Pop Alina, Etn I

FOAMEA I ABUNDENA. O ISTORIE A ALIMENTAIEI N EUROPA

MASSIMO MONTANARI
Istoria civilizai i !ro" # $ "ri# #!% roas l sal &or% ' co#o%ic $ social $ "olitic $ c!lt!ral ( a av!t )#tot* a!#a !# ra"ort *ir ct +i "rivil ,iat c! "ro-l % l ali% #tai i. .i #ici #! "!t a &i alt& l$ *i# %o% #t c s!"ravi !ir a coti*ia#/ co#stit!i c a *i#t0i # voi a o%!l!i. Dar 1ra#a #! )#s a%#/ *oar s!"ravi !ir . 2ra#a +i "l/c r $ iar )#tr ac +ti "oli s * s&/+oar/ o istori *i&icil/ +i co%"l 3/$ co#*iio#at/ "!t r#ic * ra"ort!ril * "!t r +i * i# ,alitail social $ o istori a &oa% i +i a-!#* # i. # virt!ti a c #tralitaii sal 3ist #ial $ istoria ali% #tai i c!r, )# str0#s/ si#to#i c! 4c l lalt 5 istorii$ * t r%i#0#*!6l +i &ii#* * t r%i#at/ * l . I%"orta#a l!cr/rii l!i Massi%o Mo#ta#ari st/ )# &a"t!l c/ # o& r/ o " rs" ctiv/ o-i ctiv/ s"r tr c!t " #tr! ca )# viitor s/ !r%/% 3 %"l l -!# +i s/ ocoli% ,r + lil ac st!ia. 7i!a * ast/zi s tra, *i# c a * i ri$ iar zi!a * %0i# st ro*!l tr c!t!l!i. U# tr c!t car #! tr -!i sa "araliz z "r z #t!l$ ci s/6l a8!t s/ &i *i& rit )# &i* litat +i #o! )# "ro,r s. # t #*i#a l!i c/tr !#itat $ co#ti# #t!l a tr/it *iscor*ii$ co#&lict $ *iviz/ri +i co#tra*icii i#t r# . A#,a8ar a )# %i+car a !ro" a#a tr -!i r alizat/ )# * "li#a c!#oa+t r a tr c!t!l!i +i )# " rs" ctiva viitor!l!i. Pri# ca"itol l sal ac ast/ l!crar )#c arc/ s/ * t r%i# caract r l 3ist #ial al istori i +i al c!lt!rii ali% #tar !ro" # $ r co#stit!i#*!6i , # za$ * zvoltar a +i r !+it l . Foa% a ra o r alitat zil#ic/ )# ti%"!l criz i !ro" # *i# s col!l al III 9l a. # s col l I: +i : criza s6a )#/s"rit )# !# l zo# ati#,0#* "!#ct!l c!l%i#a#t a-ia )# s col!l al :I6l a. Ac asta criz/ a )#s %#at &oa% t $ "i* %ii$ r/z-oai $ ci!%/ +i co#s ci# l car !r% az/ ac stora. Li"sa ali% #t lor *!c a la c/!tar a !#or sol!ii * %o% #t; i r-!ri +i r/*/ci#i # %ai)#t0l#it $ "0i#i &a#t zist $ car# * oric s" ci $ )#s/ #! "!t % * &i#i ac st co%"orta% #t$ ac st caz!ri 3tr % ca 4#or%alitat 5. O%!l !ro" a# al s col lor : +i :I a &ost &oart * s +i !# co#s!%ator #or%al * 1ra#/$ str/*!i#*!6s s/6+i *i& r #i z va#tai!l * r s!rs " #tr! a6+i asi,!ra s!"ravi !ir a. U#a *i#tr t #si!#il c!lt!ral *i# istoria !ro" i$ +i *i# "!#ct * v * r al ali% #tai i$ o r "r zi#ta c a *i#tr l!% a 4ro%a#ilor5 +i c a a 4-ar-arilor5. E3ist/ o *ista#/ #or%/ )#tr valoril $ i* olo,iil +i r alit/il * zi c! zi al c lor *o!/ l!%i. Di# "!#ct * v * r al ali% #tai i$ ro%a#ii av a! o *i t/ -azat/ " ,r0!$ vi/6* 6vi +i %/sli#$ a*ic/ "0i# $ vi# +i !l i.

