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RWYQM). * (EV EGIEWX RSY XIRHMR' E KRHMVMM, HI#M RXV-YR ERYQMX WIRW
MRIVIRX 3PSWS3IM KVIGI#XM XMQTYVMM, RY E ENYRW PE HITPMRE IM QEXYVMXEXI HIGX
R ZVIQIE PYM 7SGVEXI. %WXJIP, TYRGXYP HI GSXMXYV GEVI WITEV KRHMVIE
WSGVEXMG HI GIE TVIWSGVEXMG WI E4 R TVSFPIQEXMGE SQYPYM. 7SGVEXI RY
EXEG #M RMGM RY GVMXMG XISVMMPI TVIHIGIWSVMPSV WM. )P RY MRXIR'MSRIE^ W
MRXVSHYG S RSY HSGXVMR 3PSWS3G. "M XSXY#M, PE IP, XSEXI TVSFPIQIPI HMR
XVIGYX WYRX Z^YXI RXV-S PYQMR RSY TIRXVY G WYRX VETSVXEXI PE YR RSY
GIRXVY MRXIPIGXYEP. 4VSFPIQIPI 3PSWS3IM KVIGI#XM E REXYVMM #M TVSFPIQIPI
QIXE3^MGMM KVIGI#XM WYRX IGPMTWEXI FVYWG HI GXVI S RSY GLIWXMYRI GEVI TEVI
W EFWSEVF, HI EMGM REMRXI, RXVIKYP MRXIVIW XISVIXMG EP SQYPYM. 0E 7SGVEXI RY
QEM EZIQ S XISVMI MRHITIRHIRX E REXYVMM WEY S XISVMI PSKMG MRHITIRHIRX.
2Y EZIQ RMGM QGEV S XISVMI IXMG GSIVIRX #M WMWXIQEXMG R WIRWYP R GEVI
IE E JSWX HI^ZSPXEX R WMWXIQIPI IXMGI HI QEM XV^MY. 6QRI HSEV S WMRKYV
GLIWXMYRI: 'I IWXI SQYP# 7SGVEXI WYW'MRI #M ETV QIVIY MHIEPYP YRYM EHIZV
YRMZIVWEP SFMIGXMZ, EFWSPYX. (EV WMRKYVYP YRMZIVW TI GEVI IP P GYRSE#XI #M PE
GEVI WI VIJIV XSEXI MRZIWXMKE'MMPI PYM IWXI YRMZIVWYP SQYPYM. *MPSWS3E PYM HEG
IP EVI S 3PSWS3I IWXI WXVMGX ERXVSTSPSKMG. RXV-YRYM HMR HMEPSKYVMPI PYM 4PEXSR,
7SGVEXI IWXI HIWGVMW GE 3MRH
* :I^M *MPSWS3E KVIEG TMR PE 4PEXSR, -, TEVXIE E 2-E, VIHEGXSVM
GSSVHSREXSVM %HIPMRE 4MEXOS[WOM, -SR &ERY, )H. "XMMR'M3G #M )RGMGPSTIHMG,
&YGYVI#XM, 1979, T. 363. (2.X.).
%RKENEX RXV-S HMWGY'MI GY IPIZYP WY 4LEMHVSW. )M WI TPMQF #M, HYT YR
WGYVX XM'QT, ENYRK RXV-YR PSG R EJEVE TSV'MPSV %XIRIM. 7SGVEXI #M I\TVMQ
EHQMVE'ME TIRXVY JVYQYWI'IE PSGYPYM. )WXI RGRXEX HI TIMWEN, TI GEVI P PEYH
JSEVXI QYPX. (EV 4LEMHVSW P RXVIVYTI. )P IWXI WYVTVMRW G 7SGVEXI WI GSQTSVX
GE YR WXVMR GPY^MX HI YR KLMH. %M XVIGYX ZVISHEX HMRGSPS HI LSXEV# P
RXVIEF IP. 7SGVEXI TYRI R VWTYRWYP WY S WIQRM3GE'MI WMQFSPMG. 1 ZIM
MIVXE, TVMIXIRI! *ETX I G QM TPEGI'W RZ'. 3V GQTYP #M GSTEGMM RY ZSV W-QM
3I HEWGPM, R ZVIQI GI R GIXEXI SEQIRMM Q RZE' GY EHIZVEX. *
"M XSXY#M, EXYRGM GRH WXYHMIQ HMEPSKYVMPI WSGVEXMGI EPI PYM 4PEXSR RY
E4Q RMGMIVM S WSPY'MI HMVIGX E RSMM TVSFPIQI. 7SGVEXI RI SJIV S EREPM^
HIXEPMEX #M QIXMGYPSEW E GEPMX'MPSV #M ZMVXY'MPSV YQERI MRHMZMHYEPI. )P GEYX
W HIXIVQMRI REXYVE EGIWXSV GEPMX'M #M W PI HI3RIEWG: FYRXEXIE, HVITXEXIE,
XIQTIVER'E, GYVENYP' #.E.Q.H. (EV IP RY VMWG RMGMSHEX S HI3RM'MI E SQYPYM.
