CUPRINS

INTRODUCERE...............................................................................................5 CAPITOLUL 1: NVAREA PRIN COOPERARE.....................................7 1.1. Delimitri co ce!t"#le$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$7 1.%. Pri ci!iile or&# i'rii &r"!"l"i (i et#!ele ) *+rii !ri coo!er#re.......1, 1.,. Direc+ii -e mo-er i'#re # meto-olo&iei -i-#ctice................................1. 1./. 0eto-e -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re$$$$$$$$$$$$$$%, 1./.1. A*# t#1e (i limite #le "tili'rii meto-elor -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$..%, 1./.%. Cl#2i3ic#re# meto-elor -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re$$$$$.%4 1./.,. Pre'e t#re# !ri ci!#lelor meto-e -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re.....%7 CAPITOLUL %: PREDAREA 5I NVAREA DI6CIPLINELOR 6OCIO7U0ANE................................................................./. %.1. Loc"l (i rol"l -i2ci!li elor 2ocio7"m# e ) 3orm#re# !er2o #lit+ii...../. %.1.1. O8iecti*e &e er#le #le -i2ci!li elor 2ocio7"m# e......................5% %.1.%. Im!ort# +# -i2ci!li elor 2ocio7"m# e ) 3orm#re# o3i+erilor$..4% %.%. E3ecte 3orm#ti*e #le 2t"-ierii -i2ci!li elor 2ocio7 "m# e$$$$$..44 %.%.1. *+#re# #cti* l# -i2ci!li ele 2ocio7"m# e..............................44 %.%.%. E*#l"#re# 3orm#ti* l# -i2ci!li ele 2ocio7"m# e.......................71 CAPITOLUL 0ETODE DE NVARE PRIN COOPERARE UTILI9ATE LA DI6CIPLINELE 6OCIO7U0ANE N ACADE0IA :ORELOR TERE6TRE ;NICOLAE <LCE6CU= DIN 6I<IU$$$$$$$$$$$77 ,.1. O8iecti*ele (i i!ote'# cercetrii$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$77 ,.%. 0eto-e (i i 2tr"me te -e colect#re # -#telor........................................77 ,.%.1. O82er*#+i#............................................................................. ......77 ,.%.%. I ter*i"l................................................................................ .......7>
4

,:

,.,.

Pre'e t#re# (i i ter!ret#re# cercetrii$$$$$$$$7.

re'"lt#telor

CONCLU9II 5I PROPUNERI........................................................................>4 <I<LIO?RA:IE$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.>> ANE@E

INTRODUCERE
Proce2"l -e tr# 23orm#re l# c#re e2te 2"!"2 #2t'i ) *+mA t"l romA e2c 2e co 3i&"re#' 2"8 2em "l " ei oi co ce!+ii c" !ri*ire l# !re&tire# c"r2# +ilorB im!"2 -e ece2it#te# #-ec*rii l# eCi&e +ele 2!orite #le 2ociet+ii co tem!or# e. A2!ectele *i'#te 2" t m"lti!leB !ri tre #ce2te# re&2i -"72e (i -emer2"l !r#ctic7#c+io #lB -eo#rece te -i +ele -e mo-er i'#re # &#1e#' i e*it#8il 2tr"ct"r#re# (i )m8o&+ire# re&i2tr"l"i meto-ic -e c#re "'e#' !ro3e2or"l. Co +i "t"rile -i*er2elor -i2ci!li e -e 2t"-i" !ot 3i !re-#te ) mo-"ri -i3eriteB -#r co 2eci +ele " 2" t #cele#(i -#c !ro3e2or"l 2e 2it"e#' !e o !o'i+ie tr#-i+io #li2tB re2tricti* 2"8 #2!ect 3orm#ti*B 2#" !e o !o'i+ie mo-er B ) oito#reB "rmri - -e'*olt#re# li8erB i te&r#l (i #rmo io#2 # !er2o #lit+ii c"r2# t"l"i. #ce2t 2e 2B 2e "rmre(te c" -eo2e8ire -o8A -ire# " or com!ete +e !rec"m: 2t!A ire# (i "tili'#re# i 3orm#+iilorB &A -ire# cre#to#reB 2!irit"l -e i i+i#ti*B c#!#cit#te# -e re3lec+ie (i -e com" ic#re. Cercetrile ) tre!ri 2e #" #rt#t c cele m#i #-ec*#te 2tr#te&ii !e tr" re#li'#re# re2!ecti*elor o8iecti*e 2" t #cele# c#re 2tim"le#' ti!"ri #cti*e -e ) *+#re (i !ermit o *#lori3ic#re o!timB !e m"lti!le !l# "riB # !ote +i#l"l"i -e #c+i" eB c" o#(tere (i 2im+ire #l c"r2# +ilor. A!lic#re# #ce2tor 2tr#te&ii 2olicit -i !li c" o(ti +ele (i !rice!erile !ro3e2or"l"iB ) 'e2trri c#re -emo 2tre#' com!ete +# -i-#cticB co -i+ie #2i&"r#torie # e3icie +ei ) #cti*it#te# -e23("r#t. Di-#ctic# !re-rii -i2ci!li elor 2ocio7"m# e DPe-#&o&ieB 6ociolo&ieB P2iEolo&ieB Lim8# e &le'B Lo&icB Eco omieB :ilo2o3ieB Lim8# 3r# ce' (.#.F #8or-e#'B c# -i2ci!li !e-#&o&icB !ro8lem#tic# &lo8#l # 2tr#te&iilor -i-#ctice #-ec*#te re#li'rii o8iecti*elor "rmrite. Preoc"!rile ) #ce2t -ome i" *i'e#' mo-"l -e #!lic#re # !ri ci!iilor orm#ti*e (i # !roce-eelor -e #c+i" e 2!eci3ice teE olo&iei i 2tr"iriiB ) !re-#re# co +i "t"l"i (tii +i3ic !ro!ri" -i2ci!li elor 2ocio7"m# e. De'*olt#t c# -i-#ctic 2!eci#lB -i-#ctic# !re-rii #ce2tor -i2ci!li e orie te#'B c" "# +rile -e ri&o#reB !r#ctic# !re-rii7) *+rii7e*#l"riiB #2!ectele 2!eci3iceB #!lic#ti*eB !e c#re le )m8r#c !roce2"l -e ) *+mA tB ) 2co!"l e3icie ti'rii 2#le. E# e2te o teorie # #c+i" ii
5

i 2tr"cti*7e-"c#ti*e #!lic#te ) 2t"-i"l -i2ci!li elor re2!ecti*eB ) *e-ere# -o8A -irii -e com!ete +e 2"8 3orm# c" o(ti +elorB -e!ri -erilorB co -"itelor ece2#re mo-elrii !er2o #lit+ii c"r2# t"l"i. C#r#cter"l 2" e2te -eo!otri* -e2cri!ti* (i !re2cri!ti*B ) tr"cAt cl#ri3ic mo-"l cel m#i e3icie t -e #ti &ere # " "i # "mit i*el -e com!ete + ) -ome i"l -i2ci!li elor 2ocio7"m# e (i 2t#8ile(teB toto-#tB co -i+iile ece2#re re#li'rii #ce2t"i#. E# !re'i t c#-relor -i-#ctice mo-#lit+ile cele m#i e3icie te -e !roiect#re (i or&# i'#re # !re-rii (i ) *+riiB -e 2tr"ct"r#re # c" o(ti +elor (i )m8i #re # meto-elorB #2t3el ) cAt #cti*it#te# lor 2 #i8 " re#l 2"cce2. 0"lte l#t"ri #le !er2o #lit+ii !ro3e2or"l"i )(i !" #m!re t# #2"!r# r# -#me t"l"i (col#rB -e #cee# el 2e !re&te(te co 3orm 2#rci ii !e c#re o #re: ) -r"m#re# c" com!ete + # c"r2# +ilor ) tr7" # "mit -ome i" -e 2t"-i"B ) i te +i# 3ormrii (i -e'*oltrii lor -i !" ct -e *e-ere i telect"#lB -e'*oltA -"7leB ) #ce2t 2e 2B !roce2ele -e c" o#(tereB &A -ire# i -e!e -e tB #!tit"-i ileB cre#ti*it#te# etc. N" !ot 3i i& or#teB ) ) -e!li ire# me irii 2#leB ici c#lit+ile #tit"-i #le -e #t"r c#r#cteri#l7mor#lB ece2#re ) #cti*it#te# -e mo-el#re # !er2o #lit+ii celor e-"c#+iB c"m #r 3i: co (tii +# re2!o 2#8ilit+iiB 2!irit"l -e o8iecti*it#te (i -re!t#teB !ri ci!i#lit#te#B -em it#te#B 3ermit#te#B r8-#re#. Pri tre mo-#lit+ile "tili'#te -e !ro3e2ori !e tr" # tr# 2mite c" o(ti +e (i # 3orm# #8ilit+i (i #tit"-i i e2te nvarea prin cooperare. :#cem !reci'#re# c " orice #cti*it#te -e23("r#t ) &r"! !o#te 3i co 2i-er#t ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re. Ace#2t# -i "rm im!licB ) mo- o8li&#tori"B !re'e +# # -o" com!o e te co *er&e teB " # -e #t"r didactic, ce co 2t ) tr7o # "mit or&# i'#re # c"r2# +ilor (i -i2tri8"ire# core2!" 'to#re # 2#rci ilor ce "rme#' # 3i ) -e!li ite (i #lt# -e #t"r psihosocial, ce co 2t ) +e2t"r# -e rel#+ii ) tre c"r2# +iB ) 3" c+ie -e !#rtici!#re# lor l# re'ol*#re# 2#rci ilor. Te -i +ele -e -i*er2i3ic#re # 2tr#te&iilor -i-#ctice i ter#cti*e ) (co#l# !o2tmo-er #" ) *e-ere re-ime 2io #re# rel#+iei !e *ertic#lB -i tre !ro3e2or (i c"r2# tB !" A - #cce t !e -i#lo&B !e !roce2ele -e e&ociereB 3#*ori'A - ) *+#re# #"to om. C"r2# t"l i ter*i e !erm# e t ) -eci'iile !ri*i - cee# ce *re# 2 ) *e+eB c"m *# 3olo2i cee# ce # -o8A -it (i c#re *or 3i mo-#lit+ile -e e*#l"#re. De #2eme e#B 2e #m!li3ic (i 2e )m8o&+e2c rel#+iile -i tre e-"c#+iB #ce(ti# coo!erA - m#i m"ltB #1"tA -"72e reci!rocB #2"mA -"7(i re2!o 2#8ilit+ile ) c#-r"l &r"!"l"i (i ) *+A - " ii -e l# #l+ii. Lec+i# -e*i e " !roce2 -i #mic c#re 2e !li#' -"! 2!eci3ic"l e*oilorB !re3eri +elor (i re'i2te +elor c"r2# +ilorB ) c"r#1A -"72e !#rtici!#re# #ce2tor# l# co 2tr"ire# ei. 0eto-olo&icB 2e c#"t #lter #ti*e -i#lo&#te -e 2tim"l#re # cre#ti*it+iiB # ) *+rii !ri coo!er#re (i 3olo2ire# meto-elor i ter#cti*e -e &r"!B i 2i2tA - !e co 2tr"c+i# !ro&re2i* # c" o(ti +elor (i #8ilit+ilorB " -o#r !ri i terme-i"l #cti*it+ii !ro!riiB ci (i !ri i ter#c+i" ile 2oci#leB #tAt -i tre c"r2# +iB cAt (i -i tre #ce(ti# (i !ro3e2ori 2#" com" it#te. 6e ) ce#rc cre#re# (i 2"2+i ere#
6

!lcerii -e # ) *+# -e2co!eri - (i #!licA -B !ri # tre #re# tot m#i m"lt # moti*#+iei i tri 2eci. Am #le2 #ce#2t tem -eo#rece co 2i-er c meto-ele -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re 2" t cele m#i #tr#cti*e meto-e -e ) *+#reB c#re co tri8"ie cel m#i m"lt l# 3orm#re# 2t"-e +ilor -i Ac#-emi# :or+elor Tere2tre c# #-e*r#+i cet+e iB -#r m#i #le2 l# 3orm#re# *iitorilor o3i+eriB # *iitorilor li-eri #i #rm#tei romA e (i # c#lit+ilor ece2#re eCercitrii 3" c+iilor -e com# - !e c#re le *or oc"!# c# o3i+eri 2t"-e +ii milit#ri.

CAPITOLUL 1 NVAREA PRIN COOPERARE

1.1. Delimitri concept !le

:ormele (i mo-#lit+ile -e ) 3!t"ire # 2#rci ilor -i-#ctice !ot 3i -e2cri2e !ri 2i t#&mele: tehnologie didactic, metodologie didactic, metod, procedeu didactic i strategie didactic. Tehnologia didactic e2te # 2#m8l"l 2tr"ct"r#t #l meto-elorB mi1lo#celorB #l 2tr#te&iilor -e or&# i'#re (i -e23("r#re # !roce2"l"i -e ) *+mA tB !"2e ) #!lic#re ) i ter#c+i" e# -i tre e-"c#tor (i e-"c#tB !ri tr7o 2trA 2 corel#+ie ) tre o8iecti*ele !e-#&o&iceB co +i "t"rile tr# 2mi2eB 3ormele -e re#li'#re # i 2tr"irii (i mo-#lit+ile -e e*#l"#re. 6e !o#te co 2i-er# c teE olo&i# -i-#ctic -e2em e#' ) tre&"l -emer2 ) tre!ri 2 -e !ro3e2or ) *e-ere# #!licrii !ri ci!iilor ) *+rii ) tr7o 2it"#+ie !r#ctic -e i 2tr"ire. Re'"lt -e #ici c teE olo&i# -i-#ctic " 2e re-"ce l# 3olo2ire# mi1lo#celor teE ice -e i 3orm#re (i com" ic#re !e tr" tr# 2mitere# i 3orm#+ieiB #(# c"m #m !"te# #2oci# l# i*el 2trict li &*i2tic. Metodologia didactic *i'e#' # 2#m8l"l meto-elor (i !roce-eelor -i-#ctice "tili'#te ) !roce2"l -e ) *+mA t. 0eto-olo&i# !reci'e#' #t"r#B 3" c+iileB cl#2i3icrile !o2i8ile #le meto-elor -e ) *+mA tB c#r#cteri2ticile o!er#+io #le #le meto-elorB !o2i8ilit+ile -e -i3ere +iere #le #ce2tor# ) 3" c+ie -e cre#ti*it#te# (i i 2!ir#+i# !ro3e2or"l"i. Metoda didactic e2te mo-#lit#te# -e #c+i" eB c" #1"tor"l crei# c"r2# +iiB 2"8 ) -r"m#re# c#-r"l"i -i-#ctic 2#" ) mo- i -e!e -e tB )(i ) 2"(e2c c" o(ti +eB )(i 3orme#' !rice!eri (i -e!ri -eriB #tit"-i iB #!tit"-i iB o co ce!+ie -e2!re l"me (i *i#+. 0eto-# -i-#ctic #re c#r#cter !oli3" c+io #lB ) 2e 2"l c #cee#(i meto- !o#te !#rtici!# 2im"lt# 2#" 2"cce2i* l# re#li'#re# m#i m"ltor o8iecti*e i 2tr"cti*7e-"c#ti*e. 6i teti'A - m#i m"lte -e3i i+ii
7

#*# 2#te -e !e-#&o&iB ?. Vi-e# " #r#t c meto-# -i-#ctic e2te c#le# 2#" mo-#lit#te# -e l"cr" ce #re "rmto#rele c#r#cteri2tici1: e2te 2elec+io #t -e !ro3e2or (i !"2 ) #!lic#re ) lec+ii 2#" #cti*it+i eCtr#(col#reB ) 8e e3ici"l c"r2# +ilorG !re2"!" e coo!er#re# -i tre !ro3e2ori (i c"r2# +iB !#rtici!#re# #ce2tor# l# &2ire# 2ol"+iilorG 2e 3olo2e(te 2"8 3orm# " or !roce-ee (i *#ri# teB 2elec+io #te (i com8i #te ) 3" c+ie -e i*el"l (i tre8"i +ele c"r2# +ilorG *i'e#' #2imil#re# c" o(ti +elorB trire# *#lorilorB 2tim"l#re# 2!irit"l"i cre#ti*B 3orm#re# (i !er3ec+io #re# #8ilit+ilor i telect"#le (i !r#ctice etcG !ermite !ro3e2or"l"i 2 or&# i'e'e !roce2"l -e !re-#re7) *+#re7 e*#l"#re (i 2 ) -e!li e#2c rol"rile -e # im#torB &Ei-B 3#cilit#torB e*#l"#tor etc. O!+i" e# c#-r"l"i -i-#ctic !e tr" o # "mit meto- -e ) *+mA t e2te o -eci'ie -e m#re im!ort# + (i com!leCit#teB -eo#rece tre8"ie 2 2e +i 2e#m# -e 3i #lit+ile e-"c#+ieiB -e co +i "t"l !roce2"l"i i 2tr"cti* H e-"c#ti*B -e !#rtic"l#rit+ile -e *Ar2t (i i -i*i-"#le #le c"r2# +ilorB -e !2iEo72ociolo&i# &r"!"rilor -e 2t"-i"B -e #t"r# mi1lo#celor -e ) *+mA t -i2!o i8ileB -e eC!erie +# (i com!ete +# -i-#ctic # !ro3e2or"l"i. Io# Cer&Eit !re'i t "rmto#rele funcii ale metodelor2: funcia cognitiv H meto-# e2te o c#le -e #cce2 l# c" o#(tereB -e # cercet#B -e # -e2co!eriB -e # !tr" -e #-e*r"riB -e # #3l# i 3orm#+ii. A2t3elB e# -e*i e !e tr" c"r2# t o 3orm co cret -e or&# i'#re # c" o#(terii i -i*i-"#leB # ) *+riiB i#r !e tr" !ro3e2or -e*i e o c#le -e # tr#-"ce ) 3#!t -e ) *+#reB o i te +ie !roiect#t me t#lB 2"8 3orm# " or o8iecti*e i 2tr"cti*7e-"c#ti*eG funcia formativ-educativ H co comite t c" ) 2"(ire# " or co +i "t"riB meto-# 3#ce !o2i8il eCer2#re# (i el#8or#re# -e 3" c+ii (i c#lit+i !2iEiceB 3orme#' -e!ri -eri (i 2tr"ct"ri co& iti*e Do!er#+io #leFB #tit"-i i 3#+ -e cele ) *+#teB triri (i 2e time teB i tere2eB co *i &eriB c#!#cit+iB com!ort#me te. Pri "rm#reB meto-ele !" ) *#lo#re !ote +i#l"l e-"c#ti* #l co +i "t"rilor *eEic"l#teG funcia instrumental H meto-# e2te o teE ic -e eCec"+ieB " i 2tr"me t c#re 2e i ter!" e ) tre c"r2# +i (i m#teri# -e 2t"-i#tB mi1loci - #ti &ere# o8iecti*elor -i-#ctice. Utili'#re# -e ctre !ro3e2ori (i c"r2# +i # #ce2tor mo-#lit+i -e #c+i" e !r#ctic #!#re c# " -emer2 !l# i3ic#tB !reme-it#tB me +i "t !erm# e t ) #te +ie -e ctre !ro3e2orB c" 2co!"l #meliorrii re'"lt#telor #cti*it+ii -i-#ctice. Di #ce2t !" ct
1

Vi-e# "B ?eor&eB Educaia la frontiera dintre milenii B <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# 5tii +i3ic (i E ciclo!e-icB 1.>5. 2 Cer&Eit Io# B Metode de nvmntB <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# PoliromB %II4B !&. %/.

-e *e-ereB meto-ele 3#c !#rte -i c#te&ori# co -i+iilor eCter e #le ) *+riiB c#re -#" e3icie + !r#cticilor -e ) *+#re. Pre-#re#7) *+#re#7 e*#l"#re# -e c#lit#te !re2"!" o # "mit #8ilit#te teE ic # !ro3e2or"l"i -e # 2t!A i i 2tr"me te #-ec*#te -e l"cr"G funcia normativ H meto-# #r#t c"m tre8"ie 2 2e !roce-e'eB c"m 2 2e !re-e# (i c"m 2 2e ) *e+eB c"m 27i ) *+m !e #l+ii 2 ) *e+eB #2t3el ) cAt 2 o8+i cele m#i 8" e re'"lt#te. 6" t #-"2e ) #te +ie o 2erie -e !re2cri!+iiB re&"liB ormeB come 'iB i 2tr"c+i" iB ceri +e o8iecti*e etc. c" !ri*ire l# !ermi2i*it#te# 2#" e!ermi2i*it#te# ) limitele crei# tre8"ie 2 2e #c+io e'e c" e3icie +. A2t3elB meto-# #re 3" c+i# -e o!timi'#re # ) *+riiB e*i-e +ii - e3ort"l -e 2ol"+io #re ) cele m#i 8" e co -i+ii # " ei !ro8leme i 2tr"cti*eB -e r#+io #li'#re # #c+i" ii -e ) *+#re ) *e-ere# #ti &erii " "i &r#- 2!orit -e e3icie +. Di #ce2t !" ct -e *e-ereB !e-#&o&ii co 2i-er cB -e cele m#i m"lte oriB im!er3ec+i" e# (i -i23" c+io #lit+ile ) or&# i'#re# #cti*it+ilor -e i 2tr"ire (i e-"c#re re!re'i t -e 3#!t #le&ere# (i "tili'#re# -e3ect"o#2 # " or meto-e -i-#ctice. Pri i terme-i"l meto-elor -i-#ctice "tili'#teB !ro3e2orii 2t!A e2c #c+i" e# i 2tr"cti*7e-"c#ti*B o -iri1e#'B o corecte#' (i o re&le#' co ti ""B ) -irec+i# im!"2 -e 3i #lit+ile #ct"l"i i 2tr"c+io #l. c#'"l #"toe-"c#+ieiB to#te #ce2te re2!o 2#8ilit+i )i re*i cel"i c#re ) *#+B 2"cce2"l 2#" e(ec"l #cti*it+ii -e i 2tr"ire 3ii - -etermi #te ) m#re !#rte -e c#lit#te# meto-elor -e ) *+#re "tili'#teG funcia motivaional H ) m2"r# ) c#re re"(e(te 2 3#c m#i #tr#cti* #cti*it#te# -e ) *+#reB 2 2"2cite c"rio'it#te# e!i2temic (i i tere2"l 3#+ -e cee# ce 2e ) *#+B 2 #m!li3ice (i 2 2"2+i i tere2"l (i !#2i" ileB meto-# -e*i e im!licit " 3#ctor moti*#+io #lB -e !ote +#re # e3ort"rilor c"r2# t"l"iB -e mo8ili'#re # e er&iilor 2#le !2iEice. rocedeul didactic H re!re'i t o 2ec*e + # meto-eiB " -et#li"B o teE ic limit#t -e #c+i" eB o com!o e t 2#" o !#rtic"l#ri'#re # meto-ei. O meto- #!#re #2t3el c# " # 2#m8l" corel#t -e !roce-eeB co 2i-er#te # 3i cele m#i o!ort" e ) tr7o 2it"#+ie co cret -e i 2tr"ire. V#lo#re# (i e3icie +# " ei meto-e 2" t co -i+io #te -e c#lit#te# (i #-ec*#re# !roce-eelor c#re o com!" . Rel#+i# -i tre meto- (i !roce-e" e2te -i #micB #2t3el ) cAtB l# " mome t -#tB o meto- !o#te -e*e i !roce-e" ) c#-r"l #ltei meto-eB -"! c"m " !roce-e" !o#te -e*e i " eori meto-B ) 3" c+ie -e rel#+i# c" celel#lte !roce-ee. De eCem!l"B e!plicaia !o#te 3i meto- -e 2i e 2ttto#re 2#" !o#te 3i " !roce-e" 3olo2it ) c#-r"l meto-ei demonstraiei. "trategia didactic H e2te " mo- -e #le&ereB -e com8i #re (i or&# i'#re o!tim # meto-elor (i mi1lo#celor -e ) *+mA tB ) *e-ere# #ti &erii " or o8iecti*e. 0o-"l"i -e com8i #re # re2"r2elor #mi tite i 2e #2oci#' " # "mit mo- -e #8or-#re # !re-rii (i ) *+rii. O 2tr#te&ie -i-#ctic #re 2em i3ic#+i#
9

" ei t#to riB # &2iriiB !ri i!ote'e # tici!#teB # celei m#i 8" e 2ol"+ii -e re'ol*#re # " ei !ro8leme -#te. Co ce!t"l -e strategie didactic #re cel !"+i trei #cce!+i" i,: #F " # "mit mo- -e #8or-#re # !re-rii (i ) *+riiG 8F " # "mit mo- -e com8i #re # meto-olo&iei c" mi1lo#cele -i-#cticeG cF " mo- -e !ro&r#m#reB or-o #reB ier#rEi'#re o!tim # et#!elor " ei lec+ii. 6tr#te&iile -i-#ctice 2"&ere#' tr#2ee &e er#le -e !#rc"r2B mo-ele -e #c+i" eB c#re !re2"!" o 2erie -e -eci'ii !e c#re le #-o!t !ro3e2or"l c" !ri*ire l# -e23("r#re# !roce2"l"i i 2tr"cti*7e-"c#ti*. Criteriile -"! c#re 2e 2t#8ile(te o 2tr#te&ie -i-#ctic 2" t/: concepia pedagogic &e er#l # e!ocii re2!ecti*e (i ce# !er2o #l # !ro3e2or"l"iB !e c#re (i7# 3orm#t7o ) c"r2"l # ilor -e eC!erie + l# c#te-r Do co ce!+ie tr#-i+io #li2tB -e eCem!l"B 2e re3er l# #le&ere# " or 2tr#te&ii -e tr# 2mitere # c" o(ti +elor -e ctre !ro3e2orB i#r o co ce!+ie mo-er !re2"!" e 3olo2ire# " or 2tr#te&ii -e #cti*i'#re # c"r2# +ilor !e tr" -o8A -ire# !ri e3ort !ro!ri" # c" o#(teriiFG o#iectivele instructiv-educative Dc" cAt 2tr#te&i# e2te m#i 3oc#li'#t !e #ti &ere# o8iecti*elorB c" #tAt *# 3i m#i e3icie tFG natura coninutului DteoreticB !r#cticB teE icB #rti2ticB !re'e t#t ) tr7o 3orm &#t# co 2tit"itB i ter#cti* 2#" el#8or#t !ri e3ort"ri !ro!rii -e ctre c"r2# +iFG tipul de e!perien de nvare !ro!"2 c"r2# +ilor D!e tr" or&# i'#re# 3iecr"i ti! -e eC!erie + tre8"ie #2i&"r#te o 2erie -e co -i+ii 2!eci3iceB c#re *or 3#*ori'# !ro-"cere# ) *+rii -oriteB -e #t"r #cti*FG caracteristicile psiho-fi$ice ale cursanilor D i*el"l -e -e'*olt#reB ritm"l ) *+riiB &r#-"l -e moti*#re (i #t"r# moti*#+ieiFG principiile didactice D#ce2te# recom# - #le&ere# !re3ere +i#l # " or meto-e (i # " or com8i #+ii !roce-"r#leB -"! criterii -e e3icie + (i #-ec*#reFG dotarea didactico-material a instituiei furni$oare de instruire i educaie Dc#r#cteri2ticile 2!#+i"l"i (col#r re#l 2#" *irt"#lB m#teri#lele (i mi1lo#cele -i-#ctice eCi2te teB o!ort" it+ile o3erite -e me-i"l #t"r#l ) co 1"rtorFG timpul colar disponi#il D) c#-r#re# o!tim ) tim! e2te " # -i co -i+iile " ei 2tr#te&ii e3icie teF. i A -"72e co t -e !#rtic"l#rit+ile e*ol"ti*e #le &A -irii c"r2# +ilorB ) !roce2"l -i-#ctic -i2ti &em "rmto#rele ti!"ri -e 2tr#te&ii -i-#ctice%
3

Cer&Eit Io# B "isteme de instruire alternative i complementare. "tructuri, stiluri, strategii B <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Ar#mi2B %II%. 4 Cre+" D.B Nic" A.B 0#r# D.B edagogie. &ormarea iniial a profesorilorB 6i8i"B E-it"r# U i*er2it+ii JL"ci# <l#&#=B %II5.

10

 strategii inductive D)i co -"c !e cei c#re ) *#+ -e l# # #li'# " or 3#!te co crete l# el#8or#re# " or o+i" i oiB -e l# !#rtic"l#r l# &e er#lB -e l# e3ecte l# c#"'e etcFG strategii deductive Dco -"c c"r2# +ii -e l# -e3i i+ii (i o+i" i l# eCem!le (i #!lic#+ii co creteB -e l# &e er#l l# !#rtic"l#rFG strategii analogice D8#'#te !e mo-el#reB !e reco 2tit"ire# " or co!ii cAt m#i 3i-ele #le " or o8iecte 2#" e*e ime te #le " ei re#lit+i ce " !o#te 3i c" o2c"t -irectFG strategii mi!te D#!r"te !ri com8i #re# celorl#lte ti!"riF. D"! &r#-"l -e -iri1#re 2#" o -iri1#re # ) *+riiB 2tr#te&iile -i-#ctice !ot 3i: strategii algoritmice D!re2cri" !#2 c" !#2 com!ort#me tele c"r2# +ilor (i #le !ro3e2orilorB -iri1#re# ) *+rii e2te 2trictFG strategii semi-algoritmice D) *+#re# e2te 2emi7i -e!e -e tB #lter A mome tele -e23("r#te 2"8 co -"cere# !ro3e2or"l"i c" mome tele -e ) *+#re i -e!e -e tFG strategii nealgoritmice D " !re2cri" -i #i te -e23("r#re# !roce2"l"i -e !re-#re7) *+#reB ci 2olicit cre#ti*it#te#B m" c# i -e!e -e t # celor c#re ) *#+B #8or-#re# e"ri2tic # m#teri#l"l"i -e !#rc"r2F. "trategia didactic e2te "tili'#t #tAt ) ) *+mA t"l cl#2icB 3#+ ) 3#+B cAt (i ) c#'"l ) *+rii electro iceB c" #1"tor"l c#lc"l#tor"l"iB 2em i3icA mo-"l -e com8i #re # meto-elorB # mi1lo#celor -i-#cticeB # 3ormelor -e or&# i'#re (i # -i3eritelor ti!"ri -e i ter#c+i" i *irt"#le ) tre !ro3e2or (i c"r2# +iB to#te #ce2te# #3lA -"72e ) r#!ort -e i ter-e!e -e +. 6o3t"rile e-"c#+io #le 2e !ot co 2tit"i !e 8#'# # -o" ti!"ri -e 2tr#te&iiB ce re3lect teorii -i3erite #le ) *+rii5: O 2tr#te&ie #l&oritmicB ri&"ro2 2tr"ct"r#tB 3" -#me t#t !e teori# 8eE#*iori2t # ) *+rii (i !e teori# !roce2rii i 3orm#+iei. 6o3t"rile e-"c#+io #le -e #ce2t &e 2" t -e2ti #te #!lic#+iilor (i eCer2rii " or re&"li (i 2" t "tili'#te ) 2!eci#l !e tr" 3orm#re# " or com!ete +e -e 8#' Dc#lc"l m#tem#ticB "tili'#re# lim8#1"l"i 2im8olic H 3orm"le m#tem#ticeB ec"#+iiB re#li'#re# " or # #li'e &r#m#tic#leB "tili'#re# corect # re&"lilor &r#m#tic#le !e tr" ) *+#re# " ei lim8i 2tri e etc.FG O 2tr#te&ie e"ri2ticB e2tr"ct"r#tB 3" -#me t#t !e teorii co 2tr"cti*i2te (i co& iti*i2te #le ) *+rii. Ace2te# 2" t "tili'#te !e tr" 3orm#re# " or com!ete +e c" i*el -e com!leCit#te m#i ) #ltB c" #cce t !e e3ort"l -e c"t#reB -e2co!erireB !e tr" 2"2+i ere# " or #!lic#+ii m#i com!leCeB c"m #r 3i: tr#t#re# critic # i 3orm#+iilorB cercet#re# 3icti* # " or re#lit+iB 2im"l#re# " or 2it"#+ii (i com!ort#me teB re'ol*#re# -e 2it"#+ii !ro8lemB 3orm"l#re# " or -eci'ii etc. 6tr#te&iile "tili'#te ) #ce2t c#' 2" t -e #t"r cre#ti*B 8#'#te !e !ro8lem#ti'#reB
5

Cer&EitB Io# B Metode de nvmntB <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# PoliromB %II4B !&. %.>.

11

eC!erime t#reB o82er*#re# " or #2!ecteB re#li'#re# " or 2t"-ii -e c#'B # " or 1oc"ri -i-#ctice 2#" 1oc"ri -e rol. 6t!A ire# " ei &#me l#r&i -e 2tr#te&ii -i-#ctice (i #!lic#re# lor #-ec*#t co -i+io e#' e3icie +# #cti*it+ii oricr"i !ro3e2or. 'nvarea prin cooperare e2te o 2tr#te&ie -e i 2tr"ire 2t"ct"r#t (i 2i2tem#ti'#tB ) c#-r"l crei# &r"!e mici -e c"r2# +i l"cre#' )m!re" !e tr" # #ti &e " +el e-"c#+io #l com" . Premi2# ) *+rii !ri coo!er#re e2te ce# co 3orm crei# 2"8iec+ii c#re l"cre#' ) ecEi! 2" t c#!#8ili 2 #!lice (i 2 2i teti'e'e c" o(ti +ele ) mo-"ri *#ri#te (i com!leCeB ) *+A - ) #cel#(i tim! m#i temei ic -ecAt ) c#'"l l"cr"l"i i -i*i-"#l4. KoE 2o B D. LB (i KoE 2o B R. T. 7 #" cercet#t m"lt tim! ) *+#re# !ri coo!er#re. 6t"-i"l lor -i 1.>.B #8or-e#' 1., -e c#'"riB com!#rA - e3ectele -i3erite #le ) *+rii !ri coo!er#re 3#+ -e teE icile -e ) *+#re "mite Jtr#-i+io #le=. Do#r ) 1IM -i c#'"riB re'"lt#tele meto-elor i -i*i-"#le #" 3o2t 2"!erio#re. 0" c# ) ecEi! -e'*olt c#!#cit#te# c"r2# +ilor -e # l"cr# )m!re" H o com!ete + im!ort# t !e tr" *i#+# (i !e tr" #cti*it#te# !ro3e2io #l. *+#re# !ri coo!er#re -etermi -e'*olt#re# !er2o #l !ri #c+i" i -e #"toco (tie ti'#re ) c#-r"l &r"!"rilor mici. E# 2olicit toler# + 3#+ -e mo-"rile -i3erite -e &A -ire (i 2im+ireB *#lori'A - e*oi# c"r2# +ilor -e # l"cr# )m!re" B ) tr7" clim#t !riete o2B -e 2"2+i ere reci!roc. (ooperarea Dco l"cr#re#B m" c# #lt"ri -e ci e*#F !re2"!" e cola#orarea D!#rtici!#re# #cti* l# re#li'#re# " ei #c+i" iB 8#'#t !e 2cEim8"l -e !ro!" eriB -e i-eiF. C" to#te c cele -o" o+i" i 2" t "tili'#te -e2eori c# 2i o imeB !"tem 3#ce " ele -elimitri -e 2e 2B ) +ele&A - !ri col#8or#re o form de relaie ) tre c"r2# +iB ce co 2t ) 2ol"+io #re# " or !ro8leme -e i tere2 com" B ) c#re 3iec#re co tri8"ie #cti* (i e3ecti*B i#r !ri coo!er#re o form de nvareB -e 2t"-i"B -e #c+i" e reci!rocB i ter!er2o #lNi ter&r"!#lB c" -"r#t *#ri#8il c#re re'"lt -i i 3l"e +rile reci!roce #le #&e +ilor im!lic#+i>. *+#re# !ri coo!er#re !re2"!" e #c+i" i co 1"&#te #le m#i m"ltor !er2o# e Dc"r2# +iB !ro3e2oriF ) #ti &ere# 2co!"rilor com" e !ri i 3l"e +e -e c#re 8e e3ici#' to+i cei im!lic#+i. Col#8or#re# 2e #Ce#' !e 2#rci iB i#r coo!er#re# !e !roce2"l -e re#li'#re # 2#rci ii. Coo!er#re# e2te o 3orm -e i ter#c+i" e 2"!erio#r ) c#-r"l ) *+riiB i cl"'A - col#8or#re#. A #li'A - com!#r#ti* cooperarea (i competiia !"tem e*i-e +i# "rmto#rele tr2t"ri c#r#cteri2tice:

6 7

Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc#!/.!-3. Cre &"+#B O!re#B "trategii didactice interactive, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic 2i Pe-#&o&icB %II4. 8 P# -r#8"r#B Lorett#B ; *+#re# !ri coo!er#re: i!ote'e -e l"cr"= ) )idactica ro. *r. +,+-., CEi(i "B E-it"r# Politici e-"c#+io #leB %II,B !.5I.

12

T!"el l 1. Pre#ent!re! comp!r!ti$ ! cooperrii %i competi&iei NVAREA PRIN NVAREA PRIN CO*PETIIE COOPERARE E2te o 3orm rel#ti* re-"2 -e E2te o 3orm 2"!erio#r -e i ter#c+i" e !2iEo2oci#lB co 2tA - ) i ter#c+i" e !2iEo2oci#lB 8#'#t !e ri*#lit#te# 2#"N(i 8#'A -"72e !e 2!ri1i reci!rocB !e toler# +B !e e3ort co c"re +# i ter!er2o #lNi tre&r"!#lB 2"2+i "t -i !#rte# t"t"rorB ) -re!t#t 3iec#re #*A - !ro!ri"l 2co!. ctre #cel#(i 2co!. 0oti*#+i# !ro*i e -i -ori +# -e 0oti*#+i# e2te re'"lt#t"l #c+i" ii #3irm#re !ro!rie. co 1"&#te # t"t"ror mem8rilor ce "rmre2c " -e2ti com" . Acce t"l 2e !" e !e !ro-"2B !e cee# ce Ate +i# e2te ) -re!t#t #2"!r# 2e o8+i e ) "rm# ) *+rii. !roce2"l"i -e el#8or#re )m!re" B !ri col#8or#reB # -emer2"rilor -e re#li'#re # 2#rci ii. E2te )m!rt(it !rere# c to+i !ot o3eri #lter #ti*e *#loro#2e -e 2ol"+io #re # !ro8lemeiB -#c le 2" t o3erite !remi2ele ece2#re (i 2" t #1"t#+i. E*#l"#re# )(i eCercit 3" c+i# -e E*#l"#re# "rmre(te #cor-#re# co trol !ri r#!ort#re# l# orm# -e #1"tor"l"i ime-i#tB #*A - o 3" c+ie &r"!. Ace2t 3#!t cree#' ier#rEi'riB m#i m"lt corecti*B #melior#ti*B -etermi #!#ri+i# -e com!ort#me te -ecAt -e 2# c+io #reB -"cA - l# o2tile (i -e #tit"-i i i *i-io#2e. re-"cere# 2tre2"l"i. E# 2e re#li'e#' !ri r#!ort#re# l# !ro&re2"l i -i*i-"l"iB (i #re ) *e-ere #tAt !#rtici!#re# 3iecr"i mem8r" l# !roce2"l el#8orrii ) com" cAt (i re'"lt#tele ecEi!ei. D-"! Cre &"+# O!re#B "trategii didactice interactive, %II4F Com!eti+i# (i col#8or#re# 2" t !r#ctice e-"c#ti*e c#re 2e ) tAl e2c 3rec*e t ) (co#l# co tem!or# (i 2" t #m8ele ece2#re. Com!eti+i# -e*i e -i2tr"cti* !e tr" #rmo i# clim#t"l"i e-"c#+io #l #t" ci cA - e2te eC#cer8#t (i -e*i e " 2co! ) 2i e. C#-rele -i-#ctice tre8"ie 2 ecEili8re'e cele -o" 3orme -e or&# i'#re # #cti*it+ii i 2tr"cti*7e-"c#ti*eB creA - o!ort" it+i -e ) *+#re #C#te !e #cti*it+ile -e &r"!B ce 3#*ori'e#' coo!er#re# (i ) tre+i com!eti+i# co 2tr"cti*. 1.'. Principiile or(!ni#rii (r p l i %i et!pele )n$&rii prin cooper!re

13

 *+#re# !ri coo!er#re e2te 8#'#t !e "rmto#rele principii DCre &"+# O!re#B "trategii didactice interactive, 2//0F% #. 1nterdependena po$itiv, co 3orm crei# 2"cce2"l &r"!"l"i -e!i -e -e e3ort"l -e!"2 !e tr" re#li'#re# 2#rci ii -e ctre to+i mem8rii. C"r2# +ii 2" t -iri1#+i ctre " 2co! com" B 2tim"l#+i -e o #!reciere colecti*B re'"lt#t"l 3ii 2"m# e3ort"rilor t"t"ror. 8. 2esponsa#ilitatea individual, c#re 2e re3er l# 3#!t"l c 3iec#re mem8r" #l &r"!"l"i )(i #2"m re2!o 2#8ilit#te# 2#rci ii -e re'ol*#tG c. &ormarea si de$voltarea capacitilor socialeB stimularea inteligenei interpersonaleB c#re 2e re3er l# #8ilit#te# -e # com" ic# c" cell#ltB -e # !rimi 2!ri1i #t" ci cA - #i e*oieB -e # o3eri #1"torB l# !rice!ere# -e # re'ol*# 2it"#+iile co 3lict"#le. C"r2# +ii 2" t ) *+#+iB #1"t#+iB mo itori'#+i ) 3olo2ire# c#!#cit+ilor 2oci#le col#8or#ti*eB c#re 2!ore2c e3icie +# m" cii ) &r"!. -. 1nteraciunea fa n fa, ce !re2"!" e " co t#ct -irect c" !#rte er"l -e l"cr"B #r# 1#re# 2c#" elor ) cl#2 #2t3el ) cAt 2 2e !o#t cre# &r"!"ri mici -e i ter#c+i" e ) c#re c"r2# +ii 2 2e ) c"r#1e'e (i 2 2e #1"te reci!roc. e. 'mprirea sarcinilor n grup (i reflectarea #2"!r# mo-"l"i c"m 2e *or re'ol*# 2#rci ile -e ctre 3iec#re mem8r" ) !#rte (i -e ctre colecti*. c#-r"l ) *+rii !ri coo!er#re 2e re2!ect !ri ci!iile: e&#lit#ri2tB # tiier#rEic (i # ti#"torit#rB !rec"m (i cel #l toler# +ei 3#+ -e o!i iile celorl#l+i (i #l e*itrii eticEetrii. Pro3e2or"l 2e i te&re#' ) #cti*it#re# col#8or#ti* # c"r2# +ilorB !"tA - 3i " "l -i mem8rii " ei ecEi!e 2#" o3eri -"7(i #1"tor"lB ori # imA - (i 2tim"lA - #cti*it#te#. A&e +ii e-"c#+io #li 2e !ri*e2c reci!roc c# o#me iB " c# rol"ri. E*#l"#re# e2te " eCerci+i" -emocr#tic #l !"terii ) tr7o m" c ) com" # -#2clilor c" c"r2# +ii. I 2tr"ire# !e &r"!e co 2t ) re&r"!#re# !e ecEi!e # c"r2# +ilor " ei cl#2eB ) 2co!"l ) -e!li iriiB !ri coo!er#reB # " or 2#rci i -e ) *+#re. Pri J&r"!= 2e ) +ele&e " colecti* c#re #re -e re'ol*#t o sarcin comun. J0em8rii &r"!ei cola#orea$ !e 8#'# " "i planB 2!re # #ti &e o8iecti*"l !ro!"2B se organi$ea$ ) #ce2t 2co!B i#" deci$ii colectiveB i#r re$ultatul m" cii lor re!re'i t " rod al cooperrii=.. Pri tre !rec"r2orii #ce2t"i mo- -e i 2tr"ire 2e ) 2cri" Cecil Re--ie H cel c#re # 3c"t -i i-ee# coeducaiei (col#rilor " !ri ci!i" e-"c#ti* #l colii de la 3##otsholmeB 3r# ce'"l Ro&er Co"2i et H c#re # -e'*olt#t i-ee# e-"c#+iei ) c#-r"l " or &r"!"ri -e c"r2# +i autonom co 2tit"ite DJmeto-# m" cii li8ere !e ecEi!e=FB &erm# "l Peter Peter2e H #"tor #l lanului 4ena, c#re # ) loc"it tr#-i+io #l# cl#2 -e c"r2# +i c" o Jcom" it#te -e m" c=B ) i terior"l crei# 2e or&# i'#" &r"!"ri m#i miciB !re-#re# -e ctre !ro3e2or )m8i A -"72e c" #cti*it#te# -iri1#t !e &r"!e (i c" #cti*it#te# li8er. Cercet#re# !2iEo!e-#&o&ic # i 2tr"irii ) &r"! 27# orie t#tB -e7# l" &"l tim!"l"iB #2"!r# # -o" #2!ecte e2e +i#le !e tr" orice i ter#c+i" e "m# :
9

rcovnicu, V., nvmntul frontal, nvmntul individual, nvmntul pe grupe, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic 2i Pe-#&o&icB %II4.