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Bi# )# l s c/ ali% #taia lor ra %ai variat/$ )#s/ ac st l % #t ra! "!#ct!l lor &ort +i -aza !# i *i t % *it ra# # . Bar-arii )# sc1i%-$ c!% ra! #!%ii c lii +i "o"!laiil , r%a#ic * c/tr ro%a#i$ av a! o ali% #tai -azat/ " "ro*!s a#i%al #! v , tal . ?ar# a$ la"t l $ !#t!l +i ci*r!l '*i# &r!ct s/l-atic & r% #tat ( ra! -az l *i t i lor$ &a"t c tr/* az/ v0#/toar a +i c!tr i rat!l "/*!rilor ca activit/i c #tral al sist %!l!i lor * via/. Ac ast/ *ista#/ car s "ar/ c l *o!/ l!%i )#c/ #! a &ost +t ars/$ #ici *!"/ *o!/ %il #ii * istori co%!#/$ a %arc0#* +i ac!% )# "ro&!#zi% caract r!l E!ro" i. #s/ s6a "ro*!s o a#!%it/ a"ro"i r $ *atorit/ !#!i *!-l! "roc s * i#t ,rar -azat " "!t r . A&ir%ar a "olitic/ +i social/ a tri-!rilor , r%a#ic a a8!#s ca% " st tot r/s"0#*i#* %ai lar, c!lt!ra +i atit!*i#il lor % #tal . Ast& l car# a a * v #it valoar a ali% #tar/ "ri# 3c l #/. @0#*ir a +tii#i&ic/ +i o"i#ia co%!#/ a8!#, s/ co#si* r car# a ca ali% #t!l c l %ai "otrivit " #tr! o% &ii#*c/ o%!l st &/c!t tot *i# car# . S!"r %aia "0i#ii ca si%-ol al 4civilizai i5 st "!s/ ast& l s rios )# *isc!i . #s/ E!ro"a a * v #it cr +ti#/ r #!#0#* la ali% #t "r c!% car# a +i cr 0#* c1iar +i !# cr z r li,ios )# i#t rior!l c/r!ia "0i# a$ )%"r !#/ c! vi#!l si !#t* l %#!l$ av a! !# rol si%-olic a-sol!t c #tral. P0#/ )# s col!l al AII 9 l a$ )#s/$ car# a +i "0i# a * vi# a%- l ali% #t "ri%ar +i i#*is" #sa-il $ l!0#* ast& l &ii#/ %o* l!l ali% #tar 4ro%a#o6-ar-ar5. O alt/ *i& r #/ )#tr l!% a ro%a#ic/ +i c a -ar-ar/ st vizi!# a as!"ra ca#tit/ii * 1ra#/ # c sar/. P #tr! c!lt!ra ,r ac/ +i c a ro%a#/ i* al!l s!"r % ra ac la al %/s!rii. Di%"otriv/$ tra*iia c!lt!ral/ c ltic/ +i , r%a#/ )l "ro"!# " 4%ar l %0#c/!5 ca " rso#a8 "ozitiv$ car toc%ai "ri# ac st ti" * co%"orta% #t 3"ri%/ o s!" rioritat as!"ra s % #ilor s/i. .i )# i#t rior!l l!%ii cl ziastic s "oat * sco" rii o o"ozii si%ilar/ * * "ri#* ri ali% #tar )#tr aria % *it ra# a#/ +i c a co#ti# #tal/. M *iil cl ziastic *i# #or*!l E!ro" i s6a! *ov *it )# %o* s" cial s #si-il la "ro-l %a l!i 4a %0#ca %!lt5$ "r v/z0#* )# "r scri"iil ali% #tar a*r sat cl r!l!i raii #or%al * co#s!%$ raii co#si* rat * ro%a#i * *i% #si!#i #or% . ?0t * s"r ara#ii saraci$ #! "!t % s/ cr * % c/ #!6+i *or a! sa %/#0#c %!lt$ )#sa #! +i6o " r%it a!. #cr!ciBar a sist %atic/ a activit/Cilor a,ricol c! "racticil * 3"loatar a t r #!l!i # c!ltivat r "r zi#t/ caract r!l *isti#ctiv al co#o%i i !ro" # *i# s col!l al :I6l a "a#/ c l "!Ci# )# s col!l al A6l a. T rra t silva st !# -i#o% &r cv #t )# *oc!% #t l vr %ii " #tr! a r *a "r z #Ca si%!lta#/ a s"aCiilor c!ltivat Bi # c!ltivat $ a% st cat )#tr!# %ozaic * &or% c/r!ia )i cor s"!#* !# a#sa%-l! *iv rs * activit/Ci "ro*!ctiv ; c!lt!ra c r al lor$ 1ortic!lt!ra$ v0#/toat a$ " sc!it!l$ cr Bt r a li- r/ a a#i%al lor$ c!l s!l. R z!lt/ !# sist % ali% #tar *iv rsi&icat Bi artic!lat )# car "ro*!s l * ori,i# a#i%al/ s )#soC a! c! c l * ori,i# v , tal/.