'YQ TSEXI 3 I\TPMGEX EGIEWX ETEVIRX SQMWMYRI# % EHSTXEX 7SGVEXI R QSH
HIPMFIVEX S EFSVHEVI SGSPMX YRE GEVI M-E TIVQMW HSEV W ^KVMI WYTVEJE'E
EGIWXIM TVSFPIQI JV W TXVYRH ZVISHEX R TVSJYR^MQIE #M IWIR'E IM
ZIVMXEFMP# (EV EMGM, QEM QYPX HIGX R SVMGEVI EPX TEVXI, EV XVIFYM W
WYWTIGXQ MVSRME WSGVEXMG. 6WTYRWYP RIKEXMZ EP PYM 7SGVEXI IWXI, GY
WMKYVER', GIP GEVI EVYRG S RSY #M RIE#XITXEX PYQMR EWYTVE GLIWXMYRMM #M
GEVI RI SJIV S R'IPIKIVI EHIZVEX E GSRGIT'MIM WSGVEXMGI HIWTVI SQ. 2SM RY
TYXIQ HIWGSTIVM REXYVE SQYPYM R EGIPE#M QSH R GEVI TYXIQ HIXIGXE REXYVE
PYGVYVMPSV 3^MGI. %GIWXIE TSX 3 HIWGVMWI R XIVQIRM EM TVSTVMIX'MPSV PSV
SFMIGXMZI, TI GRH SQYP TSEXI 3 HIWGVMW #M HI3RMX HSEV R XIVQIRM EM
GSR#XMMR'IM WEPI. %GIWX JETX TYRI S TVSFPIQ GY XSXYP RSY GEVI RY TSEXI 3
VI^SPZEX GY ENYXSVYP QSHEPMX'MPSV RSEWXVI SFM#RYMXI HI MRZIWXMKE'MI.
3FWIVZE'ME IQTMVMG #M EREPM^E PSKMG, R WIRWYP R GEVI EGI#XM XIVQIRM IVEY
JSPSWM'M R 3PSWS3E TVIWSGVEXMG,
* 4PEXSR, 4LEMHVSW 230H XVEH HI +EFVMIP 0MMGIERY, )H. ,YQERMXEW
&YGYVI#XM, 1993. (2.X.)
7-EY HSZIHMX E 3, R EGIWX GE^, MRI3GMIRXI #M MREHIGZEXI, 'IRXVY G RYQEM
R VIPE'MMPI RSEWXVI RIQMNPSGMXI GY 3MR'IPI IRI#XM TYXIQ R'IPIKI GEVEGXIVYP
SQYPYM. 8VIFYMI W RI RJVYRXQ VIEPQIRXI GY SQYP, XVIFYMI W RI RXPRMQ GY
IP HI-E HVITXYP JEX R JEX TIRXVY E-P RXIPIKIX (I EGIIE, XVWXYVE HMWXMRGXMZ
E 3PSWS3IM PYM 7SGVEXI RY IWXI YR RSY GSR'MRYX SFMIGXMZ, GM S RSY EGXMZMXEXI #M
JYRG'MI E KRHMVMM. *MPSWS3E, GEVI JYWIWI GSRGITYX TR EXYRGM GE YR QSRSPSK
MRXIPIGXYEP, IWXI XVERWJSVQEX RXV-YR HMEPSK. 2YQEM TI GEPIE KRHMVMM R JSVQ
HI HMEPSK WEY E KRHMVMM HMEPIGXMGI TYXIQ EFSVHE GYRSE#XIVIE REXYVMM YQERI.
1EM REMRXI, EHIZVYP TYXIE 3 GSRGITYX GE YR PYGVY KEXE JGYX GEVI TYXIE 3
R'IPIW TVMRXV-YR IJSVXZ EP KRHMXSVYPYM MRHMZMHYEP #M XVERWQMW #M GSQYRMGEX GY
TVSQTXMXYHMRI GIPSVPEP'M. (EV 7SGVEXI RY E QEM TYXYX WYFWGVMI PE EGIWX TYRGX
HI ZIHIVI. )WXI PE JIP HI MQTSWMFMP WTYRI 4PEXSR R 6ITYFPMGE -`W MQTPERXI^M
EHIZVYP R WY4IXYP YRYM SQ, GE #M E HE TYXIVIE Z^YPYM YRYM SQ RWGYX SVF.
%HIZVYP IWXI TVMR REXYVE PYM VI^YPXEXYP KRHMVMM HMEPIGXMGI. )P RY TSEXI 3
HSFRHMX, TVMR YVQEVI, HIGX TVMRXV-S GSRWXERX GSSTIVEVI E WYFMIG'MPSV R
GEHVYP RXVIFVMPSV #M VWTYRWYVMPSV EHVIWEXI QYXYEP. )P RY IWXI, TVMR YVQEVI,
EWIQIRIE YRYM SFMIGX IQTMVMG; IP XVIFYMI R'IPIW GE BTVSHYWYP YRYM EGX WSGMEP.