14

coninutul (i procesele interpersonale. (oninutul 2e re3er l# scopurile (i su#iectele #8or-#te -e ctre c"r2# +i ) #cti*it#te# lor -e &r"!. rocesele *i'e#' cee# ce 2e ) tAm!l ) tre !er2o# ele c#re #lct"ie2c &r"!"l (i -i #mic# 3e ome elor c#re #!#r ) #ce2t c#-r". Direct# im!lic#re ) 2#rci e2te o co -i+ie # #cti*i2m"l"i (i # #2i&"rrii " ei ) *+ri temei ice. 2"2+i er# #ce2tei i-eiB P. A!!el8#"m 1I 2"2+i e 3#!t"l c Jc"r2# +ii ) *#+ m#i 8i e #t" ci cA - le !#2 -e2!re cee# ce ) *#+B cA - 2" t -irect moti*#+i 2 re#li'e'e " l"cr"B cA - eCi2t " 2co!B cA eCi2t o re2!o 2#8ilit#te (i " # &#1#me t #2"!r# # cee# ce #" -e 3c"t.= De'8tA - 2tr"ct"r# rel#+iilor c"r2# t7c"r2# tB 0. De"t2E (i P. A. Por 2tei 11 (i7#" !"2 "rmto#rele ) tre8ri: (nd este nvarea mai productiv, atunci cnd cursanii lucrea$ singuri sau atunci cnd se afl n grup5 (e diferene apar n interaciunea dintre cursani i n calitatea procesului de nvare, datorit relaiilor de cola#orare sau a celor competitive dintre ei5 Com!leCit#te# !ro8lemei i7# -etermi #t !e m"l+i cercettori 2 # #li'e'e 3#ctorii c#re 3#cilite#' 2#" )m!ie-ic #cti*it#te# ) &r"!. I#t cA+i*# -i tre factorii favori$ani ai nvrii prin cooperare 1%: 6tim"l#re# ) 2#rci e2te )m8" t+it -#torit !re'e +ei #ltor#G Re2"r2ele &r"!"l"i D-e memorieB -e 2toc#reB -e #te +ie etc.F 2" t m#i 8o&#te -ecAt ) c#'"rile i -i*i-"#leG ECi2t (# 2e m#ri c# !ri tre mem8rii &r"!"l"i 2 3ie ci e*# c#!#8il 2 -e2co!ere 2ol"+i#G ?re(elile ) tAm!lto#re 2" t com!e 2#teB -eo#receB ) ci"-# #!#ri+iei #ce2tor#B re'"lt#t"l &e er#l #l &r"!"l"i *# 3i m#i !reci2 -ecAt cel #l i -i*i-"l"i l"#t 2e!#r#tG JPetele o#r8e= 2" t corect#te. JE2te m#i "(or 2 rec" o(ti &re(elile #ltor# -ecAt !e cele !ro!rii=G 6tim"l#re# #!#ri+iei -e i-ei oi e2te o re'"lt# t # i ter#c+i" ii c"m"l#ti*eB J-eo#rece 3iec#re mem8r" -e'*olt i-eile cel"il#lt=G 6e ) *#+ -i eC!erie +# #ltor#. U # -i 3ormele cele m#i o8i( "ite (i m#i e3icie te -e # ) *+# e2te o82er*#re# #cti*it+ii #ltor# ) re'ol*#re# !ro8lemelor.

10

A!!el8#"mB PeterB ) Cre &"+# O!re#B "trategii didactice interactive, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic 2i Pe-#&o&icB %II4. 11 De"t2EB 0BG Por2tei B P. A.B "ociopsihologia educaiei ) D#*i-'B K. R.G <#llB 6.B sihologia procesului educational, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic 2i Pe-#&o&icB 1.7>. 12 L#t2o B ?.B ) Cre &"+# O!re#B "trategii didactice interactive, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic 2i Pe-#&o&icB %II4.

15

Di tre factorii care ngreunea$ activitatea n grup (i c#re 3#c c# " eori &r"!"rile 2 3ie m#i !"+i e3icie te -ecAt #cti*it#te# i -e!e -e tB #mi tim "rmtorii1,: 6po$iia de scopuriB i tere2e (i o8i( "i +e #le mem8rilor !o#te 3#ce c# #c+i" e# -e col#8or#re 2 3ie eCtrem -e -i3icilG )ificultile de comunicare ti - 2 2!ore#2c !e m2"r ce &r"!"l cre(teB i#r !e tr" cei timi'i e2te m#i &re" 2 !#rtici!le #cti* #t" ci cA &r"!"l e2te m#i m#reG )ificultile de coordonare cre2cB -e #2eme e#B !e m2"r ce &r"!"rile 2" t m#i m#riB #2t3el ) cAt e2te tot m#i &re" 2 2e re#li'e'e " e3ort com" B i te&r#tB 3r 2 2e cEelt"i#2c m"lt tim! !e tr" re'ol*#re# (i !re*e ire# -i3ic"lt+ilor -e coor-o #reG )istragerea i supraestimarea 3#c -i3icil -e o8+i "t e3ort"l i -i*i-"#l co ce tr#tB 2"2+i "tB ece2#r !e tr" ) *+#re# # "mitor 2"8iecte (i !e tr" re'ol*#re# !ro8lemelorG )ependena e!cesiv de ceilali !o#te 3i 3#*ori'#t -e #cti*it#te# ) &r"!. :#!t"l c " ii mem8ri -i &r"! 2e 8#'e#' !e cei m#i c#!#8iliB -"ce l# le e*ire (i l# e*it#re# !ro!riilor re2!o 2#8ilit+i. C#lit#te# 2"!erio#r # !ro-"2elor &r"!"l"i e2te 2"2+i "t -e " ii cercettori 3ie ) terme i 3o#rte o!timi(ti DJ i*el"l #ti 2 -e &r"! -e!(e(te !e cel #l c"r2# t"l"i cel m#i i teli&e t c#re "tili'e#' eCcl"2i* mi1lo#cele 2#le !ro!rii=1/FB 3ie m#i mo-er#+i DJ-e(i &r"!"l e2te -e o8icei m#i 8" -ecAt i -i*i-"l me-i"B el e2te r#reori m#i 8" -ecAt cel m#i 8" i -i*i-=15F. Com!#rA - l"cr"l ) &r"! c" cel i -i*i-"#lB L. Doi2e (i ?. 0"& QB 2!eci3ic 3#!t"l c J-"! #t"r# 2#rci iiB -"! re2"r2ele i -i*i-"#le #le mem8rilor &r"!"l"i (i -"! mo-"l lor -e i ter#c+i" eB tr#*#li"l " "i &r"! !o#te 3i i 3eriorB e&#l 2#" 2"!erior cel"i #l i -i*i-"l"i co 3r" t#t i'ol#t c" #cee#(i 2#rci =14. A #li'A - -i #mic# &r"!"l"i c# i 2tr"me t -e #c+i" e !2iEo2oci#lB D"mitr" Cri2te# 2!eci3ic 3#!t"l c 2e co 2tit"ie J" cAm! -i #micB # crei or&# i'#reB " it#te (i 3" c+io #lit#te 2e 8#'e#' !e i ter-e!e -e +# mem8rilorB c#re 2"!ort l# rA -"l lor to#te e3ectele #ce2tor#. Ace2t 3#!t -e2cEi-e c#le# "tili'rii &r"!"l"i c# 2i2tem -e 3orm#re (i 2cEim8#re !2iEo2oci#l.=17 ECi2t ) 2 trei c#te&orii -e &r"!"ri -e ) *+#re1>: &r"!"ri -e ) *+#re i 3orm#leG &r"!"ri -e ) *+#re 3orm#leG
13 14

I-em. D"8#lB ?.B 7a dialecti8ue des groupes, ) E-"c#tio et -e*elo!me tB r. /4N1.4.. 15 P#reB A. P.B 9and#oo: of "mall ;roup 2esearce, NeR SorOB E-it"r# TEe :ree Pre22B 1.4%. 16 Doi2eB L.G 0"& QB ?.B sihologia social si de$voltarea cognitiv, I#(iB E-it"r# PoliromB 1..>. 17 Cri2te#B D.B Tratat de sihologie "ocial, E-it"r# Pro Tr# 2il*# i#. 18 KoE 2o B D. L.G KoE 2o B R. T.G 6mitEB T. A.B (ooperative 7earning% 1ncreasing (ollege &acult< 1nstructional roductivit<.

16

 &r"!"ri -e 2t"-i" ) ecEi!. ;rupurile informale de nvare 2" t cre#te #-7EocB tem!or#rB !ri #-re2#re# 2olicitrii c"r2# +ilor -e # 3orm# o ecEi! !ri 2im!l# ) to#rcere ctre cole&"l -e 8# c (i # -i2c"t# o !ro8lem -#t !e tr" cAte*# mi "te. L# 3el -e r#!i- !ot 3i cre#te &r"!"ri -e cAte ,7/ c"r2# +i !e tr" # re'ol*# o !ro8lemB # &2i 2ol"+ii " ei 2it"#+ii cre#te ori # r2!" -e l# o ) tre8#re. Pro3e2or"l !o#te cre# oricA - &r"!"ri i 3orm#le -e l"cr" ) cl#2B -e orice mrimeB !e tr" # #!reci# &r#-"l -e ) +ele&ere -e ctre c"r2# +i # " "i m#teri#l 2#" !e tr" # le o3eri (# 2# -e # #!lic# cee# ce #" ) *+#t ori 3ie -o#r !e tr" # 2cEim8# 3orm# -e or&# i'#re # colecti*"l"iB ) *e-ere# cre(terii moti*#+iei (i tre'irii #te +iei. ;rupurile formale de nvare 2" t ecEi!e 2t#8ilite -i #i te !e tr" # re'ol*# o 2#rci # "meB !e tr" # e3ect"# " eC!erime t ) l#8or#torB # re-#ct# " r#!ort -e cercet#re. C"r2# +ii l"cre#' )m!re" m#i m"lt tim! DcAte*# 'ile 2#" 2!tmA iFB !A termi !roiect"l -e cercet#re. "tudiul n echip im!lic -er"l#re# m" cii co 2tr"cti*e !e o !erio#- l" & -e tim! DcEi#r (i " 2eme2tr"F. EcEi!ele )(i 2t#8ile2c re&"lile (i re2!o 2#8ilit+ileB !rec"m (i !l# "l -e l"cr". Acti*it#te# e 8#'#t !e coo!er#re# ) tre mem8rii (i !e 2!ri1i reci!roc. E*#l"#re# 3i #l 2e 3#ce -e o8icei o3eri - t"t"ror mem8rilor ecEi!ei #cel#(i c#li3ic#ti*B ce re'"lt -i m2"r#re# (i #!reciere# re'"lt#t"l"i colecti*. Ace2t 3#!t 2tim"le#' co l"cr#re# (i #1"tor"l reci!roc (i " ) c"r#1e#' com!eti+i# ) i terior"l ecEi!ei ci ) tre ecEi!e. ECi2t cAte*# reguli c#re tre8"ie re2!ect#te #t" ci cA - 2e or&# i'e' ) *+#re# !e ecEi!e: el#8or#re# " "i !l# -e l"cr" ) c#re 2e i tro-"c: eleme tele im!ort# te -e 2t"-i#tB 2#rci ile 3iecr"i mem8r"B 2"87temeleB #!lic#+iileB loc"l -e -e23("r#reB (e-i +ele -e 2t"-i"G eC!lic#+iile !ro3e2or"l"i #2"!r# im!ort# +ei temei -e 2t"-i" (i # #*# t#1elor l"cr"l"i ) &r"! !e tr" re'ol*#re# eiG #le&ere# c"r2# +ilor !e tr" re'ol*#re# " ei 2#rci i rele*# te -i !" ct -e *e-ere 2oci#lB # " ei !ro8leme c" l#r& #!lic#8ilit#teB # crei im!ort# + 2 2tim"le'e !#rtici!#re# c"r2# +ilorG o!t#re# !e tr" " "mr o!tim -e mem8ri ) &r"! D/H5 !er2o# eF (i cre#re# " or ecEi!e etero&e eB -ori -"72e c# 3iec#re 2 #i8 oc#'i# -e # ) *+# -e l# cell#lt ce*# (i oc#'i# -e # o3eri ce*#B -e #7(i #-"ce co tri8"+i# #colo " -e e2te m#i 8" D2!eci#li2tFG cre#re# !o2i8ilit+ii mem8rilor ecEi!ei -e # 3i co 2ili#+iB ) -r"m#+iB -e # #*e# #cce2 l# i 3orm#+ii (i m#teri#leG cre#re# " ei #tmo23ere !ro!ice -e l"cr" (i # " "i 2!#+i" #-ec*#tG eC!lic#re# mo-"l"i -e e*#l"#re # m" cii colecti*e (i # 3iecr"i mem8r" ) !#rteG
17

Pe tr" e*it#re# 2it"#+iei ) c#re " ii c"r2# +i m" ce2c (i !e tr" #l+ii L#l*oor-1. recom# - "rmto#re# 2tr#te&ie: !ro3e2or"l !o#te 2 ce#r -i !#rte# c"r2# +ilor 2 !re'i teB 2"8 # o im#tB 2it"#+i# !e c#re o ) re&i2tre#' 3iec#re c" !ri*ire l# ci e # -e!"2 " e3ort -eo2e8it ) #cti*it#te Dim!lic#re ) #ltF (i ci e 27# 2it"#t l# !ol"l o!"2 D2l#8 im!lic#reF. D#c m#i m"l+i c"r2# +i i -ic 3#!t"l c " mem8r" #l ecEi!ei # #*"t ce# m#i 2l#8 co tri8"+ieB #cel# *# !rimi " c#li3ic#ti* m#i mic 3#+ -e re2t"l &r"!"l"i. C" o2cA - #ce2t l"cr"B 3iec#re 2e mo8ili'e#'. 6tr#te&i# 3" c+io e#'B 2!" e L#l*oor-B m#i #le2 -#c c"r2# +ii #" oc#'i# -e # -i2c"t# -e2!re #ce2t #2!ect ) tim!"l re#li'rii !roiect"l"iB i#r cel *i'#t #re tim! 27(i reme-ie'e com!ort#me t"l. 0eto-ele i ter#cti*e -e &r"! -etermi (i 2tim"le#' m" c# ) col#8or#reB -e23("r#t -e cei im!lic#+i ) #cti*it#te Dc"r2# +iiFB ) c#-r"l crei# to+i J*i = D!#rtici!F c" ce*# (i ime i " J!le#c= D+i e "m#i !e tr" 2i eF c" imic. Pro3it"l e2te #tAt #l &r"!"l"i D2ol"+io #re# !ro8lemeiB &2ire# *#ri# tei o!timeFB cAt (i #l 3iecr"i i -i*i- ) !#rte Dre'"lt#tele o8+i "teB e3ectele #!r"te ) !l# "rile co& iti*B emo+io #l7#3ecti*B com!ort#me t#lB o 3orm -e ) *+#re o"F. EC!erie +ele -e ) *+#re ) &r"! 2" t m#rc#te -e -i#lo& re3leCi*B -e 2tim"l#re# #tit"-i ii met#co& iti*e Dcre#re# -e mo-"ri #lter #ti*e -e &A -ireB o3eri - o 8#' r#+io #l !e tr" e&ociere# i ter!er2o #l # 2e 2"rilorB o c#le -e # #1" &e l# ) +ele&ere# reci!rocFB -e cre#re# -e 1"r #le re3leCi*e (i -e 2tim"l#re# &A -irii critice. cre-ere# ) !roce2"l -e ) *+#re e3icie t co -"ce l# -imi "#re# co trol"l"i (i l# i 2t#"r#re# " or rel#+ii -e m" c -e&#1#te ) tre e-"c#tor (i e-"c#t. Etapele nvrii prin cooperare #" 3o2t # #li'#te -e Cre &"+# O!re#%IB c#re #3irm c ) *+#re# !ri coo!er#re !re2"!" e o -i #mic (i " #cti*i2m 2"2+i "t co ti "" -e e3ort"rile !#rtici!# +ilor. Et#!ele 2tr#te&iei -e m" c ) ecEi! !re2"!" co 2i-er#re# 3#ctorilor 3#*ori'# +i (i -e3#*ori'# +i #i re'ol*rii -e !ro8leme ) colecti*. 6 prim etap #re ) *e-ere co 2tit"ire# &r"!"l"i -e l"cr". 0em8rii #ce2t"i# tre8"ie 2 !o2e-e # "mite c#lit+i !e tr" # 3#cilit# 2ol"+io #re# !ro8lemei !"2e ) -i2c"+ie: 2 3ie toler# +i 3#+ -e !rerile cole&ilorB 2 -e+i #8ilit+i o!time -e com" ic#re # cee# ce -ore2c 2 tr# 2mitB 2 " 3ie e&oi(tiB 2 #cor-e #1"tor (i 2 !rime#2c #1"tor #t" ci cA - #" e*oie. 3 doua etap 2e co creti'e#' #t" ci cA - !#rtici!# +ii 2e co 3r" t c" 2it"#+i# -e re'ol*#t (i 2" t 2tim"l#+i 2 l"cre'e )m!re" !e tr" # o re'ol*#. #ce#2t et#! #re loc 3#mili#ri'#re# c" eleme tele !ro8lemeiB # #li'# #ce2tor# (i 2t#8ilire# !riorit+ilor (i # re2!o 2#8ilit+ilor.

19

L#l*oor-B <. :.B 9elping "tudents =rite =ell% 3 ;uide for Teachers in 3ll )isciplines. ,2 nd ed.. NeR SorO: 0o-er L# &"#&e A22oci#tio B 1.>4. 20 Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc#!/.!-3.

18

3 treia etap e2te -e2ti #t re3lec+iilorB i c"8#+iei (i t#to rilor. E2te 3#'# -oc"me trii (i # cercetriiB c#re 2e !o#te ) ti -e !e o !erio#- m#i l" & 2#" m#i 2c"rt -e tim!. 3 patra etap e2te re'er*#t -e'8#terilor colecti*eB cA - 2" t co 3r" t#te i-eileB 2" t # #li'#te erorile (i !" ctele 3orte. JC#lit#te# ) *+rii !ri coo!er#re -e!i -e -e c#lit#te# de$#aterii democratice i 2t#"r#te ) tre c"r2# +iB !ri -"8l# eCi&e + # ri&orii i telect"#le (i # eticii com" ic#+io #le D# #2c"lt# (i # re2!ect# !#rte er"lB # c"t# 27i ) +ele&i o!i iileB mo-"l -e # &A -iB # #*e# e*oie -e !reri (i !" cte -e *e-ere -i*er2e !e tr" #7(i co 2tr"i !ro!ri# &A -ireF.=%1 3 cincea etap 2e re3er l# 2tr"ct"r#re# -emer2"rilor ctre 3i #l"l -e'8#teriiB !e tr" o8+i ere# co cl"'iilor (i !e tr" 2ol"+io #re# !ro8lemei. Are loc i te&r#re# oilor #cEi'i+ii ) 2i2tem"l celor eCi2te teB !ri re2tr"ct"r#re# i-eilor # terio#re ) l"mi # celor o" -o8A -ite. Co -i+iile -e23("rrii et#!elor coo!errii e3icie te 2e re3er l# rel#+iile -e 8" ) +ele&ere ) tre mem8rii ecEi!ei -e l"cr"B l# #cce!t#re# -i !#rte# t"t"ror mem8rilor &r"!"l"i # !l# "l"i -e l"cr" ) *e-ere# #ti &erii +el"l"i com" B l# #-o!t#re# " "i mocom" -e com" ic#re # re'"lt#telor (i -e e*#l"#re # 2ol"+iei. 1.+. Direc&ii ,e mo,erni#!re ! meto,olo(iei ,i,!ctice O meto- " e2te 8" 2#" re# ) 2i eB ciB !ri r#!ort#re# ei l# o 2it"#+ie -i-#cticB !o#te 3i #!reci#tB *#lori'#t -i !" ct -e *e-ere #l o!ort" it+ii "tili'rii 2#" -i !" ct -e *e-ere #l &r#-"l"i -e #-ec*#re (i -e e3icie +. 0o-er i'#re# ) *+mA t"l"i im!lic (i ) oiri meto-olo&iceB co comite t c" re2tr"ct"rri l# i*el"l 3i #lit+ilor. Pri ci!#lele -irec+ii -e -e'*olt#re # meto-olo&iei -i-#ctice !ot 3i: Promo*#re# meto-elor #cti*7!#rtici!#ti*eG Acce t"#re# c#r#cter"l"i 3orm#ti* #l meto-elorG V#lori3ic#re# meto-elor tr#-i+io #le ) -irec+i# #cti*i'rii !#rtici!# +ilorG ECti -ere# meto-elor 8#'#te !e #c+i" e# !r#cticG Acce t"#re# c#r#cter"l"i e"ri2tic #l meto-elorG De2cEi-ere# meto-olo&iei 3#+ -e ceri +ele e-"c#+iei !erm# e teG m8i #re# meto-elor -e ) *+#re i -i*i-"#l c" cele -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re. 0o-er i'#re# meto-elor -i-#ctice e2te im!"2 -e tr# 23ormrile c#re #" loc ) 2ociet#te# 'ilelor o#2tre (i c#re i 3l"e +e#' ) *+mA t"l: cre(tere# rol"l"i (tii +eiB ritm"l #cceler#t #l 2cEim8rilorB cerere# cre2cA - -e e-"c#+ieB re#lit+i c#re " #" 3o2t !re*'"te -e meto-olo&i# tr#-i+io #lB #ce#2t#
21

<oco(B 0"(#t#B 1nstruire 1nteractiv. 2epere pentru reflecie si aciune, Cl"17N#!oc#B E-it"r# Pre2# U i*er2it#r Cl"1e# B %II%B !#&. %1>.

19

-e*e i - i 2"3icie t (i " eori i e3icie t. Per3ec+io #re# meto-elor "rme#' 2 2e 3#c #cce t"A - c#r#cter"l e"ri2ticB #cti*i2m"l (i cre#ti*it#te#. O te -i + c#re 2e rem#rc ) !re'e t e2te (i i tro-"cere# (i #!lic#re# ) #ct"l -i-#ctic # " or meto-e 3olo2ite i i+i#l ) #lte -ome ii: !ro8lem#ti'#re#B -e2co!erire#B #l&oritmi'#re#B mo-el#re#B # #li'# 2tr"ct"r#lB i 3orm#ti'#re#B i 2tr"ire# #2i2t#t -e c#lc"l#tor etc. co teCt"l mo-er i'rii meto-elor -i-#ctice e2te #82ol"t ece2#r #-"cere# ) -i2c"+ie # metodelor de de$voltare a gndirii critice. D# iel# Cre+" D1...F #3irm c 27# &re(it #-e2e# co 2i-erA - &A -ire# critic o Jm#terie= -e 2t"-i" 2#" " 2et -e -e!ri -eri c#re tre8"ie ) *+#teB memor#te (i #!oi #!lic#te. re#lit#teB &A -ire# critic e2te " !ro-"2B e2te " i*el l# c#re #1" &e &A -ire# o#2tr ) mome t"l ) c#re &A -im critic -i o8i( "i +B c# mo-#lit#te 3ire#2c -e i ter#c+i" e c" i-eile (i i 3orm#+iile !e c#re le !rimim 2#" le -e2co!erim. #cel#(i tim!B e2te " !roce2B c#re #re loc #t" ci cA - cel c#re ) *#+ )(i !" e ) tre8ri -e &e "l: JCe 2em i3ic#+ie #" #ce2te i 3orm#+ii !e tr" mi eU=B JC"m !ot 2 3olo2e2c #ce2te i 3orm#+iiU=B JC"m !ot le&# #ce2te c" o(ti +e -e cee# ce (ti#m -i #i teU=B JC#re #r !"te# 3i co 2eci +ele #!licrii #ce2tor i-eiB !e tr" mi e (i !e tr" ceil#l+iU=B JCe cre- e" -e2!re #2t#U=B JCe # "me !ot 3#ce ) #lt 3el #c"mB cA - -e+i #ce#2t i 3orm#+ieU=B JC"m 2" t #3ect#te co *i &erile mele -e #ce2te i-eiU=. Pre-#re# (i ) *+#re# 3olo2i - meto-ele &A -irii critice " e2te o 2#rci 2im!l (i ici " # c#re 2e re#li'e#' ) tr7o # "mit lec+ie (i #!oi 2e "it. ECi2t ) 2 o 2erie -e condiii c#re tre8"ie ) -e!li ite -e 3iec#re #cti*it#te -i-#ctic (i c#re 2" t e2e +i#le !e tr" !romo*#re# &A -irii critice%%: Tre8"ie &2it tim! (i cre#te co -i+ii !e tr" eC!erie +ele -e &A -ireG P#rtici!# +ii tre8"ie l2#+i 2 2!ec"le'eG Tre8"ie #cce!t#t -i*er2it#te# -e i-ei (i !reriG Tre8"ie !romo*#t im!lic#re# #cti* # c"r2# +ilor ) !roce2"l -e ) *+#reG P#rtici!# +ii " tre8"ie 2 #i8 2e time t"l c ri2c 2 3ie ri-ic"li'#+i ) c#'"l ) c#re i-eileB !rerile lor " 2" t )m!rt(ite -e ceil#l+iG Tre8"ie m# i3e2t#t ) cre-ere# ) c#!#cit#te# 3iecrei !er2o# e -e # &A -i critic. Pe tr" # #1" &e 2 &A -e#2c criticB c"r2# +ii tre8"ie: 6 )(i -e'*olte ) cre-ere# ) 3or+ele !ro!rii (i 2 ) +ele#& *#lo#re# !ro!riilor i-ei (i o!i iiG 6 2e im!lice #cti* ) !roce2"l -e ) *+#reG 6 #2c"lte c" re2!ect o!i ii -i3eriteG 6 3ie !re&ti+i !e tr" # 3orm"l#B #r&"me t# (i -emo t# 1"-ec+i.
22

Cre+"B D# iel#B sihopedagogie. Elemente de formare a profesorilorB 6i8i"B E-it"r# Im#&oB 1....

20

U -emer2 -i-#ctic 8#'#t !e meto-ele &A -irii critice !#rc"r&e trei et#!e: evocare, reali$area sensului (i reflecie, ) 3iec#re -i #ce2te et#!e 3ii "tili'#te -i*er2e com8i #+ii -e meto-e. Evocarea !re2"!" e 2t#8ilire# " "i !" ct -e !lec#re ) !re-#re# " "i o" co +i "t !ri 2o -#re# eC!erie +ei # terio#re # !#rtici!# +ilorB eC!erie + c#re tre8"ie co (tie ti'#t (i #ct"#li'#t. 2eali$area sensului e2te # -o"# et#!B ) c#re 2e mo itori'e#' ) +ele&ere# o"l"i co +i "tB me +i A -"72e im!lic#re# (i i tere2"l 2t#8ilite ) et#!# # terio#r. 2eflecia e2te 3#'# c#re ) cEeie -emer2"l (i ) c#re 2e re#li'e#' -e 3#!t ) 2"(ire# oilor c" o(ti +eB ) +ele&ere# -"r#8ilB #!lic#re# i 3orm#+iilor #2imil#te !e tr" # re'ol*# 2it"#+ii com!leCe. -r"mA - #2t3el ) *+#re#B !ro3e2orii -e*i m#i m"lt -ecAt 2"r2e -e i 3orm#+ii c#re tre8"ie memor#te. Ei -e*i 3#cilit#tori #i ) *+rii #"te tice # " or c" o(ti +e !e c#re c"r2# +ii le *or !"te# #!lic# ) *iitor. Rol"l !ro3e2or"l"i e2te -e !#rte er #l celor im!lic#+i ) !roce2"l -e ) *+#reB !roce2 ) c#re !#rtici!# +ii co tri8"ie c" mi te#B c" tr#2t"rile -e !er2o #lit#te (i c" e er&i# -e c#re -i2!" B #2t3el ) cAt 2 re#li'e'e 2cEim8rile !er2o #le cer"te -e #cEi'i+i# " or c" o(ti +e -"r#8ile. O te -i + -e mo-er i'#re # co ce!+iei -e2!re e-"c#+ie !ro*i e (i -i 2cEim8#re# !#r#-i&melor i 2tr"c+io #leB e*ol"+i# -e l# i 2tr"cti*i2m l# co& iti*i2m (i co 2tr"cti*i2mB trecere# -e l# ) *+mA t"l ce tr#t !e !ro3e2or l# ) *+mA t"l ce tr#t !e c"r2# t. Co 3r" t#t c" o"# 2tr"ct"r # ceri +elor 2oci#l "m# eB ) *+mA t"l tre8"ie 27(i re-e3i e#2c +el"rile (i 2 #2i&"re o o" -irec+ie e-"c#+iei: trecere# 3ormrii ) #i te# i 3ormriiB trecere# 3ormrii (i -e'*oltrii c#!#cit+ilor i telect"#l7#c+io #le (i # !roce2elor mi t#le #le c"r2# +ilor ) #i te# tr# 2miterii i 3orm#+iilor -e ctre !ro3e2orB 3r # e&# im!ort# +# celor -i "rm. 0eto-olo&i# ce tr#t !e c"r2# t e2te o meto-olo&ie -i3ere +i#to#reB -e i -i*i-"#li'#re (i !er2o #li'#re # !roce2"l"i -e i 2tr"ireB o3eri - (# 2e e&#le t"t"ror. P#r#-i&m# cl#2ic predare-nvare 2e mo-i3ic r#-ic#lB tr# 23ormA -"7 2e ) nvare-predareB #*A - -re!t co 2eci + ece2it#te# re!ro3e2io #li'rii e-"c#tor"l"i. A2t3elB 2e !ot 3orm"l# o 2erie -e recom# -ri !e tr" !ro3e2oriB #tAt !e tr" cei c#re -e23(o#r ) *+mA t cl#2icB cAt (i !e tr" cei c#re co -"c #cti*it+i -e ) *+#re mo-er eB cEi#r -e23("r#te l# -i2t# +B im!licA teE olo&i# i 3orm#+iei (i # com" icrii%,: 6 #-#!te'e lec+iile 3#+ ) 3#+ (i !e cele ) 3orm#t electro ic ) 3" c+ie -e eC!erie +# (i i tere2ele c"r2# +ilorB !e tr" # core2!" -e m#i 8i e c" cee# ce ei -ore2c 2 ) *e+eG 6 3olo2e#2c i 3orm#+i# o3erit -irect 2#" c" o(ti +ele ) 3orm#t electro ic c# " &Ei-B " c# o re&"l #82ol"tG 6 3oc#li'e'e -i2c"+i# 2#" 8r#i 2tormi &7"l !e eC!erie +# (i c" o(ti +ele # terio#re #le !#rtici!# +ilorG
23

Cer&EitB Io# B "isteme de instruire alternative i complementare. "tructuri, stiluri, strategii B <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Ar#mi2B %II%

21

 6 ) c"r#1e'e c"r2# +ii 2 #i8 o #tit"-i e -e2cEi2 3#+ -e (tii + (i ) *+#reB 2 le 2tim"le'e i tere2"lB #c+io A - c# " 3#cilit#tor ) ) +ele&ereB " o3eri - eC!lic#+ii -e !e !o'i+i# " "i 2"!eriorG 6 3olo2e#2c mo-ele (tii +i3ice cAt -e -e2 e2te !o2i8ilG 6 l#2e tim! !e tr" re3lec+ieG c"r2# +ii tre8"ie 2 #i8 tim! 2 re3lecte'e l# oile i-ei (i 2 re'ol*e co 3lictele #!r"te #t" ci cA - co ce!tele " core2!" - c" 2cEem# 2#" c#-r"l -e re3eri +G 6 #cce!te 3#!t"l c tcere# ) tim!"l " ei -i2c"+ii " e2te " l"cr" r"G 6 #cor-e !#rtici!# +ilor o!ort" it+i !e tr" # -i2c"t# ) tre eiG 6 #-re2e'e ) tre8ri -e2cEi2e (i 2 rele*e co tr#-ic+iileB !e tr" # 2tim"l# i *e2ti&#re#G 6 #cor-e m#i !"+i tim! #cti*it+ii -e !re-#reB 3olo2i - ) 2cEim8 m#i m"lt #cti*it#te -e &r"!G 67i ) *e+e !e c"r2# +i 2 3ie co (tie +i -e &A -"rile (i #c+i" ile lorB #2t3el ) cAt 2 " 2imt -i2co 3ort ) !re'e +# # cee# ce ) c " e2te c" o2c"t. 0e-iile -e ) *+#re co 2tr"cti*i2te #2i&"r co 2tr"c+i# c" o#(terii n (i prin -e!e -e + 3#+ -e conte!tB #2i&"r re!re'e tri m"lti!le #le re#lit+iiB !re2"!" eCi2te +# " or 2#rci i -e ) *+#re #"te ticeB ) co teCte 2em i3ic#ti*eB o3er me-ii -e ) *+#re -e ti!"l 2t"-iilor -e c#' 2#" # " or 2it"#+ii re#le (i ) c"r#1e#' re3lec+iile #2"!r# #cti*it+ilor c#re 27#" -e23("r#tB # re'"lt#telor o8+i "teB # eC!erie +ei -o8A -ite. 3ctivi$area cursanilor e2te ) +ele#2 c# o #c+i" e -e i 2tr"ire (i #"toi 2tr"ireB -e -e'*olt#re # !er2o #lit+iiB !ri 2tim"l#re# (i -iri1#re# meto-ic # #cti*it+ii !#rtici!# +ilor. Acti*i'#re# !re2"!" e ) 3!t"ire# " ei 2"ite -e #c+i" i: tre'ire# (i c"lti*#re# i tere2"l"i !e tr" c" o#(tereB eCercit#re# 3" c+iilor !2iEice !ri e3ort !er2o #lB eCer2#re# c#!#cit+ilor -e ) 2"(ire # c" o(ti +elorB 3orm#re# #8ilit+ilor -e orie t#re #"to om ) !ro8lemele ri-ic#te -e !r#cticB c"lti*#re# 2!irit"l"i i *e2ti&#ti*. De re+i "t e2te 3#!t"l c #cti*it#te#B #c+i" e# co cret re!re'i t #tAt !remi2# cAt (i re'"lt#t"l #cti*it+ii -e ) *+#re. "ltimele -ece ii # cre2c"t i tere2"l !e tr" #(#7 "mitele meto-e activparticipativeB #cti*i2m"l 3ii - &e er#t -e mo8il"ri i terio#reB -e !ro!ri# i i+i#ti* # c"r2# +ilor: c"rio'it#te# i tri 2ec -e # c" o#(teB -ori +# -e # o82er*# (i # eC!lic#B -e # i *e2ti&# (i # co 2tr"iB -e # eC!lor# (i -e2co!eriB -e # i *e t# (i # cre#. Cee# ce e2te -e3i itori" !e tr" meto-ele #cti*7!#rtici!#ti*e e2te tocm#i c#!#cit#te# #ce2tor# -e 2tim"l#re # !#rtici!rii #cti*e (i -e!li eB 3i'ice (i !2iEiceB i -i*i-"#le (i colecti*e # c"r2# +ilor ) !roce2"l ) *+rii. Ace2te meto-e !" #cce t"l !e procesul c" o#(terii D#l ) *+riiF (i " !e produsele c" o#(terii. A2t3elB meto-ele #cti*7!#rtici!#ti*e #" " !ro " +#t c#r#cter 3orm#ti*7e-"c#ti*B "rmri - -e'*olt#re# i telect"#lB -e'*olt#re# " or o!er#+ii lo&ico7m#tem#ticeB -e'*olt#re# moti*#+iei !e tr" ) *+#re etc.
22

De2i&"rB ) tr7" 3el 2#" #lt"lB 3iec#re meto- o3er e "mr#te !o2i8ilit+i -e # &#1#re # celor c#re ) *#+B -#r &r#-"l -e #cti*i'#re -i3er -e l# o meto- l# #lt#. Po2i8ilit+ile re#le -e # tre #re # !#rtici!# +ilor ) !roce2"l -i-#ctic -e!i - -e re2!ect#re# " or e!igene ale activi$rii cursanilor: regtirea psihologic pentru nvare D#2i&"r#re# moti*#+iei !e tr" ) *+#reB 2e 2i8ili'#re#B orie t#re# #te +iei 2!re m#teri#l"l -e 2t"-i#tB 3#mili#ri'#re# c" m#teri#l"lB cre#re# (i me +i ere# " "i clim#t -e ) cre-ereB # " ei #tmo23ere -e l"cr" 2tim"l#to#reFG 1dentificarea surselor de distorsiune i prevenirea lor De2te *or8# -e !ert"r8#+ii &e er#te -e or&# i'#re# (i -e23("r#re# -e3ect"o#2 # #ct"l"i -e !re-#re7) *+#reB !ert"r8#+ii &e er#te -e me-i"l #m8ie t#lB -e 2t#re# -e o8o2e#l 2#" e#te +ie # c"r2# +ilor 2#" # !ro3e2orilorB !ert"r8#+ii !ro*e ite -i i com!#ti8ilit#te# !2iEolo&icFG 6rgani$area i desfurarea raional a nvrii Di cl"-ere# # cAt m#i m"ltor # #li'#tori ) !roce2"l -e !erce!ere # i 3orm#+iilorB cre#re# " or 3oc#re -e eCcit#8ilit#te o!tim l# i*el"l 2co#r+ei cere8r#leB el#8or#re# (i eCer2#re# i Ei8i+iei -e -i3ere +iereB )m8i #re# !erm# e t # lim8#1"l"i c" 2"!ort"rile i t"iti*eFG >tili$area unor metode activ-participative Dmeto-e c#re -etermi c"r2# t"l 2 c#"teB 2 cercete'eB 2 &2e#2c 2i &"r co +i "t"rile !e c#re "rme#' 2 le ) 2"(e#2cB 2 !rel"cre'e c" o(ti +eleB 2 le reor&# i'e'eB 2 le 2i2tem#ti'e'eB 2 l"cre'e i -e!e -e tB 2 coo!ere'e c" cole&ii 2iB 2 3#c 2cEim8"ri -e o!i iiB -e im!re2iiB 2 i# co t#ct -irect c" 2it"#+iile -e *i#+ re#lB c" !ro8leme !r#ctice etc.F. 1.-. *eto,e ,e )n$&!re prin cooper!re 1.-.1. A$!nt!.e %i limite !le tili#rii meto,elor ,e )n$&!re prin cooper!re 6tr#te&i# ) *+rii !ri coo!er#re%/ o3er c"r2# +ilor oc#'i# -e #7(i co creti'# e*oi# -e # l"cr# )m!re" B ) tr7" clim#t cole&i#l -e ) tr#1"tor#re (i -e 2!ri1i reci!roc. ?r"!"l - !o2i8ilit#te# te2trii i-eilorB re*i'"irii o!i iilor (i -e'*oltrii i teli&e +ei i ter!er2o #le. L"cr"l ) &r"! #co!er e#1" 2"rile ) *+rii i -i*i-"#li'#teB #cor-A - o im!ort# + co 2i-er#8il -ime 2i" ii 2oci#leB !ri -e23("r#re# !roce2elor i ter!er2o #le. Coo!er#re# #2i&"r o rel#+ie -e2cEi2 ) tre !#rte eriB -e'*olt #tit"-i i (i com!ort#me te 8#'#te !e ) cre-ereB 3#*ori'A - 3orm#re# #tit"-i ii !o'iti*e 3#+ -e ) *+#re (i 3#+ -e (co#l. 0" c# ) ecEi! #re e3ecte 2em i3ic#ti*e #2"!r# !er2o #lit+ii c"r2# +ilorB !re'e +# !#rte erilor -e i ter#c+i" e co 2tit"i - " 2tim"le t i telect"#l (i " -ecl# (#tor #l 2cEim8"l"i -e o!i ii
24

Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc#!/.!-3.

23

(i i 3orm#+ii. 6ol"+iile emi2e !ot 2"3eri ) c#-r"l &r"!"l"i )m8" t+iri (i #1"2triB # #li'# critic -e'*oltA - c#!#cit+ile #"toe*#l"#ti*e #le !#rtici!# +ilor. Pro-"cti*it#te# 2!orit !e " it#te# -e tim!B #!reci#t !ri "mr"l -e -i3ic"lt+i re'ol*#teB (i -"! &r#-"l lor -e com!leCit#te recom# - 3olo2ire# 2tr#te&iilor -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re ) cl#2. L# #ce2t 3#!t 2e #-#"& (i c#lit#te# m#i 8" # r2!" 2"rilorB i 2t#l#re# " "i clim#t moti*# t -e l"cr"B c#r#cteri'#t !ri tr7o te 2i" e cre2c"t !e tr" 3i #li'#re# 2#rci ii com" e. *+#re# !ri coo!er#re *#lori'e#' 2cEim8"rile i telect"#le (i *er8#le (i mi'e#' !e o lo&ic # ) *+rii c#re +i e co t -e o!i iile celorl#l+i. A*# t#1ele i ter#c+i" ii%5 ) tre !#rtici!# +i: 7 ) co -i+iile ) -e!li irii " or 2#rci i 2im!leB #cti*it#te# -e &r"! e2te 2tim"l#ti*B &e erA - " com!ort#me t co t#&io2 (i o 2tr-# ie com!etiti*G 7 ) re'ol*#re# 2#rci ilor com!leCeB re'ol*#re# -e !ro8lemeB o8+i ere# 2ol"+iei corecte e 3#cilit#t -e emitere# -e i!ote'e m"lti!le (i *#ri#te%4G 7 2tim"le#' e3ort"l (i !ro-"cti*it#te# i -i*i-"l"iG 7 e2te im!ort# t !e tr" #"to-e2co!erire# !ro!riilor c#!#cit+i (i limiteB !e tr" #"toe*#l"#re%7G 7 eCi2t o -i #mic i ter&r"!#l c" i 3l"e +e 3#*or#8ile ) !l# "l !er2o #lit+iiG 7 2"8iec+ii c#re l"cre#' ) ecEi! 2" t c#!#8ili 2 #!lice (i 2 2i teti'e'e c" o(ti +ele ) mo-"ri *#ri#te (i com!leCeB ) *+A - ) #cel#(i tim! m#i temei ic -ecAt ) c#'"l l"cr"l"i i -i*i-"#lG 7 -e'*olt c#!#cit+ile c"r2# +ilor -e # l"cr# )m!re" 7 com!o e t im!ort# t !e tr" *i#+ (i !e tr" #cti*it#te# lor !ro3e2io #l *iito#re%>. 7 -e'*olt i teli&e +ele m"lti!leB c#!#cit+i 2!eci3ice inteligenei lingvistice Dce im!lic 2e 2i8ilit#te# -e # *or8i (i -e # 2crieG i cl"-e #8ilit#te# -e # 3olo2i e3ecti* lim8# !e tr" # 2e eC!rim# retoricB !oetic (i !e tr" #7(i #mi ti i 3orm#+iileFB inteligenei logice-matematice Dce co 2t ) c#!#cit#te# -e # # #li'# lo&ic !ro8lemeleB -e # re#li'# o!er#+ii m#tem#tice (i -e # i *e2ti&# (tii +i3ic 2#rci ileB -e # 3#ce -e-"c+iiFB inteligenei spaiale Dc#re 2e re3er l# c#!#cit#te#B !ote +i#l"l -e # rec" o#(te (i # 3olo2i !#ter "rile 2!#+i"l"iG c#!#cit#te# -e # cre# re!re'e tri " -o#r *i'"#leFB inteligenei interpersonale Dc#!#cit#te# -e # ) +ele&e i te +iileB moti*#+iileB -ori +ele celorl#l+iB creA o!ort" it+i ) m" c# colecti*FB inteligenei intrapersonale Dc#!#cit#te# -e #"to) +ele&ereB #"to#!reciere corect # !ro!riilor 2e time teB moti*#+iiB temeriFB inteligenei naturaliste Dc#re 3#ce om"l
25 26

Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc#!4.!-3. A"2"8elB D.B :loQ-B R.B 'nvarea n coal, <"c"re(tiBE-it"r# Di-#ctic (i Pe-#&o&icB 1.>1. 27 I-em. 28 KoE 2o B D. L.G KoE 2o B R. T.G 6mitEB T. A.B (ooperative 7earning% 1ncreasing (ollege &acult< 1nstructional roductivit<.