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?!lt!ra ro%a#/ * c r al %izas " ,r0! ca "ro*!s * "r sti,i!$ * sti#at "i C i !r-a# . D!"/ criza *i# s col!l al III6l a$ l!cr!ril s6a! sc1i%-at "ro,r siv; a cr sc!t rol!l a!toco#s!%!l!i )# * ri% tr!l "i C i. @r0!l!i$ car c r a )#,ri8iri la-orioas Bi "ro*!c a "!Ci#$ a! )#c "!t s/ i s "r & r ,r0# * calitat i#& rioar/$ *ar * o r zist #C/ %ai %ar Bi c! r #ta-ilitat %ai si,!r/. Di# ac st *o!/ ti"!ri * c r al s &/c a! *o!a ti"!ri * "0i# $ *i& r #Ca *i#tr l r z!%0#*!6s la caract r!l cro%atic al ac stora. P0i# a * ,r0! st al-/$ c a *i# alt c r al st # a,r/. Pri%a st * sti#at/ st/"0#ilor Bi s co#&i,!r az/ ca "ro*!s * l!3$ )# ti%" c a *o!a st "0i# a C/ra#ilor Bi a sl!,ilor. N! %ai "!Ci# s %#i&icativ ra! o"oziCiil )#tr "0i# a "roas"/t/ Bi "0i# a tar $ "0i# a %ai %!lt sa! %ai "!Ci# cr sc!t/ sa! )#tr * os -it l %o*!ri * coac r . ?1iar Bi co#s!%!l * car# ra *i& r #Ciat social. P!Ci#i )Bi " r%it a! s/ %/#0#c car# "roas"/t/. /ra#ii co#ta! %ai c!r0#* " car# a co#s rvat/. AcCi!#il * * s"/*!rir $ * sC l #ir Bi colo#izar s6a! i#t #si&icat )# toat r ,i!#il !ro" # )#* os -i la )#c "!t!l s col!l!i al IA6l a Bi a"oi %ai %!lt )# s col!l al AI6l a$ co#o%ia 4*o% stic/5 l!0#* loc!l c l i 4s/l-atic 5. #c " r a ac st i 3"a#si!#i a,rar coi#ci* c! o " rioa*/ * *i&ic!lt/Ci ali% #tar s"orit $ * # * "/Bit c! c1ili-r l "ro*!ctiv "r c * #t $ 3ti#* r a c!lt!rilor &ii#* !# r/s"!#s la li"sa * 1ra#/. # co#*iCiil )# car "/*!ril oc!"a! !# s"aCi! *i# c )# c %ai r str0#s$ l!"t l " #tr! &olosir a t ritori!l!i silvic a! )#c "!t. P!t r a st c a car *ict az/ *i# #o!. La )#c "!t!l s col!l!i al AI6l a$ "0i# a ca"/t/ !# rol * cisiv )# ali% #taCia "/t!rilor "o"!lar . R st!l )#c " s/ &i r si%Cit ca o co%"l tar s c!#*/$ ca o si%"l/ ,ar#it!r/ c )#soC st "0i# a. O #o!/ *i& r #C/ s co#t!r az/; ac a *i#tr ali% #taCia * la sat Bi c a * la oraB. P0i# a al-/ ra "r & rat/ * a%- l "/t!ri)#s/ C/ra#ii s %!lC!% a! si c! c a # a,r/ )# ti%" c or/B #ii #!. N! &/r/ t #si!#i$ co#tra*icii +i co#trast $ soci tat a !ro" a#/ "ar s/ &i ati#s )# "ri%a 8!%/tat a s col!l!i al AIII 9 l a o sit!ai * -!#/star *i&!z/$ *ac/ #! , # ralizat/. Ac st & #o% # "riv +t %ai al s ora+ l $ )#s/ #ici %/car "o"!laia !%il/ #! "ar s/ &i 3cl!s/ * la s/r-/toar . # ac st co#t 3t -o,aii vor &i iar/+i c i car vor ri*ica "ra,!l * os -irii social . #tro l!% )# car a-!#* #a st %ai , # ralizata$ a %a#ca %!lt$ c!% ra o-ic i!l clas lor *o%i#a#t !ro" # #! %ai ra )#* a8!#s. Ast& l a! l!at #a+t r -!# l %a#i r +i ,astro#o%ia 'arta c!li#ar/(. A )#c "!t # -!#ia co#*i% #t lor +i a! a"ar!t #oi "r "arat a,r at * "/t!ra social/ * v0r& "r c!% "l/ci#t l . Toat ac st a ra! )#s %# l #o-ili%ii$ a c lor car i+i " r%it a! s/ %/#0#c -!# +i so&isticat #! *oar %!lt. #s/ &oa% a s r )#toarc . #c "0#* ca% *i# a#!l DEFG$ * zvoltar a co#o%ic/ !ro" a#a st "ractic #!l/. E3"a#si!# a a,rara )#c ti# +t +i t r #!ril " #tr! c!lt!r/ s r str0#,. Sit!aia * vi# %ai *ra%atic/ * c0t oric0#*. Ulti% l * c #ii al s col!l!i al AIII 9l a s!#t %artor l *i%i#!/rii "ro*!ci i a,ricol .