%MGM EZIQ VWTYRWYP RSY, MRHMVIGX PE RXVIFEVIE 'I IWXI SQYP#`3QYP IWXI
GSRWMHIVEX E 3 EGIE 3MR' GEVI WI E4 R QSH GSRWXERX R GYXEVIE HI WMRI
S/3MR' GEVI R SVMGI QSQIRX XVIFYMI W I\EQMRI^I #M W WGVYXI^I GSRHM'MMPI
I\MWXIRXIM WEPI. -R EGIEWX WGVYXEVI, R - EGIEWX EXMXYHMRI GVMXMG JEX HI ZME'
SQIRIEWG GSRWX; EHIZVEXE ZEPSEVI E ZMI'MM YQERI. :ME'E PMTWMX HI
EGIEWX/GIVGIXEVI, WTYRI 7SGVEXI R E WE %TVEVI, RY I XVEM HI SQ. *1
BBC4YXIQ VI^YQE KRHMVIE PYM 7SGVEXI WTYRRH G SQYP IWXI HI3RMX HI GXVI
IP HVITX 3MR'E GEVI, EXYRGM GRH M WI EHVIWIE^ S RXVIFEVI VE'MSREP, TSEXI HE
YR VWTYRW VE'MSREP. %XX
* 4PEXSR, %TVEVIE -YM 7SGVEXI, 38E, XVEH. HI *VERGMWGE &PXGGERY, R
4PEXSR, 3TIVI, -, IH. % 2-E, )H. "XMMR'M3G #M )RGMGPSTIHMG, &YGYVI#XM, 1975, T,
39. (2.X.)
'YRSE#XIVIE GX #M QSVEPMXEXIE PYM WYRX GYTVMRWI R EGIWX GIVG. 3QYP
HIZMRI S 3MR' VIWTSRWEFMP, YR WYFMIGX QSVEP TVMR EGIEWX JEGYPXEXI
JYRHEQIRXEP, TVMR EGIEWX JEGYPXEXI HI E HE YR VWTYRW WMI#M #M GIPSVPEP'M.
4VMQYP VWTYRW E VQEW, RXV-YR ERYQMX WIRW, VWTYRWYP GPEWMG. 4VSFPIQE
WSGVEXMG #M QIXSHE WSGVEXMG RY TSX 3 RMGMSHEX YMXEXI WEY SFPMXIVEXI. 4VMR
MRXIVQIHMYP KRHMVMM PYM 4PEXSR IE #M-E TYW EQTVIRXE1 TI RXVIEKE HI^ZSPXEVI
ZMMXSEVI E GMZMPM^E'MIM YQERI. 2Y I\MWX, TSEXI, RMGM S GEPI QEM WGYVX #M QEM
WMKYV HI E RI GSRZMRKI HI TVSJYRHE YRMXEXI #M TIVJIGXE GSRXMRYMXEXI EPI
KRHMVMM 3PSWS3GI ERXMGI HIGX GSQTEVRH EGIWXI TVMQI WXEHMM HMR 3PSWS3E
KVIEG GY YRYP HMR YPXMQIPI #M GIPI QEM RSFMPI TVSHYWI EPI GYPXYVMM KVIGS-
VSQERI, GEVXIE 'XVI WMRI WGVMW HI GXVI QTVEXYP 1EVGYW %YVIPMYW
%RXSRMRYW. 0E TVMQE TVMZMVI, S EWXJIP HI GSQTEVE'MI TSEXI TVIE EVFMXVEV;
TIRXVY G 1EVGYW %YVIPMYW RY E JSWX YR KRHMXSV SVMKMREP #M RMGM RY E YVQEX S
QIXSH WXVMGX PSKMG. )P RWY#M QYP'YQI#XI ^IMPSV G EXYRGM GRH E RYXVMX S
VZR HISWIFMX TIRXVY 3PSWS3I RY #M-E MVSWMX ZVIQIE GY GSQTYRIVM 1 R
TEKMRMPI GI YVQIE^ RY ZSM RGIVGE W HEY S TVMZMVI HI ERWEQFPY EWYTVE
HI^ZSPXVMM MWXSVMGI E ERXVSTSPSKMIM 3PSWS3GI. :SM WIPIGXE HSEV GXIZE WXEHMM
XMTMGI TIRXVY E MPYWXVE PMRME KIRIVEP HI KRHMVI. -WXSVME 3PSWS3GM SQYPYM IWXI
RG YR HI^MHIVEX. 4I GRH MWXSVME QIXE3^MGMM, E 3PSWS3IM REXYVMM, E IXMGMM #M E
KRHMVMM #XMMR'M3GI EY JSWX WXYHMEXI R XSEXI HIXEPMMPI, EMGM WYRXIQ RG PE
RGITYX. R YPXMQYP WIGSP, MQTSVXER'E EGIWXIM TVSFPIQI E JSWX VIWMQ'MX XSX QEM
QYPX. ;MPLIPQ (MPXLI] #M-E GSRGIRXVEX XSEXI IJSVXYVMPI TIRXVY VI^SPZEVIE GM.
