de biseric *; a fi srac lipit pmntului not to have a shirt to ones back; a fi strmtorat de bani behindhand in ones circumstances; in reduced circumstances; a fi subire la pung *; a fi (a ajunge, a rmne) tinichea to be pinched/ reduced; (a fi) tuf n buzunar to be penniless/broke; a-i iei prul prin cciul to be hardly able to keep body and soul together; i curg obielele *; i fluier vntul n pung to be in low-water; a ntoarce punga pe dos *; plin de bani ca broasca de pr (de ln) glum; a rmne cu aa mmligii to go (and) whistle for it; a rmne cu buzunarele goale to go to the cleaners; a rmne cu trasita n b to live out of a box/suitcase/trunk; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) on ones uppers; a rmne fr niciun capt de a nothing at all; a rmne numai cmaa pe el *. a avea ap la cap *; 162

a fi (om) cu cap a man who has a

head on his shoulders; a man with brains.

a fi cu capul prin nori to be lost in a brown study; to lose oneself in the clouds. a fi cu mintea ntreag (sntoas) right in the head.

a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to have bats in the belfry; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; (a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. a fi (a clca) cu picioarele pe pmnt to have ones feet on the ground; to bear a brain. a avea ap la cap *; a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; 163

a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to have bats in the belfry; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; (a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. a fi (tot) cu mna n buzunar to have an open hand. a fi cu ochii n patru to have all ones eyes about one. a fi cu scaun la cap to have all ones buttons. a avea nou bieri la pung to be stingy. a fi cu ochii legai (a fi legat la ochi) *. a avea ap la cap *; a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; 164

a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to have bats in the belfry; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; (a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. a fi chitit la minte to have a ready nit. a avea ap la cap *; a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to 165

have bats in the belfry; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; (a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. (a fi) cu minte ascuit as sharp as a needle. a avea ap la cap *; a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to have bats in the belfry; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; 166

a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; (a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. (a fi) cu mintea treaz (treaz la minte) to have all ones wits about one. a avea ap la cap *; a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to have bats in the belfry; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; 167

prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; (a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. a fi de pe drumuri to be shelterless. cu snge albastru to be royalty; de neam bun of good stock; din oase sfinte *; a fi din oameni *; a fi din os sfnt *. cu snge albastru to be royalty; de neam bun of good stock; din oase sfinte *; a fi din oameni *; a fi din os sfnt *. a fi drag ca sarea n ochi (ca tciunele la nas) to love somebody as the devil loves holy water. drept ca lumnarea as straight as a taper. a fi puin (puinel) la trup (la fptur) man of spare frame. a ajunge la covrigi to come upon parish; to go to the dogs; to be on the rocks; a avea punga deart *; a nu avea nicio lecaie (frnt) to be at low-water mark; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) to be penniless; a-i bate (a-i uiera) vntul prin buzunar to be in low-water; a-i bate vntul prin traist *; a-i cnta cucul prin (n) pung *; a fi cu punga goal *; 168

a fi (a iei) din opinc sprung from the people.

a-i fi drag ca ochii din cap (ca lumina ochilor) to treasure as the apple of ones eye. (a fi) drept ca leuca as straight as an arrow. a fi gras (mare etc.) ct malul (ct un mal) as plump as a partridge. a fi gras la pung to be rolling in wealth.

a fi n pan de bani hard up (for money); pushed/pressed for money; out of cash; in a tight spot; in a nice fix; a fi (a rmne) lefter to run out/short of money; to be penniless/pinched/reduced; a fi lipit pmntului not to have a shirt to ones back; a fi logodit cu srcia *; a-i fi punga oftigoas *; a fi srac ca oarecele de biseric *; a fi srac lipit pmntului not to have a shirt to ones back; a fi strmtorat de bani behindhand in ones circumstances; in reduced circumstances; a fi subire la pung *; a fi (a ajunge, a rmne) tinichea to be pinched/reduced; (a fi) tuf n buzunar to be penniless/broke; a-i iei prul prin cciul to be hardly able to keep body and soul together; i curg obielele *; i fluier vntul n pung to be in low-water; a ntoarce punga pe dos *; plin de bani ca broasca de pr (de ln) glum; a rmne cu aa mmligii to go (and) whistle for it; a rmne cu buzunarele goale to go to the cleaners; a rmne cu trasita n b to live out of a box/suitcase/trunk; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) on ones uppers; a rmne fr niciun capt de a nothing at all; a rmne numai cmaa pe el *. a fi (a se crede) n al aptelea (n al noulea) cer in the seventh heaven (with joy). a se afla n cumpn de via (de moarte) to hang in the balance; a-i ajunge funia la par to be at the end of ones tether; a ajunge la ananghie to be at the end of ones rope; a-i ajunge (cuiva) cuitul la os to be very hard up; a fi cu cuitul la gt to be at ones wits end; a-i fi greu pe suflet to be heavy at heart; a-i fi inima grea to have a face as long as a fiddle; a-i fi inima neagr to have the blues; a fi n cumpn de via (de moarte) to hang in the balance; a fi n impas to be in a tight corner; a fi n ncurctur to be in a puzzle; a fi n nevoie (n mare nevoie) to be in the dearest poverty; a fi ntre ciocan i nicoval between hammer and anvil; a fi ntre dou focuri between two fires; a fi ntre Scila i Caribda between Scylla and Caribda; a fi ntr-o dilem on the horns of a dilemma; a fi pe dric to be clapped out; a fi pe linie moart to stand against the wall; 169

a fi pe muchie de cuit on a razors edge; a fi pe marginea prpastiei to stand on a vulcano; a-i sta viaa ntr-un fir de a to hang upon a thread. a fi n apele sale on ones own ground. a-i ajunge (cuiva) cuitul la os to be at the end of ones tether; to be at ones wits ends; to be very hard up; a-i ajunge funia la par, a fi cu cuitul la gt to be at the end of ones tether; to be on ones last legs; a fi n cumpn de via (de moarte) sitting on a fence; a se afla n cumpn de via (de moarte) to hang in the balance; a fi ntre ciocan i nicoval (ntre dou focuri, ntre Scila i Caribda) between the hammer and the anvil; between the beetle and the block; between Scylla and Caribda; a fi pe dric to be clapped out; a fi pe linie moart to stand against the wall; a fi pe muchie de cuit on a razors edge; a fi pe marginea prpastiei to stand on a vulcano; a-i sta viaa ntr-un fir de a to hang upon a thread. a ajunge la ananghie to be at the end of ones rope; a-i fi greu pe suflet to be heavy at heart; a-i fi inima grea to have a face as long as a fiddle; a-i fi inima neagr to have the blues; a fi n cumpn de via (de moarte) to hang in the balance; a fi n impas to be in a tight corner; a fi n ncurctur to be in a puzzle; a fi n nevoie (n mare nevoie) to be in the dearest poverty; a fi ntre ciocan i nicoval between hammer and anvil; a fi ntre dou focuri between two fires; a fi ntre Scila i Caribda between Scylla and Caribda; a fi ntr-o dilem on the horns of a dilemma. a-i lua (cuiva) boii din ocol to be down in the chops; a i se neca (i s-au necat) corbiile to be cheesed-off; a nu fi n apele sale to be out of sorts; a nu-i fi (cuiva) toi boii acas to look blue. a fi (a sta) la coad to stand in the line. a fi (a sta, a rmne) n umbr to keep oneself in the background. a fi n pas proast to have a run of ill luck. a fi n relaii rele to be in bad terms with smb. 170

a fi n culmea fericirii to feel on the top of the world.

a fi (a se afla) n dui buni *.

a fi (a sta) n frunte to be at the head. a fi n fruntea bucatelor (mesei) to stand at the head of the table. a fi n pas bun to have a run of luck. a fi n relaii bune to be on good terms with smb.

a fi (a se afla) n toane bune to be in a pleasant mood. a fi n toate minile with ones wits about one.

a fi ru dispus to be in a bad mood; a fi (a se afla) n toane rele to have the sulks. a avea ap la cap *; a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to have bats in the belfry; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; (a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. (a fi) a sta, a rmne n umbr to keep/to remain/to stand/to stay in the background. 171

a fi n vzul (n ochii) tuturor exposed to view, in sight of

everybody. a fi n vigoare to be in force.

a fi cu un picior n groap as good as dead; a fi (a se afla) n pragul morii to lie at deaths door; a fi ntre via i moarte between life and death; a fi la un pas de moarte within/by a haibreath of death; on the brink of the grave; at deaths door; a fi mai mult mort (dect viu) more dead than alive; more than half dead; a fi mic de zile *; a fi pe duc running short/out; coming to an end; on ones deathbed; on ones last legs; on ones upper/beam-ends; a fi (a ajunge) pe marginea gropii at the edge of the pit; a fi pe marginea mormntului at the edge of the grave; a fi pe marginea prpastiei at the edge of the abyss; on the brink of (the) precipe; a fi pe moarte dying; breathing ones last; at the point of death; a fi pe patul de moarte on ones deathbed; in clutches of death; in ones extreme moments; in ones last/dying moments/hour; a-i fi (cuiva) zilele numrate not to be long for this world; his days are numbered; a-i iei (cuiva) sufletul to have a bad/a killing time; a i se apropia vremea (ceasul) his hour is at hand; a i se curma zilele to put an end to ones life; to commit suicide; to lay violent hands upon oneself; a mirosi a colib (a tmie, a pmnt) to have one foot in the grave; to be on the brink of the grave; (a-i fi leacul) numai sapa i hrleul (lopata) death; a-i suna doagele *; a-i trebui pop *; a nu mai avea zile multe to be far gone; a o duce de azi pe mine to have barely enough to keep body and soul together; a nu o mai duce mult ones number is up; not to last much longer. a fi la coad to be in line. a ajunge la covrigi to come upon parish; to go to the dogs; to be on the rocks; a avea punga deart *; a nu avea nicio lecaie (frnt) to be at low-water mark; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) to be penniless; a-i bate (a-i uiera) vntul prin buzunar to be in low-water; 172

a fi la crm to come into power; to be in charge. (a fi) larg la pung open-/largehanded; free with ones money; dealing out his money freely.