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La )#c "!t!l s col!l!i al AI: 9 l a s a%"li&ic/ o s ri * " rioa* &oart *!r * &oa% t . # %o% #t l * *i&ic!ltat s a,rava! +i t #si!#il )#tr or/+ #i +i /ra#i. Pri%ii$ "rivil ,iai )# " rioa* l * #or%alitat $ ra! +i %ai "rot 8ai )# " rioa* l * criz/$ %ai al s *ac/ ora+!l ra -o,at +i "!t r#ic. D ac a$ )# " rioa* l * &oa% t $ /ra#ii )#&o% tai s r v/rsa! " strazil ora+!l!i s" r0#* s/ ,/s asc/ c va * %a#car . R " tat l " rioa* * str s ali% #tar a! "rovocat o star * %al#!trii *i&!z/ +i * sl/-ici!# &iziolo,ic/$ "r ,/ti#* t r #!l " #tr! "i* %ia * ci!%/ car a * vastat co#ti# #t!l )#tr DHIF +i DHJD. # total ci!%a "ar s/ &i 3t r%i#at c l "!i# !# s& rt *i# "o"!laia !ro" a#/. D!"a tra, *ia ci!% i$ s6a co#si* rat c/ "ri# li"sa oa% #ilor$ roa* l "/%0#t!l!i s6ar "!t a ,/si *i# a-!#* #a. Pr vizi!# a #! s6a a* v rit )#s/. Tot!+i$ sit!aia s6a a% liorat & ctiv$ #ici #! s "!t a alt& l$ *!"/ !# as % # a * zastr!. ?o#s!%!l * car# ra at stat * %!lt/ vr % $ tot!+i$ s "oat ca )# a *o!a 8!%/tat a s col!l!i al AI:6l a ac st co#s!% s/ s &i %/rit i# , # ral$ c1iar +i " #tr! "/t!ril i#& rioar al soci t/ii. Est " rioa*a E!ro" i Kcar#ivor 5 'Bra!* l(. # @ r%a#ia$ oa% #ii s col!l!i al A:6l a co#s!%a! )# % *i DGG L, * car# " a#$ "ro ca"it . # r ,i!#il % *it ra# # rol!l ali% #tar al c/r#ii #! ra la & l * 1ot/r0torM +i aici )#s/$ *oc!% #taia " #tr! s col l AI:6A:I vi* #iaz/ #iv l!ri * co#s!% * loc # ,li8a-il . I +i#* *i#tr zi*!ril ora+ lor sit!aia s sc1i%-/$ )#s/ #! ra*ical$ * oar c car# a #! st * loc o raritat " % s l /ra#ilor *i# s col l AI:6A: c!% #! &!s s #ici i# v ac!ril "r c * #t . ?! toat ac st a$ co#trast!l *i#tr ora+ +i sat r/%0# %!lt/ vr % !# l % #t &!#*a% #tal )# *istri-!ir a sociala a 1ra# i. P #tr! ac sta soci tat * car#ivor $ #or%a cl ziastic/ i%"!# a a-i# r a * la car# ca% DIG6DNG * zil " a#. Ac ast/ a-i# r s co#t!r az/$ )#c/ *i# "ri% l v ac!ri al cr +ti#is%!l!i$ ca !# l it%otiv c #tral al tratat lor %oral +i al #or% i * " #it #/. D aici +i # c sitat a !#or %0#c/r!ri alt r#ativ ; l ,!% l $ -r0#za$ o!/l +i #! )# c l *i# !r%/ " +t l ca !# s!-stit!t "ri# 3c l #/ al c/r#ii. #tr s col l al AI: 9l a +i al A:I6l a i* olo,ia cat ,oriilor *o%i#a#t s *ov * +t * os -it * at #t/ s/ * &i# asc/ stil!ril * via/ "ro"rii *i& rit lor ,r!"!ri social ; %o*!ril * a %0#ca$ * a s )%-r/ca$ * a loc!i s!#t scr!"!lo!s co*i&icat . E3 %"lar )# ac st s #s s!#t co#si* rat a+a6 zis l Kl ,i so%"t!ar 5$ % #it s/ co#trol z co%"orta% #t l +i co#s!%!ril "artic!lar . As % # a #or% * zv/l!i o voi#/ * o%olo,ar $ * #or%alizar a o-ic i!rilor ali% #tar $ )#s/ c a c i#t r s az/ %ai c! s a%/ st *i& r #i r a clas i *o%i#a#t * c l lalt ,r!"!ri social . Ra"ort!l )#tr r ,i%!l ali% #tar +i stat!t!l social av!s s la )#c "!t !# caract r %ai al s ca#titativ. ?! ti%"!l )#s/$ *i% #si!# a calitativ/ s6a co#t!rat tot %ai %!lt$ *0#* #a+t r )# s col l al AII 9l a +i al AIII 9l a !# i