(EV STIVE PYM (MPXLI], SVMGX HI FSKEX #M WYKIWXMZ, E VQEW MRGSQTPIX. 9RYP
HMR HMWGMTSPMM PYM (MPXLI], &GQLEVH +VSIXLY]WIR, E HEX S HIWGVMIVI I\GIPIRX E
HI^ZSPXVMM KIRIVEPI E 3PSWS3IM ERXVSTSPSKMGI. (EV, HMR RIJIVMGMVI, GLMEV
EGIEWX HIWGVMIVI WI STVI#XI FVYWG PE TEWYP YPXMQ #M HIGMWMZ EGIPE EP ITSGMM
RSEWXVI QSHIVRI. :I^M &IQLEVH +VSIXLY]WIR, 4LMPSWSTLMWGLG
%RXLVSTSPSKMG, ,ERHFYGL HIV 4LMPSWSTLMI (1MMRGLIR #M &IVPMR, 1931), ---,
P-207. :I^M, HI EWIQIRIE, EVXMGSPYP PYM +VSIXLY]WIR 8S[EVHW ER
%RXLVSTSPSKMGEP 4LMPSWSTL], 4LMPSWSTL] ERH ,MWXSV]. )WWE]W TVIWIRXIH XS
&QWX 'EWWMVIV (3\JSVH, 'PEVIRHSR 4VIWW, 1936), TT. 77-89.
7EY GY MRXIVTVIXEVIE WMPSKMWQIPSV. * (EV. 7SGVEXI #M 1EVGYW %YVIPMYW EY
R GSQYR GSRZMRKIVIE G TIRXVY E E4E EHIZVEXE REXYV WEY IWIR' E SQYPYM
XVIFYMI, QEM REMRXI HI XSEXI, W `RHIBVXQCHINRRXECA YM XSEXI XVWXYVMPI
I\XIVRI #M EGGMHIRXEPI.B
2Y XVIFYMI EXE#EX SQYPYM, R QWYVE R GEVI IWXI SQ, RMQMG HMR GIPI JV
PIKXYV GY MHIIE HI SQ. 'GM IPI RY VITVI^MRX GIVMR'I SFPMKEXSVMM TIRXVY SQ,
RY WYRX RMGM MQTPMGEXI R REXYVE SQYPYM, RMGM RY WYRX S HIWZV#MVI E REXYVMM
SQIRI#XM. 4VMR YVQEVI, R IPI RY GSRWX WGSTYP LSXVXSV TIRXVY SQ #M RMGM RY
GSRXVMFYMI PE EXMRKIVIE 'IPYPYM WYTVIQ GEVI IWXI FMRIPI. 1EM QYPX RG, HEG
ZVIYRE HMR IPI EV 3 E SQYPYM, R-EV XVIFYM HMWTVI'YMXI HI GXVI EGIWXE, RMGM R-EV
XVIFYM GE IP W PM WI QTSXVMZIEWG, HI ZVIQI GI-M ETEV'MR; RMGM R-EV 3 ZVIHRMG
HI PEYH GIP HIWTVMRW HI RIGIWMXEXIE PSV, TVIGYQ RMGM GIP RGPMREX W WI
VIWXVRK R JSPSWMVIE ZVIYRIME HMR EGIWXIE, HEG IPI EV 3 GY EHIZVEX FYRYVM.
%GYQ, VE'MSRRH HMQTSXVMZ, R QWYVE R GEVI GMRIZE WI PEW PMTWMX HI
EGIWXIE WEY HI EPXIPI EWIQRXSEVI, 3MRH JV ZVIYRE HMR IPI, RHYV
EFWIR'E, IWXI GY EXX QEM QYPX YR SQ HI FMRI.*
8SX GIIE GI M WI RXQTP SQYPYM HMR EJEV IWXI RYP #M JV IJIGX. )WIR'E
PYM RY HITMRHI HI GMVGYQWXER'I I\XIVMSEVI; IE HITMRHI I\GPYWMZ HICZEPSEVIECN)
ICGEVI IP #M-S EXVMFYMI .YBRWY#M. /&SK'MM, VERK, HMWXMRG'MI WSGMEP, GLMEV
WRXEXIE WEY HEVYVMPI MRXIPIGXYEPI XSEXI EGIWXIE HIZMR MRHMJIVIRXI (&5X&
(TSTSZ). 7MRKYVYP PYGVY GEVI GSRXIE^ IWXI R^YMR'E, EXMXYHMRIE MRXIVMSEV E
WY4IXYPYM; #M EGIWX TVMRGMTMY MRXIVRBRY fSEXI 3 XYPFYVEX. 'IIE GI RY JEGI TI
SQ MRJIVMSV WMI RWY#M RY GSFSEV RMGM GSRHM'ME ZMI'MM SQIRI#XM #M RY HMWXVYKI TI
SQ RMGM R GIPI PYRXVMGI, RMGM R GIPI HMR EJEV EPI WEPI.*
'IVMR'E EYXS-MRXIVSKVMM ETEVI, TVMR YVQEVI, R GEHVYP WXSMGMWQYPYM, GE #M
R GSRGIT'ME PYM 7SGVEXI.
'E YR TVMZMPIKMY
* :I^M 1EVGYW %YVIPMYW, 'XVI WMRI, -, 17, XVEH. HI 1. 4GYGGWGY #M (.
&YVXIE R ZSM. )TMGXIX, 1ERYEPYP, XVEH. HI (. &YVXIE; 1EVGYW %YVIPMYW, 'XVI
WMRI, TVIJE' HI )YKIR 'M^GO, XEFIP GVSRSPSKMG #M RSXI HI (. &YVXIE, )H.
1MRIVZE, 1977, T. 81. (2.X.)
* -HIQ., :, 15, TT. 127-428. (2.X.) * -HIQ., -:, 8, T. 106. (2.X.)