a-i bate vntul prin traist *; a-i cnta cucul prin (n) pung *; a fi cu punga goal *; a fi n pan de bani hard up (for money); pushed/pressed for money; out of cash; in a tight spot; in a nice fix; a fi (a rmne) lefter to run out/short of money; to be penniless/pinched/reduced; a fi lipit pmntului not to have a shirt to ones back; a fi logodit cu srcia *; a-i fi punga oftigoas *; a fi srac ca oarecele de biseric *; a fi srac lipit pmntului not to have a shirt to ones back; a fi strmtorat de bani behindhand in ones circumstances; in reduced circumstances; a fi subire la pung *; a fi (a ajunge, a rmne) tinichea to be pinched/reduced; (a fi) tuf n buzunar to be penniless/broke; a-i iei prul prin cciul to be hardly able to keep body and soul together; i curg obielele *; i fluier vntul n pung to be in low-water; a ntoarce punga pe dos *; plin de bani ca broasca de pr (de ln) glum; a rmne cu aa mmligii to go (and) whistle for it; a rmne cu buzunarele goale to go to the cleaners; a rmne cu trasita n b to live out of a box/suitcase/trunk; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) on ones uppers; a rmne fr niciun capt de a nothing at all; a rmne numai cmaa pe el *. a fi la o deprtare de-o crj *. la marginea (captul) pmntului on the brim of the world; peste nou mri i nou ri at the end of the world;miles and miles way; beyond/over the sea(s). a fi (a sta) la coad in the train/wake of. a fi mai prejos de orice critic *. a avea mn scurt *; a avea nou bieri la pung *; a fi cu mna strns with a sparing hand; a fi stns la mn (la pung) to make a little/penny go a long way; a fi zgrcit foc to be stingy/ niggardly; a fi zgrcitul zgrciilor *; a mnca de sub unghie (unghii, tlpi) to be tight-/close173

a fi la putere to be in power. a fi mai presus de orice critic above criticism. a fi (a avea) mn larg to have an open hand.

fisted/niggardly. a fi mut ca pmntul secret/silent as the grave. a avea gur spart to have a long tongue; a avea limb ascuit (ascuit la limb) to have a sharp/a caustic tongue; a avea (a fi cu) limba lung a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chartterbox; a face colb *; a face larm to create/make/raise a disturbance; a fi cu gura mare *; a fi nepat (iute, ascuit) la vorb *; a fi limb lung to be a chatterbox; a fi limb slobod a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chatterbox; a fi ru de gur (de clan) given to gossip; scandalmongering; fond of scandal; foul-mouthed; a fi slobod (liber) de (la) gur (limb) to speak (ones mind too) freely; a fi uor de (la) gur *; i umbl gura ca o moar stricat (hodorogit, nefierecat) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca cte-n lun i soare (stele) *; nu i-a tors mam-sa pe limb *; a-i toca (a-i turui) gura ca o meli (ca o moar stricat, ca o moar hodorogit) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca (la) verzi i uscate to speak at random; to talk at large to ramble on; a nu-i sta gura to chatter/to patter away. a-i ajunge (cuiva) cuitul la os to be at the end of ones tether; to be at ones wits ends; to be very hard up; a-i ajunge funia la par to be at the end of ones tether; to be on ones last legs; a fi cu cuitul la gt *; a fi n cumpn de via (de moarte) sitting on a fence; a fi ntre ciocan i nicoval (ntre dou focuri, ntre Scila i Caribda) between the hammer and the anvil; between the beetle and the block; between Scylla and Carybdis; a fi pe dric to be done for; a fi pe linie moart on the shelf; shelved; side-tracked; on a side-track; off the map; high and dry; a fi pe muche de cuit on a/the razors edge; on a knife edge; a fi pe marginea prpastiei at the edge of the abyss; on the brink of (the) precipe; 174

a fi nebun de bucurie (de fericire) beside one self with joy; mad/frantic with joy; wild with joy; overjoyed.

a-i sta viaa ntr-un fir de a to hang by/on/upon a thread. a fi om de omenie man of humanity. a avea inim de cri *; a avea inim neagr to have (a fit of) the blues; a avea inim rea bitterness; gall; a avea mae pestie (a fi pestri la mae) *; a fi cinos (negru) la inim (la suflet) hard hearted; a fi cu carnea blat *; a fi fr inim heartless; he has no heart; nergu la suflet *; (e) ru ca un cine *; ru de mama focului *; ru la inim (la suflet) bitterness; gall. a avea ap la cap *; a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to have bats in the belfry; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; 175

a fi om nvat to be an educated man; to be bred a scholar.

(a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. a fi pe calea cea dreapt (bun) on the beam. a fi pe drumul cel drept on the beam. a fi pe pace (cu cineva) to set ones heart at ease/rest. a fi pine i ca (cu cineva) *. a fi pe o cale greit (rea) on the wrong tack. a fi pe un drum greit on the wrong tack. a fi pe picior de rzboi (cu cineva) on a war footing; on war establishment; a purta rzboi (cu cineva) to wage war against/with... a fi pe picior de rzboi (cu cineva) on a war footing; on war establishment. a ajunge la covrigi to come upon parish; to go to the dogs; to be on the rocks; a avea punga deart *; a nu avea nicio lecaie (frnt) to be at low-water mark; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) to be penniless; a-i bate (a-i uiera) vntul prin buzunar to be in low-water; a-i bate vntul prin traist *; a-i cnta cucul prin (n) pung *; a fi cu punga goal *; a fi n pan de bani hard up (for money); pushed/pressed for money; out of cash; in a tight spot; in a nice fix; a fi (a rmne) lefter to run out/short of money; to be penniless/pinched/reduced; a fi lipit pmntului not to have a shirt to ones back; a fi logodit cu srcia *; a-i fi punga oftigoas *; a fi srac ca oarecele de biseric *; a fi srac lipit pmntului not to have a shirt to ones back; a fi strmtorat de bani behindhand in ones circumstances; in reduced circumstances; a fi subire la pung *; a fi (a ajunge, a rmne) tinichea to be pinched/reduced; (a fi) tuf n buzunar to be penniless/broke; a-i iei prul prin cciul to be hardly able to keep body and soul together; i curg obielele *; 176

a fi plin de parale (de bani) in the gravy.

i fluier vntul n pung to be in low-water; a ntoarce punga pe dos *; plin de bani ca broasca de pr (de ln) glum; a rmne cu aa mmligii to go (and) whistle for it; a rmne cu buzunarele goale to go to the cleaners; a rmne cu trasita n b to live out of a box/suitcase/trunk; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) on ones uppers; a rmne fr niciun capt de a nothing at all; a rmne numai cmaa pe el *. a fi plin de sntate full of health. a fi cu un picior n groap on ones last legs; a fi mai mult mort (dect viu) more dead than alive; more than half dead; a fi pe patul de moarte dying; breathing ones last; at the edge of the pit. a o duce de azi pe mine to take no thought for the morrow; to live from hand to mouth; a fi (a se afla) n pragul morii at deaths door; a fi ntre via i moarte to hover between life and death; a fi la un pas de moarte to lie at deaths door; a fi mic de zile *; a fi pe duc ones number is up; a fi (a ajunge) pe marginea gropii at the edge of the grave; a fi pe marginea prpastiei at the edge of the abyss; on the brink of (the) precipe; a fi pe moarte dying; breathing ones last; a-i fi (cuiva) zilele numrate not to be long for this world; a-i iei (cuiva) sufletul to have a bad/a killing time; a i se apropia vremea (ceasul) his time has come; a i se curma zilele to put an end to ones life; to commite suicide; to lay violent hands upon onself; a mirosi a colib (a tmie, a pmnt) to have one foot in the grave; to be on the brink of the grave; (a-i fi leacul) numai sapa i hrleul (lopata) death; a-i suna doagele *; a-i trebui pop *; a nu mai avea zile multe to be far gone; a o duce de azi pe mine to have barely enough to keep body and soul together; a nu o mai duce mult ones number is up; not to last much longer. a fi la cuite at swords point. 177

a fi plin de via full of life; bursting with vivacity; alive and kicking.

a fi prieten la cataram (la toart, unghie i carne) bossom friend;

great chums; cup and can. a fi puior cu ca (pe botior) *. a avea ani btui pe muchie on the shady; a avea ani de patriarh *; a avea gsc n barb (cu gsca n traist) *; a avea multe vineri *; a avea nou vieii (suflete) to have nine lives like a cat; btrn ca lumea *; btut de bruma vremii grown hoary (with age); a fi btut de brum he is hoary (with age); naintat n vrst decline/autumn of life; a fi ncrcat cu (de) zile (de ani) far gone in years; n amurgul vieii in the afternoon of ones life; n iarna vieii *; lup btrn old dog; a-l ninge nainte de vreme *; a fi nins de ani (de vreme) to be very old; i-a nins n barb (n cap, n pr, pe la tmple) he is hoary (with age); uitat de moarte (de vreme) *. a ajunge la covrigi to come upon parish; to go to the dogs; to be on the rocks; a avea punga deart *; a nu avea nicio lecaie (frnt) to be at low-water mark; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) to be penniless; a-i bate (a-i uiera) vntul prin buzunar to be in low-water; a-i bate vntul prin traist *; a-i cnta cucul prin (n) pung *; a fi cu punga goal *; a fi n pan de bani hard up (for money); pushed/pressed for money; out of cash; in a tight spot; in a nice fix; a fi (a rmne) lefter to run out/short of money; to be penniless/pinched/reduced; a fi lipit pmntului not to have a shirt to ones back; a fi logodit cu srcia *; a-i fi punga oftigoas *; a fi srac ca oarecele de biseric *; a fi srac lipit pmntului not to have a shirt to ones back; a fi strmtorat de bani behindhand in ones circumstances; in reduced circumstances; a fi subire la pung *; a fi (a ajunge, a rmne) tinichea to be pinched/reduced; (a fi) tuf n buzunar to be penniless/broke; a-i iei prul prin cciul to be hardly able to keep body and soul together; 178

a fi putred de bogat (de bani) rolling in money.