24

c#!#8il 2 rec" o#2cB 2 cl#2i3ice (i 2 2e i 2!ire -i me-i"l ) co 1"rtorFB inteligenei morale D!reoc"!#t -e re&"liB com!ort#me tB #tit"-i iF%.G 7 2tim"le#' (i -e'*olt c#!#cit+i co& iti*e com!leCe D&A -ire# -i*er&e tB &A -ire# criticB &A -ire# l#ter#l H c#!#cit#te# -e # !ri*i (i # cercet# l"cr"rile ) #lt mo-B -e # rel#C# co trol"l &A -iriiFG 7 m" c# ) &r"! !ermite )m!r+ire# 2#rci ilor (i re2!o 2#8ilit+ilor ) !r+i m"lt m#i "(or -e re#li'#tG 7 tim!"l -e 2ol"+io #re # !ro8lemelor e2te -e cele m#i m"lte ori m#i 2c"rt ) c#'"l l"cr"l"i ) &r"! -ecAt #t" ci cA - 2e ) ce#rc &2ire# re'ol*rilor !e co t !ro!ri"G 7 c" o -iri1#re #-ec*#tB ) *+#re# !ri coo!er#re -e'*olt (i -i*er2i3ic !rice!erileB c#!#cit+ile (i -e!ri -erile 2oci#le #le c"r2# +ilorG 7 i terrel#+iile -i tre mem8rii &r"!"l"iB em"l#+i#B 2!ore(te i tere2"l !e tr" o tem 2#" o 2#rci -#tB moti*A - c"r2# +ii !e tr" ) *+#reG 7 l"cr"l ) ecEi! o3er c"r2# +ilor !o2i8ilit#te# -e #7(i )m!rt(i !rerileB eC!erie +#B i-eileB 2tr#te&iile !er2o #le -e l"cr"B i 3orm#+iileG 7 2e re-"ce l# mi im 3e ome "l 8loc#1"l"i emo+io #l #l cre#ti*it+iiG 7 &r"!"l - " 2e time t -e ) cre-ereB -e 2i&"r# +B # tre #re reci!roc # mem8rilor ce -"ce l# -i2!#ri+i# 3ricii -e e(ec (i c"r#1"l -e #7(i #2"m# ri2c"lG 7 i ter#c+i" e# colecti* #re c# e3ect (i Je-"c#re# 2t!A irii -e 2i e (i # " "i com!ort#me t toler# t 3#+ -e o!i iile celorl#l+iB ) 3rA &ere# 2"8iecti*i2m"l"i (i #cce!t#re# &A -irii colecti*e=,I. &inalitile educative?+ "rmrite !ri 3olo2ire# i 2tr"irii ) &r"! *i'e#': -e'*olt#re# spiritului de cooperare #l c"r2# +ilorB i te 2i3ic#re# comunicrii ) tre c"r2# +iB -e'*olt#re# responsa#ilitii !er2o #le ) ) -e!li ire# 2#rci ilor #2"m#teB stimularea productivitii gndirii, familiari$area cu munca de cercetare n echip, depirea unor comple!e -e #t"r !2iEo2oci#lB m# i3e2t#te !ri re+i ere# -e # !#rtici!# l# #cti*it+i colecti*e (.#. 6co!"rile c#re 2t#" l# 8#'# #cti*it+ii " "i &r"! -e c"r2# +i !ot 3i 3o#rte 8o&#te ) co +i "t (i " 2e re-"c ) tot-e#" # l# #2!ectele formativ7educative #*"te ) *e-ere -e ctre !ro3e2or. Ele !ot i cl"-e #2!ecte -e #t"r intrinsec D-e eCem!l"B Jo8+i ere# !lcerii -e # l"cr# ) com!# i# #ltor cole&i=F 2#" #2!ecte -e #t"r e!trinsec D-e eCem!l"B J2 te !re&te(ti m#i 8i e !e tr" " eC#me =G J2 iei m#i "(or o -eci'ie c" !ri*ire l# ce*#=F. Pot #*e#B -e #2eme e#B o dimensiune social DJ!ro8#re# loi#lit+ii 3#+ -e &r"!=G J) trire# 2e time t"l"i -e #!#rte e + l# " &r"!=FB -#r (i o dimensiune practicacional DJ# ) *+# 2 re#li'e'iB )m!re" c" #l+iiB " # "mit l"cr"=B J# -e*e i c#!#8il 2 re#li'e'i " # "mit ti! -e 2#rci =F.
29

?#r- erB PoR#r-B 1ntellingence 2eframed. Multiple intelligences for the 2+ st centur<, NeR SorO <#2ic <ooO2B 1.... 30 Cre &"+# L. O!re#B %IIIB !. /7. 31 Di#co " 0.B Ki &# I.B edagogieB <"c"re2tiB E-it"r# A6EB %II/.

25

Dime 2i" e# 2oci#l )(i #-#"& (i o dimensiune educativ D-e eCem!l"B J-ori +# -e #7+i -e'*olt# # "mite c#lit+i=B c"m 2" t c" o#(tere# -e 2i eB !ri co 3r" t#re c" #l+iiB #8ilit#te# -e # l"cr# ) coo!er#reB ori c#!#cit#te# -e # re#li'# # "mite o8iecti*eB ece2#re -e #ti 2 ) #cti*it#te# (col#r (.#.F. To#te #ce2te -ime 2i" i #le 2co!"rilor "rmrite -e " &r"! -e i 2tr"ire 2" t complementareB cee# ce ) 2e#m c 3i #lit+ile educative, #*"te ) *e-ere -e ctre !ro3e2orB re!re'i t -o#r " #2!ect #l 3i #lit+ilor c#re !ot 2t# l# 8#'# #cti*it+ii &r"!"l"i re2!ecti*. :iec#re #2!ect e2te ) 2 im!ort# t: -#c -ime 2i" e# 2oci#l e2te !re# !"+i !re'e t ) co (tii +# mem8rilor " "i &r"!B #t" ci eCi2t ri2c"l c# 2t"-e +ii 2 -e*i i -i3ere +i (i reci 3#+ -e *i#+# &r"!"l"iB 2 " tri#2c 2e time t"l re2!o 2#8ilit+ii 3#+ -e #cti*it+ile -e23("r#te ) #ce2t c#-r"G li!2# -ime 2i" ii !r#ctic7#c+io #le !o#te &e er# 2e time te -e i 2#ti23#c+ie (i -e 3r"2tr#re c " #" re#li'#t imic -eo2e8it ) c#-r"l &r"!"l"i -i c#re #" 3c"t !#rte. 0em8rii " "i &r"! -e i 2tr"ire !ot #*e# !ro!riile lor 2co!"ri !er2o #le H " eori #2c" 2e H c#re !ot 3i 3o#rte -i3erite -e 2co!"rile &r"!"l"iB c# ) tre& D-e eCem!l"B J27l im!re2io e'i !e !ro3e2or=B J2 -o8A -e(ti #-mir#+i# !er2o# elor c#re com!" &r"!"l= (.#.F. Rol"l !ro3e2or"l"i e2teB !e -e o !#rteB #cel# -e #7i #1"t# !e c"r2# +i 2 co (tie ti'e'e -i3eritele #2!ecte #le 2co!"rilor c#re !ot 3i #ti 2e ) i terior"l &r"!"l"i -i c#re 3#c !#rte D#2!ect"l 2oci#lB e-"c#ti* etc.FB i#rB !e -e #lt !#rteB -e # ) le2 i #rmo i'#re# 2co!"rilor !er2o #le c" cele &e er#le #le &r"!"l"i. Ce# m#i 8" c#le -e # !" e -e #cor- #ce2te i tere2e e2te #cee# -e # or&# i'# o -i2c"+ieB cAt m#i -e2cEi2 c" !"ti +B c" !ri*ire l# to#te 2co!"rile c#re #!#r ) &r"!"l re2!ecti*. 1.-.'. Cl!/i0ic!re! meto,elor %i te1nicilor ,e )n$&!re prin cooper!re D"! 3" c+i# -i-#ctic !ri ci!#lB !"tem cl#2i3ic# meto-ele (i teE icile i ter#cti*e -e &r"! #2t3el?2: Metode de predare-nvare interactiv n grup% 7 0eto-# !re-riiN) *+rii reci!roce DReci!roc#l te#cEi & H P#li c2#rFG 7 0eto-# Ki&2#R D0o'#ic"lFG 7 Citire# c"!ri 'to#reG 7 C#2c#-# DC#2c#-eFG 7 6TAD D6t"-e t Te#m2 AcEie*eme t Di*i2io F H 0eto-# ) *+rii ) &r"!e miciG 7 T?T DTe#m2N?#me2NTo"r #me t2F H 0eto-# t"r ir"rilor ) tre ecEi!eG 7 0eto-# 2cEim8rii !erecEii D6E#re7P#ir Circle2FG 7 0eto-# !ir#mi-eiG
32

Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc#!4.!-3G

26

7 *+#re# -r#m#ti'#tG Metode de fi!are i sistemati$are a cunotinelor i de verificare% 7 P#rt# co& iti* 2#" E#rt# co ce!t"#l DCo& iti*e m#!B Co ce!t"#l m#!FG 7 0#triceleG 7 L# +"rile co& iti*eG 7 :i2E8o e m#!2 D2cEelet"l -e !e(teFG 7 Di#&r#m# c#"'elor (i # e3ect"l"iG 7 PA '# -e !i# 1e D6!i-er m#! H Le82FG 7 TeE ic# 3lorii -e "3r DLot"2 <lo22om TecE iV"eFG 7 0eto-# R.A.I.G 7 C#rto #(ele l"mi o#2eG Metode de re$olvare de pro#leme prin stimularea creativitii% 7 <r#i 2tormi &G 7 6t#r8"r2ti & DEC!lo'i# 2tel#rFG 7 0eto-# !lriilor &A -ito#re DTEi Oi & E#t2 H E-R#r- -e <o oFG 7 C#r"2el"lG 7 0"lti7*oti &G 7 0#2# rot" -G 7 I ter*i"l -e &r"!G 7 6t"-i"l -e c#'G 7 I ci-e t"l criticG 7 PEilli!2 4N4G 7 TeE ic# 4N,N5G 7 Co tro*er2# cre#ti*G 7 :i2E8oRl DteE ic# #c*#ri"l"iFG 7 TeE ic# 3oc"27&r"!G 7 P#tr" col+"ri D:o"r cor er2FG 7 0eto-# :ri2coG 7 6i ectic#G 7 <"''7&ro"!2G 7 0eto-# Del!EiG Metode de cercetare n grup% 7 Tem# 2#" !roiect"l -e cercet#re ) &r"!G 7 EC!erime t"l !e ecEi!eG 7 Porto3oli"l -e &r"!. 1.-.+. Pre#ent!re! princip!lelor meto,e ,e )n$&!re prin cooper!re Vom !re'e t# ) co ti "#re cAte*# meto-e -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re !ri eCcele + #cti*i'# teB c#re !ot 3i 3olo2ite c" 2"cce2 ) c#-r"l #cti*it+ilor -e 2emi #r l# -i*er2e -i2ci!li e.
27

 2emi #riile c#re "rmre2c " #tAt tr# 2mitere# -e c" o(ti +eB cAt 3orm#re# -e #tit"-i iB *#loriB com!ort#me teB -e!ri -eri 2e !o#te "tili'# metoda @ocului de rolG ) 2emi #riile i -e!e -e te -e c"r2B #l cror co +i "t e2te o" (i 2e cere #2imil#t (i #!ro3" -#tB 2e !o#te 3olo2i metoda mo$aiculuiG ) 2emi #riile com!leme t#re l# c"r2B ) c#re 2e -ore(te rel"#re# " or i 3orm#+ii !re-#te (i com!let#re# #ce2tor# c" #ltele oiB 2e !o#te 3olo2i metoda AtiuBCreau s tiuB3m nvat??G ) co teCte e-"c#+io #le c#re 2olicit el#8or#re# co cret # " "i i 2tr"me t -e l"cr"B # " "i teCtB # " "i !ro&r#m -e #c+i" e etc.B !o#te 3i 3olo2it metoda ;rupul de producie. 2oc l ,e rol 2oc l ,e rol e2te o meto- #cti* -e !re-#re7) *+#reB 8#'#t !e #cti*it+i -e 2im"l#re # " or rel#+iiB #cti*it+iB 3" c+iiB !ro3e2i" iB 2t#t"2"ri 2oci#leB 3e ome eB 2tri -e l"cr"riB to#te #ce2te# 3ii - "rm#te -e # #li'# re!re'e trilorB # com!ort#me telor (i # #tit"-i ilor o82er*#te ) tim!"l 2im"lrii. C"r2# +ii 2" t ) 2it"#+i# -e # -e*e i #ctori #i *ie+ii 2oci#le (i !ro3e2io #leB !e tr" c#re 2e !re&te2cB 3ormA -"7(i com!ete +eB #8ilit+iB #tit"-i iB com!ort#me te (i co *i &eri. !roiect#re#B !re&tire# (i "tili'#re# 1oc"l"i -e rol 2e !#rc"r& "rmto#rele etape metodice: 1F i-e ti3ic#re# 2it"#+iei i ter"m# e c#re 2e !rete#' l# 2im"l#re !ri 1oc -e rol (i c#re core2!" -e o8iecti*elor "rmriteG %F mo-el#re# 2it"#+iei (i !roiect#re# 2ce #ri"l"i i 2tr"iriiG ,F or&# i'#re# &r"!"l"iB #le&ere# #ctorilorB i 2tr"ire# lor ) le&t"r c" 2!eci3ic"l (i eCi&e +ele 1oc"l"i -e rolG /F !re&tire# rol"l"i -e ctre #ctoriB 2t"-iere# i 2tr"c+i" ilorG 5F -e23("r#re# 1oc"l"i -e rol !ro!ri"7'i2G 4F re3lec+i# (i -e'8#tere# colecti* # i ter!retrilorB # #li'# -e co +i "t (i # #li'# com!ort#me telor i-e ti3ic#te. (erinele metodice re3erito#re l# or&# i'#re# (i -e23("r#re# " "i 1oc -e rol !ot 3i: ) -i2tri8"ire# 2t#t"27"rilor (i # rol"rilor !ro3e2or"l tre8"ie 2 !or e#2c -e l# -ori +eleB #2!ir#+iileB !re3eri +ele 3iecr"i !#rtici!# tG ) #i te -e -er"l#re# 1oc"l"i 2 2e or&# i'e'e eCerci+ii !re&tito#reB 2 2e cree'e o #tmo23er !lc"tB -e2ti 2B !e tr" #7i 2tim"l# !e #ctori (i # !re*e i i 2t#l#re# 8loc#1elorG 3iec#re #ctor 2 c" o#2c #tAt ceri +ele le&#te -e !ro!ri"l 2" com!ort#me tB cAt (i ceri +ele -e com!ort#me t #le !#rte erilorG e2te recom# -#8il c# " 1oc 2 3ie i ter!ret#t -e m#i m"lte oriB !e tr" # #2i&"r# co 2oli-#re# com!ort#me telor m# i3e2t#teG
33

Ett!:NN3#c"lt#te.re&ieli*e.roNc"r2"riN!e-#&o&ieN!e-#&o&ieW&e er#l#7,I.>/.Etml.

28

 !ro3e2or"l tre8"ie 2 "rmre#2c c" #te +ieB l# 3iec#re #ctorB mo-"l c"m )(i #2"m (i i ter!rete#' rol"lB m2"r# ) c#re 2e i-e ti3ic c" rol"l (i 2 #1"te !#rtici!# +ii 27(i ) -e!li e#2c 2#rci ileG c"r2# +ii c#re " #" " rol #cti* ) #cti*it#te# re2!ecti* tre8"ie 2 !rime#2c 3ie 2#rci i or&# i'#toriceB 3ie 2#rci i -e o82er*#toriB c" o8iecti*e co creteB i#r #cti*it#te# lor 2 3ie *#lori3ic#t ) 3i #l. (lasificarea @ocurilor de rol im!lic -o" m#ri c#te&oriiB ) i terior"l cror# re&2im #lte 2"8-i*i'i" i: 1. Koc"ri c" c#r#cter &e er#l: #. @ocuri de repre$entare a structurilor H #1"t c"r2# +ii 2 ) +ele#& mo-"l -e 3" c+io #re # " ei 2tr"ct"ri or&# i'#torice i te&r#te ) tr7" 2i2tem D!e tr" I2torieB 0# #&eme tB 5tii +e eco omiceFG 8. @ocuri de deci$ie H 2e re3er l# 2im"l#re# " or co teCte 2it"#+io #leB ) c#re c"r2# +ii tre8"ie 2 i# o -eci'ie im!ort# t D!e tr" I2torieB 0# #&eme tB 5tii +e 1"ri-iceB Eco omieB 5tii +e milit#reB Pe-#&o&ieFG c. @ocuri de ar#itra@ H "rmre2c -e'*olt#re# c#!#cit+ilor -e ) +ele&ereB me-iere (i 2ol"+io #re # 2it"#+iilor co 3lict"#le c#re !ot 2 #!#r ) tre -o" !er2o# eB &r"!"riB " it+i eco omice etc. D!e tr" 5tii +e eco omiceB 1"ri-ice (i 5tii +e 2oci#leFG -. @ocuri de competiie H #re loc 2im"l#re# o8+i erii " or !er3orm# +e -e ) *i &ere # " "i #-*er2#r re#l 2#" im#&i #rB !ri #-o!t#re# " or 2tr#te&ii -i*er2eB !ri i-e ti3ic#re# " or 2ol"+ii o!timeB re2!ectA re&"lile 1oc"l"i D!e tr" to#te -i2ci!li ele ) c#-r"l cror# 2e !ot or&# i'# 2it"#+ii com!etiti*eF. %. Koc"ri c" c#r#cter 2!eci3ic: #. @ocuri de negociere D 2im"l#re# " or o!er#+ii -e *A '#re7c"m!r#reB # tr# '#c+iilor comerci#leB 3i # ci#r78# c#reB 2im"l#re# " or e&ocieri !e tr" re'ol*#re# co 3lictelor i ter"m# e D!e tr" -i2ci!li ele eco omiceB 0# #&eme t (i -i2ci!li ele 2ocio7"m# eFG 8. @ocuri de-a profesorul i cursanii H 2im"l#re# " or 2it"#+ii e-"c#ti*e DPe-#&o&ieB Di-#ctic# 2!eci#lit+iiB Pr#ctic !e-#&o&icFG c. @ocuri de-a comandantul de pluton i plutonul H 2im"l#re# " or 2it"#+ii (i #cti*it+i 2!eci3ice !ro3e2iei milit#re. Pote +i#l"l !e-#&o&ic #l 1oc"l"i -e rol co 2t ) 3#!t"l c #cti*e#' c"r2# +ii -i !" ct -e *e-ere co& iti*B #3ecti* (i motricB )i !" e ) 2it"#+i# -e # rel#+io # ) tre eiB -e # co (tie ti'# (i # eCercit# #"toco trol"l #2"!r# com!ort#me telor !ro!riiB e*i-e +i#' mo-"l corect 2#" i corect -e com!ort#re (i #c+i" e ) # "mite 2it"#+iiB 2!ri1i ) +ele&ere# com!leC # 2it"#+iilorB re!re'i t o meto- e3icie t -e 3orm#re # co *i &erilorB #tit"-i ilorB -e!ri -erilorB co -"itelor corecte (i -e'ir#8ile. *eto,! Mozaic (Jigsaw)
29

Ki&2#R D) e &le' @igsaE pu$$le ) 2e#m mo'#icF 2#" ;meto-# &r"!"rilor i ter-e!e -e te=,/B e2te o 2tr#te&ie 8#'#t !e ) *+#re# ) ecEi! Dte#m7le#r i &F. :iec#re c"r2# t #re o 2#rci -e 2t"-i"B " co +i "t i 3orm#+io #l ) c#re tre8"ie 2 -e*i e!pert. El #re ) #cel#(i tim! (i re2!o 2#8ilit#te# tr# 2miterii i 3orm#+iilor #2imil#teB celorl#l+i cole&i. Et#!e -e23("rrii meto-ei mo'#ic"l"i 2" t: 1. regtirea materialului de studiu% Pro3e2or"l 2t#8ile(te tem# -e 2t"-i" D-e eCem!l" ;:ormele -e relie3=F (i o )m!#rte ) / 2#" 5 su#-teme. O!+io #lB !o#te 2t#8ili !e tr" 3iec#re 2"87temB eleme tele !ri ci!#le !e c#re tre8"ie 2 le #ccce t"e'e c"r2# t"lB #t" ci cA 2t"-i#' m#teri#l"l ) mo- i -e!e -e t. Ace2te# !ot 3i 3orm"l#te 3ie 2"8 3orm -e ) tre8riB 3ie #3irm#ti*B 3ie 2"8 3orm# " "i teCt eli!ticB c#re *# !"te# 3i com!let#t "m#i #t" ci cA - c"r2# t"l 2t"-i#' m#teri#l"l. C#-r"l -i-#ctic re#li'e#' o fi-e!pert ) c#re trece cele / 2#" 5 2"87 teme !ro!"2e (i c#re *# 3i o3erit 3iecr"i &r"!. %. 6rgani$area colectivului n echipe de nvare -e cAte /H5 c"r2# +i D) 3" c+ie -e "mr"l lor ) cl#2F. :iec#re c"r2# t -i ecEi! !rime(te " "mr -e l# 1 l# /H5 (i #re c# 2#rci 2 2t"-ie'e ) mo- i -e!e -e tB 2"87tem# core2!" 'to#re "mr"l"i 2". El tre8"ie 2 -e*i eC!ert ) !ro8lem# -#t. De eCem!l"B c"r2# +ii c" "mr"l 1 -i to#te ecEi!ele -e ) *+#re 3orm#teB *or #!ro3" -# 2"87tem# c" "mr"l 1. Cei c" "mr"l % *or 2t"-i# 2"87tem# "mr"l %B (i #(# m#i -e!#rte. &a$a independent% :iec#re c"r2# t 2t"-i#' 2"87tem# l"iB cite(te teCt"l core2!" 'tor. Ace2t 2t"-i" i -e!e -e t !o#te 3i 3c"t ) cl#2 2#" !o#te co 2tit"i o tem -e c#2B re#li'#t ) #i te# or&# i'rii mo'#ic"l"i. ,. (onstituirea grupurilor de e!peri% D"! ce #" !#rc"r2 3#'# -e l"cr" i -e!e -e tB eC!er+ii c" #cel#(i "mr 2e re" e2cB co 2tit"i - grupe de e!peri !e tr" # -e'8#te !ro8lem# )m!re" . A2t3elB c"r2# +ii c" "mr"l 1B !r2e2c ecEi!ele -e ) *+#re i i+i#le (i 2e #-" l# o m#2 !e tr" # #!ro3" -# 2"87tem# c" "mr"l 1. L# 3el !roce-e#' (i ceil#l+i c"r2# +i c" "merele %B ,B / 2#" 5. D#c &r"!"l -e eC!er+i #re m#i m"lt -e 4 mem8riB #ce2t# 2e -i*i'e#' ) -o" &r"!e m#i mici. &a$a discuiilor n grupul de e!peri: C"r2# +ii !re'i t " raport individual #2"!r# # cee# ce #" 2t"-i#t i -e!e -e t. A" loc -i2c"+ii !e 8#'# -#telor (i # m#teri#lelor #*"te l# -i2!o'i+ieB 2e #-#"& eleme te oi (i 2e 2t#8ile(te mo-#lit#te# ) c#re oile c" o(ti +e *or 3i tr# 2mi2e (i celorl#l+i mem8rii -i ecEi!# i i+i#l.
34

Nec"l#"B A.G <o c"B 5.B ;Per2!ecti*e !2iEo2oci#le i e-"c#+ie H Coo!er#re (i com!eti+ie= ) Cre &"+# O!re#B "trategii didactice interactive, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic 2i Pe-#&o&icB %II4.

30

:iec#re c"r2# t e2te mem8r" ) tr7" &r"! -e eC!er+i (i 3#ce !#rte -i tr7o ecEi! -e ) *+#re. Di !" ct -e *e-ere #l #r# 1#me t"l"i 3i'icB me2ele -e l"cr" #le &r"!"rilor -e eC!er+i tre8"ie !l#2#te ) -i3erite loc"ri #le 2lii -e cl#2B !e tr" # " 2e -er# 1# reci!roc. 6co!"l com" #l 3iecr"i &r"! -e eC!er+i e2te 2 2e i 2tr"i#2c cAt m#i 8i eB #*A - re2!o 2#8ilit#te# !ro!riei ) *+ri (i # !re-rii (i ) *+rii cole&ilor -i ecEi!# i i+i#l. /. 2entoarcerea n echipa iniial de nvare. &a$a raportului de echip% EC!er+ii tr# 2mit c" o2ti +ele #2imil#teB re+i A - l# rA -"l lor c" o(ti +ele !e c#re le tr# 2mit cole&ii lorB eC!er+i ) #lte 2"87teme. 0o-#lit#te# -e tr# 2mitere tre8"ie 2 3ie 2c"rtB co ci2B #tr#cti*B !"tA - 3i ) 2o+it -e 2"!ort"ri #"-io7*i'"#leB -i*er2e m#teri#le. 6!eci#li(tii ) tr7o 2"87tem !ot -emo 2tr# o i-eeB citi " r#!ortB 3olo2i com!"ter"lB !ot il"2tr# i-eile c" #1"tor"l -i#&r#melorB -e2e elorB 3oto&r#3iilor. 0em8rii 2" t 2tim"l#+i 2 -i2c"teB 2 !" ) tre8ri (i 27(i ote'eB 3iec#re re#li'A -"7(i !ro!ri"l !l# -e i-ei. 5. Evaluarea &a$a demonstraiei% ?r"!ele !re'i t re'"lt#tele ) tre&ii cl#2e. #ce2t mome t c"r2# +ii 2" t &#t# 2 -emo 2tre'e ce #" ) *+#t. Pro3e2or"l !o#te !" e ) tre8riB !o#te cere " r#!ort 2#" " e2e" ori !o#te -# 2!re re'ol*#re 3iecr"i c"r2# t o 3i( -e e*#l"#re. D#c 2e rec"r&e l# e*#l"#re# or#lB #t" ci 3iecr"i c"r2# t i 2e *# #-re2# o ) tre8#re l# c#re tre8"ie 2 r2!" - 3r #1"tor"l ecEi!ei. 3vanta@ele 4igsaE-ului% 6tr#te&i# mo'#ic"l"i e2te 3oc#li'#t !e -e'*olt#re# c#!#cit+ilor -e ascultare, vor#ire, cooperare, reflectare, gndire creativ i re$olvare de pro#leme. A2t3elB c"r2# +ii tre8"ie 2 #2c"lte #cti* com" icrile cole&ilorB 2 3ie c#!#8ili 2 eC!" cee# ce #" ) *+#tB 2 coo!ere'e ) re#li'#re# 2#rci ilorB 2 &2e#2c ce# m#i !otri*it c#le !e tr" #7i ) *+# (i !e cole&ii lor cee# ce #" 2t"-i#t. E2e +i#l !e tr" #ce#2t mo-#lit#te -e 2tr"ct"r#re # tr#*#li"l"i cl#2ei e2te i ter-e!e -e +# -i tre mem8rii &r"!"l"iB c#re7i 2tim"le#' 2 coo!ere'e. 6#rci # com" " !o#te 3i ) -e!li it -ecAt -#c 3iec#re c"r2# t )(i #-"ce co tri8"+i#. 0eto-# c"!ri -e #cti*it+i ce *i'e#' ) trire# coe'i" ii &r"!"rilorB #melior#re# com" icrii (i -e'*olt#re# c#!#cit+ii -e # 3#cilit# #cEi'i+io #re# c" o(ti +elor -e ctre cole&i. Pri i terme-i"l ei 2e # iEile#' te -i +# -e i 2tit"ire # " or ier#rEii ) &r"!"riB ) tr"cAt c"r2# +ii c" 2t#t"2 ) #lt (i c" #8ilit+i -eo2e8ite ) *#+ -e l# ceil#l+i ) #cee#(i m2"r ) c#re ei )(i #1"t cole&ii 2 ) +ele#& (i 27(i ) 2"(e#2c o 2"87tem.
31

Tre8"ie 2 rem#rcm c#lit#te# meto-ei &r"!"rilor i ter-e!e -e te -e # # iEil# m# i3e2t#re# efectului 2ingelmann. JLe e# 2oci#l=B c"m 2e m#i "me(te #ce2t e3ectB #!#re c" -eo2e8ire #t" ci cA - i -i*i-"l )(i im#&i e#' c !ro!ri# co tri8"+ie l# 2#rci # -e &r"! " !o#te 3i 2t#8ilit c" !reci'ie. I ter-e!e -e +# -i tre mem8rii (i i -i*i-"#li'#re# #!ort"l"i 3#c -i meto-# Ki&2#R " reme-i" 2i&"r )m!otri*# #ce2t"i e3ect.=,5 *eto,! tiu/Vreau s tiu/Am nvat E2te o meto- ce "rmre(te co (tie ti'#re# c"r2# +ilor ) le&t"r c" !ro!ri# lor #cti*it#te -e c" o#(tereB re2!ecti* 2tim"l#re# #8ilit+ilor met#co& iti*e (i # &A -irii critice. ?A -ire# critic " e2te o m#terie -e 2t"-i"B ci e2te " !ro-"2B e2te " i*el l# c#re #1" &e &A -ire# o#2tr ) mome t"l ) c#re &A -im critic -i o8i( "i +B c# mo-#lit#te 3ire#2c -e i ter#c+i" e c" i-eile (i i 3orm#+iile !e c#re le !rimim 2#" le -e2co!erim. #cel#(i tim!B e2te " !roce2 c#re #re loc #t" ci cA - cel c#re ) *#+ )(i !" e ) tre8ri -e &e "l: JCe 2em i3ic#+ie #" #ce2te i 3orm#+ii !e tr" mi eU;B JC"m !ot 2 3olo2e2c #ce2te i 3orm#+iiU;B JC"m !ot le&# #ce2te c" o(ti +e -e cee# ce (ti#m -i #i teU;B JC#re #r !"te# 3i co 2eci +ele #!licrii #ce2tor i-eiB !e tr" mi e (i !e tr" ceil#l+iU;B JCe cre- e" -e2!re #2t#U;B JCe # "me !ot 3#ce ) #lt 3el #c"mB cA - -e+i #ce#2t i 3orm#+ieU;B JC"m 2" t #3ect#te co *i &erile mele -e #ce2te i-eiU;. C" &r"!# -e c"r2# +iB l# ) ce!"t"l 2emi #r"l"i 2e trece ) re*i2t cee# ce c"r2# +ii (ti" -e1# -e2!re o # "mit temB 3ie c #" #3l#t -i !rele&ere# !e c#re #" #"-i#t7o l# tem# re2!ecti*B 3ie c #" -o8A -it !ri 2t"-i" i -i*i-"#l 2#" -i eC!eri +# -e *i#+ # terio#r. :iec#re c"r2# t )(i ote#' ) !rim# r"8ric # t#8el"l"i i-eile cele m#i im!ort# te !e c#re le7# re+i "t l# 2"8iect"l re2!ecti*. A!oi li 2e cere 2 3orm"le'e ) tre8riB !reoc"!riB c"rio'it+i !er2o #le ) le&t"r c" #cel 2"8iectB l# c#re 2e #(te#!t 2 &2e#2c r2!" 2"ri (i le ote#' ) # -o"# r"8ric # t#8el"l"i. 6emi #r"l *# -ec"r&e ) co ti "#re !ri -i*er2e meto-eB #le2e ) 3" c+ie -e co +i "tB -e o8iecti*eB -e c#r#cteri2ticile c"r2# +ilor etc. D-i2c"+ie colecti*B #cti*it+i !e &r"!eB ) *+#re !ri -e2co!erireB 1oc -e rol etc.F. L# 23Ar(it"l 2emi #r"l"i 2e *# cere c"r2# +ilor 2 ote'e ) # trei# r"8ric # t#8el"l"i i-eile cele m#i im!ort# te !e c#re le7#" #3l#t ) or# re2!ecti*. 5ti" Vre#" 2 (ti" Am ) *+#t

Pri tr7o -i2c"+ie 3ro t#lB !ro3e2or"l !o#te 2 #3le ) ce m2"r #cti*it#te# -e23("r#t # core2!" 2 -ori +elor (i i tere2elor c"r2# +ilorB !o#te 2 o8+i
35

Nec"l#"B A.G <o c"B 5te3# B ;Per2!ecti*e !2iEo2oci#le i e-"c#+ie H Coo!er#re (i com!eti+ie= ) Cre &"+# O!re#B "trategii didactice interactive, E-it"r# Di-#ctic 2i Pe-#&o&icB <"c"re(tiB %II4.

32

2"&e2tii le&#te -e co +i "t"rile ce !ot 3i #8or-#te "lteriorB !o#te 2 3#c recom# -ri c"r2# +ilorB le&#te -e mo-#lit+ile !ri c#re #ce(ti# *or &2i r2!" 2"ri l# !ro8lemele c#re )i !reoc"!. A2t3elB 3ee-8#cO7"l ime-i#t #2i&"r !remi2ele #meliorrii #cti*it+ii -i-#ctice ) 3" c+ie -e ece2it+ile e-"c#+io #le #le c"r2# +ilor. 3r p l ,e pro, c&ie+4 E2te o meto- "tili'#8il ) co teCte e-"c#+io #le c#re 2olicit el#8or#re# co cret # " "i i 2tr"me t -e l"cr"B # " "i teCtB # " "i !ro&r#m -e #c+i" e etc. Po#te 3i 3olo2itB c" !rec-ereB ) #cti*it+i -e #telier 2#"B e*e t"#lB ) #cti*it+i -e l#8or#torB c# 3orm -e or&# i'#re # #cti*it+ii -e ) *+#re. De #2eme e# 2e !o#te "tili'# #ce#2t meto- ) 2i2tem"l #lter # +eiB c# 2ec*e +# -e #cti*it#te co cret. Ace#2t meto- 2e "tili'e#' ) c#-r"l " "i &r"! c#re: !o#te l"cr# )m!re" G #re ce*# co cret -e re#li'#tG !o#te l"cr# !ri #lter # +# -i tre 3#'ele -e #cEi'i+ie # " or c" o(ti +e ece2#re (i 3#'ele -e eCec"+ie !ro!ri"7'i2G #*# 2e#' ) re'ol*#re# 2#rci ii ) tr7o !ro&re2ie ce e2te 2imil#r c" re'ol*#re# -e !ro8leme 2#" c" co 2tr"c+i# !roiectelorB !" A - #cce t !e: 7 -i#& o2ticG 7 -elimit#re# o8iecti*elorG 7 !l# i3ic#re# #c+i" ii (i re!#rti'#re# rol"rilorG 7 !ilot#1"l #c+i" iiG 7 e*#l"#re# re'"lt#telor. Ace#2t meto- #re -o" o8iecti*e !ri ci!#le: " "l e2te le&#t -e !ro-"cere# !ro!ri"7'i2 # ce*# co cretB 3orm"l#t c# 2#rci D" o8iect 2#" co -"cere# " ei #c+i" iFB i#r #lt"l e2te le&#t -e 3orm#reB #-ic -e 3orm#re# " or c#!#cit+i c# 8#' # -e'*oltrii " or com!ete +e D-e # # #li'# o !ro8lemB -e # or&# i'# o #c+i" eB -e # co 3r" t# (i com!#r# !" cte -e *e-ereB -e # #c+io # ) &r"! (i #"to om etcF. Pro3e2or"l " tr# 2mite c" o(ti +e ci !ro!" e -o#r meto-e -e l"cr"B !e tr" #cti*i'#re# c"r2# +ilorB #com!# i#' #cti*it#te# -e c"t#re # &r"!"l"iB co 2ili#' l# e*oieB 3#ce rel#+ii ) tre teorie (i !r#ctic etc. El e2te " mem8r" #l &r"!"l"iB coor-o #re# 3ii - im!licitB -e #2eme e# 3#ce !o2i8il # #li'# (i re3lec+i# 3i #l #2"!r# mo-"l"i -e l"cr". Are &ri1 2 !2tre'e mere" ) #te +ie #m8ele l#t"ri #le o8iecti*"l"i "rmrit. :ii - o meto- #cti*B c"r2# t"l e2te # tre #t 2 #c+io e'e !e tr" # re#li'# 2#rci # &r"!"l"iB re'ol*A -"7(i 2#rci # !ro!rie 2i &"r 2#" ) col#8or#re
36

Nic"le2c"B R.B &ormarea formatorilor, <"c"re2tiB E-it"r# AllB %III.

33

) tr7" micro&r"!B ) *#+ -i cEi#r mo-"l -e re'ol*#re # !ro8lemelor c" c#re 2e co 3r" t. Pe tr" c# ) *+#re# 2 3ie com!let el tre8"ie 2 3ie co (tie t -e 3iec#re !#2 3c"tB -e !o2i8ile 2"cce2e (i -e eroriB -e #lter #ti*e l# 2ol"+iile &2ite. D"! re'ol*#re# 2#rci iiB &r"!"l tre8"ie 2 #cor-e " tim! # #li'ei (i re3lec+iei #2"!r# mo-"l"i ) c#re # l"cr#t. uncte forte ale metodei% Ac+i" e# re#l -e !ro-"cere # ce*# co cret #re *#le +e 3orm#ti*e m"lt m#i e*i-e te -ecAt orice #lt 3orm"l -e ) *+#re. N" !o#te 3i 3olo2it c# 2i &"r meto-B !e tr" c ece2it "tili'#re# (i # #ltor meto-e com!leme t#reB -#r 3r #ce#2t# ici o meto-olo&ie " !o#te 3i com!let. 7imite% 0eto-# ece2it " co teCt 3#*or#8il 8" ei -e23("rriB 3r -e c#re ici " # -i tre *#le +e " i 2e !ot !" e ) *#lo#re. Pre'e +# c#-r"l"i -i-#cticB c#re #re &ri1 !erm# e t 2 " 2e re-"c tot"l l# !rim# !#rte # o8iecti*"l"iB #2i&"r -e23("r#re# -e ctre !#rtici!# +i # " or #cti*it+i i telect"#le i te 2eB c# !#rte #82ol"t ece2#rB -#c 2e -ore(te c# 2 3ie o meto- -e 3orm#re re#l. *eto,! lriilor g!n"itoare#$ J)ac interprete$i rolul unui gnditor, chiar vei deveni unul$=,> E2te o teE ic i ter#cti*B -e 2tim"l#re # cre#ti*it+ii !#rtici!# +ilorB c#re 2e 8#'e#' !e i ter!ret#re# -e rol"ri ) 3" c+ie -e !lri# #le#2. ECi2t 4 plrii gnditoare, 3iec#re #*A - #lt c"lo#re: #l8B ro("B &#l8e B *er-eB #l8#2tr" (i e&r". 0em8rii &r"!"l"i )(i #le& !lriile (i *or i ter!ret# #2t3el rol"l !reci2B #(# c"m co 2i-er m#i 8i e. Rol"rile 2e !ot i *er2#B !#rtici!# +ii 2" t li8eri 2 2!" ce &A -e2cB -#r 2 3ie ) #cor- c" rol"l !e c#re )l 1o#c. C"lo#re# !lriei e2te ce# c#re -e3i e(te rol"l. A2t3el: lria al#% 7 o3er o !ri*ire o8iecti* #2"!r# i 3orm#+iilorG 7 e2te e"trG 7 e2te co ce tr#t !e 3#!te o8iecti*e (i !e im#&i i cl#reG 7 2t 2"8 2em "l &A -irii o8iecti*e. lria roie% 7 - 3rA" li8er im#&i #+iei (i 2e time telorG 7 o3er o !er2!ecti* emo+io #l #2"!r# e*e ime telorG 7 ro(" !o#te ) 2em # (i 2"!r#re# 2#" 3"ri#G 7 -e2ct"(e#' 2trile #3ecti*e. lria neagr% 7 eC!rim !r"-e +#B &ri1#B #*erti2me t"lB 1"-ec#t#G
37 38

Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc#!4.!-3B !#&. .. E-R#r- -e <o o ) Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc#!4.!-3G

34

7 o3er o !e2!ecti* ) t" eco#2B tri2tB 2"m8r #2"!r# 2it"#+iei ) -i2c"+ieG 7 e2te !er2!ecti*# &A -irii e&#ti*eB !e2imi2te. lria gal#en% 7 o3er o !e2!ecti* !o'iti* (i co 2tr"cti* #2"!r# 2it"#+ieiG 7 c"lo#re# &#l8e 2im8oli'e#' l"mi # 2o#rel"iB 2trl"cire#B o!timi2m"lG 7 e2te &A -ire# o!timi2tB co 2tr"cti* !e " 3" -#me t lo&ic. lria verde% 7 eC!rim i-eile oiB 2tim"lA - &A -ire# cre#ti*G 7 e2te *er-ele !ro#2!t #l ier8iiB #l *e&et#+ieiB #l #8" -e +eiG 7 e2te 2im8ol"l 3ertilit+iiB #l &ermi #+iei 2emi +elorB #l !ro-"c+iei -e i-ei oiB i o*#to#re. lria al#astr% 7 eC!rim co trol"l !roce2"l"i -e &A -ireG 7 #l8#2tr" e receB e c"lo#re# cer"l"i c#re e2te -e#2"!r# t"t"rorB #tot*'tor (i #totc" o2ctorG 7 2"!r#*e&Ee#' (i -iri1e#' 8" "l mer2 #l #cti*it+iiG 7 #re !reoc"!#re# -e # co trol# (i -e # or&# i'#G P#rtici!# +ii tre8"ie 2 c" o#2c 3o#rte 8i e 2em i3ic#+i# 3iecrei c"lori (i 27(i re!re'i te 3iec#re !lrieB &A -i - -i !er2!ecti*# ei. N" !lri# ) 2i e co te#'B ci cee# ce 2em i3ic e#B cee# ce i -"ce c"lo#re# 3iecrei#. Cele 4 plrii gnditoare !ot 3i !ri*ite ) !erecEi: Plri# #l8 H !lri# ro(ieG Plri# e#&r H !lri# &#l8e G Plri# *er-e H !lri# #l8#2tr. (um tre#uie s se comporte cel care FpoartG una din cele 0 plrii gnditoare% lria al# H re'"m#t: Cel ce !o#rt !lri# #l8 tre8"ie 27(i im#&i e'e " com!"ter c#re o3er i 3orm#+ii (i im#&i i #t" ci cA - #ce2te# i 2e cer. C#lc"l#tor"l e2te e"tr" (i o8iecti*. N" o3er i ter!retri (i o!i ii. CA - J!o#rt= !lri# #l8B &A -itor"l tre8"ie 2 imite com!"ter"l: 2 2e co ce tre'e 2trict !e !ro8lem# -i2c"t#tB ) mo- o8iecti* (i 2 rel#te'e eC#ct -#tele. ?A -itor"l !lriei #l8e e2te -i2ci!li #t (i -irect. Al8"l D#82e +# c"loriiF i -ic e"tr#lit#te#. lria roie H re'"m#t: P"rtA - !lri# ro(ieB &A -itor"l !o#te 2!" e #(#: J 3a simt eu n legtur cuHG Ace#2t !lrie le&itime#' emo+iile (i 2e time teleB c# !#rte i te&r# t # &A -irii. E# 3#ce !o2i8il *i'"#li'#re#B eC!rim#re lor. Plri# ro(ie !ermite &A -itor"l"i 2 eC!lore'e 2e time tele celorl#l+i !#rtici!# +i l# -i2c"+ieB ) tre8A -"7i c#re e2te !rere# lor J-i !er2!ecti*#
35