%P SQYPYM #M HEXSVME WE JYRHEQIRXEP. * (EV EGIEWX HEXSVMI IWXI
R'IPIEW EGYQ RXV-YR WIRW QEM PEVK; IE RY EVI RYQEM YR JYRHEP QSVEP, GM #M
YRYP YRMZIVWEP #M QIXE3^MG. 'PMT HI GPMT, EGIEWXE XVIFYMI W` WI RXVIFI SQYP
#M W WI GIVGIXI^I, GX QEM VMKYVSW: n'I EQ IY R EGIEWX TEVXI HMR QMRI GEVI
WI RYQI#XI VE'MYRI GSRHYGXSEVI~ (XS R7) (M. 3ZM%6Z)#*. 'IP GEVI XVMI#XI
R EVQSRMIC GY TVSTVMYP IY, - GY HIQSRYP WY, XVMI#XI R EVQSRMI GY
YRMZIVWYP; GGM EXX SVHMRIE YRMZIVWEP, GX #M SVHMRIE TIVWSREP RY WYRX
EPXGIZE HIGX I\TVIWMM HMJIVMXI #M QERMJIWXVM EPI YRYM TVMRGMTMY JYRHEQIRXEP
GSQYR. 3QYP JEGI HSZEHE TYXIVMM WEPI MRIVIRXI HI GVMXMG, HI NYHIGEX #M
HMWGIVRQRX, R'IPIKRH G R EGIEWX GSVI0E'MI )YP #M RY. 9RMZIVWYP EVI
TEVXIE GSRHYGXSEVI.) 3 HEX GI )YP #M-E HSFRHMX JSVQE MRXIVR, EGIEWX
JSVQ VQRI MREPXIVEFMP #M MQTIVXYVFEFMP. (I ZVIQI GI E HIZIRMX S WJIV,
VQRI XSXHIEYRE S WJIV. * %HMG, E#E-^MGRH, YPXMQYP GYZRX EP 3PSWS3IM
KVIGI#XM YR GYZRX GEVI S HEX R TPYW GSR'MRI #M I\TPMG WTMVMXYP R GEVI E
JSWX GSRGITYX HI PE RGITYX. %GIWX WTMVMX E JSWX YR WTMVMX EP NYHIG'MM, EP
HMWGIVRQRXYPYM GVMXMG RXVI *MMR'EVI #M 2SR-*MMR'EVI, RXVI EHIZV #M MPY^MI,
RXVI FMRI #M VY. :ME'E R WMRI WI WGLMQF #M ZEVME^B HEV ZEPSEVIE EHIZVEX
E ZMI'MM XVIFYMIBN#YXE' R G3)N'MIE IXIVR GEVI RY EHQMXI RMGM S WGLMQFEVI,
N%GIEWX SVHMRI RY S TYXIQ WIWM^E GY PYQIE WMQ'YVMPSV, GM RYQEM TVMR TYXIVIE
NYHIG'MM RSEWXVI. .YHIGEXE IWXI TYXIVIE GIRXVEP PE. CSNXXO WYVWE GSQYR E
EHIZVYPYM #M QSVEPMX'MM. 4IRXVY G IWXI WMRKYVYP PYGVY R PIKXYV GY GEVI
SQYP HITMRHI R RXVIKMQI HI WMRI RWY#M; IE IWXI PMFIV, EYXSRSQ,
MRHITIRHIRX. * 2Y XI ^FYGMYQE, WTYRI 1EVGYW %YVIPMYW,
* 'J. MHIQ, ---, 6, T. 96. (2.X.) *' -HIQ, :, 11 T. 126. (2.X)
* 'J. MHIQ, :---, 41, T. 181. 8VEHYGIVIE HEX HI 'EWWMVIV HMJIV TY'MR.
1EVGYW %YVIPMYW JEGI EPY^MI PE YR ZIVW HMR )YVMTMHI. (2.X.)
* 'J. MHIQ :, 14, T. 127. 'EWWMVIV VIH, R RSX HI WYFWSP, XI\XYP SVMKMREP
EP TVSTS^M'MIM: 6E'MYRIE #M QI#XI#YKYP VE'MSREQIRXYPYM GSRWXMXYMI TYXIVM
RHIWXYPXSEVI #M TIRXVY IPI #M TIRXVY PYGVVMPI JGYXI R EGSVH GY GPG: 3 <S]S'
%E M%.07<11 XI\ZR 5[EYIM; IMGVMZ BM %E (QbMG, \E2 IEZG' 'ITSM'. (2.X.)
2MGM RY XI RGSVHE, GM 3M PMFIV, TVMZI#XI XSEXI EGXMZMX'MPI GE YR FVFEX, GE
YR SQ, GE YR GIX'IER, GE S 3MR' LV^MX QSV'MM. () 0YGVYVMPI HMR I\XIVMSV
RY EY EXMRKIVI GY WY4IXYP, RMGM PIKXYV, GM VQR R EJEVE PYM RIQM#GXSEVI,
G IPI HIZMR TVMGMRM HI XYPFYVEVI, HEXSVMX TVIVMM GEVI WI JSVQIE^ R MRXIVMSV
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GXVI RMGM S JSV' I\XIVMSEV. %WXJIP IWXI GEVEGXIVYP HYEP EP MQTIVXYVFEFMPMX'MM
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TYXIVRMGI JSVXI JSVQEXMZI EPI GYPXYVMM ERXMGI. (EV IE W-E KWMX HMRXV-S HEX R
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#M GVI#XMR HIWTVI SQ RY WYRX R QSH RIGIWEV SWXMPI YRE EPXIME, R MWXSVME
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TEV. 8.