i curg obielele *; i fluier vntul n pung to be in low-water; a ntoarce punga pe dos *; plin de bani ca broasca de pr (de ln) glum; a rmne cu aa mmligii to go (and) whistle for it; a rmne cu buzunarele goale to go to the cleaners; a rmne cu trasita n b to live out of a box/suitcase/trunk; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) on ones uppers; a rmne fr niciun capt de a nothing at all; a rmne numai cmaa pe el *. a fi rece ca marmora as cold as marble. a fi rupt (frnt, mort) de oboseal to be dead beat. a fi stul dob to have enough of it; to get a/ones bellyful of smth. a avea foc n vine *. a fi n (plin) putere (a fi n toat puterea) *. a avea coastele lipite to be pinched with hunger; a avea burta lipit de spate *; a avea o foame de lup to be ravenously hungry; to be hungry as the wolf; a fi lat de foame *; a fi mort de foame spent with hunger; a fi rupt (frnt) n ca *; i-au mas oarecii n pntece *; a i se lipi coastele (de foame) to be pinched with hunger; a i se lungi urechile de foame *; a i se pune soarele drept inim *; i ghiorie maele de foame to have the collywobbles; i joac oarecii n pntece (de foame) *. a avea gur spart to have a long tongue; a avea limb ascuit (ascuit la limb) to have a sharp/a caustic tongue; a avea (a fi cu) limba lung a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chartterbox; a face colb *; a face larm to create/make/raise a disturbance; a fi cu gura mare *; a fi nepat (iute, ascuit) la vorb *; a fi limb lung to be a chatterbox; a fi limb slobod a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chatterbox; a fi ru de gur (de clan) given to gossip; scandalmongering; fond of scandal; foul-mouthed; a fi slobod (liber) de (la) gur (limb) to speak (ones mind too) freely; 179

a fi scump la vorb spare of speech; chary of words; to be a person of few words.

a fi uor de (la) gur *; i umbl gura ca o moar stricat (hodorogit, nefierecat) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca cte-n lun i soare (stele) *; nu i-a tors mam-sa pe limb *; a-i toca (a-i turui) gura ca o meli (ca o moar stricat, ca o moar hodorogit) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca (la) verzi i uscate to speak at random; to talk at large; to ramble on; to prate; a nu-i st gura to chatter/to patter away. a fi slab ca o scndur (ca un ogar, ca un r) thin as a hurdle/a lath/a rake/a rail/a gate/a whipping post/as thread-paper. a fi slab de fire (de nger, de oele) flabby; weak-willed; pigeonhearted. a fi socotit la minte *. gras ca un pepene as fat as butter/a pig.

a fi tare de fire (de inim, de nger, de caracter) courageous; brave; strong-hearted. a avea ap la cap *; a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to have bats in the belfry; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a 180

goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; (a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. (a fi) sprinten la minte quickwitted; quick in the uptake. a avea ap la cap *; a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to have bats in the belfry; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; 181

prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; (a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. a fi stup de bani (doldora de bani) in the money. a ajunge la covrigi to come upon parish; to go to the dogs; to be on the rocks; a avea punga deart *; a nu avea nicio lecaie (frnt) to be at low-water mark; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) to be penniless; a-i bate (a-i uiera) vntul prin buzunar to be in low-water; a-i bate vntul prin traist *; a-i cnta cucul prin (n) pung *; a fi cu punga goal *; a fi n pan de bani hard up (for money); pushed/pressed for money; out of cash; in a tight spot; in a nice fix; a fi (a rmne) lefter to run out/short of money; to be penniless/pinched/reduced; a fi lipit pmntului not to have a shirt to ones back; a fi logodit cu srcia *; a-i fi punga oftigoas *; a fi srac ca oarecele de biseric *; a fi srac lipit pmntului not to have a shirt to ones back; a fi strmtorat de bani behindhand in ones circumstances; in reduced circumstances; a fi subire la pung *; a fi (a ajunge, a rmne) tinichea to be pinched/reduced; (a fi) tuf n buzunar to be penniless/broke; a-i iei prul prin cciul to be hardly able to keep body and soul together; i curg obielele *; i fluier vntul n pung to be in low-water; a ntoarce punga pe dos *; plin de bani ca broasca de pr (de ln) glum; a rmne cu aa mmligii to go (and) whistle for it; a rmne cu buzunarele goale to go to the cleaners; a rmne cu trasita n b to live out of a box/suitcase/trunk; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) on ones uppers; a rmne fr niciun capt de a nothing at all; 182

a rmne numai cmaa pe el *. a fi lsat la vatr mil. to get ones discharge.

a fi sub arme (sub drapel, sub steag) under arms; with the colours. a fi tare de inim *. a fi treaz-trezu *.

a fi fricos ca un iepure (as) timid as a hare/a rabbit; a se teme i de umbra lui to be afraid of ones (own) shadow. (a fi) ameit de butur to show drink; (a fi) beat cri (turt, mort, butuc, lulea) dead/blind/roaring drunk; a fi n patru ie *; a fi la vuple *; a fi lemn de beat dead/blind/roaring drunk; a fi mort (de) beat dead drunk; a fi slujitorul lui Bahus *; a o lua n clan *; a merge n patru labe on all fours; crawling; a se nate n zodia raelor *; a rtci casele de beat ce e *; a ine leul la ureche *; a se face lulea to have/take a glass too much; a nu se mai putea ine pe picioare to lose ones legs. (a fi) ameit de butur to show drink; (a fi) beat cri (turt, mort, butuc, lulea) dead/blind/roaring drunk; a fi n patru ie *; a fi la vuple *; a fi lemn de beat dead/blind/roaring drunk; a fi mort (de) beat dead drunk; a fi slujitorul lui Bahus *; a o lua n clan *; a merge n patru labe on all fours; crawling; a se nate n zodia raelor *; a rtci casele de beat ce e *; a ine leul la ureche *; a se face lulea to have/take a glass too much; a nu se mai putea ine pe picioare to lose ones legs. a avea ap la cap *; a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; 183

a fi treaz la minte to keep oneself dry.

uor de cap quick-witted; sharp; bright; quick in the uptake.

a-i gsi beleaua to get into hot water/to bring an old house on ones head. glum nesrat *. gras ca un pepene as fat as butter.

a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to have bats in the belfry; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; (a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; (a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. a scpa de belea to get out of an encumbrance/to get to smooth water. glum srat *. a avea numai suflet n oase *; a-i curge oasele *; a-i curge untura (grsimea) pe nas *; a fi (a se usca, a rmne) ca o scndur thin as a rake; a fi numai pielea i osul din el (numai piele i oase) mere skin and bone; a fi slab ca o scndur (ca un ogar, ca un r) as thin as a 184

hurdle/a lath/a rake/a rail/a gate/a whipping post/as threadpaper/as lean; gras ca scripca *; gras de-i numeri coastele *; a-i iei (cuiva) oasele prin piele his bones came out through his skin/bag of bones; i numeri oasele *; i sufl (i fluier) vntul prin oase *; a rmne doar umbra din el hes mere shadow os his former self; scndur de slab lean as a rake. a gri de bine (pe cineva) *. gras (nvelit) ca un pepene (ca pepenele) as fat as butter. a gri de ru (pe cineva) *. i curge untura (grsimea) pe nas *; slab de-i numeri coastele *; slab de-l sufl (bate) vntul *; uscat (ca o) toac (toac de uscat) *. lene fr pereche *. lene fr pereche *. hohot de rs roar with laughter. a nu avea pre *; scump ca focul *. scump la rs *. a avea ani btui pe muchie on the shady; a avea ani de patriarh *; a avea gsc n barb (cu gsca n traist) *; a avea multe vineri *; a avea nou vieii (suflete) to have nine lives like a cat; btrn ca lumea *; btut de bruma vremii grown hoary (with age); a fi btut de brum he is hoary (with age); naintat n vrst decline/autumn of life; a fi ncrcat cu (de) zile (de ani) far gone in years; n amurgul vieii in the afternoon of ones life; n iarna vieii *; lup btrn old dog; a-l ninge nainte de vreme *;; a fi nins de ani (de vreme) to be very old; i-a nins n barb (n cap, n pr, pe la tmple) he is hoary (with age); 185

harnic ca o albin (ca o furnic) busy as a bee. harnic de mnnc foc *. hohot de plns roar with. ieftin ca braga cheap as dirt. ieftin la plns *. ieit din fa out of swadding clothes.

uitat de moarte (de vreme) *. a intrat blaia n sat, s-a luminat de ziu at daybreak. ieit din mini head over heals. a o isprvi ru *. a iubi (pe cineva) (a-i fi drag) ca (mai mult dect) ochii din cap, a iubi (pe cineva) din tot sufletul to be the very breath of ones nostrils. a-i mprtia gndurile *. nc nu i-a czut (nu i-a picat) caul de la gur hes still a squash (an egg)/cradle straws are scarce out of his breech. cnd se bate (se ngn) ziua cu noapte *.

n toate minile (n toat mintea) in ones right mind. a scpa basma curat to get off scot free. a-i fi (cuiva) drag ca sarea-n ochi, a nu-i fi (cuiva) pe plac to have somebobys gots.

a-i aduna gndurile *. a avea ani btui pe muchie on the shady; a avea ani de patriarh *; a avea gsc n barb (cu gsca n traist) *; a avea multe vineri *; a avea nou vieii (suflete) to have nine lives like a cat; btrn ca lumea *; btut de bruma vremii grown hoary (with age); a fi btut de brum he is hoary (with age); naintat n vrst decline/autumn of life; a fi ncrcat cu (de) zile (de ani) far gone in years; n amurgul vieii in the afternoon of ones life; n iarna vieii *; lup btrn old dog; a-l ninge nainte de vreme *; a fi nins de ani (de vreme) to be very old; i-a nins n barb (n cap, n pr, pe la tmple) he is hoary (with age); uitat de moarte (de vreme) *. a deschide dosarul to open the chapter. a vedea lumina zilei to see the light, to be born. a scpa basma curat to bluff it out.

a nchide dosarul to close the chapter. a nchide ochii de veci (pe, pentru vecie) to die. a o ncurca (a o sfri) ru de tot to come to no good; to end in misery; to go to a bad end. a ndruga verzi i uscate to let off hot air.

a-i toarce maica-sa pe limb *. 186

i d i cmaa de pe el, a fi milos i darnic to give the very shirt off ones back.