!lriei ro(ii=B #-ic -i !" ct -e *e-ere emo+io #l (i #3ecti*. Cel ce !ri*e(te -i #ce#2t !er2!ecti* " tre8"ie 27(i 1"2ti3ice 3eeli &7"rile (i ici 2 &2e#2c eC!lic#+ii lo&ice !e tr" #ce2te#. lria neagr H re'"m#t: E2te !lri# -e #*erti2me tB co ce tr#t ) 2!eci#l !e #!reciere# e&#ti* # l"cr"rilor. ?A -itor"l !lriei e&re !" cte#' ce e2te r"B i corect (i c#re 2" t erorile. EC!lic ce " 2e !otri*e(te (i -e ce ce*# " mer&eB c#re 2" t ri2c"rileB !ericoleleB &re(elile -emer2"rilor !ro!"2e. N" e2te o #r&"me t#reB ci o ) cerc#re o8iecti* -e # e*i-e +i# eleme tele e&#ti*e. 6e !ot 3olo2i 3orm"lri e&#ti*eB -e &e "l: J )ar dac nu se potrivete cuH5G I*u numai c nu merge, dar nici nuHG ?A -itor"l " eC!rim 2e time te e&#ti*eB #ce2te# #!#r+i A - !lriei ro(iiB -"! c"m #!recierile !o'iti*e 2" t l2#te !lriei &#l8e e. c#'"l " or i-ei oiB !lri# &#l8e tre8"ie 3olo2it ) #i te# !lriei e&re. lria gal#en H re'"m#t: E2te 2im8ol"l &A -irii !o'iti*e (i co 2tr"cti*eB #l o!timi2m"l"i. 6e co ce tre#' #2"!r# #!recierilor !o'iti*eB #(# c"m !e tr" !lri# e#&r er#" 2!eci3ice cele e&#ti*e. EC!rim 2!er# +#B #re ) *e-ere 8e e3iciileB *#lo#re# i 3orm#+iilor (i # 3#!telor -#te. ?A -itor"l !lriei &#l8e e l"!t !e tr" # &2i 2"!ort"ri lo&ice (i !r#ctice !e tr" #ce2te 8e e3icii (i *#lori. O3er 2"&e2tiiB !ro!" eri co crete (i cl#re. Cere " e3ort -e &A -ire m#i m#re. <e e3iciile " 2" t 2e2i'#te ) tot-e#" # r#!i- (i tre8"ie c"t#te. I-eile cre#ti*e o3erite 2"8 !lri# *er-e !ot co 2tit"i m#teri#l -e 2t"-i" 2"8 !lri# &#l8e . N" 2e re3er l# cre#re# -e oi i-ei 2#" 2ol"+iiB #ce2te# 3ii - -ome i"l !lriei *er'i. lria verde H re'"m#t: 6im8oli'e#' &A -ire# cre#ti*. Ver-ele eC!rim 3ertilit#te#B re #(tere#B *#lo#re# 2emi +elor. C"t#re# #lter #ti*elor e2te #2!ect"l 3" -#me t#l #l &A -irii 2"8 !lri# *er-e. E2te 3olo2it !e tr" # #1" &e l# oi co ce!te (i oi !erce!+iiB oi *#ri# teB oi !o2i8ilit+i. ?A -ire# l#ter#l e2te 2!eci3ic #ce2t"i ti! -e !lrie. Cere " e3ort -e cre#+ie. lria al#astr H re'"m#t: E2te !lri# re2!o 2#8il c" co trol"l -emer2"rilor -e23("r#te. E &A -ire# -e2!re &A -ire# e*oit 2 eC!lore'e 2"8iect"l. Plri# #l8#2tr e2te -iri1or"l orcEe2trei (i cere #1"tor"l celorl#lte !lrii. ?A -itor"l !lriei #l8#2tre -e3i e(te !ro8lem# (i co -"ce ) tre8rileB reco ce tre#' i 3orm#+iile !e !#rc"r2"l #cti*it+ii (i 3orm"le#' i-eile !ri ci!#le (i co cl"'iile l# 23Ar(it. 0o itori'e#' 1oc"l (i #re ) *e-ere re2!ect#re# re&"lilor. Re'ol* co 3lictele (i i 2i2t !e co 2tr"ire# -emer2"l"i &A -irii.
36

I ter*i e -i cA - ) cA - (i -e #2eme i l# 23Ar(it. Po#te 2 #tr#& #te +i# celorl#lte !lriiB -#r !ri 2im!le i ter1ec+ii. CEi#r -#c #re rol"l co -"ctorB e2te !ermi2 oricrei !lrii 27i #-re2e'e come t#rii (i 2"&e2tii. (um se folosete aceast metod% 6e )m!#rt cele 4 plrii gnditoare c"r2# +ilor (i 2e o3er c#'"l 2"!"2 -i2c"+iei !e tr" c# 3iec#re 27(i !re&te#2c i-eile. Plri# !o#te 3i !"rt#t i -i*i-"#l H (i #t" ci c"r2# t"l re2!ecti* )i ) -e!li e(te rol"l H 2#" m#i m"l+i c"r2# +i !ot r2!" -e 2"8 #cee#(i !lrie. #ce2t c#'B c"r2# +ii &r"!"l"i c#re i ter!rete#' rol"l " ei plrii gnditoare coo!ere#' ) #2i&"r#re# celei m#i 8" e i ter!retri. Ei !ot !"rt# 3iec#re cAte o !lrie -e #cee#(i c"lo#reB 3ii co (tie +i -e 3#t"l c: J lria al#astr K clarificL J lria al# K informea$L J lria verde K generea$ ideile noiL J lria gal#en K aduce #eneficiiL J lria neagr K identific greelileL J lria roie K spune ce simte. (um funcionea$ aceast metod n ca$ul re$olvrii de pro#leme% 7 lria al#astr% -e3i e(te !ro8lem#G 7 lria al#% o3er i 3orm#+iile (i m#teri#lele -i2!o i8ile ) le&t"r c" !ro8lem# -i2c"t#tG 7 lria verde% *i'e#' 2ol"+iile !o2i8ileG 7 lria gal#en% #re ) *e-ere !o2i8ilit+ile re#le -e re#li'#re # 2ol"+iilor !ro!"2eG 7 lria neagr% e*i-e +i#' 2l8ici" ile 3iecrei 2ol"+ii -#te !ro!"2eG 7 lria al#% le#& 2ol"+iile -e i 3orm#+iile -i2!o i8ileB r2!" 'A - l# ) tre8ri -e &e "l: JA" 2ol"+iile !ro!"2e o 8#' i 3orm#+io #lU=G 7 lria roie% 2tim"le#' !#rtici!# +ii 2 r2!" - l# ) tre8ri -e &e "l: JCe 2im+i+i ) le&t"r c" 2ol"+iile !ro!"2eU=G 7 lria al#astr% #le&e 2ol"+i# corect (i trece m#i -e!#rte. lriile gnditoare !ot 3i !"rt#te !e rA - -e !#rtici!# +i 2#" to+i 2"8iec+ii # tre #+i ) -i2c"+ie !ot 3i 2"8 #cee#(i !lrie ) #cel#(i tim!. A2t3el 2e !ot 3olo2i 3orm"le -e &e "l: J9ai s ncercm i plria verde. (utm idei noi.G 2#" J" lsm plria neagr, s-o pro#m pe cea gal#enG. Ci e*# c#re " e2te ) cA t#t -e i-e# !"2 ) -i2c"+ieB " 3#ce ici " e3ort 2 &2e#2c eleme te !e tr" -e'*olt#re# ei. Utili'A - teE ic# plriilor gnditoare, &A -itor"l e2te !ro*oc#t 2 2cEim8e !lriileB 3#cilitA -"72e #2t3el !o2i8ilit#te# -e eC!rim#reB -eo#rece " e2te co 2trA 2 2 #i8 -o#r o 2i &"r !er2!ecti*. O !er2o# e t"'i#2m#t -e i-ee e2te r"&#t c# 2"8 !lri# e#&rB 2 c#"te -i3ic"lt+ileB e#1" 2"rile. U ele !er2o# e 2" t e&#ti*i2te m#i tot tim!"l. C" 2i2tem"l plriilor gnditoare eCi2t oc#'i# -e # 3i e&#ti*i2t l# " mome t -#t D2"8 !lri#
37

e#&rFB i#r ) #lt mome t 2 re " +e l# e&#ti*i2mB ) cercA - o #lt !lrie D!er2!ecti*F verde, -e eCem!l". 3vanta@ele metodei lriilor gnditoare% 7 2tim"le#' cre#ti*it#te# !#rtici!# +ilorB &A -ire# colecti* (i i -i*i-"#lG 7 -e'*olt c#!#cit+ile 2oci#le #le !#rtici!# +ilorB -e i tercom" ic#re (i toler# + reci!rocB -e re2!ect !e tr" o!i i# cel"il#ltG 7 ) c"r#1e#' (i eCer2e#' c#!#cit#te# -e com" ic#re # &A -itorilorG 7 -e'*olt com!ete +ele i teli&e +ei li &*i2ticeB i teli&e +ei lo&ice (i i teli&e +ei i ter!er2o #leG 7 e2te o teE ic "(or -e 3olo2itB #!lic#8il " ei l#r&i c#te&orii -e *Ar2teG 7 !o#te 3i 3olo2it ) -i3erite -ome ii -e #cti*it#te (i -i2ci!li eG 7 e2te o 2tr#te&ie met#co& iti*B ce ) c"r#1e#' i -i*i'ii 2 !ri*e#2c co ce!tele -i -i3erite !er2!ecti*eG 7 -etermi (i #cti*e#' com" ic#re# (i c#!#cit#te# -e # l"# -eci'iiG 7 ) c"r#1e#' &A -ire# l#ter#lB &A -ire# co 2tr"cti*B com!leC (i com!letG :iec#re plrie gnditoare re!re'i t " mo- -e &A -ireB o3eri - o !ri*ire #2"!r# informaiilor, sentimentelor, @udecilor, atitudinii po$itive, creativitii, controlului. tr7o ) tr" ire 2erio#2B o#me ii 2e !re2"!" e c " !" !e !rim"l !l# emo+iileB -#r -e 3#!t ei le -e&Ei'e#' ) #r&"me te #!#re t lo&ice. TeE ic# plriilor gnditoare o3er !o2i8ilit#te# !#rtici!# +ilor c#re !o#rt !lri# ro(ie 27(i eCteriori'e'e -irect emo+iileB 2e time teleB i t"i+iileB 3r #lte eC!lic#+iiB l"cr" c" o2c"t -e to+i ceil#l+i mem8rii #i &r"!"l"i. E2te im!ort# t 2 !o+i 2 com" ici cee# ce 2im+i -e2!re ce*# # "meB 3r # o3e 2# !e ime i (i 3r # te 2im+i 2tA 1e it. lria neagr e2te *#loro#2 !e tr" # e*it# &re(elile. P#rtici!# +ii e t"'i#2m#+i l# -i2c"+iiB !ot 3i r"&#+i l# " mome t -#t 27(i !" !lri# e#&r D2#" 2 !ri*e#2c -i #ce2t !" ct -e *e-ereF. D#c 2e i 2i2t !e !er2!ecti*# e&#ti*B e 3o#re "(or -e J"ci2 ) 3#(= i-eile cre#ti*e. Plri# e#&r tre8"ie 3olo2it m#i 8i e -"! ce 27# 3olo2it !lri# *er-e (i #!oi 2 3ie "rm#t -e plria gal#en. tr7o -i2c"+ie o8i( "itB -e o8iceiB 2"8iect"l A #re o !rere -i3erit -e 2"8iect"l <. :iec#re c#"t 27(i #r&"me te'e !ro!ri# !rereB -e m"lte ori 3r # m# i3e2t# c#!#cit#te em!#tic. TeE ic# celor 4 plriilor gnditoare o3er !o2i8ilit#te# t"t"ror !#rtici!# +ilor l# -i2c"+ii -e # 3i l# " mome t -#t -e #cee#(i !#rte # 8#ric#-eiB !"rtA - #cee#(i !lrie. Di2c"+i# -e*i e #2t3el co 2tr"cti* (i e3ectele 2e *- ime-i#t. A2t3elB #tAt 2"8iect"l A cAt (i 2"8iect"l <B !ot !"rt# l# " mome t -#t !lri# e#&rB ) #cel#(i tim!B !e tr" # -e2co!eri !ericoleleB -e3ecteleB li!2"rileB e#1" 2"rile !ro8lemei !"2 ) -i2c"+ie. A!oiB #m8ii !ot !"rt# plria gal#en !e tr" # eC!lor# 8e e3iciileB 2cEim8A -7o #!oi c" ce# verde !e tr" # 3i -e2cEi(i t"t"ror
38

*#ri# telor. loc 2 &A -e#2c ) co tr#-ictori"B 2e -e'*olt o eC!lor#re 8#'#t !e coo!er#re. E2te #-e*r#t c " ii o#me i 2" t m#i 8" i -ecAt #l+ii ) tr7" # "mit mo- -e &A -ireB ori 2e 2imt m#i co 3ort#8il 2"8 o # "mit !lrieB -#r tre8"ie 2!eci3ic#t c !lriile color#te " eticEete#' !e ime i D-e eCem!l": J1onescu este gnditorul negru al grupului$= etc.F. E2te eC#ct o!"2"l 2co!"l"i #ce2tei meto-e. Im!ort# t e2te c# 3iec#re !#rtici!# t 2 3#c e3ort"l -e # 3olo2i to#te !lriile. TeE ic# plriilor gnditoare e2te 3olo2it !e tr" # -etermi # i -i*i'ii 27(i 2cEim8e !er2!ecti*# -e &A -ireB 2 i# ) co 2i-er#+ie (i #lte !" cte -e *e-ere. *eto,! %c&im' perec&ea 5S1!re6P!ir Circle/7+8 6E#re H P#ir Circle2 e2te o meto- -e l"cr" !e !erecEi. 6e )m!#rte cl#2# ) -o" &r"!e e&#le c# "mr -e !#rtici!# +i. 6e 3orme#' -o" cerc"ri co ce triceB c"r2# +ii 3ii - 3#+ ) 3#+ !e !erecEi. Pro3e2or"l #-re2e#' o ) tre8#re 2#" - o 2#rci -e l"cr" ) !erecEi. :iec#re !erecEe -i2c"t (i #!oi com" ic i-eile. Cerc"l -i eCterior 2e rote(te ) 2e 2"l #celor -e ce#2or icB re#li'A -"72e #2t3el 2cEim8#re# !#rte erilor ) !erecEe. C"r2# +ii #" #2t3el !o2i8ilit#te# -e # l"cr# c" 3iec#re mem8r" #l cl#2ei. :iec#re 2e im!lic ) #cti*it#te (i )(i #-"ce co tri8"+i# l# re'ol*#re# 2#rci ii. Etapele% 1. Etapa organi$rii colectivului n dou grupe egale. :iec#re c"r2# t oc"! " 2c#" B 3ie ) cerc"l -i i teriorB 3ie ) cerc"l eCterior. Pro3e2or"l !o#te 2 l#2e c"r2# +ilor li8ert#te# -e #7(i #le&e loc"l 2#" !o#te or&# i'# colecti*"l !" A - c"r2# +ii 2 "mere -i -oi ) -oi. A2t3elB cei c" "mr"l 1 2e *or #(e'# ) cerc"l i terior c" 3#+# l# eCteriorB i#r cei c" "mr"l % ) cerc"l eCterior c" 3#+# ctre c"r2# +ii -i cerc"l i terior. 6tA 3#+ ) 3#+B 3iec#re c"r2# t #re " !#rte er. D#c "mr"l -e c"r2# +i e2te im!#rB l# #cti*it#te !o#te !#rtici!# (i c#-r"l -i-#ctic 2#" -oi c"r2# +i !ot l"cr# ) t# -em. %. Etapa pre$entrii i e!plicrii pro#lemei: Pro3e2or"l o3er c#'"rile !e tr" 2t"-i"B !ro8lemele -e re'ol*#t 2#" 2it"#+iile -i-#ctice (i eC!lic im!ort# +# 2ol"+io rii. ,. Etapa de lucru n perechi% C"r2# +ii l"cre#' -oi cAte -oi !e tr" cAte*# mi "te. A!oi c"r2# +ii -i cerc"l eCterior 2e m"t " loc m#i l# -re#!t# !e tr" # 2cEim8# !#rte eriiB re#li' - #2t3el o o" !erecEe. Koc"l 2e co ti " !A cA - 2e #1" &e l# !#rte erii i i+i#li 2#" 2e termi ) tre8rile. ,. Etapa anali$ei ideilor i a ela#orrii conclu$iilor:
39

Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc#!4.!-3B !#&. %1G

39

 #ce2t mome tB cl#2# 2e re&r"!e#' (i 2e # #li'e#' i-eile emi2e. Pro3e2or"l 3#ce )m!re" c" c"r2# +ii o 2cEem # co cl"'iilor o8+i "te. Teme de studiu% 7 6e !ot #-re2# c"r2# +ilor ) tre8ri c" r2!" 2"ri eli!tice c#re 2e *or com!let# !e rA - -e ctre 3iec#re !erecEeB i#r ) 3i #l 2e *or # #li'# to#te r2!" 2"rile (i 2e *or 3#ce corectri (i com!letriG 7 PerecEile !ot re'ol*# cAte o !ro8lem -e !e o 3i( -#t !A l# e!"i'#re# 2#rci iiB i#r ) 3i #l 2e *or citi re'ol*rile. 6e !o#te -# "rmto#re# com# - D-"! ce c"r2# +ii (i7#" oc"!#t loc"rile ) cerc"rile co ce triceF: JToi cursanii re$olv punctul nr. + din fi, timp de M minuteG. Are loc #!oi 2cEim8#re# !erecEilor (i 2e - "rmto#re# com# -: JToate perechile se concentrea$ la punctul nr. 2 din fiG (i #(# m#i -e!#rteB !A cA - 2e temi 3i(# -e l"cr". 6e re3#ce colecti*"l (i 2e # #li'e#' !e rA - r2!" 2"rile -#te. 3vanta@ele metodei "hare D air (ircles% 7 e2te o meto- i ter#cti* -e &r"!B c#re 2tim"le#' !#rtici!#re# t"t"ror c"r2# +ilor l# #cti*it#teG 7 c"r2# +ii #" !o2i8ilit#te# -e # l"cr# c" 3iec#re -i tre mem8rii colecti*"l"iG 7 2tim"le#' coo!er#re# ) ecEi!B #1"tor"l reci!rocB ) +ele&ere# (i toler# +# 3#+ -e o!i i# cel"il#ltG 7 e2te o meto- "(or -e #!lic#t l# orice *Ar2t (i #-#!t#8il oricr"i -ome i" (i o8iect -e ) *+mA tG 7 -e'*olt i teli&e +# lo&ico7m#tem#tic Dc#!#cit#te# -e # # #li'# lo&ic !ro8lemeleB -e # re#li'# o!er#+ii m#tem#tice (i # i *e2ti&# (tii +i3ic 2#rci ileB -e # 3#ce -e-"c+iiFB i teli&e +# i ter!er2o #l ce cree#' o!ort" it+i ) m" c# colecti*. *eto,! (rainstorming-9 <r#i 2tormi &7"l 2#" Je*#l"#re# #mA #t= ori J3"rt" # -e creiere= e2te o meto- i ter#cti* -e -e'*olt#re -e i-ei oi ce re'"lt -i -i2c"+iile !"rt#te ) tre m#i m"l+i !#rtici!# +iB ) c#-r"l crei# 3iec#re *i e c" o m"l+ime -e 2"&e2tii. Re'"lt#t"l #ce2tor -i2c"+ii 2e 2ol-e#' c" #le&ere# celei m#i 8" e 2ol"+ii -e re'ol*#re # 2it"#+iei -e'8t"te. C# meto- -e -i2c"+ie (i -e cre#+ie ) &r"!B 8r#i 2tormi &7"l D #rain X creierB storming X 3"rt" o2F # 3o2t 2i2tem#ti'#t ) 1./> -e ctre !ro3e2or"l -e l# U i*er2it#te# -i <"33#lo D6UAFB AleC# -er O28or . Re'"lt#tele eC!erime telor #" 3o2t !"8lic#te -e O28or ) 1.41 ) l"cr#re# 3pplied imagination. 0eto-# J#2#lt"l"i -e i-ei= 2#" Jc#2c#-# i-eilor= #re -re!t 2co! emitere# " "i "mr cAt m#i m#re -e 2ol"+iiB -e i-eiB !ri*i - mo-"l -e re'ol*#re # " ei
40

Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc#!4.!-3B !#&. %,.

40

!ro8lemeB ) 2!er# +# cB !ri com8i #re# lor 2e *# o8+i e 2ol"+i# o!tim. C#le# -e o8+i ere # #ce2tor i-ei e2te #cee# # 2tim"lrii cre#ti*it+ii ) c#-r"l &r"!"l"iB ) tr7o #tmo23er li!2it -e criticB ei Ei8#to#reB re'"lt#t #l #mA rii mome t"l"i e*#l"rii. Alt3el 2!"2B !#rtici!# +ii 2" t eli8er#+i -e orice co 2tA &eriB com" ic 3r te#m# c *or 2!" e ce*# &re(it 2#" e!otri*itB c#re *# 3i #!reci#t c# #t#re -e ctre ceil#l+i !#rtici!# +i. I tere2"l meto-ei e2te #cel# -e # -# 3rA" li8er im#&i #+ieiB # i-eilor eo8i( "ite (i ori&i #leB # !rerilor eco *e +io #leB !ro*ocA - o re#c+ie ) l# +B co 2tr"cti*B -e cre#re # Ji-eilor !e i-ei=. #ce2t 2e 2B o i-ee 2#" 2"&e2tieB #!#re t 3r le&t"r c" !ro8lem# ) -i2c"+ieB !o#te o3eri !remi2e #!#ri+iei #ltor i-ei -i !#rte# celorl#l+i !#rtici!# +i. <r# i2tormi &7"l 2e -e23(o#r ) c#-r"l " ei re" i" i 3orm#te -i r7" &r"! " 3o#rte m#re Dm#Cim ,I -e !er2o# eFB -e !re3eri + etero&e -i !" ct -e *e-ere #l !re&tirii (i #l oc"!#+iilorB 2"8 coor-o #re# " "i mo-er#torB c#re ) -e!li e(te rol"l #tAt -e # im#tor cAt (i -e me-i#tor. D"r#t# o!tim e2te -e %IH/5 -e mi "te. 6!eci3ic #ce2tei meto-e e2te (i 3#!t"l c e# c"!ri -e -o" mome te: " "l -e !ro-"cere # i-eilor (i #!oi mome t"l e*#l"rii #ce2tor# D3#'# #!recierilor criticeF. 2egulile de desfurare #le 8r#i 2tormi &7"l"i 2" t "rmto#rele: 7 c" o#(tere# !ro8lemei !"2 ) -i2c"+ie (i # ece2it+ii 2ol"+io rii eiB !e 8#'# eC!" erii cl#re (i co ci2e -i !#rte# mo-er#tor"l"i -i2c"+ieiG 7 2elec+io #re# c" #te +ie # !#rtici!# +ilor !e 8#'# !ri ci!i"l"i etero&e it+ii ) cee# ce !ri*e(te *Ar2t#B !re&tire#B 3r 2 eCi2te # ti!#tiiG 7 #2i&"r#re# " "i loc core2!" 'tor D3r '&omotFB 2!#+io2B l"mi o2B me it 2 cree'e o #tmo23er 2tim"l#ti*B !ro!ice -e2ct"(rii i-eilorG 7 #-mitere# (i cEi#r ) c"r#1#re# 3om"lrii -e i-ei oricAt -e eo8i( "iteB ) -r' e+eB l2A - 3rA" li8er im#&i #+iei !#rtici!# +ilorB 2!o t# eit+ii (i cre#ti*it+iiG 7 ) !rim# 3#'B #cce t"l e2te !"2 !e c# tit#teB !e 3orm"l#re# -e cAt m#i m"lte *#ri# te -e r2!" 2 (i cAt m#i -i*er2eG 7 e#-mitere# ici " "i 3el -e e*#l"riB #!recieriB criticiB 1"-ec+i -i !#rte# !#rtici!# +ilor 2#" # coor-o #tor"l"iB #2"!r# i-eilor e " +#teB oricAt -e e#(te!t#te #r 3i eleB !e tr" # " i Ei8# 2!o t# eit#te# (i # e*it# " 8loc#1 i telect"#lG 7 co 2tr"c+i# -e Ji-ei !e i-ei=B ) 2e 2"l cB " r2!" 2 !o#te !ro*oc# #2oci#+ii (i com8i #+ii !e tr" emitere# " "i o" -emer2 co& iti*7 i o*#ti*G 7 !ro&r#m#re# 2e2i" ii -e 8r#i 2tormi & ) !erio#-# cA - !#rtici!# +ii 2" t o-iE i+i (i -i2!"(i 2 l"cre'eG

41

7 ) re&i2tr#re# -i2cretB eC#ct (i com!let # -i2c"+iilor -e ctre o !er2o# -e2em #t 2!eci#l 2 ) -e!li e#2c #ce2t rol D2#" !e 8# -FB 3r # 2tA 1e i !#rtici!# +ii 2#" -er"l#re# -i2c"+ieiG 7 e*#l"#re# e2te 2"2!e -#t (i 2e *# re#li'# m#i tAr'i" -e ctre coor-o #torB c" 2#" 3r #1"tor"l !#rtici!# +ilorG 7 *#lori3ic#re# i-eilor ce !ro*i -"! !erio#-# -e Ji c"8#+ie= ) tr7o o" 2e2i" eB # -o"# 'i !#rtici!# +ii !"tA -"72e re) tAl iG Pe tr" # i i+i# o 2e2i" e -e 8r#i 2tormi &B C#meli# 9l#te (i 0iel" 9l#te !ro!" "rmto#rele et#!e (i 3#'e/1: 1. Et#!# -e !re&tire c#re c"!ri -e: #F 3#'# -e i *e2ti&#re (i -e 2elec+ie # mem8rilor &r"!"l"i cre#ti*G 8F 3#'# -e # tre #me t cre#ti*G cF 3#'# -e !re&tire # (e-i +elor -e l"cr"G %. Et#!# !ro-"cti*B -e emitere -e #lter #ti*e cre#ti*eB c#re c"!ri -e: #F 3#'# -e 2t#8ilire # temei -e l"cr"B # !ro8lemelor -e -e'8t"tG 8F 3#'# -e 2ol"+io #re # 2"8!ro8lemelor 3orm"l#teG cF 3#'# -e c"le&ere # i-eilor 2"!lime t#reB ece2#re co ti "rii -emer2"l"i cre#ti*G ,. Et#!# 2elec+iei i-eilor emi2eB c#re 3#*ori'e#' &A -ire# critic: #F 3#'# # #li'ei li2tei -e i-ei emi2e !A ) #cel mome tG 8F 3#'# e*#l"rii critice (i # o!trii !e tr" 2ol"+i# 3i #l. 3vanta@ele "tili'rii meto-ei 8r#i 2tormi & 2" t m"lti!le. Di tre #ce2te# e "merm: 7 o8+i ere# r#!i- (i "(o#r # i-eilor oi (i # 2ol"+iilor re'ol*ito#reG 7 co2t"rile re-"2e ece2#re 3olo2irii meto-eiG 7 #!lic#8ilit#te# l#r&B #!ro#!e ) to#te -ome iileG 7 2tim"le#' !#rtici!#re# #cti* (i cre#' !o2i8ilit#te# co t#&i" ii i-eilorG 7 -e'*olt cre#ti*it#te#B 2!o t# eit#te#B ) cre-ere# ) 2i e !ri !roce2"l e*#l"rii #mA #teG 7 -e'*olt #8ilit#te# -e # l"cr# ) ecEi!G 7imitele 8r#i 2tormi &7"l"i: " 2"!li e(te cercet#re# -e -"r#tB cl#2icG -e!i -e -e c#lit+ile mo-er#tor"l"i -e # # im# (i -iri1# -i2c"+i# !e 3&#("l -oritG o3er -o#r 2ol"+ii !o2i8ile " (i re#li'#re# e3ecti*G " eori !o#te 3i !re# o8o2itor 2#" 2olicit# t !e tr" " ii !#rtici!# +iG *eto,! %inectica-'

41

9l#teB 0.G 9l#teB C.B (unoaterea i activarea grupurilor sociale, <"c"re2tiB E-it"r# PoliticB 1.>%B !#&. 1,4 H 1/I. 42 Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc#!4.!-3B !#&. %>.

42

"inectica "mit (i metoda analogiilor 2#" metoda asociaiilor de idei, # 3o2t el#8or#t -e !ro3e2or"l Lilli#m K. ?or-o D6perational 3pproach to (reativit<F ) 1.41B cA - # ) 3ii +#t !rim"l &r"! 2i ectic l# U i*er2it#te# P#r*#r-. Term# "l -e sinectic !ro*i e -i &rece2c"l s<necticos DJ2Q = H J# #-"ce )m!re" = (i Jecticos= H Jeleme te -i*er2e=F (i 2"&ere#' !ri ci!i"l 3" -#me t#l #l meto-ei: asocierea unor idei aparent fr legtur ntre ele. 0eto-# l"i ?or-o #re ) *e-ere 2tim"l#re# cre#ti*it+ii !#rtici!# +ilor !e tr" 3orm"l#re# -e i-ei (i i!ote'eB 3olo2i - r#+io #me t"l !ri # #lo&ie. 6co!"l 2i ecticii e2te -e # eli8er# !#rtici!# +ii -e orice co 2trA &eri (i -e # le ) &-"i 27(i eC!rime li8er o!i iile *i27#7*i2 -e o !ro8lem !e c#re tre8"ie 27o #8or-e'e -i tr7o !er2!ecti* o". 0eto-# i cit l# -e'*olt#re# -e i-ei i e-ite (i ori&i #le (i l# #2oci#+ii -e i-eiB mi'A - !e rem#rc#8il# c#!#cit#te # mi +ii "m# e -e # 3#ce le&t"ri ) tre eleme te #!#re t irele*# te. c#-r"l 2ec*e +elor -i-#ctice 8#'#te !e 2i ecticB !ro3e2or"l ) c"r#1e#' #tit"-i e# cre#ti* # c"r2# +ilorB 2tim"lA -"7i 2 !ri*e#2c !ro8lemele (i 2ol"+iile ) mo-"ri e"'"#leB "tili'A - -i&re2i" e# /,. "tili'#re# -i&re2i" iiB 2e re2!ectB -e o8iceiB "rmto#rele etape: 7 e " +#re# !ro8lemei -e ctre !ro3e2orNc"r2# tG 7 3#mili#ri'#re# c"r2# +ilor c" eleme tele c" o2c"te #le !ro8lemeiG 7 -et#(#re# tem!or#r # c"r2# +ilor -e eleme tele !ro8lemeiG 7 c"t#re# -eli8er#t # irele*# +ei #!#re teB 3#!t c#re !o#te &e er# co eCi" i 2"r!ri 'to#reB eo8i( "ite//G 7 !otri*ire# 3or+#t # m#teri#l"l"i irele*# t -e2co!erit c" !ro8lem# -i2c"t#tG 7 i *e t#riere# cilor !o2i8ile -e rel#+io #re -i tre i-eile #!#re t irele*# te (i eleme tele -#te #le !ro8lemeiB !ri !ro-"cere# -e i-ei oiG C# eCerci+i" !ri eCcele + -e &r"!B 2i ectic# "rmre(te: 7 2 eli8ere'e &A -ire# -e (#8lo# eB e-"cA - 3leCi8ili#te# (i l#ter#lit#te# #ce2tei#G 7 2 i -"c 2tri !2iEolo&ice c"m #r 3i: im!lic#re#B -et#(#re#B em!#ti#B 1oc"l c" i-eileB 3olo2ire# irele*# +eiG 7 2 -e# 3rA" li8er eC!rimrii im!"l2"rilor im#&i #ti*eG 7 2 2tim"le'e *e-erile o co 3ormi2te (i eco *e +io #leG 7 2 ) tre#2c ) cre-ere# ) 3or+ele !ro!riiB ) c"r1A - !#rtici!# +ii 27(i #2"me ri2c"l -e # &A -i #lt3el. Etapele sinecticii% 1. Co 2tit"ire# &r"!"l"i 2i ecticG %. Pre'e t#re# !ro8lemeiG ,. Iti er#ri"l 2i ecticG /. El#8or#re# mo-el"l"i -e 2ol"+io #re # !ro8lemeiG
43 44

Le#RerB L. T.G Price ?. 0.B "<nectics% 1ts otential &or Education, PEi Delt# T#!!# B 1..I. <oco(B 0"(#t#B 1nstruire 1nteractiv. 2epere pentru reflecie si aciune, Cl"17N#!oc#B E-it"r# Pre2# U i*er2it#r Cl"1e# B %II%B !#&. ,/5.

43

5. EC!erime t#re# (i #!lic#re# mo-el"l"i. ?r"!"l 2i ectic e2te #lct"it -i 57> !er2o# eB -i tre c#re " "l #re rol"l -e li-er (i #lt"l -e 2ecret#r. P#rtici!# +ii tre8"ie 2 3ie c" o2ctori #i -ome i"l"i -i c#re 3#ce !#rte !ro8lem# ) c#"'B 2 #i8e #!tit"-i i -e # l"cr# ) ecEi!B c#!#cit#te em!#tic (i toler# + 3#+ -e i-eile emi2e -e ceil#l+i cole&i -e &r"!. Toto-#tB 2e #le& !er2o# e c" c#!#cit+i im#&i #ti*e (i met#3orice -e'*olt#teB o co 3ormi2te (i -e'i *olte. Pro8lem# !o#te 3i eC!"2 -e ctre !ro3e2or 2#" e2te #le#2 -i rA -"l celor !ro!"2e -e ctre c"r2# +i. E# e2te # #li'#t !ri 3r#&me t#re# ei ) " it+i -e 8#'B tr# 2!" A -"72e eleme tele c" o2c"te ) tr7o 3orm o!er#+io #l. Iti er#ri"l 2i ectic !re2"!" e -i2t# +#re# i te +io #t -e e2e +# !ro8lemei !ri ) lt"r#re# i-eilor !reco ce!"te c#re !ot i 3l"e +# !roce2"l -e cre#+ie. 6e 3#ce #!el l# teE ici i t"iti*e: # #lo&i#B 3# te'i#B em!#ti#B e*oc#re#B i *er2i#. Pri # #lo&ii 3# te'i2te 2e !ro!" 2ol"+ii c#re 2e ) -e!rte#' -e re#lit#te# !o2i8il. Pri em!#tie 2e !ro-"ce " tr# 23er -e i-e tit#te -e l# !ro8lem l# i -i*i-. A #lo&iile 2im8olice !ermit tr# 2!" ere# !ro8lemei ) im#&i i. I *er2i# re!re'i t 2cEim8#re# " &Ei"l"i -e #8or-#re # temei c" 2co!"l -e # -imi "# i er+i# !2iEolo&ic. Pe !#rc"r2"l #ce2tei et#!eB c"r2# +ii emit -i*er2e !ro!" eri -e 2ol"+io #re # !ro8lemeiB c#reB m#i #!oi *or tre8"i tr# 23orm#te ) terme i co 3ormi c" re#lit#te#. Ace#2t# e2te et#!# el#8orrii mo-el"l"i re'ol"ti*B "rm#t -e eC!erime t#re (i #!lic#re. E*#l"#re# *# #*e# ) *e-ere "rmtorii i -ic#tori: i-eile emi2e ) et#!# iti er#ri"l"i 2i ecticB ier#rEi'#re# 2ol"+iilor !ro!"2eB eC!erime t#re# (i #!lic#re# mo-el"l"i re'ol"ti*. Po2t"l#tele !e c#re 2e 8#'e#' 2i ectic# 2e re3er l# 3#!t"l c ) !roce2"l i o*riiB cre#torii !#rc"r& m#i m"lte 3#'eB 2tri criticeB c" 3" c+ii (i co tri8"+ii -i3erite ) &e er#re# (i co creti'#re# o"l"i. De #2eme iB ) !roce2ele cre#ti*eB #2!ectele emo+io #le (i ir#+io #le 2" t 3rec*e t m#i im!ort# te -ecAt cele i telect"#le (i r#+io #le. Der"l#re# 2i ecticii 2im"le#' et#!ele !roce2"l"i cre#tor 2!o t# . A2t3elB !#rtici!# t"l tr# 23orm ec" o2c"t"l ) c" o2c"tB trece !ri 3#'# -e i c"8#+ieB 3#*ori'e#' emer&e +# i-eilor oi !ri*i - !ro8lem# #8or-#t. Pe !#rc"r2"l -er"lriiB 2e #cor- o m#re im!ort# + 2trilor !2iEolo&iceB 2e time telor ire#leB e"3orice c#re 3#*ori'e#' ) tre'rire# -e 2ol"+ii oi. Liter#t"r# -e 2!eci#lit#te -i2ti &e m#i m"lte ti!"ri -e 2i ecticB -i tre c#re e " +m !#tr": 1. "inectica #a$at pe analogia direct ce !re2"!" e re'ol*#re# " ei 2it"#+ii !ro8lem c" #1"tor"l " or -#teB 3#!teB 2it"#+iiB 2i2temeB -ome ii c" o2c"te. DDe eCem!l": #2ociere#N# #lo&i# -i tre 2tr"ct"r# com!"(ilor or&# ici #i met#lelor tr# 'iti*e (i " 2# -RicE 3orm#t -i -o" molec"le or&# ice !l# eB re!re'e tA - 3eliile -e !Ai eB le&#te !ri tr7"
44

#tom #l " "i met#l tr# 'i+io #lB re!re'e tA - "m!l"t"r# 2# -RicE7"l"iB # "("r#t 2t"-iere# #ce2tei cl#2e -e com!"(i cEimiciF/5. %. "inectica #a$at pe analogie sim#olic 8#'#t !e -e2criere# 2cEem#tic # eleme telor !ro8lemei (i !re2"!" e "tili'#re# " or im#&i i72im8ol !e tr" # re'ol*# o 2it"#+ie7!ro8lem. ,. "inectica #a$at pe analogia personal ce !re2"!" e i-e ti3ic#re# 3iecr"i c"r2# t c" " o8iectB c" o !er2o# B c" " 3e ome B c" " 2i2tem re#l 2#" im#&i #r. Ace#2t # #lo&ie !re2"!" e *#lori3ic#re# c#!#cit+ii -e # em!#ti'# (i -e # -e2crie tririle (i 2e time tele !ro!riiB core2!" 'to#re oii i!o2t#'e. 0eto-# 2e #!lic l# cEimieB l# 3i'icB l# &eo&r#3ieB l# m#tem#ticB l# i2torie 2#" l# liter#t"rB " -e c"r2# +ii *or ) cerc# 2 2e i-e ti3ice c" molec"leB c" #tomiB c" 3e ome e meteorolo&ice D!lo#i#B tor #-#FB c" ec"#+iiB c" !er2o #lit+i 2#" c" !er2o #1e liter#re. 6co!"l e2te cel -e trire #3ecti* (i 2im+ire ) i!o2t#'e i e-ite. /. "inectica #a$at pe analogia fante$ist c#re e2te m#i -e2 3olo2it ) -ome i"l #rti2tic (i co 2t ) cre#re# " ei -ime 2i" i im#&i #re # !ro8lemeiG 6i ectic# !re'i t #*# t#1e (i limite 2imil#re 8r#i 2tormi &7"l"iB ) 2 "tili'#re# ei e2te m#i !rete +io#2. Coor-o #tor"l -i2c"+iei D!ro3e2or"lF tre8"ie 2 3ie " 3i !2iEolo& (i 2 #i8 c#!#cit+i em!#tice 8i e -e'*olt#te. *eto,! )risco-4 Metoda &risco #re l# 8#' i ter!ret#re# -i !#rte# !#rtici!# +ilor # " "i rol 2!eci3icB c#re 2 #co!ere o # "mit -ime 2i" e # !er2o #lit+iiB #8or-A - o !ro8lem -i m#i m"lte !er2!ecti*e. A2t3elB mem8rii &r"!"l"i *or tre8"i 2 1o#ceB 3iec#reB !e rA -B rolul consevatorului, rolul e!u#erantului, rolul pesimistului i rolul optimistului. 0eto-# # 3o2t !ro!"2 -e ecEi!# -e cercet#re &our #o<s of &risco Dcei !#tr" 8ie+i -i 6# :r# ci2coFB i#r 2co!"l ei e2te -e # i-e ti3ic# !ro8lemele com!leCe (i -i3icile (i -e # le re'ol*# !e ci 2im!le (i e3icie te. E# #re l# 8#' 8r#i 2tormi &7"l re&i'#t (i 2olicit -i !#rte# c"r2# +ilor c#!#cit+i em!#ticeB 2!irit criticB !" A - #cce t"l !e 2tim"l#re# &A -iriiB # im#&i #+iei (i # cre#ti*it+ii. Etapele metodei &risco% 1. Etapa punerii pro#lemei% !ro3e2or"l 2#" c"r2# +ii 2e2i'e#' o 2it"#+ie !ro8lem (i o !ro!" 2!re # #li'G %. Etapa organi$rii colectivului% 2e 2t#8ile2c rol"rile: conservatorul, e!u#erantul, pesimistul, optimistul (i ci e le 1o#c. Rol"rile !ot 3i #8or-#te
45

<oco(B 0"(#t#B 1nstruire 1nteractiv. 2epere pentru reflecie si aciune, Cl"17N#!oc#B E-it"r# Pre2# U i*er2it#r Cl"1e# B %II%B !#&. ,/5. 46 Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc#!4.!-3B !#&. ,I.

45

i -i*i-"#l 2#"B ) c#'"l colecti*elor "mero#2eB #cel#(i rol !o#te 3i 1"c#t -e m#i m"lti !#rtici!# +i co comite tB #ce(ti# 3ormA - o ecEi!. ,. Etapa de$#aterii colective% 3iec#re i ter!rete#' rol"l #le2 (i )(i 2"2+i e !" ct"l -e *e-ere ) #cor- c" #ce2t#. Cel c#re e2te conservator #re rol"l -e # #!reci# meritele 2ol"+iilor *ecEiB tr#-i+io #leB !ro " +A -"72e !e tr" me +i ere# lorB 3r # eCcl"-e ) 2 !o2i8ilit#te# " or e*e t"#le )m8" t+iri. E!u#erantul !ri*e(te ctre *iitor (i emite i-ei #!#re t im!o2i8il -e #!lic#t ) !r#cticB #2i&"rA - #2t3el " c#-r" im#&i #ti*7cre#ti*B i o*#tor (i 2tim"lA -"7i (i !e ceil#l+i !#rtici!# +i 2 !ri*e#2c #2t3el l"cr"rile. 6e 8#'e#' !e " 3e ome -e co t#&i" e. esimistul e2te cel c#re " #re o !rere 8" -e2!re ce 2e -i2c"tB ce '"rA - i-eile (i 2ol"+iile i i+i#le !ro!"2e. El rele* #2!ectele e3#2te #le oricror )m8" t+iri. 6ptimistul l"mi e#' "m8r# l2#t -e !e2imi2tB )m8r8tA - !#rtici!# +ii 2 !ri*e#2c l"cr"rile -i tr7o !er2!ecti* re#lB co cret (i re#li'#8il. El &2e(te 3" -#me tri re#li2te (i !o2i8ilit+ile -e re#li'#re # 2ol"+iilor !ro!"2e -e ctre eC"8er# tB 2tim"lA - !#rtici!# +ii 2 &A -e#2c !o'iti*. /. Etapa sistemati$rii ideilor emise i a conclu$ionrii asupra soluiilor gsite. Metoda &risco e2te #2em to#re c" teE ic# JPlriilor &A -ito#re= #tAt -i !" ct -e *e-ere #l -e23("rriiB cAt (i ) cee# ce !ri*e(te #*# t#1ele (i limitele. *eto,! pir!mi,ei-: Metoda piramidei 2#" meto-# 8"l&rel"i -e '!#- #re l# 8#' )m!letire# #cti*it+ii i -i*i-"#le c" ce# -e23("r#t ) mo- coo!er#ti*B ) c#-r"l &r"!"rilor. E# co 2t ) ) cor!or#re# #cti*it+ii 3iecr"i mem8r" #l colecti*"l"i ) tr7" -emer2 colecti* m#i #m!l"B me it 2 -"c l# 2ol"+io #re# " ei 2#rci i 2#" # " ei !ro8leme -#te. &a$ele de desfurare a metodei piramidei% 1. &a$a introductiv% !ro3e2or"l eC!" e -#tele !ro8lemei ) c#"'G %. &a$a lucrului individual: c"r2# +ii l"cre#' !e co t !ro!ri" l# 2ol"+io #re# !ro8lemei tim! -e ci ci mi "te. #ce#2t et#! 2e ote#' ) tre8rile le&#te -e 2"8iect"l tr#t#t. ,. &a$a lucrului n perechi% c"r2# +ii 3orme#' &r"!e -e -oi c"r2# +i !e tr" # -i2c"t# re'"lt#tele i -i*i-"#le l# c#re # #1" 2 3iec#re. 6e 2olicit r2!" 2"ri l# ) tre8rile i -i*i-"#le -i !#rte# cole&ilor (iB ) #cel#(i tim!B 2e ote#' -#c #!#r #ltele oi. /. &a$a reuniunii n grupuri mai mari. De o8icei 2e #lct"ie2c -o" m#ri &r"!eB #!roCim#ti* e&#le c# "mr -e !#rtici!# +iB #lct"ite -i &r"!ele m#i
47

Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc#!4.!-3B !#&. ,1..