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i* olo,ii Kc!rt # +ti5 a 1ra# i; tr -!i s/ s %/#0#c *!"/ Kcalitat a " rsoa# i5. # &aa !# i r alit/i & ctiv *i& rit $ c! "la#t +i a#i%al # c!#osc!t $ c! %0#c/r!ri # o-i+#!it $ 3"loratorii +i co#c1ista*orii !ro" #i % #i& st/ * o"otriv/ # )#cr * r +i c!riozitat . Di# %o% #t!l )# car #oil ali% #t a! &ost c!#osc!t * !ro" #i$ a tr c!t o " rioa*/ * ti%" !ria+/ "0#/ c0#* a! * v #it & ctiv i%"orta#t )# sist %!l lor ali% #tar. Ac ast/ )#t0rzi r ar "/r a s/ i#*ic o l!#,/ +i s!-sta#ial/ li"s/ * i#t r s a c!lt!rii ali% #tar !ro" # " #tr! #oil co#tri-!ii a% rica# . Noil "ro*!s ra! str/i# c1ili-r lor str!ct!ral al %o* l!l!i * co#s!% !ro" a# a+a c!% s co#t!ras * la 8!%/tat a s col!l!i al AI:6l a. l a! &ost acc "tat )# ca*r!l sist %!l!i #!%ai )# %o% #t!l +i )# %/s!ra )# car sist %!l )#s!+i )#c " a s/ sc0r0i . ? a c s6a )#t0%"lat )# *o!/ &az *isti#ct si$ s6ar zic $ s "arat $ a+a c/ " -!#/ *r "tat "!t % vor-i * s"r o dubl "/tr!#* r a #oilor ali% #t )# E!ro"a. Pri%a s6a "ro*!s )# s col!l al A:I6l a$ i% *iat *!"/ 3" *iiil * c!c rir $ +i a av!t ca r sort$ la & l ca a *o!a$ &oa% t a. N voia cr sc!t/ * 1ra#/ i%"!# c/!tar a )# #oi "ro*!s a "osi-il i r zolv/ri a "ro-l % i. Ac asta st $ )# a#!%it r ,i!#i$ or z!l. M!lt %ai i%"r sio#a#t/$ c l "!i# *i# " rs" ctiv/$ a &ost )#t0l#ir a c! "or!%-!l$ c!#osc!t * ?ol!%- c1iar )# "ri%a sa c/l/tori " st Oc a# +i a*!s * l )# E!ro"a )# DIOH. Mai *i# c!riozitat $ %ai * # voi $ l a &ost c!ltivat * st!l * ti%"!ri!$ )#ai#t * toat $ #or%al$ )# P #i#s!la I- ric/. P/ra#ii )i vor &i )# l s &oart r " * "ot # l #!tritiv $ *ar$ " #tr! %o% #t$ )#ai#tar a "or!%-!l!i )# E!ro"a a &ost )#c ti#it/$ -a c1iar a s!& rit$ *!"/ s!cc s l *i# s col!l A:I$ o sto"ar $ "oat " #tr! c/ %!li r/%0# a! # )#cr z/tori &a/ * l +i co#ti#!a! s/6l co#si* r !# ,r0! " #tr! a#i%al . Or z!l +i "or!%-!l s6a! al/t!rat ti%i* c!lt!rilor tra*iio#al $ a! c!#osc!t !# s!cc s a"roa" i% *iat$ *ar #! a! r !+it s/ s i%"!#/. # s col!l!i al A:II6l a a! r i#trat )# !%-r/$ " #tr! a r v #i "!t r#ic )# 8!%/tat a s col!l!i al A:III6l a. D +i "oziia carto&!l!i )# E!ro"a st sit!at/ "!i# %ai * vr % $ %o*alit/il s!#t i* #tic . ?!#osc!t * s"a#ioli i# P r!