a avea nou bieri la pung to be tight-/closefisted/niggardly; a lega paraua cu zece noduri to be tight-/closefisted/niggardly; a-i suge (a-i mnca) de sub unghie to live near. a-i fi toi boii acas to be in the blues. a ajunge la covrigi to come upon parish; to go to the dogs; to be on the rocks; a avea punga deart *; a nu avea nicio lecaie (frnt) to be at low-water mark; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) to be penniless; a-i bate (a-i uiera) vntul prin buzunar to be in low-water; a-i bate vntul prin traist *; a-i cnta cucul prin (n) pung *; a fi cu punga goal *; a fi n pan de bani hard up (for money); pushed/pressed for money; out of cash; in a tight spot; in a nice fix; a fi (a rmne) lefter to run out/short of money; to be penniless/pinched/reduced; a fi lipit pmntului not to have a shirt to ones back; a fi logodit cu srcia *; a-i fi punga oftigoas *; a fi srac ca oarecele de biseric *; a fi srac lipit pmntului not to have a shirt to ones back; a fi strmtorat de bani behindhand in ones circumstances; in reduced circumstances; a fi subire la pung *; a fi (a ajunge, a rmne) tinichea to be pinched/reduced; (a fi) tuf n buzunar to be penniless/broke; a-i iei prul prin cciul to be hardly able to keep body and soul together; i curg obielele *; i fluier vntul n pung to be in low-water; a ntoarce punga pe dos *; plin de bani ca broasca de pr (de ln) glum; a rmne cu aa mmligii to go (and) whistle for it; a rmne cu buzunarele goale to go to the cleaners; a rmne cu trasita n b to live out of a box/suitcase/trunk; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) on ones uppers; a rmne fr niciun capt de a nothing at all; a rmne numai cmaa pe el *. 187

i s-au necat corbiile to be cheesed-off. a ntoarce banii cu lopata to have money to bum.

n veci de veci (n vecii vecilor, n veacul veacului) to all eternity. la doi pai within a stones throw.

cnd mi-oi vedea palma (minile) when two Sundays come together. la marginea (captul) pmntului at the worlds end; at the ends of the earth; at the back of beyond; peste nou mri i nou ri at the other end of the world; miles and miles away; beyond/over the sea(s). ct ai arunca cu securea at a stones throw; ct ajunge sgeata *; ct ai da cu pratia *; ct bate ochiul *; ct cuprinde ochiul as far as one can see/the eye can reach; (a fi) la o deprtare de-o crj *; la doi pai within a stones throw; la o arunctur (la o zvrlitur) de b at a stones throw (from); within hail; la o sritur de aici *. la marginea (captul) pmntului at the worlds end; at the ends of the earth; at the back of beyond; peste nou mri i nou ri at the other end of the world; miles and miles away; beyond/over the sea(s). ieit din uz out-dated; super-annuated; dropping out of use; obsolete; out of date/fashion. la marginea (captul) pmntului at the worlds end; at the ends of the earth; at the back of beyond; peste nou mri i nou ri at the other end of the world; miles and miles away; beyond/over the sea(s). cnd mi-oi vedea palma (minile) to all eternity; ct ai bate n (din) palme at a clap; ct ai clipi din ochi in ablowing of a match; ct ai da cu pratia *; ct ai da n cremene in a brace/couple of shakes/a shake/two shakes of a lambs tail; ct ai frige un ou *; ct ai mbuca o dat *; ct ai plesni din bici to snap/to smart a/ones whip; ct ai plesni din palme *; ct ai zice mei *; ct ai zice pete before you could say Jack Robinson; ct ar sta un pop n rai *. a-l apuca frica to be siezed with fear. 188

la marginea (la captul) pmntului at the worlds end; at the ends of the earth; at the back of beyond.

la o arunctur (la o zvrlitur) de b at a stones throw (from); within hail. la ordinea zilei topical; current; of the day; in the high-lights; on the map. la o sritur de aici *.

la sfntul ateapt till the cows come home.

a-l lsa frica *.

a i se lega (cuiva) limba to remain speechless. a-i lua (a-i tia) (cuiva) apa (de la moar) *. a lua ap n gur *.

a i se dezlega limba to unbridle ones tongue; to unloose(n) ones tongue. a da (cuiva) ap la moar to draw water to smb.s mill. a avea gur spart to have a long tongue; a avea limb ascuit (ascuit la limb) to have a sharp/a caustic tongue; a avea (a fi cu) limba lung a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chartterbox; a face colb *; a face larm to create/make/raise a disturbance; a fi cu gura mare *; a fi nepat (iute, ascuit) la vorb *; a fi limb lung to be a chatterbox; a fi limb slobod a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chatterbox; a fi ru de gur (de clan) given to gossip; scandalmongering; fond of scandal; foul-mouthed; a fi slobod (liber) de (la) gur (limb) to speak (ones mind too) freely; a fi uor de (la) gur *; i umbl gura ca o moar stricat (hodorogit, nefierecat) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca cte-n lun i soare (stele) *; nu i-a tors mam-sa pe limb *; a-i toca (a-i turui) gura ca o meli (ca o moar stricat, ca o moar hodorogit) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca (la) verzi i uscate to speak at random; to talk at large; to ramble on; to prate; a nu-i sta gura to chatter/to patter away. a lua (pe cineva) cu rul *.

a lua (pe cineva) cu biniorul (cu binele, cu frumosul) to ride smb. in/on/with the snaffle. a o lua de la coad to begin/to start at the wrong end. a lua (a avea) (pe cineva) n nume de ru to take in bad part. a o lua pe coarda de jos *.

a o lua de la nceput to be back to square one; a o lua de la lingur *. a lua (a avea) (pe cineva) n nume de bine to take in good part. a o ine pe coarda de sus *. 189

lume veche the Old World. lung (nalt) ca (ct) o prjin to be all legs. mal de om lanky/tall as a (lamp) post. mrunt (mic) la suflet smallminded. a-i merge bila to use ones bean.

lume nou the New World. i mnnc raele din buzunar *; pn la genunchii broatei *. buburuz (gglici) de om *. mare la suflet noble-minded. a avea ap la cap *; a avea minte de coc *; a avea minte de vrabie *; a-i cnta sticleii n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; a fi detep (iret, iste) ca oaia *; a fi clei not to know B from a bulls foot/a battledore/a broomstic; a fi cu (a avea) sticlei n cap to have bats in the belfry; be wrong in the upper story; to be off ones base. a fi cu trei roate la car (la cru) to have a tile loose; to have bats in the belfry; a fi din cei cu pr pe limb hairy about/in the fetlocks/heel; a fi greu de (la) cap (minte) to lack gumption; (a fi) napoiat mintal *; a nu fi n toate minile (cu mintea ntreag) to be a button short; to have lost a button; not to have ones button on; a fi (cam) ntr-o doag (a-i lipsi o doag) to be bonkers; (a fi) mic la minte narrow-minded; a fi pleuv la minte bald-headed; prost ca o cizm as free from sense as a frog from feathers; prost ca o curc *; prost ca gardul (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca noaptea as daft as a brush; as stupid as a donkey/a goose/an owl; prost ca oaia (as) stupid as a donkey/an owl; prost ca un mgar as stupid as a donkey; prost de d n gropi as thick as two short planks; as silly as can be; prost de rage *; prost fr pereche a precious fool; a vacuous individual; prost la minte *; (a fi) prostul protilor *; (a fi) strmt (ngust) la minte to have a one rack mind; (a fi) (cam) sucit la minte wrong-minded/twisted mind; a fi tare de boac (de cap) not to know ones arse from ones elbow; slow in the uptake; beef witted; a fi (cam) tra-la-la *; 190

(a fi) trsnit cu leuca (a fi btut cu leuca) a bit wrong in the garret. a mnca (pe cineva sau ceva) cu ochi a) a fi ispitit de o mncare atrgtoare; b) a dori mult (pe cineva sau ceva) to feast ones eye on somebody. a-l mnca (pe cineva) viermii de viu, foarte lene *. a mngia pe cap (pe cineva) *. a munci ca un bou (ca un cal, ca un catr) to work like a bear. a nu-l vedea n ochi (pe cineva sau ceva) a) a nu prefera vreun produs alimentar; b) a nu putea suporta (pe cineva sau ceva) to hate the sight of somebody.

harnic foc as busy as a bee. a face chica topor to pull somebody by the hair. a asuda sub limb to be a fool for ones pains; a bate apa n piu to draw water in a sieve; a bate drumurile (pietrele) to take the road; a trage chiulul to ditch; a bate lturile *; a bate strzile to walk the streets; a sta cu minile n sn to stand with folded arms; a tia frunza la cini to keep hands in pockets; a trage ma (pe dracul) de coad to be hard up; a umbla cscnd gura to be agog for...; a umbla frunza frsinelului to fool around; a umbla gur-casc easy-gulliable person; a umbla haimana to lounge about; a umbla hbuc (handralu) to spin a cocoon; a umbla n bobote to wander aimlessly; a umbla n dodii to go over hedge and ditch; a umbla n dorul lelii to work with the left hand; a umbla lelea (brambura, haihui) to spin a street yard; a umbla pe urlai *; a umbla teleleu (Tnase) to buy gape-seed; a nu lua (a nu ridica) un pai de jos, a nu mica mcar un deget not to stir a finger to help. a asuda sub limb to be a fool for ones pains; a bate apa n piu to draw water in a sieve; a bate drumurile (pietrele) to take the road; a trage chiulul to ditch; a bate lturile *; a bate strzile to walk the streets; a sta cu minile n sn to stand with folded arms; a tia frunza la cini to keep hands in pockets; a trage ma (pe dracul) de coad to be hard up; 191

a munci ca un hamal (ca un salahor) to work double rides.

a umbla cscnd gura to be agog for...; a umbla frunza frsinelului to fool around; a umbla gur-casc easy-gulliable person; a umbla haimana to lounge about; a umbla hbuc (handralu) to spin a cocoon; a umbla n bobote to wander aimlessly; a umbla n dodii to go over hedge and ditch; a umbla n dorul lelii to work with the left hand; a umbla lelea (brambura, haihui) to spin a street yard; a umbla pe urlai *; a umbla teleleu (Tnase) to buy gape-seed; a nu lua (a nu ridica) un pai de jos, a nu mica mcar un deget not to stir a finger to help. a munci ct apte to do a power of work. a asuda sub limb to be a fool for ones pains; a bate apa n piu to draw water in a sieve; a bate drumurile (pietrele) to take the road; a trage chiulul to ditch; a bate lturile *; a bate strzile to walk the streets; a sta cu minile n sn to stand with folded arms; a tia frunza la cini to keep hands in pockets; a trage ma (pe dracul) de coad to be hard up; a umbla cscnd gura to be agog for...; a umbla frunza frsinelului to fool around; a umbla gur-casc easy-gulliable person; a umbla haimana to lounge about; a umbla hbuc (handralu) to spin a cocoon; a umbla n bobote to wander aimlessly; a umbla n dodii to go over hedge and ditch; a umbla n dorul lelii to work with the left hand; a umbla lelea (brambura, haihui) to spin a street yard; a umbla pe urlai *; a umbla teleleu (Tnase) to buy gape-seed; a nu lua (a nu ridica) un pai de jos, a nu mica mcar un deget not to stir a finger to help. a asuda sub limb to be a fool for ones pains; a bate apa n piu to draw water in a sieve; a bate drumurile (pietrele) to take the road; a trage chiulul to ditch; a bate lturile *; a bate strzile to walk the streets; a sta cu minile n sn to stand with folded arms; a tia frunza la cini to keep hands in pockets; a trage ma (pe dracul) de coad to be hard up; a umbla cscnd gura to be agog for...; 192

a munci din greu to work hard.