46

mici eCi2te te # terior (i 2e -i2c"t -e2!re 2ol"+iile l# c#re 27# #1" 2. Toto-#t 2e r2!" -e l# ) tre8rile rm#2e e2ol"+io #te. 5. &a$a raportrii soluiilor n colectiv. tre#&# cl#2B re" itB # #li'e#' (i co cl"'io e#' #2"!r# i-eilor emi2e. Ace2te# !ot 3i trec"te !e t#8l !e tr" # !"te# 3i *i'"#li'#te -e ctre to+i !#rtici!# +ii (i !e tr" # 3i com!#r#te. 6e lm"re2c (i r2!" 2"rile l# ) tre8rile ere'ol*#te !A ) #ce#2t 3#'B c" #1"tor"l co -"ctor"l"i D!ro3e2or"lFG 4. &a$a deci$ional. 6e #le&e 2ol"+i# 3i #l (i 2e 2t#8ile2c co cl"'iile #2"!r# -emer2"rilor re#li'#te (i #2"!r# !#rtici!rii c"r2# +ilor l# #cti*it#te. C# (i celel#lte meto-e c#re 2e 8#'e#' !e l"cr"l ) !erecEi (i ) colecti*B meto-# !ir#mi-ei #re avanta@ele 2tim"lrii ) *+rii !ri coo!er#reB #l 2!oririi ) cre-erii ) 3or+ele !ro!rii !ri te2t#re# i-eilor emi2e i -i*i-"#lB m#i ) tAi ) &r"!"ri mici (i #!oi ) colecti*. De'*olt c#!#cit#te# -e # emite 2ol"+ii i e-ite l# !ro8lemele (i 2#rci ile #!r"teB !rec"m (i -e'*olt#re# 2!irit"l"i -e ecEi! (i ) tr#1"tor#re. )e$avanta@ele ) re&i2tr#te 2" t -e or-i e*#l"#ti*B -eo#rece 2e !o#te 2t#8ili m#i &re" c#re (i cAt -e ) 2em #t # 3o2t co tri8"+i# 3iecr"i !#rtici!# t. *eto,! ,i!(r!mei c! #elor /i ! e0ectelor-; Co 2tit"ire# -i&r#mei c#"'elor (i # e3ect"l"i o3er !o2i8ilit#te# !" erii ) e*i-e + # i'*o#relor " ei !ro8lemeB " "i e*e ime t 2#" " "i re'"lt#t. Di#&r#mele 2" t 3olo2ite -e &r"! c# " !roce2 cre#ti* -e &e er#re (i or&# i'#re # cau$elor m#1ore D!ri ci!#leF (i mi ore D2ec" -#reF #le " "i efect. 2egulile -e or&# i'#re (i etapele -e re#li'#re # -i#&r#mei c#"'elor (i # e3ect"l"i 2" t "rmto#re: +. "e mparte clasa n echipe de lucruL %. "e sta#ilete pro#lema de discutat c#re e2te re'"lt#t"l " ei ) tAm!lri 2#" " "i e*e ime t -eo2e8it H e3ect"l. :iec#re &r"! #re -e # #li'#t cAte " e3ect. ,. Are loc de$#aterea n fiecare grup !e tr" # -e2co!eri c#"'ele c#re #" co -"2 l# e3ect"l -i2c"t#t. re&i2tr#re# c#"'elor 2e 3#ce !e EArtie 2#" !e t#8l. /. (onstruirea diagramei cau$elor i a efectului #2t3el: 7 !e #C# !ri ci!#l # -i#&r#mei 2e trece e3ect"lG 7 !e r#m"rile #Cei !ri ci!#le 2e trec c#"'ele m#1ore D!ri ci!#leF #le e3ect"l"iB core2!" 'A - celor 4 ) tre8ri: CYNDUB UNDEUB CINEUB DE CEUB CEUB CU0U D27# ) tAm!l#tFG 7 c#"'ele mi ore D2ec" -#reF ce -ec"r& -i cele !ri ci!#le 2e trec !e cAte o r#m"r m#i mic ce 2e -e-"ce -i ce# # c#"'ei m#1oreG M. Etapa e!aminrii listei de cau$e generate de fiecare grup% 7 eC#mi #re# !#ter "rilorG
48

Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc#!4.!-3B !#&. ,%.

47

7 e*#l"#re# mo-"l"i ) c#re 27# 3c"t -i2ti c+ie ) tre c#"'ele m#1ore (i cele mi ore (i # !l#2rii lor corecte ) -i#&r#mB cele m#1ore !e r#m"rile !ri ci!#leB cele mi ore !e cele 2ec" -#reB rel#+io A - (iN2#" -ec"r&A - -i #ce2te#G 7 e*#l"#re# -i#&r#melor 3iecr"i &r"! (i -i2c"t#re# lorG 0. "ta#ilirea conclu$iilor i a importanei cau$elor ma@ore% Di#&r#mele !ot 3i 3olo2ite -e #2eme iB !e tr" # eCer2# c#!#cit#te# -e # r2!" -e l# ) tre8ri le&#te -e # "mite !ro8leme #3l#te ) -i2c"+ie. Di#&r#m# c#"'elor (i e3ect"l"i e2te #2em to#re c" teE icile PERRIN?<ONE H 0AP6 2#" :I6P<ONE H 0AP6 D2cEelet"l -e !e(teF. Ace2te# !ot 3i !roiect#te !e tr" # #rt i ter#c+i" ile c#"'#le #le " "i e*e ime t com!leC D-e eCem!l": co 3lict"l #rm#t 2#" r'8oi"l -i Ir#VF ori # " "i 3e ome Der"!+i# *"lc# icF. U avanta@ #l co 2t"irii -i#&r#m#tice # rel#+iei -i tre e3ect"l -#t (i c#"'ele c#re l7#" -etermi #t e2te #cti*i'#re# t"t"ror !#rtici!# +ilor # tre #+i ) #ce2t 1oc ) c#re 2e )m8i coo!er#re# -i i terior"l &r"!"l"i c" com!eti+i# -i tre ecEi!e. Di#&r#m# c#"'elor (i # e3ect"l"i e2te " i 2tr"me t 3olo2itor #t" ci cA - 2co!"l #cti*it+ii &r"!"l"i e2te 2 2e #1" & l# r-ci # eleme telor c#re #" -etermi #t #!#ri+i# " "i 3#!t. P#rtici!# +ii 2" t 2olicit#+i 2 3#c -i2ti c+ii ) tre c#"'ele (i 2im!tomele " "i re'"lt#tB " ei !ro8leme 2#" " "i e*e ime t. U nea@uns #l #ce2t"i -emer2 cre#ti* !o#te 3i #cel# #l mo-"l"i !rete +io2 -e re#li'#re # -i#&r#meiB 3#!t ce !o#te 3i re!e-e 2"!li it !ri eCerci+i".

48

CAPITOLUL ' PREDAREA <I NVAREA DISCIPLINELOR SOCIO6U*ANE '.1. Loc l %i rol l ,i/ciplinelor /ocio6 m!ne )n 0orm!re! per/on!lit&ii
EC!# 2i" e# cre2cA - # (tii +ei (i teE icii ) c#-r"l c"lt"rii (i ci*ili'#+iei co tem!or# e e2te ) 2o+it -e o eCte 2i" e 3r !rece-e t # e-"c#+iei (tii +i3ico7 teE iceB #ce#2t# -e*e i - #C"l !ri ci!#l #l 3ormrii &e er#+iilor ti ere. Co +i "t"l ) *+rii ) (co#l # c" o2c"t 2cEim8ri r#-ic#le. !ro&r#mele (col#reB -i r#+i" i !r#ctic7"tilit#reB 2e co 3er !riorit#te " or -i2ci!li e ) -e3#*o#re# #ltor#B cEi#r -#c *#le +ele lor e-"c#ti*e (i 2oci#le " 1"2ti3ic #ce2t l"cr". Di3"'#re# (tii +elor !o'iti*e (i # teE olo&iilorB c# mi1loc c#re #2i&"r #ti &ere# o8iecti*elor m#teri#le #le eCi2te +ei 2oci#leB 2e re#li'e#' co 3orm " ei co ce!+ii "tilit#ri2te ) &"2teB ce e&li1e#' celel#lte -ime 2i" i #le eCi2te +ei. 6e !ier-e -i *e-ere 3#!t"l c e-"c#+i# i telect"#l co 2tit"ie 3" -#me t"l re#li'rii l# " i*el ri-ic#t -e !er3orm# + # e-"c#+iei !ro3e2io #le: J... " e2te 2"3icie t 2 ri-icm i*el"l -e c#li3ic#re # !ro-"ctorilorB 3iec#re tre8"ie #1"t#t 2 -e*i " #&e t co (tie t #l -e'*oltriiB " co 2"m#tor l"mi #tB -#torit c" o#(terii re#le # le&ilorB mec# i2melor (i # &re #1elor *ie+ii eco omice=/..
49

:#"reB E-&#rB 3 nva s fii, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic (i Pe-#&o&icB 1.7/B !#&. %7.

49

Pro&r#mele -e e-"c#+ie m#i *ecEi #" e&li1#t #ce# e-"c#+ie c#re - i -i*i-"l"i co (tii +# loc"l"i 2" ) 2ociet#teB #1"tA -"71 2 ) +ele#& c !o#te (i tre8"ie 2 !#rtici!e l# *i#+# colecti*it+ii. Pri o"l c"rric"l"m #+io #l 2e ) ce#rc o rec"!er#re # #ce2tei -ime 2i" i e2e +i#le. Di2ci!li ele 2ocio7"m# e #" " rol e2e +i#l ) -e'*olt#re# !er2o #lit+ii c"r2# +ilorB co tri8"i - l# 3orm#re# c#!#cit+ii -e # *#lori'# re#lit+ile -i 1"rB co 2oli-#re# co (tii +ei -e 2i eB #3irm#re# " or #tit"-i i !o'iti*e 3#+ -e *#lorile 3" -#me t#leB i 2tit"+iiB 2ociet#te etc. :iec#re -i tre ele )(i #-"ce co tri8"+i# l# i 2tr"ire# &e er#+iilor *iito#reB -e #cee# 2e c"*i e 2 li 2e #cor-e !o -ere# c"*e it ) !ro&r#mele (col#re. Dome i"l (tii +elor 2ocio7"m# e # 3o2t (i co ti " 2 3ie co 2i-er#t c# #*A - o im!ort# + 2ec" -#rB c" to#te c 2t"-i"l 2" #re m"lti!le *#le +e 3orm#ti*e. 5co#l# c#-e !r#- 3orm#li2m"l"i (i teE icilorB c" to#te c o#me ii " !ot 3i !re&ti+i c# Jro8o+i mec# ici= 2#" c# 3ii +e !#2i*e. Ei tre8"ie 2 !o2e-e c#lit+i c" #-e*r#t "m# eB ce " 2e !ot #(te -ecAt !ri im!#ct"l c" c"lt"r# (i -eciB im!licitB c" #cele -i2ci!li e !e c#re le "mim 2ocio7"m# e. Re) *iere# i tere2"l"i !e tr" #ce2te -i2ci!li eB !e tr" 2co!"rile i telect"#le #le ) *+mA t"l"iB m# i3e2t#t ) "ltim"l tim!B e2te " 3#!t )m8"c"rtor. L"me# co tem!or# " !o#te 3i re-"2 l# ci*ili'#+i# (tii +i3ico7 teE icB e# " !o#te 3i -e2!r+it 2#" 2rcit -e me-i"l c"lt"r#l c#re # &e er#t7o (i ) tre+i "t7o. De #cee#: J...!ro&r#m# -e ) *+mA t tre8"ie 2 3ie ) tocmit !e 8#'# !ro8lemelor !ri ci!#leB !ri ci!iilor (i *#lorilor !e c#re 2ociet#te# le co 2i-er -em e -e # co 2tit"i co ti "# !reoc"!#re # mem8rilor eiZ5I. A eCcl"-e -i 2t"-i" 2#" # mi im#li'# c# im!ort# + cee# ce " ii co 2i-erB ) mo- 2"8iecti* (i li!2it -e temeiB c# 3ii - J e(tii +i3ic= !o#te ) 2em # elimi #re# -i !re&tire# c"r2# +ilor # cee# ce e2te e2e +i#l !e tr" !er2o #lit#te# lor. Ne !"tem ) tre8#: -e ce tre8"ie 2 2t"-ie'e c"r2# +ii #ce2te -i2ci!li eU *+#re# lor e2te moti*#t !e-#&o&icU Po -ere# !e c#re o #" ) c#-r"l c"rric"l"m7"l"i e2te core2!" 'to#re i tere2"l"i c"r2# +ilor (i *#le +elor lor 3orm#ti*eU Pre'e +# -i2ci!li elor 2ocio7"m# e ) !l# "l -e ) *+mA t e2te im!"2 -e i-e#l"l e-"c#+io #l "rmritB ce eC!rimB ) e2e +# 2#B mo-el"l -e !er2o #lit#te !e c#re (co#l# e2te cEem#t 271 3orme'e. I-ee# -e'*oltrii #rmo io#2e # om"l"i, #tAt -e -r#& *ecEilor &reciB e2te ) c #ct"#l ) (co#l# mo-er B i 2i2tA -"72e !e rec" o#(tere# i -i*i-"#lit+ii "m# eB # li8ert+ii (i -em it+ii 2#le. A-ole2ce +# e2te *Ar2t# cA - ) ce! 2 2e m# i3e2te i tere2ele #82tr#cte com!leCeB *Ar2t# !re&tirii !e tr" *i#+# 2oci#lB -i2ci!li ele 2ocio7 "m# e #*A - me ire# -e # *e i ) ) tAm!i #re# !reoc"!rilor c"r2# +ilor !ri*i - om"l (i 2ociet#te#. R#!ort#re# l# i -i*i- (i 2ociet#te i 2tit"ie c#-rele -e re3eri + ) c#re 2e ) 2cri" -i2ci!li ele 2ocio7"m# e. C" o#(tere# !ri ci!#lelor -ime 2i" i co ce!t"#le (i tem#tice #le re3lec+iei #2"!r# om"l"i (i 2ociet+ii #2i&"r ) 2"(ire#
50

<r" erB K. 6.B rocesul educaiei intelectuale, E-it"r# 5tii +i3icB 1.7IB !#&. 75.

50

i-eilor ece2#re 3ormrii c"lt"rii "m# i2te. U #2t3el -e -emer2 co -"ce l# o *#lori'#re ) c#re re&2im om"l (i l"me# 2#. Artic"l#re# i ter-i2ci!li #r # (tii +elor 2ocio7"m# e o3er c"r2# +ilor !o2i8ilit#te# ) +ele&erii ) !ro3" 'ime # re#lit+ii (iB im!licitB !o2i8ilit#te# " ei #c+i" i e3icie te #2"!r# ei. ECi2te +# i -i*i-"#l (i 2oci#l # om"l"i 2"2cit o eC!lic#+ie #-ec*#t !e tr" # 3i ) +ele#2B i ter3ere +ele re#li'#te c" celel#lte cre#+ii 2!irit"#leB c" #lte 'o e #le #cti*it+ii "m# e -o*e-i -"72e -eo2e8it -e 8e e3iceB -i !er2!ecti*# 3ormrii !er2o #lit+ii c"r2# +ilor. 6t"-iere# -i2ci!li elor 2ocio7"m# e #reB -eo!otri*B " c#r#cter i 3orm#ti* (i 3orm#ti*B ) co cor-# + c" !#rtic"l#rit+ile (i te -i +ele 3" -#me t#le -e !ro&re2 #le *ie+ii 2!irit"#le. A!ort"l !e c#re #ce2te# )l #-"c l# 3orm#re# (i -e'*olt#re# !er2o #lit+ii c"r2# +ilor e2te "(or -e 2e2i'#t !or i - -e l# o8iecti*ele &e er#le 2!eci3iceB eC!licit#te ) !ro&r#mele (col#re. 2"(ire# " "i 2i2tem -e c" o(ti +e c" !ri*ire l# 3" c+io #re# lo&ic # &A -iriiB mec# i2mele !2iEiceB le&ile -e'*oltrii i -i*i-"#le (i 2oci#l7eco omiceB #t"r# r#!ort"rilor c" ceil#l+iB 3orm#re# " or !rice!eriB -e!ri -eriB c#!#cit+i (i #tit"-i i ) 3#+# eCi2te +eiB )i !ermit c"r2# t"l"i 27(i co 2tr"i#2c o im#&i e -e # 2#m8l" #2"!r# l"mii (i 2 !o#t r2!" -e ceri +elor 3" -#me t#le #le eCi2te +ei (i i te&rrii 2#le 2oci#le. El *# 3i !re&tit 2 &A -e#2c li8er (i cre#ti*B 2 !o#t 2"2+i e com" ic#re# i ter"m# B 2 m# i3e2te c#!#cit+i -e # #li' (i #!reciere # !ro!ri"l"i com!ort#me t (i #l 2eme ilor 2i. C"lti*#re# re2!ect"l"i 3#+ -e *#lorile "m# eB li8ert#teB -emocr#+ieB i 2tit"+ii 2oci#le )l *# #1"t# !e c"r2# t 2 2e i te&re'e ) 2ociet#te c# !er2o #lit#te -i2ti ctB c#!#8il -e o!i ii !ro!riiB -i#lo&B com!ort#me t -e'ir#8ilB #c+i" e. :orm#re# (i -e'*olt#re# c#!#cit+ilor i telect"#leB 3" c+iilor co& iti*e (i i 2tr"me t#leB 2cEemelor #2imil#torii (i 2tr"ct"rilor o!er#torii #2i&"r ) 2"(ire# " or *#lori c#re re!re'i tB l# i*el"l i -i*i-"l"iB c"lt"r# 2# &e er#l. Pe #ce2t 3o - 2e &re3e#' c" o(ti +ele -e 2!eci#lit#te 2#" cee# ce "mim c"lt"r# -e 2!eci#lit#te. C"rric"l"m7"l e-"c#+io #l -i ) *+mA t"l !re" i*er2it#r co +i e !l# "ri7 c#-r"B -i3ere +i#te !e !ro3il"ri (i 2!eci#li'riB co ce!"te ) #(# 3el ) cAt 2 #2i&"re c"r2# +ilor !o2i8ilit#te# 3ormrii " ei !er2o #lit+i #cti*e (i cre#ti*eB c#!#8il -e o!+i" i (i -eci'ii. *+mA t"l me-i" e2te 2tr"ct"r#t (i 3" c+io e#' !e m#i m"lte !ro3il"ri: teoretic D"m# i2t (i re#li2tFB i 3orm#ticB teE icB eco omicB #rti2tic etcB 2co!"rile &e er#l "rmrite 3ii - )m8o&+ire# (i #!ro3" -#re# c" o(ti +elor -e 2!eci#lit#te (i -e c"lt"r &e er#lB com!ete + #Ciolo&icB -e'*olt#re# c#!#cit+ilor i telect"#leB 3orm#re# !ro3il"l"i mor#l7ci*icB co t"r#re# " or -ime 2i" i !r#ctice #le c" o(ti +elor -o8A -ite. Di2ci!li ele -e 2t"-i" *eEic"le#' c" o(ti +e c#re 3#cilite#' -e'*olt#re# m"ltil#ter#l # !er2o #lit+ii c"r2# +ilorB !ri #2i&"r#re# " or !ro!or+ii #-ec*#teB # " "i ecEili8r" ) tre cele -o" c#te&orii: -e c"lt"r &e er#l (i -e 2!eci#lit#te. Ace2te !ro!or+ii 2e !re'i t -i3ere +i#t -e l# " !ro3il l# #lt"l.

51

 *+mA t"l " i*er2it#r co ti " 2 -e'*olte com!ete +ele 3orm#te # terior (i re#li'e#' !ro3e2io #li'#re# 2t"-e +ilorB ) 'e2tr#re# lor ) 2!eci#l c" #cele c#te&orii -e com!ete +e cer"te -e !ro3e2i" e# !e tr" c#re 2e !re&te2c. E2te ece2#r c# ) *+mA t"l 2 o3ere c"r2# +ilor c" o(ti +ele -e2em #te !ri o+i" e# -e Jc"lt"r &e er#l=B !rec"m (i com!ete +ele c#re !ermit orie t#re# (i i 2er+i# #cti* ) me-i"l 2oci#l (i !ro3e2io #l. De #cee#B !l# "l -e ) *+mA t "rmre(te 2 #2i&"re #ti &ere# -e ctre c"r2# t # " "i &r#- 2"3icie t -e #"toc" o#(tere (i !o2i8ilit#te# com!#ti8ili'rii i tere2elor !er2o #le -e 3orm#re c" o3ert# (colii (i c" e*ol"+iile !re*i'i8ile #le me-i"l"i 2oci#l. U # -i tre !ri ci!#lele o"t+i #-"2e re3ormei c"rric"l#re co 2t ) i tro-"cere# -i2ci!li elor o!+io #le ) c#-r"l mo-"lelor -e 2t"-i"B cee# ce )i #1"t !e c"r2# +i 27(i m# i3e2te !re3eri +ele (i ) cli #+iileB 2 #le#& ) tre -i*er2e o3erte ) 2!irit"l !ri ci!i"l"i 2electi*7*oc#+io #lB #2"mA -"7(i co 2eci +ele -eci'iilor l"#te51. Orice !l# -e ) *+mA t e2te co ce!"t #2t3el ) cAt 2 eC!rime mo-"l ) c#re *or 3i co *ertite *#lorile c"lt"r#le ) 2#rci i e-"c#ti*eB l# i*el"l -i3eritelor -i2ci!li e -e 2t"-i". Co tr#r -ori +ei -e re3orm (i mo-er i'#re # ) *+mA t"l"i -i +#r# o#2trB !o -ere# -i2ci!li elor 2ocio7"m# e co ti " 2 3ie re-"2B cee# ce " !o#te #2i&"r# o -i*er2i3ic#re # !re&tiriiB ) #cor- c" e*oile re#le #le tim!"l"i (i eCi&e +ele 2ociet+ii. C" #tAt m#i m"lt c" cAt !ri 2t"-iere# #ce2tor -i2ci!li e " 2e "rmre(te "m#i 2tr"ct"r#re# " "i 2i2tem #Ciolo&ic !ro!ri" (i c"lti*#re# " or c#!#cit+i #le c"r2# t"l"iB ci (i 3orm#re# (i co 2oli-#re# #tit"-i ilor -e ) +ele&ere (i toler# + ) !er2!ecti*# *ie+ii #cti*eB #-#!t#re# l# 2cEim8rile 2oci#leB -i2!o i8ilit+ile -e i i+i#ti* (i !#rtici!#re re2!o 2#8il l# #c+i" e ) tr7o 2ociet#te -emocr#tic. '.1.1. O"iecti$e (ener!le !le ,i/ciplinelor /ocio6 m!ne O8iecti*ele e-"c#+io #le 2" t rel#ti* "mero#2eB 3#!t !e tr" c#re ) liter#t"r# -e 2!eci#lit#te ) tAl im 3rec*e t ) cercri -e cl#2i3ic#re # lor. or-i e# &r#-"l"i -e &e er#lit#teB o8iecti*ele e-"c#+io #le !ot 3i ier#rEi'#te !e trei i*el"ri: 1. O8iecti*ele &e er#le #le 2i2tem"l"i -e ) *+mA t: 7 -e2em e#' 3i #lit+i ce orie te#' ) tre#&# #cti*it#te -i-#cticB !e to#t !erio#-# (col#rit+iiB (i c#re core2!" - i-e#l"rilor 2oci#l eco omice (i c"lt"r#leG 7 #" " c#r#cter &lo8#lB #82tr#ct (i 2e re3er l# # "mite l#t"ri #le !er2o #lit+ii. %. O8iecti*ele -e &e er#lit#te me-ie: 7 2" t 3i #lit+i !ri*ito#re l# -i2ci!li ele (col#re Dmo-"leFB 2t#8ilite !e tre!te -e (col#ri'#re ) 3" c+ie -e !#rtic"l#rit+ile -e *Ar2t #le c"r2# +ilorG 7 -eri* -i o8iecti*ele &e er#le #le e-"c#+ieiB !e !ro3il"ri -e !re&tireG
51

Al8"le2c"B I.G Al8"le2c"B 0.B redarea i nvarea disciplinelor socio-umane, I#(iB E-it"r# PoliromB %III.

52

7 *i'e#' re#li'#re# " or 2cEim8ri ) com!ort#me t"l co& iti*B #3ecti* (i !2iEomotor #l c"r2# t"l"iB e*i-e +ii - 2e 2"l ) c#re *# 3i *#lori3ic#t co +i "t"l i 3orm#+io #l 2!eci3ic -i3eritelor -i2ci!li e. ,. O8iecti*ele o!er#+io #le: 7 2" t -eri*#te -i o8iecti*ele &e er#le #le -i2ci!li elor -e ) *+mA tG 7 -e2em e#' !er3orm# +e ce "rme#' # 3i o8+i "te !ri 3i #li'#re# " or 2#rci i co crete ) tim!"l lec+iei D#cti*it+iiFG 7 2" t -irect o82er*#8ile (i m2"r#8ile. Nici " !ro3e2or !reoc"!#t -e -e23("r#re# #cti*it+ii 2#le c" m#Cim"m -e e3icie + " ) ce!e i 2tr"ire# 3r 2 -e3i e#2c o8iecti*ele !roce2"l"i !e c#re "rme#' 2 )l or&# i'e'e (i 2 )l co -"c. A e-"c# im!lic ) tot-e#" # " o8iecti*B co 2i-er# De L# -2EeereB # cr"i re#li'#re re!re'i t ) 2(i r#+i" e# -e # 3i # !roce2"l"i -i-#ctic. Im!ort# +# o8iecti*elor ) c#-r"l !roce2"l"i i 2tr"cti*7 e-"c#ti* !o#te 3i !"2 ) e*i-e + !ri 3" c+iile !e c#re le ) -e!li e2c5%: 1. 3" c+i# -e orie t#re #Ciolo&ic 7 !ri eC!lic#re# o8iecti*elor 2e re#li'e#' o orie t#re # c"r2# +ilor ctre *#lorile e-"c#+io #leB !e c#re -orim 2 (i le ) 2"(e#2cG %. 3" c+i# !re-icti* D-e # tici!#re # re'"lt#telorF 7 i -ic#re# !er3orm# +elor -e'ir#8ileG ,. 3" c+i# e*#l"#ti* 7 o8iecti*ele co 2tit"ie (i " re!er ) 3" c+ie -e c#re #!reciem -#c cee# ce tre8"i# re#li'#t 27# re#li'#tG /. 3" c+i# -e or&# i'#re (i re&l#re # !roce2"l"i -i-#ctic 7 o3er criterii re3ere +i#le !e tr" -iri1#re# #c+i" ilor -i-#ctice. O8iecti*"l - 2e 2 (i 2em i3ic#+ie #cti*it+ii -i-#ctice. 6t#8ilire# 2# " !re2"!" e ) 2 -o#r o -eci'ie c" !ri*ire l# #t"r# mo-i3icrii -e com!ort#me t "rmritB ci (i o -eci'ie !ri*i - co -i+iile ) c#re 2e *# re#li'# ) *+#re#B ti!"l -e ) *+#reB 2tr#te&i# #-o!t#tB #-ic 2it"#+i# ) c#re 2e *# re#li'# o8iecti*"l5,. D#c o8iecti*ele " ei #cti*it+i -i-#ctice " 2" t 8i e re#li'#te (i corect -e3i iteB e *om co 3r" t# i e*it#8il c" -o" co 2eci +e e&#ti*e5/: [ li!2# -e cl#rit#te ) !ri*i +# e*ol"+iei -orite # c"r2# +ilorG [ -i3ic"lt#te# -e # e*#l"# re'"lt#tele #c+i" ii e-"c#ti*e. Pri -e3i ire# #te t # o8iecti*elorB !ro3e2or"l -etermi !er3orm# +# l# c#re tre8"ie 2 #1" & c"r2# t"lB !l# i3ic #-ec*#t !#(ii !e c#re #ce2t# )i *# 3#ce !e tr" # #ti &e re2!ecti*# !er3orm# + (i )(i #2i&"r o 8#' o8iecti* !e tr" e*#l"#re. De3i ire# o8iecti*elor 2e re#li'e#' ) 3" c+ie -e !er3orm# +ele l# c#re c"r2# +ii tre8"ie 2 #1" &B !er3orm# +e c#re *i'e#' 2cEim8ri -e com!ort#me t eC!rim#te ) terme i -e Jc#!#cit+iZ -o8A -ite.

52 53

C"co(B Co 2t# ti B edagogie, I#(iB E-it"r# PoliromB 1..>B !#&./>7/.. ?#& eB R. ) 0.B Al8"le2c"B I.G Al8"le2c"B 0.B redarea i nvarea disciplinelor socio-umane, I#(iB E-it"r# PoliromB %III. 54 ?il8ert De L# -2EeereB Vi*i# De L# -2EeereB op. cit, !#&. 1/.

53

JO8iecti*ele i 2tr"c+io #le -e2cri" cl#2# !er3orm# +elor c#re !ot 3i "tili'#te !e tr" # 2t#8ili -#c re2!ecti*# c#!#cit#te "m# # 3o2t ) *+#t.Z55 C#!#cit+ile !e c#re i 2tr"ire# )(i !ro!" e 2 le 3orme'e 2" t eC!rim#teB -e o8iceiB ) terme i -e !er3orm# +e (i 2!eci3ic#te c# Jo8iecti*e com!ort#me t#le= 2#" Jo8iecti*e !er3orm#ti*e=. O capacitate i -ic cee# ce (tie 2#" cee# ce !o#te 2 3#c " c"r2# t. (ompetena 2# ) tr7" # "mit -ome i" e2te #!reci#t ) 3" c+ie -e # "mite c#!#cit+i -o8A -ite !ri ) *+#re. c#-r"l 3iecrei -i2ci!li e -e 2t"-i" !ot 3i -i2ti 2e o8iecti*e ce -e2cri" c#!#cit+iB corel#te c" c#te&orii -e com!ort#me t ce tr#te !e trei -ome ii: co& iti*B #3ecti*B !2iEomotor. Tip l c!p!cit&ii = nc&i! C!te(ori! per0orm!n&ei De!ri -ere# Com!o e t # ) *+rii (i 0# i3e2t#re# o!er#+iei i telect"#l &A -irii "lterio#re i telect"#le ) tr7o #!lic#re 2!eci3ic 6tr#te&i# co& iti* Co trole#' Re'ol*#re# " ei *#riet+i -e com!ort#me t"l !ro8leme c"r2# t"l"i ) ) *+#re (i &A -ire I 3orm#+i# *er8#l I -ic -irec+ii !e tr" 6t#8ilire# 2#" com" ic#re# ) *+#re. A1"t l# i 3orm#+iei tr# 23er"l ) *+rii De!ri -ere# motric 0e-i#' !er3orm# +ele Re#li'#re# #cti*it+ii motorii motorii ) tr7o *#riet#te -e co teCte Atit"-i e# 0o-i3ic #le&ere# -e Ale&ere# " "i mo- -e #c+i" e ctre i -i*i- # " ei 3#+ -e o cl#2 -e o8iecteB #c+i" i !er2o# eB e*e ime te T!"el l '. Tip ri ,e c!p!cit&i )n$&!te>4 D-"! ?#& eB R. 0.G <ri&&2B L. K.B ) Al8"le2c"B I.G Al8"le2c"B 0.B redarea i nvarea disciplinelor socio-umane, %IIIF :iec#re -i tre #ce2te c#te&orii -e c#!#cit+i ) *+#te 2" t -emo 2tr#te (i me-i#' 2#" 3#c !o2i8ile -i3erite ti!"ri -e !er3orm# +e o82er*#8ile 2#" com!ort#me te -o8A -ite. O8iecti*ele -e2cri" " !ro-"2B re'"lt#t"l #(te!t#t #l i 2tr"iriiB 2cEim8#re# ce 2e *# re#li'# ) "rm# ) *+rii l# i*el"l com!ort#me t"l"i c"r2# +ilor. O 2erie -e teoreticie i #i e-"c#+ieiB !rec"m <. <loom 2#" R. ?#& eB #" -e3i it o8iecti*ele ) terme i com!ort#me t#liB -eo#rece ) tot-e#" # 2e ) *#+ ) 2e 2"l " ei 2cEim8ri -e com!ort#me t. Ro8ert ?#& e # -i2ti 2 o!t cl#2e -e com!ort#me t -o8A -it57:
55

?#& eB R. 0.G <ri&&2B L. K.B ) 0.B Al8"le2c"B I.G Al8"le2c"B 0.B redarea i nvarea disciplinelor socioumane, I#(iB E-it"r# PoliromB %III. 56 ?#& eB R. 0.G <ri&&2B L. K.B ) Al8"le2c"B I.G Al8"le2c"B 0.B redarea i nvarea disciplinelor socioumane, I#(iB E-it"r# PoliromB %III. 57 ?#& eB R. 0.B (ondiiile nvrii, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#tic (i Pe-#&o&icB 1.75.

54

1. ) *+#re# -e 2em #leG %. ) *+#re# 2tim"l 7 r2!" 2G ,. ) *+#re# !ri ) l +"ireG /. #2oci#+iile *er8#leG 5. ) *+#re# !ri -i2crimi #reG 4. ) *+#re# o+i" ilorG 7. ) *+#re# re&"lilorG >. re'ol*#re# -e !ro8leme. De3i ire# o8iecti*elor !re2"!" e 2t#8ilire# re'"lt#telor !e c#re e #(te!tm 2 le o8+i c"r2# +ii. P"tem 2t#8ili -#c ei #" ) *+#t 2#" " ce*# o82er*A re'"lt#t"l com!ort#me t"l"i lorB re'"lt#t "mit ) mo- co *e +io #l Jo8iecti* com!ort#me t#l=. Al+i #"toriB c"m #r 3i Ro8ert E8elB Elliot Ei2 erB P.D. 0itcEell 5>B #" critic#t mo-"l -e -e3i ire # o8iecti*elor i 2tr"c+io #le eCcl"2i* ) terme i -e com!ort#me te o82er*#8ileB rele*#te -e " i -ic#tor eCter B c# 3ii - ) !ri ci!i" i 2"3icie tB e#-ec*#t (i cEi#r ere#li'#8il ) !r#ctic. N" to#te o8iecti*ele "rmrite !ot 2#" tre8"ie 2 3ie -e3i ite ) terme i com!ort#me t#liB !e tr" c !er3orm# +ele im!lic#te !ot 3i 2tri i terio#re 2#" !roce2e eo82er*#8ile D-e eCem!l" ) +ele&ere#F. ECi2t teme 2#" lec+ii ) !re-#re# cror# " 2e "rmre2c com!ort#me te 2!eci3ice o82er*#8ile l# to+i c"r2# +ii (i !o2i8il -e 2"!"2 co trol"l"i i 2tr"c+io #l co *er&e tB -i 2im!l"l moti* c 27#r 2"!r#licit# ) -irec+i# co 3ormi2m"l"iB cee# ce #r co -"ce l# ) &r-ire# cre#ti*it+ii. U ele #tit"-i iB -e eCem!l"B " !ot 3i i-e tice ) to#te !ri*i +ele. ECi2t m#teriiB c"m 2" t (i cele 2ocio7"m# eB " -e 2e c#"t r2!" 2"ri oiB cre#to#reB 3#!t !e tr" c#re " !ot 3i "(or i-e ti3ic#te com!ort#me tele !#rtic"l#re ce tre8"ie 3orm#te. Aici !ro&r#mele -e i 2tr"ire tre8"ie 2 co -"c l# com!ort#me te (i re'"lt#te D-e!ri -eri com!leCeF ce " !ot 3i !re*'"te. C# #8ilit#te -e # &A -i 2#" #c+io #B c#!#cit#te# im!lic m"lt m#i m"lt -ecAt J!re'e t#re# or&# i'#t # i 3orm#+iilor 2#" o !ro&r#m com!ort#me t#l !l# i3ic#t=B c#re !re*- c# c"r2# +ii 2 !re'i te c" o(ti +e 2#" 2 ) -e!li e2c #c+i" i ) mo- " i3ormB -emo 2trA - o !er3orm# + 3i #l 2!eci3ic " "i # "mit -ome i". <#&#1"l -e c" o(ti +e #l " "i c"r2# tB tre8"ie 2 c#r#cteri'e'e m#i m"lt 3el"l l"i -e # !ri*i re#lit#te# (i 2 c"!ri - mo-"l -e !#rtici!#re c#re 2e ) r-ci e#' ) tr7o 3orm -e &A -ireB c#r#cteri2tic co (tii +ei 2#le. tr7o #2t3el -e !er2!ecti*B c#!#cit#te# re3lect m#i -e&r#8 !roce2"l tot#l #l !#rtici!rii -ecAt o !er3orm# + 3i #l. Criticile #-"2e -e3i irii o8iecti*elor i 2tr"c+io #le ) terme i com!ort#me t#li o8li& l# o #8or-#re m#i "# +#t # 3i #lit+ilor e-"c#+ieiB -#r (i # !roce2"l"i ) 2"(i. C" to#te #ce2te#B ) !r#ctic# -i-#ctic #ct"#l e2te ece2#r -e3i ire# o8iecti*elor ) terme ii com!ort#me t"l"i co cretB o82er*#8il (i m2"r#8ilB -eo#rece " com!ort#me t 2!eci3ic#t c# re'"lt#t 3i #l #l " ei 2ec*e +e
58

No*e# "B E. P.B Dcoor-o #torFB Pe-#&o&icB 1.77.

ro#leme de tehnologie didactic, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic (i

55

-e i 2tr"ire !ermite 2im"lt# !ro3e2or"l"i (i c"r2# +ilor 27(i or&# i'e'e (i 2 co -"c #cti*it#te# -e ) *+#re. O8iecti*"l m#1or #l 2t"-ierii -i2ci!li elor 2ocio7"m# e e2te 3orm#re# !er2o #lit+ii c"r2# t"l"i !e 8#'# " or criterii *#lorice -e #t"r (tii +i3icB "m# i2t 2#" mor#l7ci*ic. Im!licA -"72e #cti* ) -e2co!erire# -e 2i eB # #t"rii "m# e ) &e er#l (i # i ter#c+i" ilor 2oci#le c" ceil#l+iB c"r2# t"l )(i *# ) 2"(i !ri ci!#lele tem#tici #le re3lec+iei #2"!r# om"l"i (i 2ociet+ii. Pri -e'*olt#re# " or com!ete +e: &A -ire cre#to#reB c#!#cit#te -e # #li'B 2i te'B #82tr#cti'#reB &e er#li'#reB co creti'#reB #r&"me t#reB e*#l"#reB #!lic#reB lim8#1 -e 2!eci#lit#teB teE ici -e l"cr" 2!eci3iceB -e!ri -eri -e m" c i telect"#l etc.B c"r2# t"l #1" &e 27(i 2tr"ct"re'e " 2i2tem #Ciolo&icB c#re )l *# #1"t# ) co t"r#re# !ro!riei co ce!+ii -e2!re l"me (i *i#+. 6t"-iere# -i2ci!li elor 2ocio7"m# e #2i&"r ti erilor i 2tr"me tele ece2#re 3ormrii (i -e'*oltrii " or -e!ri -eri (i #tit"-i i i telect"#leB c#re *or 2t# l# 8#'# -o8A -irii " ei #"te tice c"lt"ri "m# i2te. E-"c#+i# !ri i terme-i"l #ce2tor -i2ci!li e co tri8"ie l# !re&tire# &e er#l (i 3" -#me t#l # i -i*i-"l"iB #2i&"rA -"7i ori'o t"l c"lt"r#l (i c#!#cit+ile i telect"#le ece2#re oricrei -e'*oltri (i #cti*it+i. O8iecti*ele !re-rii -i2ci!li elor 2ocio7"m# e 2e ) 2cri" !e coor-o #tele i-e#l"l"i e-"c#+io #lB c#re "rmre(te 3orm#re# !er2o #lit+ii ti erilor co 3orm ceri +elor -e'*oltrii i -i*i-"#le (i 2oci#le : J0#rile re*ol"+ii ) !l# i -i*i-"#l (i 2oci#l 2" t co -i+io #te -e m# ierele -i3erite -e # e r#!ort# l# 3o -"l c"lt"r#l=5.. 0# i3e2tA -"72e c# 3ii +e -e2cEi2e ctre to#te #2!ectele eCi2te +ei "m# eB i -i*i-"#le (i 2oci#leB c"r2# +ii #" oc#'i# 2 #8or-e'e coere t (i 2i2tem#tic !ro8leme -e #t"r 3ilo2o3icB 2oci#lB !2iEolo&icB eco omicB !oliticB mor#l7 ci*ic. :ire(teB 3iec#re -i2ci!li 2ocio7"m# 2e re3er l# o # "mit c#te&orie -e 3e ome e (i !roce2eB !e c#re le 2i2tem#ti'e#' (i le eC!licB "rmri -"72e o8iecti*e 2!eci3iceB re#li'#8ile ) 2it"#+ii e-"c#ti*e or&# i'#te !e !#rc"r2"l " "i # (col#r 2#" " i*er2it#r. V#lori3icA - !ote +i#l"l lor i ter-i2ci!li #r (i i te&r#torB c"r2# +ii *or !"te# 27(i 3orme'e o im#&i e com!reEe 2i* -e2!re ei ) (i(i (i -e2!re 2ociet#teB *or !"te# ) +ele&e le&t"rile -i tre &A -ire (i #c+i" eB co -i+io rile #c+io #le (i i 2tit"+io #leB !e tr" # -e*e i cet+e i i 3orm#+iB c#!#8ili 2 emit c" com!ete + 1"-ec+i -e *#lo#reB 2 !#rtici!e l# -i#lo& (i #c+i" e 2oci#l. !re-#re# -i2ci!li elor 2ocio7"m# e 2e "rmre2c "rmto#rele c#te&orii -e o8iecti*e: 1. O8iecti*e co& iti*e: 7 tr# 2mitere# 2i ) 2"(ire# c" o(ti +elor 2!eci3ice -i2ci!li eiG 7 3orm#re# (i -e'*olt#re# !rice!erilorB -e!ri -erilorB c#!#cit+ilor i telect"#le etc.
59

LEiteEe#-B A. N.B ) ) 0.B Al8"le2c"B I.G Al8"le2c"B 0.B redarea i nvarea disciplinelor socio-umane, I#(iB E-it"r# PoliromB %III.