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&YVWER, )H. "XMMR'M3G, &YGYVI#XM, 1971, T. 19. (2.X.) '
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XVEHYGIVI HI 1EVMIPE 7IYPIWGY, )H. "XMMR'M3G, &YGYVI#XM, 1966, TT. 149-P50.
(2.X.)
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VE'MYRMM YQERI; HMQTSXVMZ, IP (IWXI QEVIPI IM MRGMXEXSV. -RXIPIGXYP SQIRIWG
HIZMRI GSR#XMIRX 'HI TVSTVME PYM MR3RMXEXI QWYVRHY-#M TYXIVMPI GY YRMZIVWYP
MR3RMX. 8SEXI EGIWXIE WYRX I\TVMQEXI R STIVE PYM &VYRS RXV-YR PMQFEN TSIXMG,
RY #XMMR'M3G. 0YQIE RSY E #XMMR'IM QSHIVRI, XISVME QEXIQEXMG E REXYVMM, RG
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HEV GX TVMZI#XI GIVXMXYHMRIE SFMIGXMZ, GIPI GXIZE EHIZVYVM GYRSWGYXI HI
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RGLMH SQYP R PMQMXIPI TVSTVMIM WEPI GSR#XMMR'I. 4EVI E RY I\MWXE RMGM S GEPI
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MHIIE HI 10 4IRXVY EPXI HIXEPMM Z~ ^M 'EWWMVIV, -RHMZMHYYQ YRH /SWQSW R HIV
4LMPSWSTLMG HIV 6GREMWWERGI (0IMT^MK, 1927), TT. 197 #M YVQ.
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EGIWXYM GEPGYP, YRMZIVWYP 3^MG HIZMRI MRXIPMKMFMP; REXYVMM WYRX GSRWMHIVEXI E RY
3 EPXGIZE HIGX GE^YVM WTIGMEPI EPI PIKMPSV KIRIVEPI EPI VE'MYRMM. 7TMRS^E IWXI
GIP GEVI RHV^RI#XI W JEG TEWYP YPXMQ #M HIGMWMZ R EGIEWX XISVMI
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S XISVMI E TEWMYRMPSV #M EJIGXIPSV, S XISVMI QEXIQEXMG E PYQMM QSVEPI. )P IWXI
GSRZMRW G HSEV TVMR EGIEWX XISVMI RI TYXIQ EXMRKI XIPYP: EGIPE EP YRIM
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TVINYHIG'MPI YRYM WMWXIQ TYV ERXVSTSGIRXVMG. %GIWXE IWXI WYFMIGXYP, XIQE
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GEVI HIWGVMI EGIWXI I\TIVMQIRXI R YPXMQE WE GEVXI, XVEKI HMR IPI S
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R GSRXMRYEVI HMVIG'MMPI IQTMVMGI. 0MQFENYP RY IWXI YR JIRSQIR WMQTPY #M
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2IXLIVPERHW %OEHIQMG ZER ;IXIRWGLETTIR, <0--- (1940), RV. 9, 10: <0-:
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TSEXI 3 EXVMFYMX PMQMXVMPSV WIGYRHEVI (KPSWS-PEFMEPI). 0E JIP #M KIWXYVMPI PSV,
EPI JI'IM #M GSVTYPYM, GE #M I\TVIWMMPI PSV WSRSVI RY HIWIQRIE^ WEYHIWGVMY
RMGMSHEX SFMIGXI (&YLPIV).6
%MGM EXMRKIQ TYRGXYP GVYGMEP EP RXVIKMM RSEWXVI TVSFPIQI. (MJIVIR'E
HMRXVI PMQFENYP HMWGYVWMZ #M PMQFENYP IQS'MSREP IWXI 4 4IRXVY HMWXMRG'ME HMRXVI
I\TVMQVMPI TYV IQSXMZI #MB XMTYP RSVQEP HI GSQYRMGEVI E MHIMPSV GEVI IWXI
PMQFE, ZI^M SFWIVZE'MMPI MRXVSHYGXMZI EPI PYM )H[EVH 7ETMV, 0ERKYEKG (2I[
=SVO, ,EVGSYVX, &VEGI, 192J).
5 4IRXVY EPXI HIXEPMM ZI^M 'LEVPIW &EPP], 0I PERKEKI IX PE ZMI (4EVMW,
1936).
6 ;SPJKERK /SILPIV, >YV 4W]GLSPSKMI HIW 7GLMQTERWIR,
4W]GLSPSKMWGLG *SVWGLYRK, - (1921), T. 27, 'J. IHM'ME IRKPI^ 8LI 1GRXEPMX]
SJ'%TIW (2I[ =SVO, ,EVGSYVX, &VEGI, 1925), ETIRHMGI, T. 317.