a umbla frunza frsinelului to fool around; a umbla gur-casc easy-gulliable person; a umbla haimana to lounge about; a umbla hbuc (handralu) to spin a cocoon; a umbla n bobote to wander aimlessly; a umbla n dodii to go over hedge and ditch; a umbla n dorul lelii to work with the left hand; a umbla lelea (brambura, haihui) to spin a street yard; a umbla pe urlai *; a umbla teleleu (Tnase) to buy gape-seed; a nu lua (a nu ridica) un pai de jos, a nu mica mcar un deget not to stir a finger to help. a munci fr preget to work stintlessly. a asuda sub limb to be a fool for ones pains; a bate apa n piu to draw water in a sieve; a bate drumurile (pietrele) to take the road; a trage chiulul to ditch; a bate lturile *; a bate strzile to walk the streets; a sta cu minile n sn to stand with folded arms; a tia frunza la cini to keep hands in pockets; a trage ma (pe dracul) de coad to be hard up; a umbla cscnd gura to be agog for...; a umbla frunza frsinelului to fool around; a umbla gur-casc easy-gulliable person; a umbla haimana to lounge about; a umbla hbuc (handralu) to spin a cocoon; a umbla n bobote to wander aimlessly; a umbla n dodii to go over hedge and ditch; a umbla n dorul lelii to work with the left hand; a umbla lelea (brambura, haihui) to spin a street yard; a umbla pe urlai *; a umbla teleleu (Tnase) to buy gape-seed; a nu lua (a nu ridica) un pai de jos, a nu mica mcar un deget not to stir a finger to help. a asuda sub limb to be a fool for ones pains; a bate apa n piu to draw water in a sieve; a bate drumurile (pietrele) to take the road; a trage chiulul to ditch; a bate lturile *; a bate strzile to walk the streets; a sta cu minile n sn to stand with folded arms; a tia frunza la cini to keep hands in pockets; a trage ma (pe dracul) de coad to be hard up; a umbla cscnd gura to be agog for...; a umbla frunza frsinelului to fool around; 193

a munci n sudoarea frunii to keep ones nose to the grindstone.

a umbla gur-casc easy-gulliable person; a umbla haimana to lounge about; a umbla hbuc (handralu) to spin a cocoon; a umbla n bobote to wander aimlessly; a umbla n dodii to go over hedge and ditch; a umbla n dorul lelii to work with the left hand; a umbla lelea (brambura, haihui) to spin a street yard; a umbla pe urlai *; a umbla teleleu (Tnase) to buy gape-seed; a nu lua (a nu ridica) un pai de jos, a nu mica mcar un deget not to stir a finger to help. mut ca petele (ca un pete) mute as a fish. a avea gur spart to have a long tongue; a avea limb ascuit (ascuit la limb) to have a sharp/a caustic tongue; a avea (a fi cu) limba lung a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chartterbox; a face colb *; a face larm to create/make/raise a disturbance; a fi cu gura mare *; a fi nepat (iute, ascuit) la vorb *; a fi limb lung to be a chatterbox; a fi limb slobod a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chatterbox; a fi ru de gur (de clan) given to gossip; scandalmongering; fond of scandal; foul-mouthed; a fi slobod (liber) de (la) gur (limb) to speak (ones mind too) freely; a fi uor de (la) gur *; i umbl gura ca o moar stricat (hodorogit, nefierecat) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca cte-n lun i soare (stele) *; nu i-a tors mam-sa pe limb *; a-i toca (a-i turui) gura ca o meli (ca o moar stricat, ca o moar hodorogit) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca (la) verzi i uscate to speak at random; to talk at large; to ramble on; to prate; a nu-i st gura to chatter/to patter away. a i se scurge (a-i curge) (cuiva) ochii (dup cineva sau dup ceva) to have ones claws in smb. a da la iveal, a da n vileag to disclose.

a nu avea ochi s vad (s vezi) (pe cineva) to have a crush on soil. a nu da pe fa not to blow the lid off.

194

a nu-i ncpea inima n piept to walk upon air.

a-i ajunge (cuiva) cuitul la os to be very hard up; a fi cu cuitul la gt to be at ones wits end; a fi n cumpn de via (de moarte) to hang in the balance; a fi n impas to be in a tight corner; a fi n ncurctur to be in a puzzle; a fi n nevoie (n mare nevoie) to be in the dearest poverty; a fi ntre ciocan i nicoval between hammer and anvil; a fi ntre dou focuri between two fires; a fi ntre Scila i Caribda between Scylla and Caribda; a fi ntr-o dilem on the horns of a dilemma; a fi pe dric to be clapped out; a fi pe linie moart to stand against the wall; a fi pe muchie de cuit on a razors edge; a fi pe marginea prpastiei to stand on a vulcano; a-i sta viaa ntr-un fir de a to hang upon a thread. a avea numai suflet n oase to be a bag of bones; a-i curge oasele *; a-i curge untura (grsimea) pe nas *; a fi (a se usca, a rmne) ca o scndur thin as a rake; a fi numai pielea i osul din el (numai piele i oase) mere skin and bone; a fi slab ca o scndur (ca un ogar, ca un r) as thin as a hurdle/a lath/a rake/a rail/a gate/a whipping post/as threadpaper/as lean; gras ca scripca *; gras de-i numeri coastele *; a-i iei (cuiva) oasele prin piele his bones came out through his skin/bag of bones; i numeri oasele *; i sufl (i fluier) vntul prin oase *; a rmne doar umbra din el hes mere shadow os his former self; scndur de slab lean as a rake. a-i pune (bine) burta la cale to lay a good foundation. a-i pune (bine) burta la cale to lay a good foundation. a avea darul (patima) beiei (suptului) to be addicted to drinking; bea (suge) de stinge to drink deep; bea pn d n bot to drink like a fish; a bea vrtos (zdravn) to drink like a lord. 195

a nu-l mai ncpea pielea de gras to grow too big for ones boots.

a nu lua nici nafur n gur not to taste food for three days. a nu lua nici rou n gur not to touch food. nu pune nici pictur n gur to keep in the pin.

a nu pune (a nu bga, a nu lua) nimic n gur not to touch food. a nu pune strop de pictur n gur to keep in the pin.

a-i pune (bine) burta la cale to lay a good foundation. a se face lulea to have a glass too much; (a fi) ameit de butur to show drink; (a fi) beat cri (turt, mort, butuc, lulea) dead/blind/roaring drunk; a fi n patru ie *; a fi la vuple *; a fi lemn de beat dead/blind/roaring drunk; a fi mort (de) beat to be dead drunk; a fi slujitorul lui Bahus *; a o lua n clan *; a merge n patru labe to walk on all fours; crawling; a se nate n zodia raelor *; a rtci casele de beat ce e *; a ine leul la ureche *; a nu se mai putea ine pe picioare to lose ones legs. a avea gur spart to have a long tongue; a avea limb ascuit (ascuit la limb) to have a sharp/a caustic tongue; a avea (a fi cu) limba lung a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chartterbox; a face colb *; a face larm to create/make/raise a disturbance; a fi cu gura mare *; a fi nepat (iute, ascuit) la vorb *; a fi limb lung to be a chatterbox; a fi limb slobod a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chatterbox; a fi ru de gur (de clan) given to gossip; scandalmongering; fond of scandal; foul-mouthed; a fi slobod (liber) de (la) gur (limb) to speak (ones mind too) freely; a fi uor de (la) gur *; i umbl gura ca o moar stricat (hodorogit, nefierecat) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca cte-n lun i soare (stele) *; nu i-a tors mam-sa pe limb *; a-i toca (a-i turui) gura ca o meli (ca o moar stricat, ca o moar hodorogit) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca (la) verzi i uscate to speak at random; to talk at large; to ramble on; to prate; a nu-i sta gura to chatter/to patter away. 196

a nu putea lega (spune) dou vorbe (cuvinte) not to be able to articulate two words.

a nu scoate nicio vorb (din gur) not to say a word.

a avea gur spart to have a long tongue; a avea limb ascuit (ascuit la limb) to have a sharp/a caustic tongue; a avea (a fi cu) limba lung a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chartterbox; a face colb *; a face larm to create/make/raise a disturbance; a fi cu gura mare *; a fi nepat (iute, ascuit) la vorb *; a fi limb lung to be a chatterbox; a fi limb slobod a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chatterbox; a fi ru de gur (de clan) given to gossip; scandalmongering; fond of scandal; foul-mouthed; a fi slobod (liber) de (la) gur (limb) to speak (ones mind too) freely; a fi uor de (la) gur *; i umbl gura ca o moar stricat (hodorogit, nefierecat) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca cte-n lun i soare (stele) *; nu i-a tors mam-sa pe limb *; a-i toca (a-i turui) gura ca o meli (ca o moar stricat, ca o moar hodorogit) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca (la) verzi i uscate to speak at random; to talk at large; to ramble on; to prate; a nu-i sta gura to chatter/to patter away. a avea gur spart to have a long tongue; a avea limb ascuit (ascuit la limb) to have a sharp/a caustic tongue; a avea (a fi cu) limba lung a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chartterbox; a face colb *; a face larm to create/make/raise a disturbance; a fi cu gura mare *; a fi nepat (iute, ascuit) la vorb *; a fi limb lung to be a chatterbox; a fi limb slobod a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chatterbox; a fi ru de gur (de clan) given to gossip; scandalmongering; fond of scandal; foul-mouthed; a fi slobod (liber) de (la) gur (limb) to speak (ones mind too) freely; a fi uor de (la) gur *; 197

nu-i scoi vorba din gur nici cu cletele to get no change out of smb.