56

%. O8iecti*e co& iti*73orm#ti*e: 7 -e'*olt#re# c#!#cit+ilor -e c" o#(tere D#te +ieB memorieB &A -ire critic re3leCi*B im#&i #+ieB cre#ti*it#teFG 7 "tili'#re# corect # co ce!telor (i # i 3orm#+iei 3#ct"#leB c#!#cit#te# -e # o!er# c" #ce2te#G 7 #"to omi'#re# !ro!ri"l"i -emer2 co& iti*G 7 3orm#re# !ro!riei co ce!+ii -e2!re l"meG ,. O8iecti*e #3ecti*e D#tit"-i #leF: 7 3orm#re# (i -e'*olt#re# co *i &erilorB 2e time telorB #tit"-i ilorB tr2t"rilor -e *oi + (i c#r#cter etc. 7 3orm#re# (i eC!rim#re# !rerilor !er2o #leG 7 #!reciere# (i *#lori'#re# -i3eritelor mo-"ri -e &A -ire (i #c+i" eG 7 re3lect#re# critic #2"!r# !re1"-ec+ilor (i 2tereoti!iilor !ro!rii (i #le #ltor#. /. O8iecti*e #c+io #le: 7 -e'*olt#re# -e!ri -erilor D#8ilit+ilorF i telect"#le: 2t"-i" i -e!e -e tB i *e2ti&#+ieB c#lc"lB #!lic#reG 7 2elect#re# (i #!lic#re# 2tr#te&iilor -e re'ol*#re # !ro8lemelorG 7 c#!#cit#te# -e # re#li'# #!lic#+iiG 7 -e'*olt#re# com!ete +elor -e com" ic#re D-i#lo&B -e'8#tereB e&ociereB re'ol*#re -e co 3licteFG 7 -e'*olt#re# (i "tili'#re# com!ete +elor ece2#re ) !#rtici!#re# l# *i#+# 2oci#l D-eci'ieB re2!o 2#8ilit#te etcF. 5. O8iecti*e !2iEomotorii: 7 o!er#+ii m# "#leB 3orm#re# (i -e'*olt#re# !rice!erilorB -e!ri -erilor (i o8i( "i +elor -e #!lic#re etc. 0"lte c#-re -i-#ctice )(i re!re'i t o8iecti*ele ) 3" c+ie -e c#re !roiecte#' (i or&# i'e#' i 2tr"ire# 2"8 3orm# " ei ier#rEiiB ) !rim7!l# 2it"A -"72e #cEi'i+i# c" o(ti +elor: 7 c" o(ti +eG 7 !rice!eri (i -e!ri -eriG 7 #!tit"-i i (i c#!#cit+i i telect"#le. Noile orie tri #le ) *+mA t"l"i im!" o 2cEim8#re # ier#rEiei o8iecti*elorB -"! c"m "rme#'4I: 1. #!tit"-i i (i c#!#cit+i i telect"#le G %. !rice!eri (i -e!ri -eriG ,. c" o(ti +e. Preoc"!#re# !e tr" 2!orire# co ti " # *ol"m"l"i -e c" o(ti +e ) 2"(ite -e ctre c"r2# +iB -i -i3erite -ome iiB " m#i core2!" -e ) *+mA t"l"i #ct"#l. C# tit#te# -e i 3orm#+ii cre(te ) tr7" ritm eCtrem -e r#!i-B # tre #re# ) *+mA t"l"i ) "rmrire# #ce2tei cre(teri 3ii - !r#ctic ire#li'#8il. Acce t"l 2e
60

Vi-e# "B ?eor&eB Educaia la frontiera dintre mileniiB <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# 5tii +i3ic (i E ciclo!e-icB 1.>>

57

!" e !e #2!ect"l 3orm#ti*B c"r2# t"l 2 ) *e+e c"m 2 2t!A e#2c (i 2 "tili'e'e i 3orm#+i#B 3olo2i -"72e -e #!tit"-i ile (i c#!#cit+ile !e c#re (co#l# i le7# -e'*olt#t. Ace#2t -e!l#2#re -e #cce t " !re2"!" e ) 2 o i& or#re # c" o(ti +elor (i # rol"l"i !e c#re #ce2te# )l #"B -eo#rece cEi#r 3orm#re# (i -e'*olt#re# #!tit"-i ilor (i c#!#cit+ilor 2e re#li'e#' !ri i terme-i"l lorB ) c#-r"l !roce2elor -e ) *+#re.

T!?onomi! o"iecti$elor co(niti$e , p @.S. @loom

Cl!/ele ,e comport!ment

Competen&ele

Ver"e ,e !c&i ne

7 c" o#(tere# eleme telor 2!eci3ice (i i'ol#8ile -e i 3orm#+ieB -#te !#rtic"l#reB -e l# c#re 2e !or e(te #!oi ) co 2tr"ire# " or 3orme com!leCe (i #82tr#cte -e c" o#(tere I. C" o#(tere# 7 c" o#(tere# cilor (i mi1lo#celor -e # tr#t# eleme tele D#cEi'i+ie -e 2!eci3iceB #-ic -e # le or&# i'#B 2t"-i#B #!reci#B critic# c" o(ti +eF Di cl"-e meto-ele -e cercet#reB 2t# -#r-ele -e #!reci#reB 2tr"ct"rile -e or&# i'#re i ter F 7 c" o#(tere# eleme telor &e er#le (i # #82tr#c+iilor Dle&iB !ri ci!iiB teorii 2!eci3ice -ome i"l"iF 7 tr#t#re#B #-ic ) +ele&ere# !"2 ) e*i-e + !ri &ri1# (i !reci'i# c" c#re " me2#1 2e !#r#3r#'e#' 2#" 2e re- -i tr7" lim8#1 2#" 3orm -e com" ic#re ) #lt# 7 i ter!ret#re#B #-ic eC!lic#re# 2#" re'"m#re# " "i me2#1B II. Com!reEe 7 cee# ce im!lic o re-i2tri8"ireB o reor&# i'#re 2#" o o" 2i" e# !er2!ecti* #2"!r# l"i 7 eCtr#!ol#re#B #-ic eCti -ere# -irec+iilor 2#" # te -i +elor -i colo -e -#tele eCi2te teB !e tr" # -etermi # im!lic#+iiB co 2eci +eB e3ecte etc.

# -e3i iB # rec" o#(teB # -i2ti &eB # i-e ti3ic#B # #mi ti

III. A!lic#re#

7 3olo2ire# #82tr#c+iilor ) 2it"#+ii !#rtic"l#re (i co crete

# tr# 23orm#B # il"2tr#B # re-e3i iB # i ter!ret#B # eC!lic#B # -emo 2tr#B # reor&# i'#B # eCti -eB # eCtr#!ol#B # e2tim#B # -etermi # # #!lic#B # &e er#li'#B # re2tr"ct"r#B # "tili'#B # #le&eB # cl#2i3ic#B # 2e 3olo2i -e...

58

IV. A #li'#

7 i-e ti3ic#re# eleme telor i cl"2e ) tr7" me2#1 7 2t#8ilire# le&t"rilor (i i ter#c+i" ilor eleme telor (i !r+ilor me2#1"l"i 7 i-e ti3ic#re# !ri ci!iilor -e or&# i'#re (i 2tr"ct"r#re # me2#1"l"i 7 !ro-"cere# " "i me2#1 !ri c#re 2e ) ce#rc tr# 2mitere# i-eilorB im!re2iilorB eC!erie +elor 7 el#8or#re# " "i !l# -e #c+i" e 2#" 2et -e i 3orm#+ii c#re 2 core2!" - 2#rci ii ce )i re*i e c"r2# t"l"i 7 -eri*#re# " "i 2et -e rel#+ii #82tr#cteB !e tr" # cl#ri3ic# 2#" eC!lic# -#te 2!eci3ice 2#" 3e ome e ori !e tr" -e-"cere# -e #3irm#+ii (i rel#+ii !or i - -e l# !ro!o'i+ii -e 8#'

V. 6i te'#

VI. E*#l"#re#

7 #!reciere# critic #2"!r# *#lorii m#teri#l"l"i ) r#!ort c" criterii i ter e D!reci'ie lo&icB co 2i2te + etc.F 7 #!reciere# critic #2"!r# *#lorii m#teri#l"l"i ) r#!ort c" criterii eCter e

# -i2ti &eB # i-e ti3ic#B # rec" o#(teB # # #li'#B # com!#r#B # -e-"ceB # -etect# # 2crieB # rel#t#B # !ro-"ceB # -eri*#B # !l# i3ic#B # !ro!" eB # 3orm"l#B # 2i teti'# # 1"-ec#B # #r&"me t#B # e*#l"#B # *#li-#B # -eci-eB # com!#r#B # 2t# -#r-i'#

T!?onomi! o"iecti$elor !0ecti$e 5@loomA B!/tin(/A *!,! /7

Cl!/ele ,e
comport!ment

Competen&ele

I.Rece!t#re# D!#rtici!#re#F

7 co (tie ti'#re#G ) 2it"#+ii #-ec*#te c"r2# t"l 2 3ie co (tie t -e ce*#B 2 +i 2e#m# -e o 2it"#+ieB " 3e ome B o 2t#re -e l"cr"ri etc. 7 -i2!o'i+i# -e rece!t#reG c"r2# t"l " c#"t 2 e*iteB ci -ore(te 2 i# c" o(ti + -e ce*#B 27i #cor-e #te +ie 7 #te +ie -iri1#t 2#" !re3ere +i#lB orie t#t 2!re !erce!ere# (i 2elect#re# 2tim"lilor c#re i tere2e#'

Ver"e ,e e?prim!re # #cce!t#B # #c"m"l#B # com8i #B # -i3ere +i#B # 2e!#r#B # i'ol#B # -i*i'#B # #le&eB # r2!" -eB # #2c"lt#B # co trol#

59

II.Re#c+i# Dr2!" 2"lF

7 #2e time t"l -e # re#c+io # l# o 2"&e2tieB l# o ceri + 7 -ori +# -e # r2!" -eB -e # !#rtici!# 7 2#ti23#c+i# -e # r2!" -e (i re#c+i# emo+io #l ce o ) 2o+e(te D!lcereB 2#*o#reB 8"c"rieF

III.A!reciere# D*#lori'#re#F

7 #cce!t#re# " ei *#lori #tri8"ite " "i o8iectB 3e ome B com!ort#me t etc. 7 !re3eri +# !e tr" o *#lo#reB c#re " e2te -o#r #cce!t#tB ci -orit (i c"t#t -eo#rece i -i*i-"l )(i i-e ti3ic com!ort#me t"l c" e#

7 co ce!t"#li'#re# " ei #!recieri D*#loriFB c#re !ermite c"r2# t"l"i 2 r#!orte'e o #!reciere l# cele !e c#re el (i le7# 3orm#t 2#" 2" t ) c"r2 -e 3orm#re IV.Or&# i'#re# 7 or&# i'#re# 2i2tem"l"i -e #!recieri D*#loriFB #ce2te# 3ii or-o #teB 2i teti'#te c" 2co!"l -e # o8+i e o o" #!reciere 2#" " com!leC -e e*#l"ri -e or-i 2"!eriorB cee# ce #1"t l# 3orm#re# " ei co ce!+ii

7 or-o #re# &e er#li'#tB c#re co 3er o co 2i2te + i ter V. 2i2tem"l"i -e #tit"-i i (i #!recieri C#r#cteri'#re# 7 c#r#cteri'#re# D#"toc#r#cteri'#re#F &lo8#lB l# #ce2t i*el 2e !ri #!reciere re&2e2c o8iecti*e c#re 2e re3er l# !ro!ri"l !" ct -e *e-ere D*#loricF #2"!r# l"miiB !ro!ri"l =eltanschauung

# 2e co 3orm# # #2"m#B # #!ro8#B # -i2c"t#B # !r#ctic#B # o3eriB # #!l#"-#B # #cl#m#B #7(i !etrece tim!"l li8er ) tr7o #cti*it#te # re " +#B # 2!eci3ic#B #7(i 2!ori com!ete +# !ri ...B # ) c"r#1#B # #r&"me t#B # -e'8#teB # !rote2t#B # e&# # -i2c"t#B # #82tr#&eB # com!#r#B # teoreti'# o temB # or&# i'#B # -e3i iB # 3orm"l#B # #rmo i'# # re*i'"iB # 2cEim8#B # com!let#B # 3i #!reci#tB # #!reci# *#loric o #cti*it#te 2#" o #c+i" eB # -iri1#B # e*it#B #7(i #2"m#B # col#8or#

60

Str ct r! %i ,e#$olt!re! competen&elorDISCIPLINELE SOCIO6U*ANE

per/o!neiE?prim!re!

Rel!&ion!re!C /oci!lA economicAP!rticip!re! l! $i!&! inter!c&i ne! ,e (r p

E?er/!re! nor rol ri ,i0erite )n c!,r l nor con$in(erilor E?primrilor /! re( prerilorC lilor (r p l i !cti$it&i pe (r pe. P!rticip!re! l! /t!"ili#!re! /cop rilor

Accept!re! %i )n,eplinire! nor /!rcini /! re/pon/!"ilit&i )n mo, li"er. Rec no!%tere! /it !&iilor )n c!re e/te ne$oie ,e !c&i ne /oci!l

61

!le(ere! li,er l iA

P!rticip!re! l! temele ,e !ct !lit!te.In0orm!re! ,e/pre ,e#"!tereA ne(ociereA

Di!lo( /oci!l

Com nic!re Ar( ment!re

%i in/tit &iilor pentr In0l en&!re! per/o!nelor

c no%tin&e re0erito!reAcce/ l l! in0orm!&iiC tili#!re! in0orm!&ieiOr(!ni#!re! %i

,e o"&inere !Deprin,eriCcompeten&e ,e or,in co(niti$DDeprin,eriCcompeten&e

,e l !re ! ,eci#ieiDeprin,eriCcompeten&e

con0orm no l i c rric l m

Inte(r!re! o"iecti$elor D:r# ' E. Lilli#m2F Domeni l !0ecti$ 6"8iect"l e2te -i2!"2 2 rece!+io e'e i 3orm#+iile Rece!t#re#

Domeni l co(niti$ C" o#(tere#

Com!reEe 2i" e#

6"8iect"l -ore(te 2 2t!A e#2c i 3orm#+iile

A!lic#re#

6"8iect"l #!reci#' i 3orm#+iile c#re 2" t rele*# te (i 3olo2ito#re 6"8iect"l i te&re#' i 3orm#+iile ) tr7" 2i2tem -e *#lori !ro!ri" 6"8iect"l 1"-ec (i #c+io e#' )
62

A #li'#N6i te'#

Co ce!t"#li'#re#

Deprin,eriCcompeten&e ,e or,in met!co(niti$. Str!te(ii ,e /ol &ion!re ! nei pro"lemeE ! to6 e$!l !re! %i ! tomoni tori#!re! ,emer/ l i co(niti$

R2!" 2"l

V#lori'#re#

E*#l"#re# I teriori'#re# Ne*oi# re#li'rii -e!li e# !ro3e2io #li'rii *iitorilor o3i+eri im!" e c" *i#+ co 3orm 2i2tem"l"i -e ece2it#te i-e ti3ic#re# cAt m#i corect 2!#+i"l"i *#lori !e c#re#(i l7# cre#t co ce!t"#l milit#r "tili'#t ) #cti*it#te# NATOB 2t!A ire# 2em i3ic#+ilor !ro3" -e #le terme ilorB eC!re2iilor (i co +i "t"rilor *eEic"l#te !e tim!"l !re&tirii (i ) -e!li irii mi2i" ilor NATO. #cel#(i tim! spaiul european deschis al nvmntului superior o3er oi !ro*ocri !e tr" re#li'#re# *iitorilor #82ol*e +i -i !er2!ecti*# #Ciolo&ic # cet+e# "l"i milit#r e"ro!e# B ) m2"r 2 #c+io e'e e3icie t l# orice !ro*oc#re # 2ecol"l"i #l @@I7le#. Am!lele !roce2e -ecl# (#te ) -i3erite 3or"ri e"ro!e eB ) tre c#re cel m#i c" o2c"t e2te !roce2"l <olo& #B #" ri-ic#t ) 3#+# Ac#-emiei :or+elor Tere2tre ece2it#te# 2t#8ilirii o!+i" ii !e tr" , 2#" / # i # -"r#tei ) *+mA t"l"i -e 3orm#re i i+i#l (i m#i #le2 # co +i "t"rilor oii c"rric"le " i*er2it#reB ) *e-ere# re#li'rii " "i ) *+mA t 2"!erior c#lit#ti*B com!#ti8il c" 2i2temele !er3orm# te -i celel#lte 2t#te e"ro!e e. !re'e tB ) *+mA t"l milit#r " i*er2it#r tre8"ie 2 r2!" - ece2it+ilor im!leme trii JProce2"l"i <olo& #=B !ri c#re 2e "rmre(te ) 3!t"ire# " ei re3orme e-"c#+io #le ) U i" e# E"ro!e# (i co 2tit"ire# 2!#+i"l"i e"ro!e# -e e-"c#+ie. U ii cercettori #!reci#' c i 3orm#+ii -e2!re !roce2"l <olo& # eCi2t (i ) i 2tit"+iile milit#re " i*er2it#reB -#r 2" t ) mic m2"r or&# i'#te 2"8 3orm# " ei # #li'e com!reEe 2i*e !ri*i - e3ectele i tro-"cerii cicl"rilor -e 2t"-ii (i m#i #le2 # com!#ti8ili'rii !l# "rilor -e ) *+mA t c" cele -i " i*er2it+ile *e2t7e"ro!e e. De2i&"rB cA - 2e 3#ce #ce#2t #!reciere 2e #re ) *e-ere com!o e t# #c#-emicB c"rric"l# " i*er2it#rB !ri c#re 2e #2i&"r -er"l#re# !roce2"l"i e-"c#+io #l 2!eci3ic 3iecrei 2!eci#li'ri. C#-r"l le&i2l#ti* #-o!t#t ) i"lie %II/ !ri*itor l# co 2or+iile " i*er2it#re (i or&# i'#re# cicl"rilor -e 2t"-ii -e*i e !remi2 m#1or !e tr" ) +ele&ere# orie trilor &e er#le (i # -irec+iilor -e #c+i" e !e tr" !roiect#re#B 3" -#me t#re# (i -er"l#re# #c+i" ilor !ro!rii i 2tit"+iei milit#re -e ) *+mA t 2"!erior. E2te 2em i3ic#ti* #!#ri+i# " ei !ro8leme !ri ci!#le !ri c#re 2e !#rtic"l#ri'e#' -o" -irec+ii m#1ore !e tr" i *e2ti&#re# im!lic#+iilor !o2i8ile #le #-o!trii Proce2"l"i <olo& #B " # c#re )(i !ro!" e 2 *#lori'e'e (i 2 -e'*olte 2t"-iile teoreticeB i#r ce# -e7# -o"# 2 co 3i&"re'e m2"rile !r#ctice !ri c#re i 2tit"+i# milit#r -e ) *+mA t 2"!erior 2 !o#t -e*e i " i*er2it#te com!etiti* #+io #l (i i ter #+io #l. I tro-"cere# !re*e-erilor !roce2"l"i <olo& #B (i !ri #ce#2t# cre#re# !o2i8ilit+ilor -e !#rtici!#re l# !ro&r#mele #+io #le (i e"ro!e e -e e-"c#+ie (i cercet#re (i rec" o#(tere# -i!lomelor -e 2t"-ii o3erite -e #c#-emi# milit#rB 2" t co -i+io #te -e cre#re# !o2i8ilit+ilor im!leme trii c" 2"cce2 # Proce2"l"i <olo& #. Prel"A - (i le&i3erA - i i+i#ti*ele e"ro!e e (i #+io #le ) -ome i"l ) *+mA t"l"i 2"!erior re&2im oi re!ere #le mo-er i'rii e-"c#+iei milit#re
63

#c#-emice. #ce#2t i-eeB 2t"-iile ) tre!ri 2e #" -e'*olt#t co +i "t"l o8iecti*elor e-"c#+io #leB teoretice (i !r#cticeB !e -o" -ome ii -i2ti cte: #8ilit+i co& iti*eB ece2it+i (i com!ete +e &e er#leB re2!ecti* c" o(ti +e (i com!ete +e -e 2!eci#lit#te. PlecA - -e l# co +i "t"l " or -oc"me te c#re 2t#t"e#' !ro8lemele 3" -#me t#le #le ) *+mA t"l"i milit#r romA e2c (i -e l# ece2it+ile 2oci#le (i milit#re i-e ti3ic#te !e 8#'# 2t"-iilor # terio#reB com!ete +ele -e 2!eci#lit#teB c#re 3" -#me te#' mo-el"l 2ocio7!ro3e2io #l #l o3i+er"l"i -i :or+ele Tere2treB 2" t "# +#te !ri cele trei i!o2t#'e #le eCi2te +ei (i #c+i" ii o3i+er"l"i J# (ti= 7 J# 3i= DJ# *re# 2 3ie=F 7 J# 3#ce= DJ# !"te# 2 3#c=F. Pe tr" #82ol*e t"l Ac#-emiei :or+elor Tere2treB lice +i#t ) -ome i"l 5tii + 0ilit#rB ) " # -i 2!eci#li'rile J0# #&eme t"l or&# i'#+ieiZB JA-mi i2tr#+ie !"8licZ 2#" J0# #&eme t eco omico73i # ci#rZ 2e cer com!ete +e -e 2!eci#lit#teB c#re 2 #2i&"re #rmo i'#re# !re&tirii #c#-emice c" ce# milit#r. A 2#m8l"l celor !#tr" com!ete +e 3" -#me t#le Dco -"ctor (i li-er -e or&# i'#+ieB e-"c#torB cet+e# (i l"!ttor !oli*#le tFB cAt (i 3iec#re com!ete + ) !#rteB eC!licite#' co +i "t"rile c#re -#" -ime 2i" e# milit#r # com!ete +elor -e 2!eci#lit#te. 0o-el"l c#-r" -e re3eri + #l o3i+er"l"i -i :or+ele Tere2treB ce tr#t !e #ce2te com!o e te -e 8#' 5Ane?! 17B #!reciem c e2te #-ec*#t ) 8" !#rte oilor co -i+ii (i mi2i" iB i ter e (i i ter #+io #leB #le Arm#tei RomA e. #cee#(i m2"rB # #li'# com!#ti8ilit+ii nvmntului -i Ac#-emie c" cel #l #ltor instituii similare din unele armate moderne din cadrul *3T6 D6UAB :r# +#F -emo 2tre#' *i#8ilit#te# (i coi ci-e +# " or #2!ecte 3" -#me t#le #le !roce2"l"i -e e-"c#+ie D3i #lit+ile e-"c#+ieiB co +i "t"riB mo-#lit+i -e e*#l"#reB #cti*it+i eCtr#c"rric"l#reB i 2tit"+i# me tor"l"i etcFB -#r (i eCi2te +# " ei !r+i ) 2em #teB ecom" e. Pre'e +# -i2ci!li elor com" e e #r#t c 2" t cre#te co -i+iile ece2#reB " "m#i !e tr" o -e'*olt#re core2!" 'to#re # *iitorilor o3i+eriB ci (i !e tr" cre#re# co -i+iilor ) *e-ere# ) -e!li irii " or mi2i" i com" e.41 :ii - i *e2tit c" re2!o 2#8ilit#te# -e # 3orm# o3i+eri -e c#rier Ac#-emi# :or+elor Tere2tre 2e !re'i t c# o i 2tit"+ie " icB o!erA - c" " c"rric"l"m i te&r#tB 2olicit# t (i -i #micB el#8or#t !e 8#'# " "i 2et -e 2co!"ri i ter-i2ci!li #reB ) c#re 2e re3lect ece2it+ile 2ociet+ii (i #rm#teiB eCi&e +ele ) *+mA t"l"i 2"!erior #+io #l (i i ter #+io #l. !re'e tB el e2te #2t3el co ce!"t ) cAt 2 #2i&"re " ecEili8r" ) tre -i2ci!li ele c" c#r#cter milit#r (i cele " i*er2it#reB ) !rim"l rA -B (i ) tre -i2ci!li ele 2ocio7"m# e (i cele teE iceB ) #l -oile# rA -. 0#teriile 2" t !ro!or+io #l re!#rti'#te !e # i -e 2t"-iiB !otri*it ceri +elor c"!ri 2e ) 2t# -#r-ele #+io #leB oiB o!erA - c" -i2ci!li e 3" -#me t#leB ) !rim# !erio#- # (col#rit+ii (i c" -i2ci!li ele -e
61

Co2m#B 0irce#B Dcoor-o #torFB 6fierul modernB 6i8i"B E-it"r# Ac#-emiei :or+elor Tere2treB %II5B!#&. 5I7 5%.

64

2!eci#lit#teB ) "ltim# !erio#-. E2te -e #2eme e# !re*'"t " 2et -e -i2ci!li e o!+io #le (i 3#c"lt#ti*eB c#re 2 !ermit 2t"-e +ilor #!ro3" -#re# " or -ome ii -e i tere2 (i 2 3" -#me te'e !re&tire# teoretic ece2#r ) 2t#8ilire# o!+i" ii !e tr" 2!eci#lit#te# milit#r -orit. A*A - ) *e-ere mo-el"l 2ocio7!ro3e2io #l #l o3i+er"l"i (i cele !#tr" com!ete +e co 2tr"ite !e tr" mo-el"l #82ol*e t"l"i #c#-emieiB 2e !o#te #!reci# c #ct"#l"l c"rric"l"m core2!" -e ) 8" !#rte #ce2tor ceri +e. 6t"-i"l -e23("r#t ) c#-r"l " "i !roiect #l #c#-emiei Dcoor-. 0irce# Co2m#B %II5F e #r#t mo-"rile -i3erite ) c#re 2e !re-#" co +i "t"rile -i*er2elor -i2ci!li e -e 2t"-i"B #le cror co 2eci +e e-"c#+io #le " 2" t #cele#(iB ) 3" c+ie -e 2it"#re# !er2o #l"l -i-#ctic !e o !o'i+ie tr#-i+io #lB re2tricti* 2"8 #2!ect 3orm#ti*B 2#" !e o !o'i+ie mo-er B i o*#to#reB "rmri - -e'*olt#re# li8erB i te&r#l (i #rmo io#2 # !er2o #lit+ii 2t"-e t"l"i. Co 2i-erm c# 3ii - 3olo2ito#re #cele 2tr#te&ii -i-#ctice c#re "rmre2c c" -eo2e8ire -o8A -ire# " or c#!#cit+i !rec"m: 2t!A ire#B ) +ele&ere# (i "tili'#re# i 3orm#+iilorB &A -ire# cre#to#reB 2!irit"l -e i i+i#ti*B #8ilit#te# !e tr" re3lec+ie (i com" ic#reB i cl"2i* ) tr7o lim8 2tri . Cercetrile ) tre!ri 2e #" #rt#t c cele m#i #-ec*#te 2tr#te&ii !e tr" re#li'#re# #ce2tor -ime 2i" i #le !er2o #lit+ii 2t"-e +ilor 2" t #cele# c#re 2tim"le#' ti!"ri #cti*e -e ) *+#re (i !ermit o *#lori3ic#re o!timB !e m"lti!le !l# "riB # !ote +i#l"l"i -e #c+i" eB c" o#(tere (i 2im+ireB -i #mi2m"l (i -i2!o i8ilit#te# !e tr" ) oireB #!tit"-i e# !e tr" 2cEim8#reB c#!#cit#te# -e i *e +ie (i i o*#+ie # #ce2tor#. PlecA - -e l# #!reciere# c JE-"c#+i# e2te co 2i-er#t c"lt"r# i teli&e +ei 2#" # 2!irit"l"iZ5,B # #li'A - !e l#r& -i3erite teorii #le ) *+rii5/ (i r2!" 2"rile -#te -e c#-rele -i-#ctice (i 2t"-e +ii cEe2tio #+iB 2t"-i"l e*i-e +i#' ece2it#te# -e # #2i&"r# " !ro&r#m -e -e'*olt#reB co 3orm e*oilor #rm#tei (i 2ociet+iiB me it 2 #2i&"re 3orm#re# l# 2t"-e +i # c#!#cit+ii -e # #c+io # com!ete t (i c" re2!o 2#8ilit#teB !e tr" re#li'#re# i tere2elor !ro!rii (i #le com" it+ii. JPro&r#mele -e e-"c#+ie m#i *ecEi #" e&li1#t #ce# e-"c#+ie c#re7i - c" o(ti +e i -i*i-"l"iB ece2#re loc"l"i 2" ) 2ociet#teB #1"tA -"71 2 ) +ele#& c !o#te (i tre8"ie 2 !#rtici!e l# *i#+# colecti*it+ii= 55. A2t3elB ) +ele&ere# ) *+mA t"l"i -i #c#-emie c# J2er*ici"72oci#l= o8li& l# 3" -#me t#re# mo-el"l"i #82ol*e t"l"i c#re 2 #i8 ) *e-ere ceri +ele *iito#relor -ome ii #le *ie+ii (i #cti*it+ii #ce2t"i#B re2!ecti*: me-i"l milit#rB me-i"l 2oci#lB *i#+# c"lt"r#lB !#rtic"l#r (i 3#mili#lB #cti*it+ile -i tim!"l li8er (i cele 2!irit"#le. 6e !o#te #!reci# cB l# #ce2t ) ce!"t -e mile i" (tii +# (i teE olo&i# *or -omi # eCi2te +# 3ii +ei "m# e. C" o#(tere#B c# -ime 2i" e 2tr#te&ic # 2ociet+iiB im!" e o o" *i'i" e !ri*i - 3orm#re# re2"r2ei "m# e ) #lt c#li3ic#te. Ni*el"l ) -e!li irii c#lit#ti*e # mi2i" ilor ce re*i #rm#tei e2te ) m#re !#rte -etermi #t -e !er3orm# +# 2i2tem"l"i milit#r 2"!erior -e
65

) *+mA tB -eo#rece #ce2t# e2te !roce2"l c#re co -"ce l# 3orm#re# !ro3e2io i(tilor i telect"#li. De'*olt#re# #c#-emiei tre8"ie 2 3oc#li'e'eB ) e&#l m2"rB e3ort"rile !e -e'*olt#re# i 3r#2tr"ct"rii teE olo&iceB !e c#re o im!" e trecere# l# 2ociet#te# i 3orm#+io #lB c#re 2olicit re2"r2# "m# ) #lt c#li3ic#tB c#!#8il 2 #2i&"re "tili'#re# c" o#(terii ) 3olo2"l com!#ti8ili'rii Arm#tei RomA e l# 2tr"ct"rile e"ro7#tl# tice. De #cee#B #!reciem c e3ort"rile tre8"ie 2 #i8 ) *e-ere -e'*olt#re# *iitorilor o3i+eriB !ri cre#re# c#-r"l"i ece2#r eC!rimrii (i 2tim"lrii lor !e tr" # !"te# !#rtici!# ) mo- e3icie t l# !roce2"l !ro3" -elor tr# 23ormri ) -ome i"l milit#r. Re#li'#re# " "i mo-el -e c"rric"l"m #c#-emic c#re 2 ) -e!li e#2c ceri +ele " ei i 2tit"+ii mo-er e -e ) *+mA t 2"!erior #re ) *e-ere co ce!+i# (i 2tr#te&i# !e tr" # #le&e o8iecti*ele corecte (i -e # #c+io # e3icie t. N"m#i #(# 2!irit"l i o*#ti*B c# !ri ci!i" #l c"lt"rii or&# i'#+io #le e3icie teB c# !ri ci!i" #l m# #&eme t"l"i #c#-emic (i #-mi i2tr#ti*B *# !"te# cl"'i ) tre&"l # 2#m8l" #l tr# 23ormrilor im!"2e -e ) 2criere# re#l # #c#-emiei ) rA -"l i 2tit"+iilor milit#re -e ) *+mA t 2"!erior !er3orm# te (i com!#ti8ile c" e-"c#+i# milit#r e"ro7#tl# tic.4% '.'. E0ecte 0orm!ti$e !le /t ,ierii ,i/ciplinelor /ocio6 m!ne '.'.1. n$&!re! !cti$ l! ,i/ciplinele /ocio6 m!ne 'nvarea activ !o#te 3i -e2cri2 c# !roce2"l -e nvare prin fapte. E2te " !roce2 e-"c#+io #l ) c#re cursantul este mai degra# un partener activ n procesul de nvare dect un destinatar pasiv al cunotinelor. I -i*i'ii 2#" &r"!ele ) *#+ m#i 8i e #t" ci cA - !#rtici! #cti*. A #li'A - !o'i+i# c#-r"l"i -i-#ctic ) 3#+# !ro8lemelor i 2tr"irii (i #le ) *+riiB !ro3e2or"l Io# Ne#c(" #3irm c Je-"c#torii 2" t 2olicit#+i #2t'iB ) mo- co ti ""B 2 !romo*e'e ) *+#re# e3icie t. 5i " orice ) *+#re e3icie tB ci " # !#rtici!#ti*B #cti* (i cre#ti*.=4, *+#re# i ter#cti*7cre#ti* e2te " !roce2 e*ol"ti*B c#re #re l# 8#' rece!ti*it#te# 3#+ -e eC!erie +ele oiB c"t#te (i re'ol*#te !ri eC!lor#reB -e-"c+ieB # #li'B 2i te'B &e er#li'#reB #82tr#cti'#reB co creti'#reB !" A #cce t"l !e re#li'#re# co eCi" ilor ) tre 2e 2"ri (i 2olicitA - o !ro3" - im!lic#re i telect"#lB !2iEomotorieB #3ecti* (i *oli+io #l.4/ I o*#+iile !e-#&o&ice -i ce# -e7# -o"# 1"mt#te # 2ecol"l"i #l @@7le# #" -etermi #tB ) m#re m2"rB re-"cere# !o -erii !e c#re o oc"!#" ) trec"t ) *+mA t"l 3ro t#l ) eco omi# -e tim! # #cti*it+ilor e-"c#ti*e. I o*#+iile ) c"rric"l"mB -e &e "l celei c" o2c"te 2"8 "mele -e Jm#2terQ le#r i &;
62

Co2m#B 0irce#B Dcoor-o #torFB 6fierul modernB 6i8i"B E-it"r# Ac#-emiei :or+elor Tere2treB %II5B!#&. >77 >.. 63 Ne#c("B Io# B 1nstruire i nvareB <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# EDP RAB 1.... 64 Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc#!5.!-3.

66

D) *+#re# -e!li FB -#r (i # celor c#re #" !"2 #cce t"l !e i -i*i-"#li'#re# (i -i3ere +iere# c"rric"leiB #" 3c"t m#i m"lt loc i 2tr"irii !e &r"!"ri mici (i !ri #cti*it+i i -i*i-"#le. A2t3elB ) or&# i'#re# (i -e23("r#re# #cti*it+ilor -i-#ctice " i*er2it#reB #lt"ri -e c"r2"riB -e23("r#te 3ro t#lB -e cele m#i m"lte ori 2"8 3orm -e !rele&eriB #cti*it+ile -e 2emi #r cA(ti& tere -#torit #!ort"l"i lor l# ) -e!li ire# 3i #lit+ilor #cti*it+ii i 2tr"cti*7e-"c#ti*e. cee# ce !ri*e(te meto-ele -e !re-#reB 2" t ece2#re -i3erite #8or-ri (i meto-olo&ii. 0eto-ele #le2e tre8"ie 2 o3ere c"r2# t"l"i posi#ilitatea de a gndi, a face i a reflecta. c#-r"l ) *+rii i ter#cti*7cre#ti*eB c"r2# t"l -e2co!erB i 3ere#'B im#&i e#'B co 2tr"ie(te (i re-e3i e(te 2e 2"rileB 3iltrA -"7le !ri !ri2m# !ro!riei !er2o #lit+i (i 2olicitA - !roce2ele !2iEice 2"!erio#re -e &A -ire (i cre#+ie. E# #!#re c# "rm#re # e3ort"rilor i -i*i-"#le (i colecti*eB #l i ter#c+i" ii e-"c#t"l"i c" ceil#l+iB 8#'A -"72e !e 2cEim8"rile 2oci#le ) -o8A -ire# o"l"i. I -i*i-"l c#re ) *#+ #cti* e2te J!ro!ri"l i i+i#tor (i or&# i'#tor= #l eC!erie +elor -e ) *+#reB c#!#8il 27(i reor&# i'e'e (i 27(i re2tr"ct"re'e ) !erm# e + #cEi'i+iile !ro!riiB ) *i'i" e 2i2temic. De'*oltA - #ce2t ti! -e ) *+#reB c#-rele -i-#ctice 2tim"le#' c"r2# +ii 2 -e*i c#!#8ili 2 el#8ore'e !roiecte !er2o #li'#te -e ) *+#reB 27(i #2"me re2!o 2#8ilit#te# -e23("rrii ) *+riiB co (tie ti'A -B #!licA -B D#"toFe*#l"A -B &e2tio A - (i -o8A -i - !ro&re2i* #"to omie ) !ro!ri# 3orm#re45. *+#re# i ter#cti*7cre#ti* e2te " !roce2 -e cre#re -e 2em i3ic#+ii *i27 #7*i2 -e o"# i 3orm#re (i -e c" o(ti +ele # terio#reB -e tr# 23orm#re # 2tr"ct"rilor co& iti*e #le c"r2# t"l"iB co 2eci + # ) cor!orrii oilor #cEi'i+ii Dc" o(ti +eB !rice!eri (i -e!ri -eriFB !ri # &#1#re# e3ort"rilor i telect"#le (i !2iEomotorii -e co 2tr"ire # c" o#(terii. 1nteractivitatea !re2"!" e i terrel#+io #re#B -irect 2#" me-i#tB c" ceil#l+iB c" !ro3e2or"l (i cole&ii (i !roce2e -e #c+i" e tr# 23orm#ti* #2"!r# m#teri#l"l"i -e 2t"-i". (reativitatea 2olicit !roce2e -e com8i #reB -e co *er2ieB -e im#&i #re (i re2tr"ct"r#re co ti " # -#telorB !ri 2it"#re# cel"i c#re ) *#+ ) 2it"#+ii !ro8lem#tice c#re ece2it re'ol*#re. 6e !ro-"ce ) *+#re cre#ti* #t" ci cA - c"r2# t"l -o8A -e(te o eC!erie + o" !ri !ro!riile !"teriB -e2co!eri -7o (i eCer2A -7o ) c#-re !ro8lem#tice -i*er&e te. I ter#cti*it#te# !re2"!" e cre#ti*it#teB ) tim! ce cre#ti*it#te# !o#te 3i i -i*i-"#l 2#" -e &r"!. I 2tr"ire# i ter#cti*B #2oci#t ti!"l"i 2"!erior -e ) *+#re (col#r i ter#cti* (i cre#ti*B im!lic co 1"&#re# e3ort"rilor #m8ilor #&e +i e-"c#+io #li D!ro3e2or"l H c"r2# +iiF ) co 2tr"ire# c" o#(terii. Rel#+i# !ro3e2or7c"r2# t 2e re-ime 2io e#'. E-"c#t"l )(i #2"m rol"l -e 2"8iectB -e #&e t #l !ro!riei 3ormriB i#r !ro3e2or"l e2te &Ei-"l 2" ) -emer2"rile
65

<oco(B 0"(#t#B 1nstruire 1nteractiv. 2epere pentru reflecie si aciune, Cl"17N#!oc#B E-it"r# Pre2# U i*er2it#r Cl"1e# B %II%B !. 4,.

67

) tre!ri 2e. JE2te -e -orit c# im!lic#re# #cti* (i i ter#cti* # c"r2# +ilor (i ) *+#re# Di terF#cti* re#li'#t -e #ce(ti#B 2 )i #1"te 2 -e2co!ere !lcere# -e # ) *+#B c#re !o#te -# #(tere 2e time telor !o'iti*e 7 -e ) cre-ere ) !ro!ri"l !ote +i#lB -e -ori + -e c" o#(tereB -e )m!li ire etc.=44 *+#re# i ter#cti*7cre#ti* e2te o 3orm 2!eci#l # ) *+rii (col#reB #!r"t -i ece2it#te# +i erii !#2"l"i (colii c" oile tr#23ormri eCi2te te (i !reco i'#teB ) *i#+# (i #cti*it#te# 2oci#l7"m# B ) com!leCit#te# e!ocii co tem!or# e. Ace2t 3#!t 2olicit -i !#rte i -i*i-"l"i ) 'e2tr#re# c" " ecEi!#me t i telect"#lB #3ecti*7*oli+io #lB c#re 27l #1"te 2 -e!(e#2c mo-#lit+ile -e 2im!l ecEili8r#re #le or&# i2m"l"iB !ri r2!" 2 l# 2tim"li l# i*el -omi # t 2e 'orio7!erce!ti*. El tre8"ie 2 3olo2e#2c tr#iectorii com8i #te (i com!lic#te -e or-i re3leCi* ) 2ol"+io #re# !ro8lemelor !e c#re i le !" e *i#+# (i 2 eC!lore'e #lter #ti*ele re'ol"ti*e. Om"l *iitor"l"i tre8"ie 2 3ie " co 2tr"ctor -e !ro8leme (i -e 2i2teme i-e#ti*e ece2#re re'ol*rii lorB tr# 2!" erii lor ) !l# i-e#ti* (i !r#cticB &2i - 2ol"+ii o!time (i e3icie te. El e2te om"l 3#!telor !e tr" c ele co *i &B -eci om"l cre#tor e2te om"l !e tr" c#re 3#!t# " *or8# e2te m#Cim# co -"cto#re ) *i#+. co 2eci +B ) *+#re# i ter#cti*7cre#ti* e2te ece2#r !e tr" # 3orm# om"l cre#ti*B " co 2tr"ctor -e i-ei c#re " rmA e 2"2!e -#t ) 2i2tem"l 2#" i-e#ti*B ci )l 3olo2e(te !e tr" # el#8or# -eci'ii (i # re'ol*# !ro8lemele *ie+ii !ri #c+i" e. Ace2t ti! -e ) *+#re " 2e o!" e ) *+rii (col#re cl#2iceB ci e2te o o" c#lit#te # #ce2tei# !ri o8iecti*ele !e c#re le "rmre(te !ri*i 3orm#re# !er2o #lit+ii "m# e. E# !" e #cce t"l !e nvarea prin cercetaredescoperire, !e nvarea prin efort propriuB i -e!e -e t 2#" -iri1#tB !" e #cce t m#i #le2 !e ecEi!#me t"l i telect"#l o!er#tori"B !e gndire (i imaginaie creatoare. *+#re# !ri -e2co!erire #2i&"r ) 2"(ire# #cti* (i tr#i ic # c" o(ti +elor. Proce2ele -e #2imil#re (i ) +ele&ere 3ii - m#i #tr#cti*eB e# #re o *#lo#re 3orm#ti* m#i m#reB 3#*ori'A - -e'*olt#re# #tit"-i ilor (i # 2!irit"l"i i *e2ti&#ti* (i i *e ti*B 3leCi8ilit#te# (i !ro-"cti*it#te# &A -iriiB # c"rio'it+ii or&# i'#teB # moti*#+iei com!leCe (i # cre#ti*it+ii. N" 2" t eCcl"2e ) 2 !reoc"!rile !e tr" e-"c#re# memorieiB )m8o&+ire# 8loc"l"i memori#l (i -e'*olt#re# c#lit+ilor #ce2tei#B -eo#rece 3r #ce2te i 2tr"me te &A -ire# (i im#&i #+i# cre#to#re " #r -i2!" e -e m#teri#l -e !roiect#re. 6!eci3ic"l ) *+rii cre#ti*e e2te ) +ele2 -e P#"l Po!e2c"7Ne*e# "47 c# o #!ro!iere m#Cim#l -e mo-el"l c" o#(terii #cti*eB !ri eC!lor#reB i!ote'B -e-"c+ieB !" ere (i re'ol*#re -e !ro8lemeB -#r (i -e re#li'#re !r#cticB -e !roiecte tr# 23orm#ti*e. C#r#cteri2tic# !ro!rie #ce2t"i mo-elB ce# com8i #torieB e2te ) trit -e moti*#+ie (i -e " com!leC #tit"-i #l 2!eci3ic (i
66 67

I-em. Po!e2c"7Ne*e# "B P#"lB (urs de pedagogie general, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic 2i Pe-#&o&icB 1..I.