$ )# DJHO$ carto&!l a str/-/t!t S"a#ia &/r/ "r a %!lt/ zarv/M o at #i %ai %ar i6a &ost acor*at/ )# Italia. A-ia )# s col!l al A:III6l a )#s/ s va "!t a vor-i * !# s!cc s * &i#itiv +i !# i%"act s %#i&icativ as!"ra r ,i%!l!i ali% #tar al !ro" #ilor. ?a% * la 8!%/tat a s col!l!i al A:I6l a co#s!%!l * car# al !ro" #ilor )#c "!s s/ sca*/. # ac la+i ti%" sca* $ )# !# l caz!ri$ calitat a "0i#ii. ? l "!i# )# s col!l al A:II6l a$ or/+ #ii !ro" #i s o-i+#!is r/ s/ %/#0#c "0i# *i# ,r0!. Ac!% alt c r al )#c " s/ ia av0#t. 4I rar1ia "0i#ii5 r &l ct/ i rar1ia social/; 3ist/ o "0i# al-/ r z rvat/ c lor %ai -o,ai$ o "0i# 4* sc1is/5 '*ar #! * st!l * al-/( * sti#at/ "/t!rii * %i8loc +i o "0i# # a,r/ r z rvat/ c lor %ai * &avorizai. O*at/ c! a,ravar a sit!ai i ali% #tar +i i%i# #ta a% #i#ar a &oa% t i$ %a#i& st/ril * %0#i +i * i#tol ra#/ ia! &or% %ai

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3as" ra#t +i %ai viol #t . Est "oca %arilor co#&lict " #tr! 1ra#/$ l ,at #! #!%ai * car # "ro*!ctiv $ *ar +i * * zvoltar a ca"italis%!l!i +i * "roc s!l co#s c!tiv * "rol tarizar . N!%/r!l c lor s/r%a#i a cr sc!t #or%$ iar "rivil ,iil ali% #tar al ora+ lor risc/ s/ sar/ )# a r. S/racii )#c " s/ &i )#t %#iai laolalt/ c! # -!#ii +i * licv #ii. D s"r a - a +i a %0#ca %!lt !#ii zic a! c/ r/! '+i c/ &/c a r/!($ alii s!si# a! c/ +i ast& l s ar/ta * %#itat a !#!i o%. D os -ir a * r ,i% ali% #tar )#tr r ,i!#il !ro" # $ )# s" cial )#tr c l co#ti# #tal +i c l % *it ra# # $ st !# &a"t si,!r$ car )+i ,/s +t co#&ir%ar a )# *oc!% #t . D cala8!l )#tr *iv rs c!lt!ri ali% #tar s6a a*0#cit )# s col!l al A:I6l a$ ca#* R &or%a "rot sta#t/ a r s"i#s$ )#tr %!lt alt l!cr!ri$ #or%ativ!l *i t tic al Bis ricii Ro%a# . .i at!#ci$ ,ata c! "ost!ril %ari$ ,ata c! a-sti# # l . @ata$ %ai al s$ c! r/z-oi!l )%"otriva c/r#ii. ?!lt!ra ali% #tar/ a E!ro" i a &ost r/scolit/. 4Eli- rar a5 * #or%ativ!l Bis ricii Ro%a# a r *at vi,oar !#or o"oziii #icio*at/ "otolit ; E!ro"a car#ivorilor$ )# %/s!ra )# car #iv l!l * via/ o " r%it a$ a "ro"a,at 1ra#a sa$ &/c0#* *i# a a"roa" si%-ol!l !# i #oi i#* " #* # . # s&0r+it$ c l *o!/ E!ro" '* #or* +i s!*( r )#c " s/ s o"!#/ )#tr -!i#/rii ,r/si%ilor; *ac/ )#ai#t $ )# toat/ E!ro"a * : st s &olos a! alt r#ativ !#t* l %#!l )# zil l * "ost$ sl/#i#a$ !#t!ra sa! alt ,r/si%i a#i%al )# zil l * *!lc $ ac st soi * !#i&icar a "racticilor c!li#ar #! a s!"ravi !it R &or% i. Folosir a !l i!l!i * %asli# s6a ras"0#*it )# #or*!l E!ro" i$ &i " #tr! co#*i% #tat$ &i " #tr! ,/tit ')#* os -i %0#c/r!ril * "ost(. #tr -!i#ar a l!i cr!