i umbl gura ca o moar stricat (hodorogit, nefierecat) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca cte-n lun i soare (stele) *; nu i-a tors mam-sa pe limb *; a-i toca (a-i turui) gura ca o meli (ca o moar stricat, ca o moar hodorogit) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca (la) verzi i uscate to speak at random; to talk at large; to ramble on; to prate; a nu-i sta gura to chatter/to patter away. parc a luat vorba n arend to take words on lease. a avea gur spart to have a long tongue; a avea limb ascuit (ascuit la limb) to have a sharp/a caustic tongue; a avea (a fi cu) limba lung a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chartterbox; a face colb *; a face larm to create/make/raise a disturbance; a fi cu gura mare *; a fi nepat (iute, ascuit) la vorb *; a fi limb lung to be a chatterbox; a fi limb slobod a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chatterbox; a fi ru de gur (de clan) given to gossip; scandalmongering; fond of scandal; foul-mouthed; a fi slobod (liber) de (la) gur (limb) to speak (ones mind too) freely; a fi uor de (la) gur *; i umbl gura ca o moar stricat (hodorogit, nefierecat) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca cte-n lun i soare (stele) *; nu i-a tors mam-sa pe limb *; a-i toca (a-i turui) gura ca o meli (ca o moar stricat, ca o moar hodorogit) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca (la) verzi i uscate to speak at random; to talk at large; to ramble on; to prate; a nu-i sta gura to chatter/to patter away. a-i prea ru to regret smth. prere de ru compunction. a-i pierde calmul to lose ones balance. 198

a-i prea bine to be pleased with smth. prere de bine satisfaction. a-i pstra calmul to keep cool.

a pi (a clca) cu dreptul to make a good start. peste nou mri i nou ri at the end of the world.

a pi (a clca) cu stngul to make a bad start. ct ai arunca cu securea at a stones throw; ct ajunge sgeata *; ct ai da cu pratia *; ct bate ochiul as far as the eye can reach; ct cuprinde ochiul as far as one can see/the eye can reach; (a fi) la o deprtare de-o crj *; la doi pai within a stones throw; la o arunctur (la o zvrlitur) de b at a stones throw (from); within hail; la o sritur de aici *. busuioc de pus la icoane *. a-i insufla curaj, a se mbrbta to keep up ones spirit. a avea gur spart to have a long tongue; a avea limb ascuit (ascuit la limb) to have a sharp/a caustic tongue; a avea (a fi cu) limba lung a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chartterbox; a face colb *; a face larm to create/make/raise a disturbance; a fi cu gura mare *; a fi nepat (iute, ascuit) la vorb *; a fi limb lung to be a chatterbox; a fi limb slobod a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chatterbox; a fi ru de gur (de clan) given to gossip; scandalmongering; fond of scandal; foul-mouthed; a fi slobod (liber) de (la) gur (limb) to speak (ones mind too) freely; a fi uor de (la) gur *; i umbl gura ca o moar stricat (hodorogit, nefierecat) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca cte-n lun i soare (stele) *; nu i-a tors mam-sa pe limb *; a-i toca (a-i turui) gura ca o meli (ca o moar stricat, ca o moar hodorogit) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca (la) verzi i uscate to speak at random; to talk at large; to ramble on; to prate; a nu-i sta gura to chatter/to patter away. 199

piatr de moar n cas *. a-i pierde curajul, a se demoraliza to get ones tail down. a-i pierde limba (piuitul) to knock down with a feather.

poam bun a bright article. posomort de vremea cea rea to have a face as long as a fiddle. a primi ca bun *. a prinde minte (a prinde la minte) to be quick of understanding. a prinde puteri (putere) to regain strength. a-i pune fru la limb (la gur) to put a bridle on ones tongue. a pune (a bga) (pe cineva) n pine to give somebody a good job. a-i pune masca to put on the mask. a pune minile pe piept toes up. a-i pune ndejdea to set great store by smb./smth. a pune (a bga) sabia n teac to sheathe ones sword. a pune sub acuzare (pe cineva) to bring a charge to smb. a pune (a ascunde, a ine) sub oboroc, a feri ceva de vzul lumii, a ine ascuns to hide smth. back. a-i pune (bine) burta la cale to lay a good foundation.

poam rea a bad egg. vesel ca vremea cea bun as gay as a lark. a nu gsi bun (ceva) *. a-i pierde minile (mintea) to lose ones reason. a pierde puteri (putere) to lose strength. a-i da drumul la gur to opne ones lips. a scoate (pe cineva) din pine to dismiss.

a-i da jos (a-i scoate, a-i rupe) masca, a-i arunca (a-i scoate) masca to put off the mask. a vedea lumina zilei to see daylight. a-i lua ndejdea to resign all hope. a trage (a scoate, a ridica) spada (sabia) din teac to unsheathe ones sword. a scoate de sub acuzare to dismiss the accused. a da n vileag (a scoate) n vileag, a face cunoscut to blow the lid off smth. a nu lua nici nafur n gur not to taste food for three days; a nu lua nici rou n gur not to touch food; a nu pune (a nu bga, a nu lua) nimic n gur not to touch food. a-i ajunge (cuiva) cuitul la os to be very hard up; a fi cu cuitul la gt to be at ones wits end; a fi n cumpn de via (de moarte) to hang in the balance; a fi n impas to be in a tight corner; 200

mi-a (i-a) pus Dumnezeu mna n cap to have the devils own luck.

a fi n ncurctur to be in a puzzle; a fi n nevoie (n mare nevoie) to be in the dearest poverty; a fi ntre ciocan i nicoval between hammer and anvil; a fi ntre dou focuri between two fires; a fi ntre Scila i Caribda between Scylla and Caribda; a fi ntr-o dilem on the horns of a dilemma; a fi pe dric to be clapped out; a fi pe linie moart to stand against the wall; a fi pe muchie de cuit on a razors edge; a fi pe marginea prpastiei to stand on a vulcano; a-i sta viaa ntr-un fir de a to hang upon a thread. putred de bolnav to lie in bed. a rpune (cuiva) viaa to take ones life. ru de gur foul-mouthed. rea la inim to have no bowels. a repurta o victorie to obtain a victory. a ridica din scaun to unseat smb. sntos ca un taur as strong as a horse. a drui (cuiva) viaa to give birth to... bun de gur to have a well-oiled tongue. bun la inim to have a heart. a suferi o nfrngere to suffer defeat. a nla n scaun to mount, to ascend the throne; a ridica n scaun to be called to the throne; a urca (a sui) la domnie to apoint smb. King. a cobor (a fugri) din scaun *. a rade (pe cineva) fr spun to comb smb.s hair (for him).

a ridica (a nla, a pune, a urca) n scaun to seat smb. a ridica (pe cineva) n slav (n slava cerului) to praise beyond the moon. rupt din soare a picture of beauty. a scoate din scaun (din domnie) *. a scoate n vileag to bring into the open. a scoate la vedere to show goods in the window. a scurta vorba to cut it short. a se acoperi de glorie to cover oneself with glory.

urt foc as ugly as a scarecrow. a nla n scaun to mount, to ascend the throne; a ridica n scaun to be called to the throne; a urca (a sui) la domnie to appoint smb. King. a ascunde sub apte lacte under lock and key. a trece cu vederea to shut the door upon smth. a lungi vorba to talk too much about a thing. a se acoperi de ocar (de ruine) to bring shame upon oneself; 201

a se face de rs to make oneself ridiculous. a se albi la fa to turn white. a se avea de bine *. a se bucura de atenie to be in with smb. a se culca pe bani to have money to burn. a se ntuneca (a se nnegri) la fa *. a se avea de ru *. a fi trecut cu vederea not to stand well with smb. a ajunge la covrigi to come upon the parish, to go to the dogs, to be on the rocks; a avea punga deart slender purse; a-i bate (a-i uiera) vntul prin buzunare to have an empty purse; a-i bate vntul prin traist to have an empty purse; a-i cnta cucul prin (n) pung to have an empty purse; a fi cu punga goal to have a light purse; a fi n pan de bani to be short of money, to get rid of money/out of money; a fi (a rmne) lefter not to have a bean, to be broke; a fi lipit pmntului to be on the rocks; a fi logodit cu srcia to be low-water marks, to be on ones uppers; a-i fi punga oftigoas to be out of purse; a fi srac ca oarecele de biseric to be out of money, to be as poor as a church mouse, out at heels, not to have a penny to ones name/in the world; a fi srac lipit pmntului on the Penniless Bench; a fi strmtorat de bani out of Gods blessing into the warm sun, to be short of money, to be in a lack of money; a fi subire la pung to have an empty purse; a fi (a ajunge, a rmne) tinichea to be broke; a-i iei prul prin cciul to be broke; i curg obielele to be out of money; i fluier vntul n pung to have an empty purse; a ntoarce punga pe dos to have no money; plin de bani ca broasca de pr (de ln) to be broke; plin de bani ca broasca de pr (de ln) a rmne cu aa mmligii to be penniless; a rmne cu buzunarele goale to be up a tree; a rmne cu traista n b to go to bad; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) to be reduced, to be pinched; a rmne fr niciun capt de a to run out of money; a rmne numai cmaa pe el to be broke; (a fi) tuf n buzunar to be penniless/broke; a nu avea nicio lecaie (frnt) not to have a penny (a piece) to bless oneself with; 202

a nu avea nicio para chioar not to have a bean, lean, light, short slender purse. a se face alb ca varul as pale as a ghost. a se mnca ca cinii to agree like cats and dogs. semn bun good omen. a se omor (a se prpdi, a se strica, a se tvli) de rs to die with laughter a se face negru ca pmntul (ca tciunele) as black as coal. a tri n dragoste i (bun) nelegere to live like husband and wife. semn ru bad omen. a plnge cu lacrimi amare (de snge) to shed bitter tears; a plnge cu lacrimi ct pumnul (ca mazrea) to weep ones eyes out; plnge de-i sare cmaa to cry ones heart out; plnge de mama focului to weep ones eyes out. a asuda sub limb to be a fool for ones pains; a bate apa n piu to draw water in a sieve; a bate drumurile (pietrele) to take the road; a trage chiulul to ditch; a bate lturile *; a bate strzile to walk the streets; a sta cu minile n sn to stand with folded arms; a tia frunza la cini to keep hands in pockets; a trage ma (pe dracul) de coad to be hard up; a umbla cscnd gura to be agog for...; a umbla frunza frsinelului to fool around; a umbla gur-casc easy-gulliable person; a umbla haimana to lounge about; a umbla hbuc (handralu) to spin a cocoon; a umbla n bobote to wander aimlessly; a umbla n dodii to go over hedge and ditch; a umbla n dorul lelii to work with the left hand; a umbla lelea (brambura, haihui) to spin a street yard; a umbla pe urlai *; a umbla teleleu (Tnase) to buy gape-seed; a nu lua (a nu ridica) un pai de jos, a nu mica mcar un deget not to stir a finger to help. a ajunge la covrigi to come upon the parish, to go to the dogs, to be on the rocks; a avea punga deart slender purse; a-i bate (a-i uiera) vntul prin buzunare to have an empty purse; a-i bate vntul prin traist to have an empty purse; a-i cnta cucul prin (n) pung to have an empty purse; a fi cu punga goal to have a light purse; 203

a se prpdi muncind to sweat ones guts out.