68

e2!eci3ic. :" -#me t#l ) #ce2t &e -e ) *+#re e2te com!ort#me t"l -e eC!lor#reB 2"2+i "t -e c"rio'it#te# e!i2temic. Orice teorieB orice mec# i2mB orice cre#+ie #rti2tic !le#c -e l# -#tele eCi2te teB !e c#re i -i*i-"l cre#ti* le #2oci#' ) mo-"ri l# c#re ime i #lt"l " 2e &A -i2e !A #t" ci. *+#re# cre#ti* #re l# 8#'# tocm#i #ce2te !roce-ee -e com8i #reB -e reor&# i'#reB -e i *er2#re (i ) loc"ireB 3olo2i meto-# ) cercrii (i eroriiB # t#to rilor 2"cce2i*e. Pe tr" Ro8ert ?#& e4>B cre#+i# co 2tit"ie ti!"l 2"!erior -e ) *+#reB "ltim"l ) ier#rEi# !ro!"2 -e elB (i Jco 2t ) com8i #re# # -o" 2#" m#i m"lte re&"li ) 2"(ite # teriorB !e tr" # !ro-"ce o o" c#!#cit#te ce !o#te 3i -emo 2tr#t c# -e!i 'A - -e o re&"l 2"!r#or-o #t=. Cre#+i#B -e(i rel#ti* #2em to#re c" re'ol*#re# -e !ro8lemeB o -e!(e(te ) 2 !e #ce#2t#. E# !re2"!" eB J" 2#lt c#lit#ti*B o com8i #re # i-eilor -i 2i2teme -e c" o#(tere m"lt -i3eriteB o 3olo2ire ) -r' e#+ # # #lo&iei ce -e!(e(te cee# ce 2e ) +ele&eB -e re&"l !ri &e er#li'#re# ) i terior"l " ei cl#2e -e 2it"#+ii !ro8lem#tice.=4. 6!eci3ic"l !roce2"l"i #cti*7cre#tor e2te ) 2B -"! o!i i# " or #"toriB J " 2ol"+io #re# -e !ro8lemeB ci &2ire# lorB -eci " pro#lem-solving Dre'ol*#re# -e !ro8lemeF ci pro#lem-finding D-e2co!erire# -e !ro8lemeF. Terme "l -e pro#lem-finding -e*i e ) #ce2t co teCt 2i o im c" cel -e pro#lemati$are. Pro8lem#ti'#re#N&e er#li'#re#B -e2co!erire# -e !ro8leme re!re'i t e2e +# !roce2"l"i -e cre#+ie=.7I Noile orie tri !o2tmo-er i2te #2"!r# (tii +ei e-"c#+iei 2olicit c" ece2it#te #!lic#re# " or 2tr#te&ii i ter#cti*7cre#ti*e ) !re-#re# (i ) *+#re# (col#r. Cl#2ele -e c"r2# +iB ) *i'i" e !o2tmo-er i2tB 2" t !ri*ite -e ctre Peter A!!el8#"m71B -re!t #-e*r#te com" it+i -e cercet#re (i i ter7) *+#reB -emo 2trA - im!ort# +# #cti*i2m"l"i (i # i terrel#+iilor !e tr" !ro&re2"l c" o#(terii. 6co!"l " e2te e#!r#t cel -e #7i # tre # !e c"r2# +i ) 3orm"l#re# -e r2!" 2"ri l# ) tre8rile (i !ro8lemele e " +#teB ci m#i m"ltB -e #7i #1"t# 2 -e2co!ere cile -e # !" e ) tre8ri (i -e # critic# !ro8lemele. 0#re !#rte -i #cti*it+ile -e 2emi #r -i me-i"l " i*er2it#r 2e -e23(o#r !e &r"!eB 3i #lit+ile "rmrite !ri 3olo2ire# #ce2t"i mo- -e i 2tr"ire 3ii -: -e'*olt#re# 2!irit"l"i -e coo!er#re #l c"r2# +ilorB i te 2i3ic#re# com" icrii ) tre c"r2# +iB -e'*olt#re# re2!o 2#8ilit+ii !er2o #le ) ) -e!li ire# 2#rci ilor #2"m#teB 2tim"l#re# !ro-"cti*it+ii &A -iriiB 3#mili#ri'#re# c" m" c# -e cercet#re ) ecEi!B -e!(ire# " or 8#riere -e #t"r !2iEo2oci#l etc.

68 69

?#& eB R. 0.B (ondiiile nvrii, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic (i Pe-#&o&icB 1.75. ?#& eB R. 0.B (ondiiile nvrii, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic (i Pe-#&o&icB 1.75. 70 Dillo B K. T.B ) Cre &"+# O!re#B "trategii didactice interactive, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic 2i Pe-#&o&icB %II4. 71 A!!el8#"mB PeterB ) Cre &"+# O!re#B "trategii didactice interactive, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic (i Pe-#&o&icB %II4.

69

0eto-olo&i# -e23("rrii #cti*it+ilor -e 2emi #r e2te -i*er2B !ro3e2orii re"(i - 2 mre#2c e3icie +# (i #tr#cti*it#te# #cti*it+ilor -#torit com!letrii meto-elor tr#-i+io #le c" meto-e mo-er eB 8#'#te !e #c+i" eB 2emi #riile -e*e i - #2t3el i ter#cti*e. 0eto-olo&i# #cti* !reco i'#t # 3i "tili'#t ) c#-r"l 2emi #riilor relie3e#' (i co -i+iile c#re !ot 3#*ori'# e3icie +# #ce2tor meto-e. Vom !re'e t# cAte*# #2!ecte meto-ice -e c#re -e!i -e !#rtici!#re# #cti* # c"r2# +ilor l# #cti*it+ile -i-#ctice: #. Ne#2"m#re# -e ctre c"r2# +i # rol"l"i -e co!#rtici!# t #cti* l# 2emi #r -"ce l# " -em#r#1 i telect"#l le t (i -imi "e#' l# ) ce!"t mi1lo#cele -e re3lec+ie (i eC!re2ie. C# #t#reB ) c"r#1#re# (i #1"tor"l &r"!"l"i -e ) *+#re 2" t o co -i+ie 2i e7V"#7 o # re"(itei # tre rii l# o co!#rtici!#re #cti*B re#l (i e3icie tG 8. Emoti*it#te# e2te o 2t#re 3ire#2c ) 3#'# -e ) ce!"t # co!#rtici!rii. E3ect"l ei e&#ti* 2e re2imte ) 2 ) im!o2i8ilit#te# -e # re#c+io # ) tr7o m# ier #!ro!i#t -e 2it"#+ie. De!(ire# 2e !o#te 3#ce m#i #le2 !ri tr7" i tere2 !"ter ic !e tr" #cti*it#te# i 2tr"cti*7e-"c#ti* l# c#re !#rtici!. De #ici e*oi# or&# i'rii ) tre&"l"i !roce2 -i-#ctic !lecA - -e l# ce trele -e i tere2 #le c"r2# +ilorG c. :iec#re # &#1#re # c"r2# t"l"i l# o !#rtici!#re #cti* ) !roce2"l i 2tr"cti*7e-"c#ti* !o#rt !ecete# i -i*i-"#lit+ii re2!ecti*e. cerc#re# -e # # iEil# #ce#2t i -i*i-"#li'#re -"ce ) tot-e#" # (i l# # iEil#re# !#rtici!rii. De #ici (i ceri +# -e # ) c"r#1# mo-"l !er2o #lB (i " (#8lo #r-B ) #cti*it+ile -i-#cticeG -. Utili'#re# " or meto-e cl#2iceB -e -iri1#re 2trict # #cti*it+ii c"r2# +ilorB cree#' #!ro#!e ) tot-e#" # re3"'"l c"r2# +ilor -e # !#rtici!# #cti*. Ace(ti# co 2i-er c #cti*it#te# re2!ecti* " #re *#lo#reB ) tr"cAt " r2!" -e #(te!trilor lor -e # 3i co 2i-er#+i #-"l+iG e. Li!2# -e !#rtici!#re #cti* # c"r2# +ilor l# #cti*it+ile -e 2emi #r 2e eC!lic -e m"lte ori !ri 3#!t"l c #ce(ti# co 2i-er i 3orm#+iile *eEic"l#te c# irele*# teB ei tere2# te !e tr" !ro3e2i" e# lor *iito#reG 3. E-"c#re# (i i 2tr"ire# c"r2# +ilor ) me-i"l *iito#rei lor !ro3e2ii !ote +e#' !#rtici!#re# #cti* l# #cti*it+iB eC!lic#+iile *i'A - m#i #le2 certit"-i e# c #ce#2t# e2te o #cti*it#te i tere2# tB 2erio#2 (i "tilG &. P#rtici!#re# l# #cti*it+ile -e &r"! 2!ore(te ) m2"r# ) c#re &r"!"l e2te or&# i'#t c# &r"! -e ) *+#reB -e cercet#re (i -e #c+i" eG E. O8iecti*ele #82tr#cteB e-e3i ite corect #le #cti*it+ii c" c"r2# +ii 2" t o 3rA ) c#le# !#rtici!rii #cti*e # #ce2tor#. O8iecti*ele !reci2eB c#re !le#c -e l# 2it"#+i# re#lB -e l# #2!ir#+iile c"r2# +ilor !ot 2!ori -ori +# #ce2tor# -e # !#rtici!# l# #cti*it#teG i. Or&# i'#re# meto-ic # 2emi #r"l"i e2te e2e +i#l. OricAt -e o8ile #r 3i o8iecti*ele (i oricAt -e 2!ect#c"lo#2e #r 3i -otrileB -o#r o 2tr#te&ie -i-#ctic -e #cti*i'#re # c"r2# +ilor e2te e3icie tG
70

1. P#rtici!#re# #cti* # c"r2# +ilor l# #cti*it+i -e!i -e ) m#re m2"r -e i*el"l com" icrii c" !ro3e2or"lB -e #cee# cre(tere# i*el"l"i -e em!#tie e2te e2e +i#lG O. Ni*el"l !#rtici!rii c"r2# +ilor l# #cti*it+i " !o#te 3i m#i m#re -ecAt i*el"l !#rtici!rii !ro3e2or"l"iB i#r #ce#2t# !re2"!" e -i !#rte# !ro3e2or"l"i # &#1#re tot#lB re2!o 2#8ilB cre#ti*B e3icie t ) or&# i'#re# (i -e23("r#re# #cti*it+ilor -i-#ctice7%.

'.'.'. E$!l !re! 0orm!ti$ l! ,i/ciplinele /ocio6 m!ne V#le +ele 3orm#ti*7e-"c#ti*e c#re recom# - meto-ele i ter#cti*e c# !r#ctici -e 2"cce2 #tAt !e tr" ) *+#re cAt (i !e tr" e*#l"#reB 2" t "rmto#rele: 7 2tim"le#' im!lic#re# #cti* ) 2#rci # c"r2# +ilorB #ce(ti# 3ii - m#i co (tie +i -e re2!o 2#8ilit#te# ce (i7o #2"mG 7 eCer2e#' c#!#cit+ile -e # #li' (i -e l"#re # -eci'iilor o!ort" e l# mome t"l !otri*itB 2tim"lA - i i+i#ti*# t"t"ror c"r2# +ilor im!lic#+i ) 2#rci G 7 #2i&"r o m#i 8" !" ere ) !r#ctic # c" o(ti +elorB eCer2#re# !rice!erilor (i c#!#cit+ilor ) *#ri#te co teCte (i 2it"#+iiG 7 #2i&"r o m#i 8" cl#ri3ic#re co ce!t"#l (i o i te&r#re "(o#r # c" o(ti +elor #2imil#te ) 2i2tem"l o+io #lB -e*e i - #2t3el o!er#+io #leG 7 " ele -i tre eleB c"m #r 3i !orto3oli"lB o3er o !er2!ecti* -e # 2#m8l" #2"!r# #cti*it+ii c"r2# t"l"i !e o !erio#- m#i l" & -e tim!B -e!(i e#1" 2"rile #ltor meto-e tr#-i+io #le -e e*#l"#reB c#re #" c#r#cter -e 2o -#1 (i ) rA -"l m#teriei (i ) tre c"r2# +iG 7 #2i&"r " -emer2 i ter#cti* #l #ct"l"i -e !re-#re7) *+#re7e*#l"#reB #-#!t#t e*oilor -e i -i*i-"#li'#re # 2#rci ilor -e l"cr" !e tr" 3iec#re c"r2# tB *#lori3icA - (i 2tim"lA - !ote +i#l"l cre#ti* (i ori&i #lit#te# #ce2t"i#G 7 -e2c"r#1e#' !r#cticile -e 2!ec"l#re 2#" -e ) *+#re -o#r !e tr" ot. Pe tr" re#li'#re# -i3eritelor i*ele -e e*#l"#re 2e "tili'e#' o &#m eCtrem -e *#ri#t -e meto-e. #le&ere# meto-elor -e e*#l"#reB " !#r#metr" -eo2e8it e2te cel le&#t -e 3" c+i# !re2"!"2 # e*#l"rii *i'#te. E*#l"#re# #re ) !ri ci!#l o funcie reglatoare, c" m# i3e2t#re 2!eci3ic 3iecr"i mome t ) c#re 2e re#li'e#'. Evaluarea iniial 3ormrii #re c#r#cter -e -i#& o'B !e tr" o 2it"#+ie co 2i-er#t !re-icti* ) r#!ort c" 2ol"+i# -e 3orm#re !ro!"2. E# !re2"!" e com!#r#re# com!ete +elor !e c#re le #re l# ) ce!"t !er2o# # c" cee# ce #r
72

Ett!:NN3#c"lt#te.re&ieli*e.roNc"r2"riN!e-#&o&ieN!e-#&o&ieW&e er#l#7,I.>/.EtmlG

71

tre8"i 2 o8+i -"! o e*e t"#l 3orm#reB !e tr" # r2!" -e ceri +elor -e e3icie ti'#re D2#" 2cEim8#reF # #cti*it+ii. 6e e*#l"e#' -#c e2te 2#" " e2te !o2i8il c# !er2o# # ) c#"' 27(i "tili'e'e com!ete +ele -e+i "te ) 2e 2"l " ei !er3ec+io ri D2#" reco *er2iiB re3ormriFB c" m#Cim e3icie +. Com!ete +ele -e+i "te 2" t eC!rim#te ) : &r#-"l -e !re&tire 3orm#l Dcerti3icri # terio#re 2#" ti! -e -i!lom -e+i "tFB ) i*el"l -e m# i3e2t#re # #ce2tor com!ete +e ) #cti*it+i -e1# !re2t#te D otele o8+i "te # teriorB i*el"l !re&tiriiFB ) &r#-"l -e co (tie ti'#re # e*oilor -e 3orm#re. Evaluarea continu e2te o e*#l"#re c" c#r#cter formativ. E# im!lic o 3" c+ie -i#& o2tic l# ) ce!"t"l 2t#&i"l"i 2#" l# ) ce!"t"l 3iecrei 2ec*e +e # #ce2t"i# D-i ce !" ct 2e !le#cB ce i*el -e 3orm#re e2te #ti 2 l# " mome t -#tB c#re 2" t -#tele -e i tr#re ) mome t"l re2!ecti*UF. De #2eme e#B !re2"!" e com" ic#re !erm# e t ) tre c#-r"l -i-#ctic (i c"r2# t !e tr" # 2e re#li'# 3ee-78#cO7"l 3iecrei #c+i" i -e 3orm#re. r#!ort c" #ce2t#B 3orm#tor"l re#li'e#' et#!# "rmto#reB #(# c"m # !roiect#t7o 2#" #1"2t#t7o ) r#!ort c" -#tele re'"lt#te -i 3ee-78#cO. ECi2t o &#m *#ri#t -e i 2tr"me te "tili'#8ile ) e*#l"#re# 3orm#ti*. E2te im!ort# t c# 3orm#tor"l (i cel 3orm#t 2 &2e#2c mo-#lit+ile !e-#&o&ice cele m#i e3icie te !e tr" # 2e re#li'# " !ro&re2 re#l (i co 2t# t ) #cEi'i+i# -e oi c" o(ti +eB -e!ri -eriB #8ilit+iB ) 3orm#re# -e oi com!ete +e 2#" ) ri-ic#re# l# i*ele c#lit#ti*e 2"!erio#re # celor eCi2te te. Evaluarea final e2te o e*#l"#re c" c#r#cter sumativ. E*#l"#re# o8li& l# com!#r#re# com!ete +ei Dcom!ete +elorF -emo 2tr#te ) tr7o 2it"#+ie -#t c" cee# ce 2e #(te#!t -e l# cel ce #c+io e#'. Re'"lt#t"l o8+i "t -etermi #te2t#re# 2#" o 7#te2t#re# -e+i erii 2et"l"i -e com!ete +e cer"te De*#l"#re# -e l# 3i ele 3ormriiF (i co creti'#re# com!ete +elor l# i*el"l *i'#t ) #cti*it#te# co cret De*#l"#re# !o2t73orm#reF. 6e !o#te *or8i -e o e*#l"#re -e ti! 2"m#ti* (i l# 3i ele " or 2ec*e +e #le 3ormrii. Com!ete +ele *eri3ic#te 2e co 2tit"ie #2t3el c# 8#' !e tr" cee# ce "rme#'B #(# cB !ri*it -i !er2!ecti* -i#cro icB o #2t3el -e e*#l"#re 2"m#ti*B l# 3i ele 2ec*e +ei 3ormriiB e2te -o#r " mome t #l celei 3orm#ti*e -e # 2#m8l". :ormele (i i 2tr"me tele -e e*#l"#re 2"m#ti* !ot 3i (i ele m"lti!le. Cre-itele D" it+ile c#!it#li'#8ileFB otele (i c#li3ic#ti*ele c" re3erire l# -e+i ere# " or com!ete +e eC!re2e 2" t -e1# c" o2c"te. Ele !re2"!" cele trei o!er#+ii 2!eci3ice #ct"l"i e*#l"#ti*: msurarea, aprecierea (i deci$ia, ) tr7o eC!rim#re -e " # "me ti!. A #li'A - com!#r#ti* evaluarea formativ i evaluarea sumativ !"tem e*i-e +i# "rmto#rele c#r#cteri2tici7,: E$!l !re! 0orm!ti$ E$!l !re! / m!ti$ 6e re#li'e#' !e !#rc"r2"l ) tre&"l"i I ter*i e l# 23Ar(it"l !#rc"r&erii " "i
73

RRR.i212i8i".roN-i# #Nm#teri#leW2emi #rW&eo&r#3ieN2"!ortWc"r2.-oc.

72

-emer2 -i-#ctic.

# 2#m8l" -e 2#rci i ce co 2tit"ie " tot " it#r D" it#te -e i *+#reB 2eme2tr"B # (col#rB cicl" -e ) *+mA tF. Ce tr#t !e !roce2B -e2ti #t Ce tr#t !e !ro-"2B !e re'"lt#teB !e #meliorriiB #"tore&lrii. re#li'#re# 8il# +"l"i ) *+rii. E2te i ter B re#li'#t -e c#-r"l E2te i ter D) 2e 2"l #82ol"t #l -i-#ctic c#re !re- l# cl#2. terme "l"iFB l# 3i #l"l 3iecrei " it+i -e ) *+#reG E2te eCter ) 2it"#+ii -e eC#mi #re #+io #l: 8#c#l#"re#tB te'e " iceB te2te #+io #leB #-mitere ) ) *+mA t"l 2"!erior. :i #lit#te# e2te reme-iere# l#c" elorB JI ter*i e !re# tAr'i" c# 2 m#i !o#t # erorilor. i 3l"e +# c" ce*# #melior#re# re'"lt#telor= D0#ri 0# ole2c" JE*#l"#re# (col#r=FB #re c# 3i #lit#te ier#rEi'#re# c"r2# +ilor. I 3orme#' c"r2# t"l #2"!r# Are e3ecte 3orm#ti*e #2"!r# com!ort#me telor co& iti*e !roce2elor i telect"#leB #2"!r# i terme-i#reB c#re )l co -"c 2!re cele lim8#1"l"iB # #te +iei (i 3orme#' 3i #le. tr2t"ri -e !er2o #lit#te. T!"el l +. An!li#! comp!r!ti$ ! e$!l rii 0orm!ti$e %i / m!ti$e Deo2e8it -e im!ort# t e2te coere +# -i tre o8iecti*ele 3ormriiB co 2tr"c+i# 2it"#+iilor -e ) *+#re Dc#lit#te# -emer2"l"i !e-#&o&icF (i co trol"l e3ect"#t #2"!r# #cEi'i+iilor c"r2# +ilor. E2te ece2#r 2 2e e*#l"e'e eC#ct cee# ce 27# !reco i'#t 2 2e o8+i . Alt3elB ici o # #li' " o3er -#te co cl"-e te. Di #ce2t !" ct -e *e-ere 2e im!" e c# o8iecti*ele !e-#&o&ice Dcore2!" 'to#re celor #le 3ormriiF 2 3ie operaionali$ate, #-ic 2 3ie tr# 2!"2e ) 3orm"le relie3A - o aciune singular, msura#il, creia s i se preci$e$e condiiile de reali$are i criteriile de reuit. Veri3ic#re# &r#-"l"i -e re#li'#re # o8iecti*"l"i o!er#+io #li'#t -e!i -e ) m2"r im!ort# t -e #t"r# #cEi'i+iei. 6e #re ) *e-ere " co +i "t co& iti* o"B o -e!ri -ere o" etc. De !il-B !e tr" co +i "t"ri o+io #le 2e !ot #!lic#B ) c#lit#te -e i 2tr"me te -e *eri3ic#reB te2tele c" ) tre8ri ) cEi2e 2#" c" #le&eri m"lti!leB te2te c#re 2olicit or-o ri -e co ce!teB com!letri -e teCte ce rele* c" o#(tere# 2e 2"l"i co ce!telor etc. Pe tr" *eri3ic#re# #!lic#8ilit+ii " or -e!ri -eriB !rice!eri -e #t"r i telect"#l D#!lic#re# " ei le&iB # " "i -emer2 -e o # "me 3#ct"rFB i 2tr"me t"l -e e*#l"#re *# 3#ce #!el l# re'ol*#re# " ei 2it"#+ii !ro8lem. Pe tr" *eri3ic#re# -e!ri -erilor !r#ctice 2e *# rec"r&e l# 2olicit#re# co 2tr"c+iei " ei 2it"#+ii cAt m#i #!ro!i#te -e
73

re#lit#teB ) c#re -e!ri -ere# 2#" !rice!ere# re2!ecti* 2" t !"2e ) l"mi c# eCi2te + (i c# i*el c#lit#ti* -e re#li'#re. C# 2 re#li'e'e to#te #ce2te#B c#-r"l -i-#ctic ) 2"(i tre8"ie 27(i e*#l"e'e -emer2"l 3orm#ti* !" A -"7(i ) tre8ri -e &e "l: [ I 3orm#+iile 3"r i'#te ) c#-r"l #cti*it+ii -e 3orm#re #" 3o2t: 2"3icie teB i 2"3icie teB !re# m"lte c" e3ecte re-" -# teU [ 6"!ort"l i 3orm#+io #l o3erit D2cri2B or#lB 2cEem#ti'#t etc.F # 3o2t #-ec*#tU [ Co +i "t"l #8or-#t # 3o2t: 3#mili#rB !#r+i#l 3#mili#rB tot#l o"U [ Rece!+i# #3ecti*7#tit"-i #l # 3o2t !o'iti*B e"trB e&#ti*U CA - 2e #" ) *e-ere to#te #ce2te #2!ecteB 2e !o#te *or8i -e2!re eCi2te +# " or criterii co t"r#te -e e*#l"#reB c#re 2 !ermit re#li'#re# " "i &r#- m#i ) #lt -e o8iecti*it#te # re'"lt#telor7/. 6tr#te&iile -e e*#l"#re ce tr#te !e ) *+#reB !rec"m (i cele -i#lo&#teB 3orm#ti*e (i 3orm#to#re 2e ) 2cri" ) rA -"l strategiilor de evaluare interactiv. E*#l"#re# i ter#cti* !re2"!" e eCi2te +# " "i !#rte eri#t ) tre #&e +ii e-"c#+io #liB c#re #re l# 8#' !roce2e -e col#8or#re (i -e e&ociere co 2tr"cti* (i c#re *i'e#' re2!o 2#8ili'#re# e-"c#t"l"i (i mo8ili'#re# i i+i#ti*elor #ce2t"i# ) c#-r"l !roce2elor -e ) *+#re (i e*#l"#re. 6co!"rile !ri ci!#le #le e*#l"rii i ter#cti*e 2" t cele -e 2tim"l#re # c#!#cit+ii -e #"toe*#l"#re # 2"8iect"l"i im!lic#t ) !roce2B -e co (tie ti'#re # ece2it+ii #ce2tei# (i -e 2!orire # ) cre-erii ) 3or+ele !ro!rii #le e-"c#t"l"i. 6!re -eo2e8ire -e meto-ele tr#-i+io #leB c#re re#li'e#' e*#l"#re# re'"lt#telor (col#re o8+i "te !e " tim! limit#t (i -e re&"l c" o #rie m#i m#re 2#" m#i mic -e co +i "tB -#r oric"m -e3i itB meto-ele #lter #ti*e -e e*#l"#re !re'i t cel !"+i -o" c#r#cteri2tici: 7 !e -e o !#rteB re#li'e#' e*#l"#re# re'"lt#telor ) le&#t"r c" i 2tr"ire#N) *+#re#B -e m"lte ori co comite t c" #ce#2t#G 7 !e -e #lt !#rteB ele !ri*e2c re'"lt#tele (col#re o8+i "te !e o !erio#- m#i ) -el" &#tB c#re *i'e#' 3orm#re# " or c#!#cit+iB -o8A -ire# -e com!ete +e (i m#i #le2 2cEim8ri ) !l# "l i tere2elorB #tit"-i ilorB corel#te c" #cti*it#te# -e ) *+#re. E2te rec" o2c"t 3#!t"l c #ce2te meto-e -e e*#l"#re co 2tit"ie o #lter #ti* l# 3orm"lele tr#-i+io #leB # cror !re'e + -omi . Alter #ti*ele o3erite co 2tit"ie o!+i" i meto-olo&ice (i i 2tr"me t#le c#re )m8o&+e2c !r#ctic# e*#l"#ti* e*itA - r"ti # (i mo oto i#. V#le +ele 3orm#ti*e le recom# - 2"2+i "t ) #ce2t 2e 2. E2te c#'"lB ) 2!eci#lB #l i *e2ti&#+ieiB #l !roiect"l"i (i #l !orto3oli"l"iB c#re ) #3#r# 3#!t"l"i c re!re'i t im!ort# te i 2tr"me te -e e*#l"#reB co 2tit"ie ) !rim"l rA - 2#rci i -e l"cr" # cror re'ol*#re 2tim"le#' ) *+#re# -e ti! e"ri2tic.

74

Nic"le2c"B R.B &ormarea formatorilor, <"c"re2tiB E-it"r# AllB %IIIG

74

E*#l"#re# c"r2# +ilor ) c#-r"l orelor ) c#re 27#" "tili'#t meto-e -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re 2e 3#ce ) !ri ci!#l c" #1"tor"l meto-elor #lter #ti*e (i com!leme t#re -e e*#l"#re.75 C1e/tion!re! or!l co 2t ) tr7" -i#lo& ) tre !ro3e2or (i c"r2# +iB !ri c#re 2e "rmre(te c# tit#te# (i c#lit#te# c" o(ti +elorB # -e!ri -erilor 3orm#te. E3icie +# #ce2tei meto-e -e!i -e -e: cl#rit#te# (i lo&ic# ) tre8rilorB -i*er2it#te# ) tre8rilorB #cor-#re# tim!"l"i ece2#r !e tr" el#8or#re# r2!" 2"l"iB #-re2#re# -e ) tre8ri #1"tto#reB !re'e +# " "i com!ort#me t o *er8#l -e 2"2+i ere (i ) c"r#1#re # c"r2# +ilor. O!+i" e# !ro3e2or"l"i !e tr" cEe2tio #re# or#l -e!i -e -e 2co!"rile e*#l"riiB -e "mr"l -e c"r2# +iB -e tim!"l -i2!o i8ilB -e 2!eci3ic"l -i2ci!li ei (.#. O"/er$!&i! c rent 2e re3er l# "rmrire# 2i2tem#tic # mo-"l"i -e !#rtici!#re # c"r2# +ilor l# -e23("r#re# #cti*it+ilor -i-#cticeB e*i-e +ii -: co tri8"+i# c"r2# +ilor !e !#rc"r2"l #cti*it+iiB mo-"l -e re#li'#re # 2#rci ilor -e ) *+#reB m# ier# -e col#8or#re c" cole&iiB i tere2"lN-e'i tere2"l m# i3e2t#tB i*el"l ) 2"(irii lim8#1"l"i -e 2!eci#lit#teB c#lit#te# m" cii i -e!e -e teB -i3ic"lt+ileB erorileB co ce tr#re# #te +ieiB -i2ci!li # etc. Pe tr" "("r#re# !roce2"l"i -e o82er*#re # c"r2# +ilor 2e !o#te #!el# l# 3i(e -e o82er*#reB c#re !ot cre(te o8iecti*it#te# e*#l"rii. Ace#2t meto- " 2e 3i #li'e#' -e o8icei c" ot#re# c"r2# +ilorB -#r ) 2o+e(te to#te celel#lte meto-e -e e*#l"#re (i #re o im!ort# + m#1or ) #cor-#re# otelor. Re0er!t l e2te " i 2tr"me t c#re !ermite #!reciere# #cti*it+ii -e ) *+#re # c"r2# +ilor. Po#te l"# 3orm# " ei 2i te'e tem#tice -i m#i m"lte l"crri 2#" # " ei i *e2ti&#+ii (tii +i3ice i -e!e -e te. Et#!ele el#8orrii " "i re3er#t 2" t: -elimit#re# temeiB -oc"me t#re# D2elect#re# 2"r2elorB !#rc"r&ere# m#teri#lelorB ot#re# #2!ectelor rele*# teB !rel"cr#re# !er2o #l # i 3orm#+iilorFB 3orm"l#re# titl"l"iB co ce!ere# !l# "l"i l"crriiB re-#ct#re# re3er#t"l"iB teE ore-#ct#re#B !re'e t#re# (i *#lori3ic#re# re3er#t"l"i. Pri el#8or#re# re3er#t"l"i c"r2# +ii )(i ) 2"(e2c i 3orm#+iiB )(i 3orme#' (i eCer2e#' #8ilit+i i telect"#le D# #li'B 2i te'B #r&"me t#reB i ter!ret#re (.#.F. Re3er#t"l !o#te 3i "tili'#t #tAt ) e*#l"#re# co ti "B cAt (i ) c#-r"l e*#l"rii 3i #leB m#i #le2 l# c"r2# +ii m#i m#riB !e tr" c !re2"!" e eCi2te +# " ei m#t"ri'ri i telect"#le. Porto0oli l c"!ri -e tot#lit#te# !ro-"2elor !e c#re c"r2# +ii le el#8ore#' !e !#rc"r2"l " or eC!erie +e -e ) *+#re D2eme2tr"B # (col#rF ) tr7 " -ome i". A2t3elB !orto3oli"l #r#t c# o colec+ie -e l"crri #le c"r2# +ilorB #lct"it c" 2co!"l -e # i -ic# e3ort"rileB &r#-"l -e im!lic#reB i tere2"l m# i3e2t#tB cre#ti*it#te#B 2til"l -e l"cr"B c#!#cit#te# -e 2i2tem#ti'#re (i or-o #re # co +i "t"rilor (i !ro&re2"l ) re&i2tr#t -e #ce(ti# ) #8or-#re# " ei# 2#" m#i m"ltor -i2ci!li e. tr7" !orto3oli" 2e !ot i cl"-e: mo2tre -i !ro8ele -e e*#l"#reB teme !e tr" #c#2B r2!" 2"ri l# cEe2tio #reB come t#riile !ro3e2or"l"i #2"!r# re'ol*rii 2#rci ilorB !roiecte 2#" i *e2ti&#+ii
75

Ett!:NN3#c"lt#te.re&ieli*e.roNc"r2"riN!e-#&o&ieN!e-#&o&ieW&e er#l#7,I.>/.EtmlG

75

i -i*i-"#le 2#" -e &r"!B re3er#teB mo2tre #le #cti*it+ii c"r2# +ilor l# cl#2 2#" #c#2B co cl"'ii #le *i'itelor 2#" eCc"r2iilorB 3i(e -e #"toe*#l"#reB m#teri#le &r#3ice (.#. Porto3oli"l re!re'i t ;c#rte# -e *i'it= # c"r2# t"l"iB "rmri -"7i !ro&re2"l -e l# " 2eme2tr" l# #lt"lB -e l# " # (col#r l# #lt"l. Proiect l !re2"!" e el#8or#re# " ei l"crri c" c#r#cter teoretic 2#" #!lic#ti* !e 8#'# " ei teme -#te. E2te o #cti*it#te #m!lB -e -"r#tB c#re im!lic m"lt m" c (i e3ort i telect"#l. Re#li'#re# !roiect"l"i ) ce!e ) cl#2B !ri -e3i ire# (i ) +ele&ere# 2#rci iiB e*e t"#l (i !ri ) ce!ere# re'ol*rii #ce2tei#B 2e co ti " #c#2 !e !#rc"r2"l # m#i m"ltor 'ile 2#" 2!tmA iB tim! ) c#re c"r2# +ii 2e co 2"lt !erm# e t c" !ro3e2or"l (i 2e ) cEeie tot ) cl#2B !ri !re'e t#re# ) 3#+# cole&ilor # " "i r#!ort #2"!r# re'"lt#telor o8+i "te (iB -#c e2te c#'"lB # !ro-"2"l"i re#li'#t. Proiect"l !o#te 3i re#li'#t i -i*i-"#l 2#" ) &r"! (i 2e !o#te co creti'# ) : el#8or#re# -e re3er#te (i #rticoleB co 2tr"ire# -e i 2ect#reB ier8#reB colec+ii -e rociB c#2e *i-eo c" ) re&i2tr#re# " or e*e ime teB co 2tr"ire# " or m#cEeteB m"l#1eB #lct"ire# " or m#!e c" m#teri#l -i-#cticB co 3ec+io #re# " or o8iecte (.#. 6#rci # !ro3e2orilor e2te -e # !l# i3ic#B or&# i'# (i mo itori'# #cti*it#te# c"r2# +ilorB i-e ti3icA - !ro&re2ele re#li'#te ) #8or-#re# temeiB -i3ic"lt+ile ) tAm!i #teB 2tim"lA - moti*#+i# c"r2# +ilor -e # co ti "# m" c#. Pe tr" e*#l"#re# !roiectelor 2e !ot l"# ) co 2i-er#re: cercet#re# -e # 2#m8l"B mo-"l -e l"cr"B c#lit#te# !ro-"2elorB m# ier# -e !re'e t#re.

76

CAPITOLUL + *ETODE DE NVARE PRIN COOPERARE UTILIFATE LA DISCIPLINELE SOCIO6U*ANE N ACADE*IA =ORELOR TERESTRE GNICOLAE @LCESCUH DIN SI@IU
+.1. O"iecti$ele %i ipote#! cercetrii

O"iecti$ele cercetriiD 1. 6t"-iere# e3ectelor meto-elor -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re 3olo2ite l# -i2ci!li ele 2ocio7"m# e ) !roce2"l -e 3orm#re # *iitorilor o3i+eriG %. I-e ti3ic#re# e3icie +ei ) *+rii l# -i2ci!li ele l# c#re 27#" "tili'#t meto-ele -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#reG ,. 6t"-iere# &r#-"l"i -e im!lic#re # 2t"-e +ilor -i Ac#-emi# :or+elor Tere2tre ) #cti*it+ile -e ) *+#re ) c#re 2" t "tili'#te meto-e -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re. Ipote#! cercetriiD I!ote'# -e l# c#re #m !lec#t ) cercet#re e2te 2"&er#t (i -e !#rte# teoretic# # l"crrii (i #re "rmto#re# 3orm"l#re: D#c 2e "tili'e#' meto-e -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re ) com!let#re# meto-elor tr#-i+io #leB c#re !re2"!" ) *+#re# i -i*i-"#lB #t" ci 2e re#li'e#' o ) *+#re m#i 8" (i m#i temei ic. 6e #2i&"r #tAt o cre(tere # r# -#me t"l"i (col#r # 2t"-e +ilorB -#tor#t coo!errii (i com!eti+iei co 2tr"cti*e ) tre 2t"-e +iB cAt (i " clim#t !2iEo72oci#l !o'iti*B !ro!ice -e'*oltrii !er2o #lit+ii *iitorilor o3i+eri. +.'. *eto,e %i in/tr mente ,e colect!re ! ,!telor
77

+.'.1. O"/er$!&i! c#-r"l cercetriiB !e tr" 2trA &ere# -#telorB #m "tili'#t m#i ) tAi meto-# o82er*#+iei. Am #lct"it o ;ril de o#servare 5Ane?! '7B c" #1"tor"l crei# #m colect#t (i 2i2tem#ti'#t i 3orm#+ii ) c#-r"l # ,I -e #cti*it+i -e 2emi #rB -e23("r#te l# # ii IB II (i III. Am "tili'#t &ril# -e o82er*#re -o#r l# # ii IB II (i III !e tr" c # "l IV -e 2t"-ii #re " !l# -e ) *+mA t -i3erit -ecAt ceil#l+i # i -e 2t"-iiB i#r ) !rimii , # i -e 2t"-i" 2e re&2e2c to#te -i2ci!li ele 2ocio7"m# e 2t"-i#te ) Ac#-emie. C" #1"tor"l &rilei -e o82er*#re #m -orit 2 e*i-e +ie' "rmto#rele #2!ecte #le "tili'rii meto-elor -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re: 1. &r#-"l -e im!lic#re # 2t"-e +ilor ) c#-r"l &r"!"rilor -e ) *+#re Ditemii 1B %B ,B 7FG %. #tmo23er# -e l"cr" ) c#-r"l &r"!"rilor -e ) *+#re Ditemii /B 5FG ,. e3icie +# or&# i'rii #cti*it+ii -e ) *+#re -e ctre 2t"-e +i Ditemii >B .FG /. #cti*it#te# c#-r"l"i -i-#ctic ) c#-r"l orelor ) c#re 2e "tili'e#' meto-ele -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re Ditemii 4B 1IF. L# " ele -i tre #cti*it+ile -e 2emi #r l# c#re #m com!let#t &rile -e o82er*#re #m 3o2t ) #cel#(i tim! (i o82er*#tor (i !#rtici!# t -irectB ) c#lit#te -e 2t"-e t. Pe tr" # o8+i e (i #lte -#teB #m #!el#t l# cole&i -i # ii I (i II -e 2t"-ioB c#re #" com!let#t (i ei cAte*# &rile -e o82er*#re ) tim!"l 2emi #riilor l# c#re #" !#rtici!#t. Acti*it+ile -e o82er*#re 27#" re#li'#t l# -i2ci!li ele: Pe-#&o&ieB P2iEolo&i# e-"c#+ieiB P2iEolo&ie 2oci#lB E-"c#+ie i terc"lt"r#lB Com!ort#me t or&# i'#+io #lB Lim8# e &le'B Lim8# &erm# B 6ociolo&ieB Le#-er2Ei!. +.'.'. Inter$i l Am "tili'#t meto-# i ter*i"l"i !e tr" # #3l# !" ct"l -e *e-ere #l !ro3e2orilor re3eritor l# #cti*it+ile -e ) *+#re l# c#re 2e "tili'e#' meto-ele -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re. Pe tr" # re#li'# i ter*i"l #m #lct"it " ;hid de interviu 5Ane?! +7B ) c#re #m c"!ri 2 ) tre8ri re3erito#re l# im!lic#re# 2t"-e +ilor ) c#-r"l ) *+rii !ri coo!er#reB mo-"l c"m re#c+io e#' #ce(ti#B #*# t#1ele (i -e'#*# t#1ele #ce2tor meto-eB !rec"m (i "tilit#te# lor ) !roce2"l -e 3orm#re # *iitorilor o3i+eri #i #rm#tei romA e. Am 3olo2it #ce2t &Ei- -e i ter*i" !e tr" # -i2c"t# c" . !ro3e2ori -i Ac#-emi# :or+elor Tere2treB c#re !re-#" "rmto#rele -i2ci!li e: P2iEolo&i# e-"c#+ieiB P2iEolo&ie 2oci#lB E-"c#+ie i terc"lt"r#lB Com!ort#me t or&# i'#+io #lB Pe-#&o&ieB Lim8# e &le'B Lim8# &erm# B 6ociolo&ieB Le#-er2Ei!.
78

I 3orm#+iile #3l#te ) c#-r"l i ter*i"rilor #" 3o2t ) re&i2tr#te ) 2cri2 ) tim!"l -i2c"+iilor 2#" ime-i#t -"! #cee#B !e tr" # #2i&"r# 3i-elit#te# (i 8o&+i# -#telor.

+.+. Pre#ent!re! %i interpret!re! re# lt!telor cercetrii Analiza rezultatelor cercetrii realizate cu a*utorul grilei "e o'servare +. Msura cola#orrii ntre cursani pe parcursul activitii% a. &oarte desL #. )esL c. 2arL d. )eloc. /IM -i tre #cti*it+ile o82er*#te ) c#re 27#" "tili'#t meto-e -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#reB 2t"-e +ii #" col#8or#t 3o#rte -e2B i#r ) ,/M -i tre #cti*it+i 2t"-e +ii #" col#8or#t -e2. Do#r ) ,M -i tre #cti*it+i 2t"-e +ii " #" col#8or#tB cee# ce #r#t " &r#- 3o#rte m#re -e #cti*i'#re # 2t"-e +ilor ) !roce2"l -e ) *+#re (i o 8" rel#+io #re ) tre mem8rii &r"!"rilor -e ) *+#re.

79

2. 2eparti$area sarcinilor n grup are loc% a. &oarte desL #. )esL c. 2arL d. )eloc. Re!#rti'#re# 2#rci ilor ) c#-r"l &r"!"rilor -e ) *+#re # #*"t loc -e2 (i 3o#rte -e2 ) /7M -i tre #cti*it+ile -e ) *+#reB i#r ) 5IM -i tre #cti*it+i # #*"t loc r#rB cee# ce #r#t o )m!r+ire # 2#rci ilor (i o #2"m#re # re2!o 2#8ilit+ii i -i*i-"#le rel#ti* 8" .

80

?. 1mplicarea cursanilor n cadrul grupului% a. ToiL #. (ivaL c. >nulL d. *ici unul. 57M -i tre #cti*it+ile o82er*#te to+i 2t"-e +ii 27#" im!lic#t ) #cti*it#te# -e ) *+#reB i#r ) /,M -i c#'"ri 27#" im!lic#t cA+i*# -i c#-r"l &r"!"rilor -e ) *+#reB eeCi2tA - c#'"ri ) c#re ici " mem8r" #l &r"!"rilor 2#" -o#r " mem8r" 2 2e im!lice ) #cti*it#te# -e ) *+#reB cee# ce #r#t o 3o#rte m#re im!lic#re # 2t"-e +ilor milit#ri ) c#-r"l #cti*it+ilor c#re !re2"!" coo!er#re# ) tre mem8rii &r"!"rilor. N. 3tmosfera de lucru% a. o$itivL #. 1ndiferentL c. Tensionat, conflictualL d. 2efu$ B 1nhi#are. >7M -i tre #cti*it+ile o82er*#te #tmo23er# -e l"cr" # 3o2t !o'iti*B ) -o#r 1,M # 3o2t i -i3ere tB -#r icio-#t " #" 3o2t c#r#cteri'#te -e te 2i" iB co 3licte 2#" -e re3"'"l -e # 2e im!lic#B cee# ce #r#t o 8" co cl"cr#re # 2t"-e +ilor ) c#-r"l #cti*it+ilor ) c#re 2e "tili'e#' ) *+#re# i ter#cti*. M. re$ena conflictelor ntre participani% a. &oarte desL #. )esL c. 2arL d. )eloc. Pre'e +# co 3lictelor ) tre 2t"-e +ii -i c#-r"l &r"!"rilor -e ) *+#re # 3o2t -o#r ) %4M -i tre c#'"riB cee# ce co 3irm (i ) tre(te re'"lt#t"l i -ic#tor"l"i # terior (i e #r#t 3#!t"l c l# ce# m#i m#re !#rte -i tre #cti*it+ile ) c#re 27#" "tili'#t meto-e -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#reB 2t"-e +ii #" l"cr#t 3o#rte 8i e )m!re" B ) tr7o #tmo23er !o'iti*B !ro!ice #c"m"lrii -e c" o(ti +e (i -e'*oltrii # " or #8ilit+i ece2#re i ter#c+i" ii 2oci#le. 0. 2olul profesorului% a. )elegare a sarcinilor de lucruL #. &acilitare a nvrii, oferirea de spri@inL c. Monitori$are a activitii i a progresului cursanilorL d. )irecionare strict a activitii cursanilor. ,IM -i tre #cti*it+ile o82er*#te !ro3e2orii #" -ele&#t 2#rci ile -e l"cr"B ) %7M -i tre #cti*it+i #" 3#cilit#t ) *+#re# !ri o3erire# -e 2!ri1i B ) %4M -i tre #cti*it+i #" mo itori'#t #cti*it#te# 2t"-e +ilor (i ) -o#r 17M
81

-i tre #cti*it+i #" -irec+io #t 2trict #cti*it#te# 2t"-e +ilor. Po -ere# -e >,M # !rimelor trei rol"ri #-o!t#te #r#t 3#!t"l c !ro3e2orii l#2 li8ert#te# 2t"-e +ilor -e #7(i eC!rim# !" ctele -e *e-ere (i -e #7(i #-"ce " #!ort !er2o #l cAt m#i m#re l# #cti*it#te# -e ) *+#reB tre'i - #2t3el i tere2"l 2t"-e +ilor (i im!licA -"7i cAt m#i m"lt ) #cti*it+ile -e23("r#te. -. 2oluri ndeplinite de cursani n cadrul grupului% a. 1niiator ,iniia$ i conduce activitatea grupului.L #. Moderator ,ordonea$ interveniile participanilor.L c. Monitor ,nregistrea$, notea$ ideile.L d. &acilitator ,atenuea$ conflictele, ncura@ea$ participarea.L e. (ronometror ,gestionea$ timpul, reglea$ ritmul de lucru.L f. 1nstigator ,mpiedic activitatea, distrage atenia.. c#-r"l #cti*it+ilor ) c#re 27#" "tili'#t meto-e -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#reB 2t"-e +ii #" ) -e!li it ) //M -i c#'"ri rol"l -e i i+i#torB co -"ctor #l #cti*it+iiB ) ,,M -i c#'"ri ) -e!li i - rol"l -e mo itorB ) %IM -i c#'"ri -e mo-er#tor (i " #" ) -e!li it icio-#t rol"l -e cro ometror 2#" i 2ti&#tor. 6e o82er* c 2t"-e +ii milit#r !re3er rol"l -e co -"ctor cee# ce )i !re&te(te !e tr" *iito#re# c#rier -e li-eri milit#riB -#r -e #2eme e# )(i #2"m (i rol"rile -e mo-er#tor 2#" mo itorB #!tit"-i i -e #2eme e# ece2#re ) c#rier# milit#r. O. ;radul de ndeplinire a sarcinii n cadrul grupelor% a. 'n totalitateL #. 'n mare masurL c. 'n mic msurL d. )eloc. //M -i #cti*it+ile o82er*#te 2#rci ile #" 3o2t ) -e!li ite ) tot#lit#teB i#r ) 5,M -i tre #cti*it+i 2#rci ile #" 3o2t ) -e!li ite ) m#re m2"rB ) ici7o #cti*it#te 2#rci # e3ii - ) -e!li it -elocB cee# ce #r#t or&# i'#re# e3icie t # #cti*it+ilor -e23("r#te !ri coo!er#re (i im!lic#re# 2t"-e +ilor !e tr" # !"te# 3i -"2e l# ) -e!li ire c" 2"cce2.