* )# salat a *!rat * st!l * %!lt$ c l "!i# )# Fra#ta +i )# A#,lia. # sc1i%-$ ca -az/ " #tr! ,/tit +i co#*i% #tat cal*$ tr "tat$ !#t* l %#!l a &ost )#loc!it * !#t. # s col!l al A:II6l a$ salat l ola#* zilor s!#t co#*i% #tat c! !#t to"it. P !r%/ )#sa$ +i #,l zii$ +i &ra#c zii s6a! co#v rtit la &olosir a sos!rilor cr %oas . ?o#*i% #t l $ car $ vr % * !# %il #i!$ &!s s r/ s %#!l *isti#ctiv al % s i -o,at a! *is"/r!t$ )#c t!l c! )#c t!l. Mai tr -!i s"!s +i c/ 3" *iiil * 3"lorar +i * c!c rir a l!%ii a! av!t$ #! )# !lti%!l r0#*$ +i ac st l$ "roc!rar a * %iro* #ii *ir ct *i# loc!ril )# car s "ro*!c a!. Dar "loaia * %ir s% +i savori car s6a! a-/t!t as!"ra E!ro" i v ac!l!i al A:I6l a a sc/z!t r " * i#t r s!l co#s!%atorilor. No!a -!c/t/ri s6a *isti#s +i "ri# alt as" ct . @!st!ril acr! +i *!lc $ )# %o* tra*iio#al a% st cat $ a! )#c "!t s/ &i s "arat %ai clar. S6a vi* #iat )#* os -i ,!st!l *!lc $ c! o )#tr -!i#ar %ai %ar a za1/r!l!i ca i#,r *i #t a #!% roas "r "arat . ?o#s!%!l * -/!t!ri alcoolic $ vi# sa! - r $ )# &!#ci * r ,i!#i$ ati#, a )# tr c!t #iv l!ri 3tr % * ri*icat . #c "a#* c! s col!l al A:II6l a$ )# E!ro"a s6a! r/s"0#*it -/!t!ri #oi$ )#soi#* sa! )#loc!i#* vi#!l +i - r a. Do%i#aia c!lt!ral/ a ac stora$ "0#/ at!#ci a-sol!t/ +i i#*isc!ta-il/$ a tr -!it s/ * a socot al/ #oilor %o* al -/!t!rilor alcoolic $ ca& l i$ c ai!l!i$ ciocolat i; %o* litist $ %ai )#t0i$ a"oi c! !# s!cc s %ai lar, +i * 6a *r "t!l "o"!lar. Ori,i#ar/ *i# Etio"ia +i *i# alt

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r ,i!#i al A&ricii Ori #tal $ ca& a!a a &ost i%"ortat/ )# Ara-ia * S!* : st )# s col l AIII +i AI:. Aici s6a * zvoltat c!ltivar a sa +i s6a a&ir%at %o*!l * "r "arar $ *i# s %i# l "r/8it $ a !# i -/!t!ri. Di# a *o!a 8!%/tat a s col!l!i al A:I6l a a )#c "!t s/ &i i%"ortat/ )# E!ro"a$ %ai al s *i# i#iiativa # ,!storilor v # i #i. # ci!*a sc "ticis%!l!i +i ostilit/ii %!ltora$ s!cc s!l #oii -/!t!ri a &ost %ar +i a sti%!lat )#&ii#ar a * "la#taii s" cial )# "os si!#il colo#ial . D sti#!l & ricit al ca& l i a &ost sa-otat )# A#,lia$ ca +i )# Ola#*a$ * &!r#izorii * c ai$ car $ )# c l *i# !r%/$ a! ra%as )# ava#ta8. Pri%a )#c/rc/t!r/ a8!#s s "ri# DNDG la A%st r*a%$ v #it/ *i# I#*ia$ !#* !ro" #ii c!#osc!s r/ ac ast/ -/!t!r/ ori,i#ar/ *i# ?1i#a a#tic/.F/r/ )#*oial/ #oil co#s!%!ri a! *!s la o c rt/ alt rar a c1ili-r lor ali% #tar tra*iio#al . El a! )#s %#at %ai al s o r *i% #sio#ar a rol!l!i vi#!l!i +i al - rii )# *i ta "/t!rii "o"!lar . R/s"0#*ir a lor a )#s %#at )#sa victoria$ 3tr % * r #ta-il/ " #tr! co%"a#iil co% rcial $ a #oi # voi +i *ori# $ # voia sa! *ori#a * *ro,!ri #oi +i %ai "!t r#ic $ * # r,i $ * !