a se sclda n bani (n aur) to be rolling in money.

a fi n pan de bani to be short of money, to get rid of money/out of money; a fi (a rmne) lefter not to have a bean, to be broke; a fi lipit pmntului to be on the rocks; a fi logodit cu srcia to be low-water marks, to be on ones uppers; a-i fi punga oftigoas to be out of purse; a fi srac ca oarecele de biseric to be out of money, to be as poor as a church mouse, out at heels, not to have a penny to ones name/in the world; a fi srac lipit pmntului on the Penniless Bench; a fi strmtorat de bani out of Gods blessing into the warm sun, to be short of money, to be in a lack of money; a fi subire la pung to have an empty purse; a fi (a ajunge, a rmne) tinichea to be broke; a-i iei prul prin cciul to be broke; i curg obielele to be out of money; i fluier vntul n pung to have an empty purse; a ntoarce punga pe dos to have no money; plin de bani ca broasca de pr (de ln) to be broke; a rmne cu aa mmligii to be penniless; a rmne cu buzunarele goale to be up a tree; a rmne cu traista n b to go to bad; a rmne fr niciun ban (fr nicio para chioar) to be reduced, to be pinched; a rmne fr niciun capt de a to run out of money; a rmne numai cmaa pe el to be broke; (a fi) tuf n buzunar to be penniless/broke; a nu avea nicio lecaie (frnt) not to have a penny (a piece) to bless oneself with; a nu avea nicio para chioar not to have a bean, lean, light, short slender purse. a se simte de parc toat lumea e a lui the world is smb.s oyster. a-i ajunge (cuiva) cuitul la os to be very hard up; a fi cu cuitul la gt to be at ones wits end; a-i fi greu pe suflet to be heavy at heart; a-i fi inima grea to have a face as long as a fiddle; a-i fi inima neagr to have the blues; a fi n cumpn de via (de moarte) to hang in the balance; a fi n impas to be in a tight corner; a fi n ncurctur to be in a puzzle; a fi n nevoie (n mare nevoie) to be in the dearest poverty; a fi ntre ciocan i nicoval between hammer and anvil; a fi ntre dou focuri between two fires; a fi ntre Scila i Caribda between Scylla and Caribda; a fi ntr-o dilem on the horns of a dilemma; a fi pe dric to be clapped out; 204

a fi pe linie moart to stand against the wall; a fi pe muchie de cuit on a razors edge; a fi pe marginea prpastiei to stand on a vulcano; a-i sta viaa ntr-un fir de a to hang upon a thread. a se simi n largul su to be on ones own ground. a-i ajunge (cuiva) cuitul la os to be very hard up; a fi cu cuitul la gt to be at ones wits end; a-i fi greu pe suflet to be heavy at heart; a-i fi inima grea to have a face as long as a fiddle; a-i fi inima neagr to have the blues; a fi n cumpn de via (de moarte) to hang in the balance; a fi n impas to be in a tight corner; a fi n ncurctur to be in a puzzle; a fi n nevoie (n mare nevoie) to be in the dearest poverty; a fi ntre ciocan i nicoval between hammer and anvil; a fi ntre dou focuri between two fires; a fi ntre Scila i Caribda between Scylla and Caribda; a fi ntr-o dilem on the horns of a dilemma; a fi pe dric to be clapped out; a fi pe linie moart to stand against the wall; a fi pe muchie de cuit on a razors edge; a fi pe marginea prpastiei to stand on a vulcano; a-i sta viaa ntr-un fir de a to hang upon a thread. a asuda sub limb to be a fool for ones pains; a bate apa n piu to draw water in a sieve; a bate drumurile (pietrele) to take the road; a trage chiulul to ditch; a bate lturile *; a bate strzile to walk the streets; a sta cu minile n sn to stand with folded arms; a tia frunza la cini to keep hands in pockets; a trage ma (pe dracul) de coad to be hard up; a umbla cscnd gura to be agog for...; a umbla frunza frsinelului to fool around; a umbla gur-casc easy-gulliable person; a umbla haimana to lounge about; a umbla hbuc (handralu) to spin a cocoon; a umbla n bobote to wander aimlessly; a umbla n dodii to go over hedge and ditch; a umbla n dorul lelii to work with the left hand; a umbla lelea (brambura, haihui) to spin a street yard; a umbla pe urlai *; a umbla teleleu (Tnase) to buy gape-seed; a nu lua (a nu ridica) un pai de jos, a nu mica mcar un deget not to stir a finger to help. 205

a se speti muncind to work oneself to death.

a se uita (a privi) cu ochi buni (pe cineva) to view with a friendly eye. simplu muncitor an ordinary man.

a se uita (a privi) cu ochi ri (pe cineva) to cast an evil eye on smb. cu snge albastru to be royalty; de neam bun of good stock; din oase sfinte *; a fi din oameni, a fi din os sfnt of noble descent. tare de nger strong-hearted. a strnge n ching (n chingi) (pe cineva), a lua (pe cineva) din scurt to gain the upper hand. soare-rsare daybreak. a avea ani btui pe muchie on the shady; a avea ani de patriarh *; a avea gsc n barb (cu gsca n traist) *; a avea multe vineri *; a avea nou vieii (suflete) to have nine lives like a cat; btrn ca lumea *; btut de bruma vremii grown hoary (with age); a fi btut de brum he is hoary (with age); naintat n vrst decline/autumn of life; a fi ncrcat cu (de) zile (de ani) far gone in years; n amurgul vieii in the afternoon of ones life; n iarna vieii *; lup btrn old dog; a-l ninge nainte de vreme *; a fi nins de ani (de vreme) to be very old; i-a nins n barb (n cap, n pr, pe la tmple) he is hoary (with age); uitat de moarte (de vreme) *. a sta ru (cu cineva) not to become one. a-i astmpra (a-i potoli) foamea (setea) to satisfy ones hunger. a-i edea (a-i sta) ru not to become one. slab de vn to make the worst of. a avea limb ascuit (ascuit la limb) to have a sharp/a caustic tongue; a avea (a fi cu) limba lung a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; 206

slab de nger weak as a kitten. a slbi (pe cineva) din chingi, a lsa (pe cineva) mai liber to loose ones grip on. soare-apune nightfall. sprc cu ca la gur as green as grass.

a sta bine (cu cineva) to fit smb. like a glove. a-i strni (a-i provoca) foamea (setea) *. a-i edea (a-i sta) bine to fit smb. like a glove. tare de vn (vrtos de vn) with a will. a tcea ca lactul n beltciug to keep ones tongue between ones teeth.

a chartterbox; a face colb *; a face larm to create/make/raise a disturbance; a fi cu gura mare *; a fi nepat (iute, ascuit) la vorb *; a fi limb lung to be a chatterbox; a fi limb slobod a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chatterbox; a fi ru de gur (de clan) given to gossip; scandalmongering; fond of scandal; foul-mouthed; a fi slobod (liber) de (la) gur (limb) to speak (ones mind too) freely; a fi uor de (la) gur *; i umbl gura ca o moar stricat (hodorogit, nefierecat) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca cte-n lun i soare (stele) *; nu i-a tors mam-sa pe limb *; a-i toca (a-i turui) gura ca o meli (ca o moar stricat, ca o moar hodorogit) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca (la) verzi i uscate to speak at random; to talk at large; to ramble on; a nu-i sta gura to chatter/to patter away. a tcea ca mormntul (ca pmntul) as silent as a tomb. a avea limb ascuit (ascuit la limb) to have a sharp/a caustic tongue; a avea (a fi cu) limba lung a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chartterbox; a face colb *; a face larm to create/make/raise a disturbance; a fi cu gura mare *; a fi nepat (iute, ascuit) la vorb *; a fi limb lung to be a chatterbox; a fi limb slobod a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chatterbox; a fi ru de gur (de clan) given to gossip; scandalmongering; fond of scandal; foul-mouthed; a fi slobod (liber) de (la) gur (limb) to speak (ones mind too) freely; a fi uor de (la) gur *; i umbl gura ca o moar stricat (hodorogit, nefierecat) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca cte-n lun i soare (stele) *; nu i-a tors mam-sa pe limb *; a-i toca (a-i turui) gura ca o meli (ca o moar stricat, ca o 207

moar hodorogit) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca (la) verzi i uscate to speak at random; to talk at large; to ramble on; a nu-i sta gura to chatter/to patter away. a tcea ca petele (mlc, ca melcul, chitic, molcom) mute as a fish. a avea limb ascuit (ascuit la limb) to have a sharp/a caustic tongue; a avea (a fi cu) limba lung a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chartterbox; a face colb *; a face larm to create/make/raise a disturbance; a fi cu gura mare *; a fi nepat (iute, ascuit) la vorb *; a fi limb lung to be a chatterbox; a fi limb slobod a long/a wagging/a loose tongue; a chatterbox; a fi ru de gur (de clan) given to gossip; scandalmongering; fond of scandal; foul-mouthed; a fi slobod (liber) de (la) gur (limb) to speak (ones mind too) freely; a fi uor de (la) gur *; i umbl gura ca o moar stricat (hodorogit, nefierecat) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca cte-n lun i soare (stele) *; nu i-a tors mam-sa pe limb *; a-i toca (a-i turui) gura ca o meli (ca o moar stricat, ca o moar hodorogit) to patter away; to talk too much; to talk thirteen/nineteen to dozens; a toca (la) verzi i uscate to speak at random; to talk at large; to ramble on; a nu-i sta gura to chatter/to patter away. a-i tia (a-i reteza) (cuiva) aripile to throw a wet blanket on, to throw a wet blanket over, to throw cold water on, to throw cold water over, to clip somebody's wings. a tia frunze la cini to keep hands in pockets. a tia (cuiva) pofta de mncare to turn somebody off. a termina (a sfri) cu bine to a da (cuiva) aripi to lend wings to.