&SVRE HI LSXEV RXVI PYQIE SQYPYM #M PYQIE ERMQEP. 8SEXI XISVMMPI #M
SFWIVZE'MMPI VIJIVMXSEVI PE PMQFENYP ERMQEP WYRX HITEVXI HI EHIZV HEG RY
VIY#IWG W VIGYRSEWG EGIEWX HMJIVIR' JYRHEQIRXEP.7 R RXVIEKE
PMXIVEXYV E WYFMIGXYPYM TEVI W RY I\MWXI RMGM S 7MRKYV HSZEH GSRGPY^MZ
EWYTVE JETXYPYM G ZVIYR ERMQEP E JGYX ZVISHEX TEWYP HIGMWMZ HI PE PMQFENYP
WYFMIGXMZ PE GIP SFMIGXMZ, HI PE GIP EJIGXMZ PE GIP HMWGYVWMZ. /SILPIV MRWMWX GY
XVMI EWYTVE JETXYPYM G PMQFE IWXI R QSH LSXVX HMRGSPS HI TYXIVMPI
QEMQY'IPSV ERXVSTSMHI. )P WYW'MRI G PMTWE EGIWXYM QMNPSG ENYXXSV XILRMG HI
RITVI'YMX #M QEVIE PMQMXEVI E EGIPSV GSQTSRIRXI JSEVXI MQTSVXERXI EPI
KRHMVMM, E#E-RYQMXIPI VITVI^IRXVM, GSRWXMXYMI GEY^IPI GEVI QTMIHMG
ERMQEPIPI W VIEPM^I^I GLMEV #M GIPI QEM QSHIWXI RGITYXYVM EPI HI^ZSPXVMM
GYPXYVEPI.8 0E EGIIE#M GSRGPY^MI E ENYRW #M 6IZIW^. 0MQFE, E3VQ IP, IWXI YR
GSRGITX ERXVSTSPSKMG GEVI XVIFYMI W 3I RPXYVEX GY XSXYP HMR WXYHMYP
TWMLSPSKMIM ERMQEPI. (EG TPIGQ HI PE S HI3RM'MI GPEV #M TVIGMW E PMQFMM,
XSEXI GIPIPEPXI JSVQI HI I\TVMQEVI TI GEVI PI KWMQ #M PE ERMQEPI WYRX
IPMQMREXI R QSH EYXSQEX.9 =IVOIW, GEVI E WXYHMEX TVSFPIQE GY YR MRXIVIW
WTIGMEP, ZSVFI#XI TI YR XSR QEM TVIGMW. )P IWXI GSRZMRW G R TVMZMR'E
PMQFENYPYM #M WMQFSPMWQYPYM I\MWX S WXVRW PIKXYV RXVI SQ #M QEMQY'IPI
ERXVSTSMHI. %GIEWXE WYKIVIE^, WGVMI IP, G WI TSEXI GE RSM W 3 HEX TIWXI
YR WXEHMY 3PSKIRIXMG XMQTYVMY R IZSPY'ME TVSGIWYPYM WMQFSPMG. )\MWX HSZI^M
EFYRHIRXI G HMJIVMXI EPXI XMTYVM EPI TVSGIWYPYM HI WIQREPM^EVI HIGX GIP
WMQFSPMG ETEV R QSH JVIGZIRX #M JYRG'MSRIE^ IJIGXMZ PE 7 3 RGIVGEVI QEM
ZIGLI HI E JEGI S HMWXMRG'MI WXVMGX RXVI PMQFENYP HMWGYVWMZ #M GIP IQS'MSREP E
JSWX JGYX R HSQIRMYP TWMLSTEXSPSKMIM PMQFENYPYM. 2IYVSPSKYP IRKPI^ .EGOWSR
E MRXVSHYW XIVQIRYP HI PMQFEN HMWGYVWMZ TIRXVY E I\TPMGE GXIZE JIRSQIRI
TEXSPSKMGI JSEVXI MRXIVIWERXI. )P E HIWGSTIVMX G QYP'M TEGMIR'M GEVI WYJIVIEY
HI EJE^MI RY-#M TMIVHYWIV HIPSG Y^YP PMQFMM, HEV RY TYXIEY JSPSWM GYZMRXIPI
RXV-YR WIRW SFMIGXMZ, HMWGYVWMZ. (MWXMRG'ME PYM .EGOWSR W-E HSZIHMX E 3 JSEVXI
JIVXMP. )E E NYGEX YR VSP MQTSVXERX R HI^ZSPXEVIE YPXIVMSEV E TWMLSTEXSPSKMIM
PMQFENYPYM. 4IRXVY HIXEPMM ZI^M 'EWWMVIV, 4LMPSWSTLMI HIV W]QFSPMWGLGR *SVQGR,
---, GET. 6, TT. 237-323.
8 /SGLPGV, 8LI 1GRXEPMX] IJ%TGW, T. 277.
9 6GZGW^, ST. 'X, <0---, TEVXIE E -M-E (1940), T. 33.

'MQTER^IY.10 RW XSEXI EGIWXIE VQR R QSH LSXVX TVIPMRKZMWXMGI.