&ori . N! ,r ! s/ # 3"lic/% ac asta )#tr6o E!ro"/$ "r c!% ac a a s col!l!i al A:III6l a$ c1i#!it/ * &oa% $ c!% "oat #icio*at/ #! s %ai )#ta%"las )# tr c!t. Ev #i% #t l ali% #tar *i# E!ro"a s col!l!i al A:III 9l a "ar s/ !r% z *i# #o! *r!%!ri c!#osc!t ; 3"a#si!# * %o,ra&ic/$ i#s!&ici # "ro*!ctiv $ * zvoltar a,ricol/. D *ata ac asta )#s/$ *i% #si!#il & #o% #!l!i a! * v #it !ria+ . Po"!laia !ro" a#/ cr +t &oart r " * $ a8!#,0#* * la DIJ * %ilioa# la 8!%/tat a s col!l!i al A:III 9l a "0#/ la DOJ la s&0r+it!l l!i. Ast& l &oa% t a s a-at la i#t rval r ,!lat as!"ra "o"!lai i. ? r rii cr sc!t * 1ra#/ i s6a r/s"!#s la )#c "!t "ri# 3ti#* r a t r #!rilor c!ltivat . # ac la+i ti%" s6a! "!s la "!#ct #oi t 1#ici "ro*!ctiv . La ac st a *o!/ s6a a*/!,at * zvoltar a * c!lt!ri * os -it * r zist #t $ si,!r +i r #ta-il . E3ista o clar/ o"i!# " #tr! ca#titat la -aza %o*i&ic/rii str!ct!rilor "ro*!ctiv +i ali% #tar car s "ro*!c i# E!ro"a i# c!rs!l s col!l!i al A:III 9l a. ?!ltivar a "or!%-!l!i a )#c "!t s/ s 3ti#*)$ " la s&0r+it!l s col!l!i al A:I 9 l a$ l ra * 8a o r alitat co#o%ic/ s %#i&icativ/. .i carto&!l s r/s"0#* +t ca ali% #t al &oa% t i$ s!- "r si!# a &oa% i +i i%"!ls!l "ro"ri tarilor &!#ciari. U# alt ali% #t * !%"l!t!r/ al s col!l!i A:III 9 AIA a &ost al!at!l$ car $ )# a#!%it "/ri al E!ro" i a )#c "!t s/ )#* "li# asc/ &!#ciil car )# alt/ "art ra! asi,!rat * "or!%- sa! carto&. I%"orta#a ac st!ia )# ali% #tai a r/%as %!lt/ vr % r str0#s/. A-ia la )#c "!t!l s col!l!i al A:II 9l a "ast l &/i#oas )#c " s/ ca" t !# rol i%"orta#t )# *i ta "o"!lai i$ s!- i%"!ls!l # c sitaii. P0#/ )# * c #iil * %i8loc al s col!l!i al AIA$ c r al l +i6a! % #i#!t )# r ,i%!l ali% #tar al !ro" #ilor !# rol a-sol!t "r c!%"/#itor.

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P0i# a %a8oritaii ra c a # a,r/ )# ti%" c "rivil ,iaii %0#ca! "0i# al-a. Tot!+i$ o *!-l/ i#v rsar * t #*i#a$ calitativ/ si ca#titativ/$ a )#c "!t " la 8!%/tat a s col!l!i al AIA6l a. P "la# calitativ$ "0i# a al-/ a )#c "!t s/ c!c r asc/ zo# tot %ai lar,i * co#s!%atori. P "la# ca#titativ$ " #tr! "ri%a *at/ *!"/ at0t a s col s6a r *i% #sio#at rol!l ali% #tar al c r al lor$ )# vr % c c l lalt co#s!%!ri )#c " a! l #t s/ cr asc/. # "ri%!l r0#* co#s!%!l * car# . R vol!ia ali% #tar/ a )#ai#tat l #t +i a tr zit at #ia r ,i!#ilor !ro" # )# %o*alitai +i )# ti%"!ri * st!l * *i& rit . Ast/zi$ a-!#* #a * 1ra#/ "!# "ro-l % #oi +i *i&icil * r zolvat. # /ril -o,at %ala*iil 3c s!l!i ali% #tar l 6a! s!-stit!it )#c t )#c t " c l al car # i.