82

P. Managementul timpului n cadrul grupelor% a. 'ncadrarea perfect n timpul reparti$atL #. 2e$olvarea incomplet a sarcinii n timpul datL c. 2e$olvarea sarcinii nainte de e!pirarea timpului i e!istena unor Ftimpi moriGL d. 7ipsa reparti$rii unui timp de lucru, activitatea terminndu-se odat cu re$olvarea sarcinii. cee# ce !ri*e(te ) c#-r#re# ) tim!"l #loc#t !e tr" ) -e!li ire# 2#rci ii /IM -i tre 2#rci i #" 3o2t ) -e!li ite eC#ct ) tim!"l #cor-#tB ) %IM -i tre c#'"ri 2#rci # # 3o2t ) -e!li it ) #i te -e eC!ir#re# tim!"l"i #cor-#tB l# %,M -i tre 2#rci i e3ii -"7le #loc#t " tim!B -#r 3ii - -"2e l# ) -e!li ire (i -o#r 17M -i tre 2#rci i " #" 3o2t ) -e!li ite ) tim!"l #loc#tB cee# ce -emo 2tre#' 3o#rte 8" # &e2tio #re # tim!"l"i (i # #cti*it+ilorB 2t"-e +ii re"(i - 2 2e #-#!te'e 3o#rte 8i e co -i+iilor -e ) *+#re.

83

+/. Modul de evaluare a activitii de nvare prin cooperare% a. 3precierea prestaiei individuale a unor cursaniL #. 3precierea re$ultatului colectiv, al grupuluiL c. 3precierea re$ultatului colectiv i remarcarea unor prestaii individualeL d. 7ipsa oricrei remarci cu caracter evaluativ. Acti*it+ile ) c#re 2t"-e +ii #" 3o2t e*#l"#+i #tAt colecti* cAt (i i -i*i-"#l #" #*"t ce# m#i m#re !o -ereB ,4MB 3ii -"7le #!reci#te 2t"-e +ilor #tAt co tri8"+i# i -i*i-"#l l# re#li'#re# 2#rci ii cAt (i re'"lt#tele colecti*e #le &r"!"rilor -e ) *+#reB i#r ) 17M -i tre #cti*it+i #" 3o2t #!reci#te co tri8"+iile i -i*i-"#le #le 2t"-e +ilorB cee# ce #r#t c (i ) c#-r"l #cti*it+ilor ) c#re 2e "tili'e#' meto-e -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#reB 2t"-e +ilor le !ot 3i #!reci#te !re2t#+iile i -i*i-"#le.

84

 "rm# 2i teti'rii re'"lt#telor ) re&i2tr#te ) &rilele -e o82er*#re # reie(it c cele m#i "tili'#te meto-e -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re ) Ac#-emi# :or+elor Tere2tre 2" t meto-# <r#i 2tormi &B meto-# Koc"l"i -e rol (i meto-# 5ti"NVre#" 2 (ti"NAm ) *+#tB i#r -i2ci!li ele 2ocio7"m# e l# c#re 2e "tili'e#' cel m#i -e2 #ce2te meto-e 2" t 6ociolo&ieB Pe-#&o&ie (i P2iEolo&ie. Analiza rezultatelor cercetrii realizate cu a*utorul interviului +. 7a orele dumneavoastr utili$ai metode de nvare prin cooperare5 )ac da, ce metode i ct de des5 "rm# 2i teti'rii r2!" 2"rilor c#-relor -i-#cticeB # re'"lt#t c #!ro#!e to+i !ro3e2orii 3olo2e2c 3o#rte -e2 meto-ele -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re l# orelor lorB 5IM -i tre ei 3olo2i -"7le l# 3iec#re 2emi #r. 0eto-ele c#re 2" t #!reci#te c# cele m#i -e2 "tili'#te -e ctre c#-rele -i-#ctice 2" t #cele#(i c#re #" re'"lt#t -i # #li'# i 3orm#+iilor o8+i "te c" #1"tor"l &rilei -e o82er*#re. Pe lA & meto-ele <r#i 2tormi &B Koc"l -e rol (i 5ti"NVre#" 2 (ti"NAm ) *+#tB c#-rele -i-#ctice #" -ecl#r#t c# 3olo2e2c -e2 *+#re# ) &r"!"ri mici (i De'8#tere#. R2!" 2"rile o3erite l# !rim# ) tre8#re e -emo 2tre#' 3#!t"l c meto-ele -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re oc"! " rol 3o#rte im!ort# t ) c#-r"l -i2ci!li elor 2ocio7"m# e DAne?! -F. 2. (e avanta@e considerai c au aceste metode5 :#!t"l c meto-ele -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re 2" t "tili'#te #tAt -e -e2 -e ctre !ro3e2ori e2te 2"2+i "t -e "mero#2ele #*# t#1e !e c#re -"m e#lor le &2e2c l# #ce2te meto-e. A*# t#1ele meto-elor c#re #" 3o2t cel m#i -e2 -ecl#r#te -e ctre c#-rele -i-#ctice 2" t: 7 !#rtici!#re# m"lt m#i #cti* (i m#i "mero#2 # 2t"-e +ilor l# #ce2t ore -ecAt l# cele l# c#re 2" t 3olo2ite meto-e -e ) *+#re i -i*i-"#lG 7 -e'*olt#re# 2!irit"l -e ecEi! (i -e coo!er#re ) tre 2t"-e +iG 7 -e'*olt#re# l# 2t"-e +i # #8ilit+ilor -e com" ic#re. Pe lA & #ce2te #*# t#1e !ro3e2orii co 2i-er -e #2eme e# c meto-ele -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re #1"t l# -e'*olt#re# cre#ti*it+ii (i l# !" ere# ) !r#ctic # c" o(ti +elor #c"m"l#te. :#!t"l c 2t"-e +ii coo!ere#' -"ce l# #2imil#re# " "i 8#&#1 tot#l -e c" o(ti +e m"lt m#i m#re -ecAt ) c#'"l ) c#re 2t"-e +ii #r l"cr# 2i &"riB i#r oile c" o(ti +e 2" t m#i 8i e re+i "te -ecAt ) c#'"l ) c#re " 27#r 3olo2i #ce2te meto-e. ?. (e dificulti ntmpinai atunci cnd aplicai aceste metode5 Pri ci!#lele -i3ic"lt+i !e c#re !ro3e2orii le ) tAm!i #t" ci cA "tili'e#' meto-ele -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re 2" t i 2"3icie +# tim!"l"iB #2t3el c -e m"lte ori !ro3e2orii " re"(e2c 2 -i2c"te #cti*it#te# t"t"ror 2t"-e +ilorG #!oi 3#!t"l c 2t"-e +ii " 2" t o8i( "i+i 2 "tili'e'e #ce2te meto-e (i " re2!ect to#te re&"lile -e "tili'#re #le #ce2tor meto-e. 6t"-e +ii
85

2" t ) *+#+i ) &im #'i" (i lice" 2 re!ro-"c c" o(ti +ele 3"r i'#te -e !ro3e2or (i " 2 3orm"le'e ei o!i ii !ro!riiB #2t3el c 2e !ier-e tim! c" 2i cro i'#re# (i coor-o #re# 2t"-e +ilor. Alte -i3ic"lt+i le re!re'i t li!2# -e i tere2 (i eim!lic#re# t"t"ror 2t"-e +ilor ) #cti*it#te# -e ) *+#re. N. (um reacionea$ studenii din 3.&.T n cadrul orelor n care sunt utili$ate aceste metode5 To+i !ro3e2orii #" -ecl#r#t c 2t"-e +ii -i Ac#-emi# :or+elor Tere2tre #" re#c+ie !o'iti* #t" ci cA - 2e "tili'e#' #ce2te meto-e (i le co 2i-er i tere2# te (i #tr#cti*e. CEi#r (i cei m#i tc"+i 2t"-e +iB c#re -e cele m#i m"lte ori " #" imic -e 2!"2 l# oreB 2" t #cti*i (i to+i *i c" i-ei !ro!rii (i c" 2ol"+ii l# re'ol*#re# 2#rci ii !e c#re o #" -e re'ol*#tB l"cr" c#re " 2e ) tAm!l #!ro#!e icio-#t #t" ci cA - "tili'e#' 2tr#te&ii tr#-i+io #le. D#torit !re'e +ei coo!errii (i # com!eti+iei ) tre 2t"-e +iB #ce(ti# 2" t moti*#+i m"lt m#i 8i e 2 *i c" 2ol"+ii (i i-ei cAt m#i 8" e. M. 'n ce msur considerai c aceste metode sunt eficiente n procesul de pregtire profesional a ofierilor5 Pro3e2orii co 2i-er c# #ce2te meto-e 2" t 3o#rte e3icie te (i 3olo2ito#re ) 3orm#re# *iitorilor o3i+eriB 3ormA -"7le (i -e'*oltA -"7le com!ete +e ece2#re c# *iitori li-eri. Pro3e2orii #" r2!" 2 c #ce2te meto-e le -e'*olt 3o#rte 8i e 2t"-e +ilor milit#ri 2!irit"l -e ecEi!B c#!#cit#te# -e # l"# -eci'iiB #8ilit+ile -e com" ic#reB #tAt c" 2"!eriorii cAt (i c" 2"8or-o #+ii (i re'i2te +# l# l"cr"l ) 2it"+ii -e cri'. De #2eme e#B #ce2te meto-e )i ) *#+ 2 3ie toler# +i 3#+ o!i iile celorl#l+i (i 2 3ie -e2cEi(i l# !ro!" eri oiB -#r ) #cel#(i tim! 2 m# i3e2te #8ilit+i -e &A -ire critic.

86

CONCLUFII <I PROPUNERI

"rm# cercetrii re#li'#te ) c#-r"l Ac#-emiei :or+elor Tere2tre i!ote'# -e l"cr" -e l# c#re #m !lec#t 27# co 3irm#tB 2tr#te&iile -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re #*A - re'"lt#tele #(te!t#te (i ) rA -"l 2t"-e +ilor milit#ri. Pri cercet#re# re#li'#t 27# -emo 2tr#t c meto-ele -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re 2" t 3o#rte -e2 "tili'#te ) Ac#-emi# :or+elor Tere2treB ele 3ii - m"lt m#i co 2tr"cti*e -ecAt meto-ele cl#2iceB tr#-i+io #leB !ro3e2orii #ti &A -"7(i m"lt m#i 8i e o8iecti*ele -i-#cti*e c" #1"tor"l #ce2tor meto-e. Co 2i-erm c strategiile didactice interactive D-e !re-#re7) *+#re7 e*#l"#reF o3er oc#'ii 8e e3ice -e or&# i'#re !e-#&o&ic # " ei ) *+ri temei iceB "(o#re (i !lc"teB ) #cel#(i tim! c" " !ro " +#t c#r#cter #cti*7 !#rtici!#ti* -i !#rte# c"r2# +ilorB c" !o2i8ilit+i -e coo!er#re (i -e com" ic#re e3icie te. O8iecti*ele ) *+rii tre8"ie 2 3ie ) co cor-# + c" tipul de interaciune !roiect#t !e tr" lec+i# re2!ecti*: ntre cursant-cursant iBsau grupul de cursani ,pe ori$ontal., ntre profesor i cursant sau grupul de cursani ,pe vertical. i ntre cursant - coninut ) c#-r"l !roce2elor i 2tr"cti*7e-"c#ti*e. :olo2ire# sistematic # 2tr#te&iilor -e i ter#c+i" e ) tre !#rtici!# +ii l# #cti*it#teB !re2"!" e -e23("r#re# " or rel#+ii -e com" ic#re e3icie t (i co 2tr"cti*B ) c#-r"l cror# to+i cei c#re i#" !#rte l# -i2c"+ii 2 o8+i 8e e3icii ) !l# "rile co& iti*B #3ecti*7moti*#+io #lB #tit"-i #lB 2oci#l (i !r#ctic7#!lic#ti*. E2te *or8# -e o aciune reciproc de influenare cognitiv, social i afectiv n cadrul grupurilor, -eo#rece 2tr#te&iile i ter#cti*e -e &r"! -e'*olt o rel#+ie -i #micB -e com" ic#re (i -e 2cEim8 -e i 3orm#+ii ) tre i -i*i'iB rel#+ie c#re -e!i -e -e i 3l"e +eleB co -"iteleB co 3lictele 2ocio7 co& iti*e -e23("r#te (i -e 2i t#lit#te# &r"!"l"i. Pe tr" #ti &ere# 3i #lit+ilor e-"c#+io #le (i 2!orire# 8e e3iciilor ) !l# "l !er2o #lit+ii e-"c#t"l"iB " 2e !o#te e&li1# ) 2 3#!t"l c e2te ece2#r m#inarea activitilor individuale cu cele desfurate pe grupeBmicrogrupe, !rec"m (i 2"2+i ere# nvrii prin cooperare, corel#t c" ) *+#re# !ri competiie co 2tr"cti*B i teri -i*i-"#l (i i tr#Ni ter&r"!#l. Co 2i-erm strategiile didactice interactive de grup c# 3ii - mo-#lit+ile -e or&# i'#re # #cti*it+ii !ri c#re 2e 3#*ori'e#' 2cEim8"rile i terrel#+io #le ) tre !#rtici!# +ii l# #cti*it#te !ri !roce2e i ter"m# e -e coo!er#re (i com!eti+ie co 2tr"cti* De-"c#tDiF 7 e-"c#tDiFB e-"c#tDiF 7 !ro3e2orB e-"c#tDiF 7 &r"!FB 2tim"lA - #cti*i2m"l 2"8iect"l"iB ) i ter#c+i" e# 2# " "m#i c" ceil#l+iB ci (i c" m#teri#l"l -e 2t"-i" De-"c#tDiF 7 co +i "tFB !ri !roce2e -e #c+i" e (i tr# 23orm#re # i 3orm#+iei. 6.D.I. D2tr#te&iile -i-#ctice i ter#cti*eF #" ) *e-ere 2!ri1i ire# -e'*oltrii tA r"l"i !e 8#'# i ter#c+i" ilor 2oci#le ce co -"c l# co t"r#re# 2"!ort"l"i co& iti* (i 2ocio7#3ecti* ece2#r 3ormrii !ro3il"l"i i telect"#l (i !2iEolo&ic (i i te&rrii #ce2t"i# ) 2ociet#te. Co 2tr"cti*i2m"l co& iti*72oci#l #8or-e#' !ro8lem#tic# -e'*oltrii i telect"#le # i -i*i-"l"i c# re'"lt#t #l
87

trecerii -e l# o 3" c+io #re i teri -i*i-"#l l# o 3" c+io #re i tr#i -i*i-"#l . Di #ce2t moti*B 2tr#te&iile -i-#ctice i ter#cti*eB -e !ro*oc#re (i 2"2+i ere # co 3lict"l"i 2ocio7co& iti* co 2tr"cti*B co 2tit"ie o 2"r2 -e !ro&re2 i telect"#lB -#r (i #3ecti*7emo+io #l (i 2oci#l. N"mero#2e 2t"-ii -e 2!eci#lit#te -emo 2tre#' 2"!eriorit#te# 2tr#te&iilor -i-#ctice coo!er# te 3#+ -e cele com!etiti*e (i i -i*i-"#le ) -e'*olt#re# !roce2elor co& iti*e 2"!erio#reB # #8ilit+ilor -e com" ic#reB ) )m8" t+ire# moti*#+ieiB # 2timei -e 2i eB ) -e'*olt#re# !er2o #lit+ii. Co ti "A - -r"m"l -e2cEi2 -e #ce2te 2t"-iiB co 2i-erm c i!ote'# cercetrii o#2tre 27# *#li-#t. A2t3elB !"tem #3irm# c ) Ac#-emi# :or+elor Tere2treB l# -i2ci!li ele 2ocio7 "m# eB 2e "tili'e#' ) m# ier com!leme t#r meto-e -e i 2tr"ire tr#-i+io #le (i meto-e mo-er e i ter#cti*eB -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re. AtAt !ro3e2oriiB cAt (i 2t"-e +ii #!reci#' !o'iti* e3icie +# #ce2tor meto-e ) cre(tere# temei iciei (i # r# -#me t"l"i ) *+rii. E3ectele #2"!r# #tit"-i ilor (i # com!ort#me t"l"i 2t"-e +ilor milit#ri 2e !ot rem#rc# ) mo- eC!licitB -ecl#r#ti*B ) c#-r"l " or -i2c"+iiB -#r (i ) mo- im!licitB !ri m# i3e2trile !2iEo72oci#le !o'iti*e #le 2t"-e +ilor. co cl"'ieB !e m2"r ce !ro3e2orii )(i ) oie2c co ti "" re!ertori"l -e meto-e -e coo!er#re !ro!"2e 2t"-e +ilorB cre2c (# 2ele c# #cti*it+ile -i-#ctice 2 -e*i tot m#i #tr#cti*eB m#i i ter#cti*e (i m#i i tere2# te. N" tre8"ie e&li1#t 3#!t"l c #cti*it+ile !lc"te (i i tere2# te #" m#ri (# 2e 2 3ie -orite (i ) co ti "#reB cEi#r -e23("r#te ) tim!"l li8er #l 2t"-e +ilorB 2"8 3orm# #"toe-"c#+iei (i # e-"c#+iei !erm# e te. PA l# "rmB 2co!"l "ltim #l oricr"i e-"c#tor e2te #cel# -e #7i co *i &e !e c"r2# +i c " # "mit -ome i" #l c" o#(terii e2te 3#2ci # tB !lc"tB "til (i ece2#r (i -e # le 3orm# #8ilit+i -e 2t"-i". D#c #3irmm c meto-olo&i# -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re !o#te 3#cilit# #ce2t !roce2B #t" ci c" 2i&"r# + c ) cerc#re# merit re#li'#t cAt -e -e2 ) #cti*it#te# e-"c#+io #l. Ace#2t cercet#re !o#te 3i co ti "#t !e tr" # e*i-e +i# e3ectele -i3eritelor meto-e -e coo!er#re #2"!r# 2t"-e +ilor milit#riB ) com!#r#+ie c" cei ci*ili. De #2eme e#B 2e !o#te 2t"-i# e3icie +# coo!errii ) tre 2t"-e +ii milit#ri ) c#-r"l #cti*it+ilor #c#-emice (i # celor 2!eci3iceB -e ) 2tr"ire milit#r. Re'"lt#tele #ce2tor !o2i8ile cercetri " !ot -ecAt 2 co tri8"ie l# !er3ec+io #re# !erm# e t # #cti*it+ii -i-#ctice -i Ac#-emi# :or+elor Tere2treB l# cre(tere# c#lit+ii !ro3e2io #le # *iitorilor o3i+eri #i #rm#tei romA e.

88

@I@LIO3RA=IED
1. Al8"le2c"B 0.B Metodica predrii disciplinelor socio-umaneB <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# PoliromB %II1G %. Al8"le2c"B I.G Al8"le2c"B 0.B redarea i nvarea disciplinelor socioumane, I#(iB E-it"r# PoliromB %IIIG ,. Al8"le2c"B I.B Al8"le2c" 0.B )idactica disciplinelor socio-umane, Cl"17 N#!oc#B E-it"r# N#!oc# 6t#rB 1...G /. A"2"8elB D.B :loQ-B R.B 'nvarea n coal, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic (i Pe-#&o&icB 1.>1G 5. <oco(B 0"(#t#B 1nstruire interactiv. 2epere pentru reflecie si aciune, Cl"17N#!oc#B E-it"r# Pre2# U i*er2it#r Cl"1e# B %II%G 4. <r" erB K. 6.B rocesul educaiei intelectuale, E-it"r# 5tii +i3icB 1.7IG 7. Cer&EitB Io# B "isteme de instruire alternative i complementare. "tructuri, stiluri, strategiiB <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Ar#mi2B %II%G >. Cer&EitB Io# B Metode de nvmntB <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# PoliromB %II4G .. Co2m#B 0irce# Dcoor-o #torFB 6fierul modernB 6i8i"B E-it"r# Ac#-emiei :or+elor Tere2treB %II5G 1I. Cre+"B D# iel#B sihopedagogie. Elemente de formare a profesorilorB 6i8i"B E-it"r# Im#&oB 1...G 11. Cre+"B D.B Nic"B A.B 0#r#B D.B edagogie. &ormarea iniial a profesorilorB 6i8i"B E-it"r# U i*er2it+ii JL"ci# <l#&#=B %II5G 1%. Cri2te#B D.B Tratat de sihologie "ocial, E-it"r# Pro Tr# 2il*# i#G 1,. C"co(B Co 2t# ti Dcoor-o #torFB sihopedagogie pentru e!amene de definitivare i grade didacticeB I#(iB E-it"r# PoliromB 1..>G 1/. C"co(B Co 2t# ti B edagogieB <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# PoliromB %II7G 15. De"t2EB 0.B Por2tei B P. A.B "ociopsihologia educaiei ) D#*i-'B K. R.G <#llB 6.B sihologia procesului educational, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic 2i Pe-#&o&icB 1.7>G 14. Di#co "B 0.B Ki &#B I.B edagogieB <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Ac#-emiei -e 6t"-ii Eco omiceB %II/G 17. Doi2eB L.G 0"& QB ?.B sihologia social si de$voltarea cognitiv, I#(iB E-it"r# PoliromB 1..>G 1>. D"8#lB ?.B 7a dialecti8ue des groupes, ) Education et development, nr. N0B+P0PL 1.. ?#r- erB PoR#r-B 1ntellingence 2eframed. Multiple intelligences for the 2+st centur<, NeR SorO <#2ic <ooO2, 1...G %I. :#"reB E-&#rB 3 nva s fii, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic (i Pe-#&o&icB 1.7/G %1. P# -r#8"r#B Lorett#B ; *+#re# !ri coo!er#re: i!ote'e -e l"cr"= ) )idactica ro. *r. +,+-., CEi(i "B E-it"r# Politici e-"c#+io #leB %II,. %%. P#reB A. P.B 9and#oo: of "mall ;roup 2esearce, NeR SorOB E-it"r# TEe :ree Pre22B 1.4%G
89

%,. I"c"B Romi+B 1nstruirea colar. erspective teoretice si aplicative, I#(iB E-it"r# PoliromB %II1G %/. KoE 2o B D. L.G KoE 2o B R. T.G 6mitEB T. A.B (ooperative 7earning% 1ncreasing (ollege &acult< 1nstructional roductivit<. %5. 0# ol#cEeB Io# #B (ercetri de psihologie colar, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Licor #B 1...G %4. Ne#c("B Io# B 1nstruire i nvareB <"c"re(tiB EDP RAB 1...G %7. Nic"le2c"B Ro-ic# 0#ri# #B &ormarea formatorilorB <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# AllB %IIIG %>. No*e# "B E. P.B Dcoor-o #torFB ro#leme de tehnologie didactic, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic (i Pe-#&o&icB 1.77. %.. O!re#B Cre &"+#B "trategii didactice interactive, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic 2i Pe-#&o&icB %II4G ,I. Po!e2c"7Ne*e# "B P#"lB (urs de pedagogie general, <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Di-#ctic 2i Pe-#&o&icB 1..IG ,1. Vi-e# "B ?eor&eB Educaia la frontiera dintre mileniiB <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# 5tii +i3ic (i E ciclo!e-icB 1.>>G ,%. Vi +# "B Nicol#eB Educaia universitarB <"c"re(tiB E-it"r# Ar#mi2B %II1G ,,. L#l*oor-B <. :.B 9elping "tudents =rite =ell% 3 ;uide for Teachers in 3ll )isciplines. ,2nd ed.. NeR SorO: 0o-er L# &"#&e A22oci#tio B 1.>4G ,/. Le#RerB L. T.G Price ?. 0.B "<nectics% 1ts otential &or Education, PEi Delt# T#!!# B 1..IG ,5. 9l#teB 0.G 9l#teB C.B (unoaterea i activarea grupurilor sociale, <"c"re2tiB E-it"r# PoliticB 1.>%G ,4. \\\ ;hid de evaluare pentru tiine socio-umaneB 6NEEB <"c"re(tiB E-. Pro& o2i2B %III.

90

Site6 ri internetD Ett!:NNRRR.#rmQ#c#-emQ.roNre*i2teN%W%II4WroN#..!-3G %. -!!-."l82i8i".roNroNc#-reW-i-#cticeN-# iel#Wcret"Nc"r2"riN!ro&r#m#W# #litic#W!e-#&o&ie%.!-3G ,. Ett!:NN3#c"lt#te.re&ieli*e.roNc"r2"riN!e-#&o&ieN!e-#&o&ieW&e er#l#7 ,I.>/.EtmlG /. Ett!:NN!2iEo!e-."88cl"1.roN3i2iereN2Qll#8"2N# "lWIIW%II47 %II7NPP6%/,770# #&eme t"lWi *#t#m# t"l"iW2!eci#lW2iWi te&r#t.!-3G 5. Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc#!/.!-3G 4. Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc#!4.!-3G 7. Ett!:NNe8ooO2." i8"c.roN6tii teEDUNCre &"t#O!re#Nc"!ri 2.EtmG >. Ett!:NN3!." i.e-"Nr#cNcolNrom# i#N>7i 2tr"iere#.EtmG .. Ett!:NN3!." i.e-"Nr#cNcolNrom# i#Ncl#2i3ic#re# e*#l"#rii.EtmG 1I.RRR.i212i8i".roN-i# #Nm#teri#leW2emi #rW&eo&r#3ieN2"!ortWc"r2.-oc
1.

91

50ilier! ,irect7*ODELUL A@SOLVENTULUI ACADE*IEI =ORELOR TERESTRE JNICOLAE @LCESCUK

CETEAN 7ceri +ele !rote1rii7 -re!t"riB li8ert+i (i o8li&#+ii cet+e e(tiG7 mec# i2m"l 7 i2tori# 2t#t"l"i !o!or"l"i -e -re!tG 7 teorii romA -e2!re (i # 2ociet#teB #rm#teiG 2t#t (i #+i" eG me-i"l"iG

92

ANEIA 1

De0inireD a#solventul 3cademiei &orelor Terestre F*icolae QlcescuR este ofier de comand liceniat n domeniile de studii Atiine militare i informaii ,n una din

*ILITARCONDUCTOR CLIDER

7 teorii -e2!re or&# i'#+ii (i 7 mec# 7 meto-e i2m"l eco -e !romo*#re omiei -e !i#+. # im#&i ii 2tr"ct"rii -i c#re 3#ce !#rte 7 coor-o ) 2ociet#teG #tele i te&rrii e"ro!e e (i e"ro#tl# tice #le RomA ieiG !roce2e or&# i'#+io #leG

93

speciali$rile universitare Managementul organi$aiei sau Management economico-financiar. i Atiine administrative, ,speciali$area universitar 3dministraie pu#lic., devotat valorilor supreme 3T21E, 6*632E, )3T621E, capa#il s se anga@e$e n serviciul naiunii prin cariera militar, lupttor ce-i asum responsa#ilitatea ndeplinirii oricrei misiuni n structuri militare speciali$ate ale &orelor Terestre ale 3rmatei 2omniei i ale altor #eneficiari interni i e!terni.

7 teorii -e2!re com" ic#re (i rel#+ii !"8liceG

7 teorii 7 mo-ele -e2!re -e e*#l"#re# 2im"l#re # -eci'iei 7 teori# ) le#-er2Ei!7"l"iG co 7 -i+ii c#r#cteri2ticile -e certit"-ior&# e (i i'rii i certit"-i 2oci#le eG!ir#mi-#le (i ) re+e#G !er3orm# +elor !ro3e2io #le i -i*i-"#le (i -e &r"!G

94

SPECIALIST *ILITAR

7 teori# &e er#l # (tii +ei milit#re (i 8#'ele #rtei milit#reG7 e*ol"+i# 3e ome "l"i milit#r romA e2cG 7 eleme tele c#r#cteri2tice 2!eci#li'rilor " i*er2it#re #cre-it#teN#"tori'#teB ) 2!eci#l c" #!lic#8ilit#te l# me-i"l milit#r !otri*it 2t# -#r-elor

95

7 8#'ele lo&i2ticii milit#reG 7 Doctri 7 o+i" # O!er#+iilor i 2!eci3ice :or+elor &eo&r#3iei Tere2tre milit#reG (i eleme te -e3i itorii #le -octri 7 !olitici elor #rmelorG (i 2tr#te&ii -e 2ec"rit#te #+io #l (i i ter #+io #lG

96

7 !ri ci!iile -e 3" c+io #re (i mo-"l -e 7 loc"lB rol"lB or&# i'#re# (i mi2i" 7 3" ile -#me te teoretice #le 2!eci#li'rii ) #rmG7 meto-e -e 2im"l#re # #c+i" ilor milit#reG "tili'#re # teE icii (i #rm#me t"l"i 2!eci3ice #rmeiG2tr"ct"rilor -e #rm -e l# 8#'# ier#rEiei milit#re l# !#ceB ) 2it"#+ii -e cri' (i l# r'8oiG

97

7 or&# i'#re#B ) 'e2tr#re# (i mo-"l 7 8#'ele 7 !re*e-erile -e #!lic#ti*e re&"l#me #le l"cr"l"i telorB -ei 2t#t 2tr"c+i" m#1orG ilor (i orm#ti*elor -e 2!eci#lit#te ) *i&o#reG

98

EDUCATOR 7 2tr"ct"r# !er2o #lit+ii7 meto-olo&ii (i 2tr#te&ii -e !roiect#reB e*#l"#re7 t#Co omi# 3i #lit+ilor7 teori# c"rric"l"m7"l"iG "m# eG (i re&l#re # i 2tr"c+iei e-"c#+io #leG !e tr" l"!t # i -i*i-"l"i (i ecEi!eiG

99

7 meto-olo&i# #"to3ormriiB #"tome +i erii (i #"to-e'*oltrii7-e!ri meto-olo&i# -erilor.7 i meto-e 3l"e +rii (i teE #tit"-i ici -e ilor (i com!ort#me t"l"i ) *+#reG milit#rilorG

100

LUPTTOR co 7 r#+i" teCte e# 2oci#l # l"!tei #rm#teG

7 re&"lile -e 7 3" -re!t -#me i ter tele #+ioorm#ti*e #l "m# #le it#r #!lic#8ile com!ort#me ) co t"l"i 3lictele or&# i i'#+io ter #+io #l milit#r #le G ) -i3erite 2it"#+io #leG

101

7 mo-#lit+i -e com" ic#re ) l"!tB -e #2i&"r#re 7 !roce-ee # #c+i" (i ilor teE -eici 7 !ri l"!t i -i*i-"#le ci!iile (i -e !rotec+ieG -e (i3" colecti*e c+io #re -e (i#c+i" mo-"l e -e ) -i3erite "tili'#re # #rm#me t"l"i i -i*i-"#lG co teCte 2it"#+io #leG

102

CAPACITICO*PETENE 5S <TIEK7CO3NITIVE 7 !roce-ee (i teE ici -e orie t#re ) tere B i -icii -e -em#2c#re # o8iecti*elor (i !roce-ee -e -etermi #re # coor-o #telorG

103

CETEAN

ririlor cet+e e(ti ) to#te 2it"#+iileG7 2 i ter!rete'e r#+i" ile 3" c+io #le #le #rm#tei ) 2t#t"l -e -re!tG7 2 e*#l"e'e 2t#re# #+i" ii (i 2ec"rit#te# #+io #lG7 2 i ter!rete'e 2i2tem"l 2ocio7&lo8#lG

104

7 -octri e eco el#8or#te omice (i -e 0i i2ter"l E-"c#+iei (i CercetriiG !olitice.

e cAt (i ) c#-r"l 2"8" it+ii -e i*el &r"!G7 2 #2i&"re o #"torit#te re#l 3r limit#re#N-e!(ire# 7 27(i #2"me #"torit+ii re2!o 3orm#leG 2#8ilit#te# 7 2 mo-ele'e m# #&eme -eci'i#G t"l"i 2"8" it+ilor D2tr"ct"rilorF milit#re -e l# 8#'# ier#rEieiG

105

7 co +i "t"lB 3orm# (i mo-"l -e re-#ct#re # -oc"me telor -e !l# i3ic#reB or&# i'#re (i -e23("r#re # #cti*it+ilor 2tr"ct"rilor -e #rm.#c+i" e # #-*er2#r"l"i !ote +i#lG

3ice e3icie t # !ote +i#l"l !ro!ri" (i #l 2tr"ct"rii7milit#reG 2 co -"c i 2tr"c+i# 2!eci3ic 7 2 co #rmei creti'e'e !e tr" ceri #ti &ere# +ele 3" !er3orm# c+io #le+elor 2"!r#or-o 2t#8iliteG #te l# 2!eci3ic"l 2tr"ct"rii milit#re -e #rm DecEi!B ecEi!#1B &r"!FG

106

EDUCATOR

7 2 i 3l"e 7 2 +e'e i-e 3orm#ti* ti3ice -i23" c+io #lit+ile 7 2 !roiecte'eB (i m2"rile or&# -e re&l#re i'#re# 7 2 (i e*#l"e'e # -e23("r#re# !roce2"l"i i*el"l i !roce2"l"i 2tr"c+iei (i c#lit#te# i !er3orm# 2tr"irii7!e 2 +ei #!lice tr"e-"c#+io l"!tB meto-olo&iile ) corel#+ie #leG -e c"iceri 2tr"ireG +ele -octri #re #le i 2tr"iriiG !e tr" l"!tG

107

7 mo-"l -e o!er#re c" 7 re&"lile teE ic#-e -e!rotec+ie i 3orm#tic. 7(i re&"li teE ic# -e 2i&"r# 2ec"rit+ii + (i !e 2ec"rit#te tim!"l #cti*it+ilor ) l"cr"l c" -e i i3orm#+iile 2tr"c+ieG (i -oc"me 7 lim8# tele cl#2i3ic#teG e &le'B l# i*el"l %B 6TANA?74II1G

r ecEi!ei (i &r"!ei -e l"!ttoriG7 27(i #-#!te'e com!ort#me t"l co 3orm re&"lilor 2!eci3ice (i co teCt"l"i 2it"#+io #lG7 2e eCec"te mi(crile i 2tr"c+iei -e 3ro tB i -i*i-"#l (i ) c#-r"l 2"8" it+iiG

108

CO*PETENE CAPACITI 5JS <TIEK7CO3NITIVE

=ACK75JS POAT SPSIBO*OTORII

109

CETEAN 7 2 com8#t m# 7i3e2trile 2 2e m# 7#+io i3e2te 2 *#lori'e'e #li2teB #tit"-i Ce#l7com!ort#me !erti o3o8e e (i t# e*ol"+i# ti2emite. t#l) (i !l# ci*ic2oci#l re2!o(i2#8ilG milit#r # !o!or"l"i romA G

110

7 -e2cEi2 ctre #!r#re# *#lorilor " i*er2#le.7 " 8" !#triotB cet+e# (i 3#mili2tG7 !romotor #l *#lorilor 2t#t"l"i -e -re!t (i #le or&# i'#+iei milit#reG

CONDUCTOR CLIDER *ILITAR

ort#me t"l or&# i'#+io #l milit#rG7 2 &e2tio e'e 2it"#+iile -e cri' 7 2 ) i or&# *e2ti&Ee'e i'#+ieG7 c" 2 e*#l"e'e mi1lo#ce (tii !ote+i3ice +i#l"l # re2"r2ei 3" c+io "m# #lit+ii eGor&# i'#+iei D2tr"ct"rii milit#reFG3l"C"rilor -e #cti*it+i -i or&# i'#+ieG

&# i'#+iei m"lti #+io #leF.7 3#ctor"l !ri ci!#l -e re&l#re # com!ort#me t"l"i 2"8or-o #+ilor (i #c+i" ii 2"8" it+iiG7 " et#lo -e com!ort#me t !ro3e2io #l (i 2oci#lG7 #t#(#t eticii (i -eo tolo&iei !ro3e2io #leG

111

EDUCATOR

SPECIALIST *ILITAR

7 2 corele'e ece2it+ile -e 2"8or-o #+iiG #"to3orm#re c" -i #mic# 2olicitrilor 2ocio!ro3e2io #le.

112
7 c#!#8il7 2 !erm# o8+i e !rim# t # im#t tre#!t -e -ori # c#li3icrii +# -e #"to!er3ec+io -e cl#2. 7 2!eci#li2t #re (i (i -e'*olt#re li-er ) c#-r"l !ro3e2io 2tr"ct"rilor #lG -e #rm -e l# 8#'# ier#rEiei milit#reG

CO*PETENE CAPACITI

LUPTTOR 7 2 2e -e!l#2e'e ) me-ii 7 -i3erite 2 #!lice !ri m2"rile !roce-ee -e !rotec+ie -i*er2e. # m" cii (i me-i"l"iG!rotec+ie # 3or+elorG

=ACK75JS POAT SPSIBO*OTORII

Di2ci!li # l# c#re 2e re#li'e#' o82er*#+i#:

eCec"t#re# #ce2tor#.

3RIL DE O@SERVARE

113

S =IEK75S VREA PSIBO*ORALE 7 re2!o 2#8il 3#+ -e ) -e!li ire# mi2i" ilor -e l"!tB !rec"m (i 3#+ -e or-i ele -#te 2"8or-o #+ilor (i7 mem8r" ) ecEi!e -e l"!ttoriG

ANEIA '

0eto-# -e ) *+#re 3olo2it ) #ce# #cti*it#te -i-#ctic: 1. 02"r# col#8orrii ) tre c"r2# +i !e !#rc"r2"l #cti*it+ii: e. :o#rte -e2G 3. De2G &. R#rG E. Deloc. %. Re!#rti'#re# 2#rci ilor ) &r"! #re loc: e. :o#rte -e2G 3. De2G &. R#rG E. Deloc. ,. Im!lic#re# c"r2# +ilor ) c#-r"l &r"!"l"i: e. To+iG 3. CA+i*#G &. U "lG E. Nici " "l. /. Atmo23er# -e l"cr": e. Po'iti*G 3. I -i3ere tG &. Te 2io #tB co 3lict"#lG E. Re3"' N I Ei8#re. 5. Pre'e +# co 3lictelor ) tre !#rtici!# +i: e. :o#rte -e2G 3. De2G &. R#rG E. Deloc. 4. Rol"l !ro3e2or"l"i: e. Dele&#re # 2#rci ilor -e l"cr"G 3. :#cilit#re # ) *+riiB o3erire# -e 2!ri1i G &. 0o itori'#re # #cti*it+ii (i # !ro&re2"l"i c"r2# +ilorG E. Direc+io #re 2trict # #cti*it+ii c"r2# +ilor. 7. Rol"ri ) -e!li ite -e c"r2# +i ) c#-r"l &r"!"l"i: e. I i+i#tor Di i+i#' (i co -"ce #cti*it#te# &r"!"l"iFG 3. 0o-er#tor Dor-o e#' i ter*e +iile !#rtici!# +ilorFG &. 0o itor D) re&i2tre#'B ote#' i-eileFG E. :#cilit#tor D#te "e#' co 3licteleB ) c"r#1e#' !#rtici!#re#FG
114

i. Cro ometror D&e2tio e#' tim!"lB re&le#' ritm"l -e l"cr"FG 1. I 2ti&#tor D)m!ie-ic #cti*it#te#B -i2tr#&e #te +i#F. >. ?r#-"l -e ) -e!li ire # 2#rci ii ) c#-r"l &r"!elor: e. tot#lit#teG 3. m#re m#2"rG &. mic m2"rG E. Deloc. .. 0# #&eme t"l tim!"l"i ) c#-r"l &r"!elor: O. c#-r#re# !er3ect ) tim!"l re!#rti'#tG l. Re'ol*#re# i com!let # 2#rci ii ) tim!"l -#tG m. Re'ol*#re# 2#rci ii ) #i te -e eC!ir#re# tim!"l"i (i eCi2te +# " or Jtim!i mor+i=G . Li!2# re!#rti'rii " "i tim! -e l"cr"B #cti*it#te# termi A -"72e o-#t c" re'ol*#re# 2#rci ii. 11. 0o-"l -e e*#l"#re # #cti*it+ii -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#re: #. A!reciere# !re2t#+iei i -i*i-"#le # " or c"r2# +iG 8. A!reciere# re'"lt#t"l"i colecti*B #l &r"!"l"iG c. A!reciere# re'"lt#t"l"i colecti* (i rem#rc#re# " or !re2t#+ii i -i*i-"#leG -. Li!2# oricrei rem#rci c" c#r#cter e*#l"#ti*.

ANEIA +

3BID DE INTERVIU
115

?r#-: :" c+ie: N"me: Pre "me: Di2ci!li #N7ele !re-#te: 1. L# orele -"m e#*o#2tr "tili'#+i meto-e -e ) *+#re !ri coo!er#reU D#c -#B ce meto-e (i cAt -e -e2U %. Ce #*# t#1e co 2i-er#+i c #" #ce2te meto-eU ,. Ce -i3ic"lt+i ) tAm!i #+i #t" ci cA - #!lic#+i #ce2te meto-eU /. C"m re#c+io e#' 2t"-e +ii -i A.:.T ) c#-r"l orelor ) c#re 2" t "tili'#te #ce2te meto-eU 5. ce m2"r co 2i-er#+i c #ce2te meto-e 2" t e3icie te ) !roce2"l -e !re&tire !ro3e2io #l # o3i+erilorU

Ane?! TA@EL CU REPARTIFAREA *ETODELOR DE NVARE PRIN COOPERARE LA DISCIPLINELE SOCIO6U*ANE

116

*ETODA
Pe-#&o&ie E &le' 6ociolo&ie P2iEolo&ie Com" ic#re Le#-er2Ei!

DISCIPLINA KOCUL DE ROL 0O9AICUL 5TIUNVREAU 6 5TIUNA0 NVAT ?RUPUL DE PRODUCIE PLRIILE ?YNDITOARE 6CPI0< PERECPEA <RAIN6TOR0IN? 6INECTICA PIRA0IDA DIA?RA0A CAU97E:ECT

Teori# Or&# i'#+iei

TOTAL

, %

1 % 1 1 %

5 % 5 1

% 1

1 , % 1 1 1

1 1 % 1

/ / 7 1 1 I

TOTAL

1%

117