a se speti muncind to il and moil. a face (cuiva) poft de mncare *. a termina (a sfri) ru (prost) to end bad. 208

end well. toane bune good moods. a tri boierete (ca un boier) to live as a gentleman, to live in (grand) style.

toane rele bad moods. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din cerit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr-o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din cerit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr-o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in 209

a tri ca banul n lad to hit the pace

great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca cinele la stn to live in clover, to live like pigs in clover, to live at rack and manger. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din cerit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr-o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din cerit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr-o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; 210

a tri ca gina la moar to live in clover, to live like a fighting cock.

a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca n cacaval to live in plenty. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din cerit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr-o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din cerit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr-o coaj de pine *; 211

a tri (a fi, a se simi) ca n pntecele mamei to live on the fat land.

a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca n rai to live in Eden, to have a good time of it. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (d e azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din cerit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr -o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din cerit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; 212

a tri ca n snul lui Avraam to live in clover, to live like a fighting cock.

a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr -o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca la snul mamei to live like pigs in clover. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din cerit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr-o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din cerit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; 213

a tri ca lupul n pdure to live like a wolf in the forest.

a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr-o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca oamneii to live in neighbourly terms. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din ceit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr-o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; 214

a tri ca pe pmntul fgduinei to live on the fat of the land.

a tri din cerit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr-o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca un huhurez to jog along comfortably, to lead a comfortable life, to lead an easy life. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracu l n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din ceit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr -o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; 215

a tri ca un pa to eat the fat of the land, to live like a fighting cock.

a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din cerit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr -o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca ursul la prisac *. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrc ini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din cerit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on s mbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr -o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; 216

a tri domnete (ca un domn) to live like a prince.

a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din cerit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr-o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri n belug to live in plenty. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din cerit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr -o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; 217

a tri n huzur to jog along comfortably, to lead a comfortable life, to lead an easy life.

a tri pe picior mare to live in clover.

a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din cerit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on ones face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr -o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a tri ca cucul n frunz to live like a toff; a tri ca doamne ferete to live by taking in one anothers washing; a tri ca dracul cu popa to live on different terms; a tri ca dracul n spini *; a tri ca frunza pe ap to live in a dry ditch; a tri ca pe mrcini to live like on thorns; a tri ca un cine to lead a dogs life; a tri ca viermele n hrean *; a tri ca vai de lume to live on bread and cheese; a tri cu pine i sare to live on bread and cheese; a tri de pe o zi pe alta (de azi pe mine) to live from hand to mouth, to take no thought for the morrow; a tri din ceit (pomeni) to live on smbs charity; a tri din datorii - to travel on on es face; a tri din milostenii to live on smbs charity; a tri din sticle *; a tri dintr -o coaj de pine *; a tri fcnd foame to live in privation; a tri n mizerie (n srcie) to be in wretched poverty/ in great need/in distress; a tri n nevoi (n lipsuri) to live in great need; a tri numai cu ap i pine to live on bread and cheese. a asuda sub limb to be a fool for ones pains; a bate apa n piu to draw water in a sieve; a bate drumurile (pietrele) to take the road; a trage chiulul to ditch; 218

a-l trece apte rnduri de sudori to be in a stew, to go hot and cold (all over).

a bate lturile *; a bate strzile to walk the streets; a sta cu minile n sn to stand with folded arms; a tia frunza la cini to keep hands in pockets; a trage ma (pe dracul) de coad to be hard up; a umbla cscnd gura to be agog for...; a umbla frunza frsinelului to fool around; a umbla gur -casc easy-gulliable person; a umbla haimana to lounge about; a umbla hbuc (handralu) to spin a cocoon; a umbla n bobote to wander aimlessly; a umbla n dodii to go over hedge and ditch; a umbla n dorul lelii to work with the left hand; a umbla lelea (brambura, haihui) to spin a street yard; a umbla pe urlai *; a umbla teleleu (Tnase) to buy gape-seed; a nu lua (a nu ridica) un pai de jos, a nu mica mcar un deget not to stir a finger to help. a ine de ru (pe cineva) to rail against, to remonstrate with. vrsare de ziu, revrsare de zori *. a vedea lumina zilei to see daylight, to see the light. a ine de bun (pe cineva sau ceva) *. vrsarea serii *. a-i da sfritul (obtescul sfrit) to pass away , to give up the ghost; a-i da suflarea (de pe urm) to breathe ones last; a-i da ultimul suspin to breathe ones gasp; a-l strnge pe dumnezeu (moartea) (la sine) to be with God. a se cobor din scaun to unseat smb., to cast a king from his throne; a abdica de la tron to abdicate. a-i alege cuvintele (expresiile) to be particular in ones speech.

a veni n (la) scaun (pe tron), a se face domn to come to the throne. a vorbi anapoda to make irrelevant remarks, to speak through ones neck, to speak through the back of ones neck, to take leave of ones sense, to talk through ones hat. a vorbi aezat to speak smb. fair.

a vorbi alandala to talk at random; a vorbi anapoda to talk irrationally; a vorbi ca surda-n lume to waste words; 219

a vorbi cerg i pstrug to ramble on. a vorbi ca din carte to speak in print, to talk like a book, to speak by the book. a vorbi de bine (pe cineva) to speak well of smb. a-i zmbi norocul to be lucky. a vorbi alandala to talk at random; a vorbi anapoda to talk irrationally; a vorbi ca surda-n lume to waste words; a vorbi cerg i pstrug to ramble on. a vorbi de ru (pe cineva) to dish the dirt. a fi fr noroc to be out of luck; a-i fi norocul trcat (pleuv) to be out of luck; a fi plin de noroc ca broasca de pr to have no end of luck.

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DECLARAIE PRIVIND ASUMAREA RSPUNDERII

Subsemnata Buzea (Ionescu) Oana Roxana declar pe rspundere personal c materialele prezentate n teza de doctorat sunt rezultatul propriilor cercetri i realizri tiinifice. Contientizez c, n caz contrar, urmeaz s suport consecinele n conformitate cu legislaia n vigoare.

Data

Buzea (Ionescu) Oana Roxana

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Curriculum vitae

Informaii personale Nume / Prenume BUZEA OANA ROXANA Adresa(e) Str. Ghimpai nr. 25, bl. 3, ap. 23, sector 4, Bucureti, Romnia Telefon(-oane) Mobil: +40 723182890 E-mail(uri) multilevelgrup@yahoo.com Nationalitate(-tati) Romn Data naterii 20.12.1974 Sex Feminin

Experiena profesional Perioada Funcia sau postul ocupat Principalele activiti i responsabiliti Numele i adresa angajatorului Din martie 2006 pn n prezent Lector universitar Coordonarea cursurilor i seminariilor de Limb Englez Contemporan, disciplinele: Morfologie Englez i Curs Practic Universitatea Spiru Haret, Str. Ion Ghica, nr. 13, sector 3, Bucureti

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Tipul activitii sau nvmnt universitar sectorul de activitate Educaie i formare Perioada 2008 am absolvit programul de Doctorat; secia Studii Postuniversitare i reciclare din cadrul Facultii de Limba Romn, Lingvistic General, specializarea: limba romn; Universitatea de Stat din Moldova. 2000 am absolvit programul de Masterat n domeniul lingvisticii aplicate, organizat de Universitatea Bucureti, obinnd diploma de Master n specializarea Lingvistic Aplicat Englez. Calificarea / diploma 1998 am obinut diploma de liceniat n Filologie a Universitii Bucureti. obinut 2000 am obinut diploma de Master n specializarea Lingvistic Aplicat Englez a Universitii Bucureti. Disciplines principale Limba englez contemporan studiate / competene Lingvistic General dobndite Lingvistic Aplicat Pedagogie 2003 am obinut Autorizaia de interpret i traductor, pentru limbile englez i spaniol, eliberat de Ministerul Justiiei din Romnia. 2003 am obinut Certificatul de participare la cursurile intitulate: Certificate in Advanced English i BEC Highe , cursuri oferite de Consulatul Britanic Bucureti i Universitatea Cambridge. 2003 am obinut Certificatul de participare la seminariile conduse de Hellenic American Union, Atena; seminarii pentru pregtirea cursurilor n vederea obinerii Certificatului de competen n limba englez al Universitii din Michigan. 2008 am obinut Certificatul de Evaluator ECL (European Consortium of Language).

Numele i tipul Universitatea Bucureti Facultate de Limbi i Literaturi Strine instituiei de nvmnt / furnizorului de formare

Aptitudini i competene personale Limba(i) matern(e) Romn 223

Limba(i) strin(e) Englez, Spaniol

Autoevaluare Nivel european (*) Limba engleza

nelegere Ascultare Citire

Vorbire Participare la Discurs orale conversaie

Scriere Exprimare scris Utilizator C experimenta 1 t Utilizator C experimenta 1 t

Utilizator Utilizator Utilizator Utilizator C C C C1 experimenta experimenta experimenta experimenta 1 1 1 t t t t Utilizator Utilizator Utilizator Utilizator Limba spaniola C C C C1 experimenta experimenta experimenta experimenta 1 1 1 t t t t (*) Nivelul cadrului european comun de referin pentru limbi

Competente i abiliti Spirit de echip: am experiena muncii n echip nc din timpul facultii, sociale cnd am participat la activitile presupuse de proiectele practice i de cercetare derulate n cadrul facultii. Competene i Experiena bun a managementului de proiect i al echipei. aptitudini Am coordonat practica pedagogic a studenilor din anul III, Facultatea de organizatorice Limbi i Literaturi Strine din cadrul Universitii Spiru Haret, specializarea: limba englez. n prezent sunt coordonatoarea unei echipe compuse din 4 lingviti care se ocup de redactarea unui Dicionar Frazeologic Romn-Englez. ncepnd cu anul 2003, predau cursuri intensive de limba englez n cadrul Centrului de Limbi Strine al Universitii Spiru Haret, Bucureti. Am colaborat cu Televiziunea Romnia de Mine la organizarea unor cursuri televizate.

Competene i Utilizare Windows Vista nivel mediu cunotine de utilizare a calculatorului Competene i aptitudini artistice

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Alte competene i Hobby: cltoriile, lectura aptitudini Permis(e) de Categoria B conducere Informaii Referinele pot fi furnizate la cerere suplimentare

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