'LMEV #M R STMRME PYM =IVOIW, XSEXI EGIWXI I\TVIWMM JYRG'MSREPI WYRX I\XVIQ HI
VYHMQIRXEVI, WMQTPI #M EY S RXVIFYMR'EVI PMQMXEX R GSQTEVE'MI GY TVSGIWYP
GSKRMXMZ SQIRIWG.1' 4VSFPIQE KIRIXMG RY XVIFYMI GSRJYRHEX EMGM GY
TVSFPIQE EREPMXMG #M JIRSQIRSPSKMG. %REPM^E PSKMG E PMQFENYPYM SQIRIWG RI
GSRHYGI PE YR IPIQIRX HI TVMQ MQTSVXERX GEVI RY GYRSE#XI RMQMG
EWIQRXSV R PYQIE ERMQEP. 8ISVME KIRIVEP E IZSPY'MIM RY WX R RMGM YR JIP
R GEPIE VIGYRSE#XIVMM EGIWXYM JETX. 'LMEV R HSQIRMYP JIRSQIRIPSV REXYVMM
SVKERMGI EQ E4EX G IZSPY'ME RY I\GPYHI YR JIP HI GVIE'MI SVMKMREP. *ETXYP
QYXE'MIM FVY#XI #M EP IZSPY'MIM IQIVKIRXI XVIFYMI W 3I EHQMW. &MSPSKME
QSHIVR RY QEM ZSVFI#XI HI IZSPY'MI R XIVQIRMM HEVZMRMWQYPYM XMQTYVMY; RMGM
RY I\TPMG R EGIPE#M QSH GEY^IPI IZSPY'MIM. 4YXIQ EHQMXI JV VI^IVZI G
QEMQY'IPI ERXVSTSMHI, R HI^ZSPXEVIE ERYQMXSV TVSGIWI WMQFSPMGI, EY JGYX
YR WIQRM3GEXMZ TEW REMRXI. (EV, RG S HEX, XVIFYMI W EGGIRXYQ G IPI RY
EY EXMRW TVEKYP PYQMM YQERI. )PI EY MRXVEX, GYQ WI WTYRI, RXV-S JYRHXYV.
(I HVEKYP TVI^IRXVMM QEM GPEVI E TVSFPIQIM, XVIFYMI W HMWXMRKIQ GY
KVMN RXVI WIQRI #M WMQFSPYVM. 4EVI W 3I PQYVMX JETXYP G -R GSQTSVXEQIRXYP
ERMQEP KWMQ QEM GYVRH WMWXIQI GSQTPI\I HI WIQRI #M WIQREPI. 4YXIQ
WTYRI GLMEV G ERYQMXI ERMQEPI, R WTIGMEP GIPI HSQIWXMGI, WYRX JSEVXI
WIRWMFMPI PE WIQRI.12 9R GMRI ZE VIEG'MSRE PE GIPI QEM 10 =IVOIW #M 2MWWIR,
4VI-PMRKYMWXMG 7MKR &ILEZMSV R 'LMQTER^IG 7GMIRGI, 0<<<-<, T. 587.
11 =IVOIW, 'LMQTER^IGW, T. 189.
12 %GIEWX WIRWMFMPMXEXI E JSWX HSZIHMX, HI I\IQTPY, R JEMQSWYP GE^ EP
R'IPITXYPYM ,ERW, GEVI GY GXIZE HIGIRMM R YVQ E GVIEX TVMRXVI
TWMLSFMSPSKM YR JIP HI WIR^E'MI. R'IPITXYP ,ERW IVE YR GEP GEVI TVIE W
TSWIHI S MRXIPMKIRX YMQMXSEVI. )P TYXIE GLMEV W-#M RWY#IEWG TVSFPIQI HI
EVMXQIXM+ HIWXYP HI GSQTPMGEXI, W I\XVEK VHGMRMPI GYFMGI #.E.Q.H. FXRH
GY TMGMSVYP R TQRX HI EXXGE SVM HI GXI S GIVIE WSPY'ME TVSFPIQIM. 9R
GSPIGXMZ WTIGMEP HI TWMLSPSKM #M EP'M SEQIRM HI #XMMR' EY JSWX GLIQE'M W
MRZIWXMKLI^I GE^YP. % HIZIRMX MQIHMEX PMQTIHI G ERMQEPYP VIEG'MSRE PE
ERYQMXI QM#GVM MRZSPYRXEVI EPI WXTRYPYM WY. 'RH WXTRYP IVE EFWIRX WEY
RY R'IPIKIE RXVIFEVIE, GEPYP RY TYXIE W VWTYRH.
1MGM WGLMQFVM R GSQTSVXEQIRXYP WXTRYPYM WY; IP ZE HMWXMRKI GLMEV
I\TVIWMMPI JI'IM SQIRI#XM WEY QSHYPE'MMPI YRIM ZSGM YQERI.13 (EV I S GEPI
PYRK HI PE EGIWXI JIRSQIRI PE R'IPIKIVIE PMQFENYPYM WMQFSPMG #M YQER.
*E0QSEWIPI I\TIVMQIRXI EPI PYM 4EZPSZ HSZIHIWG HSEV G ERMQEPIPI TSX 3
MRWXVYMXI GY Y#YVMR' W VIEG'MSRI^I RY RYQEM R QSH HMVIGX PE WXMQYPM, GM #M PE
XSX JIPYP HI WXMQYPM QIHME'M WEY VITVI^IRXEXMZM. 3 WSRIVMI, HI I\IQTPY, TSEXI
HIZIRM YR WIMRR TIRXVY QEW #M YR ERMQEP TSEXI 3 HVIWEX W RY-#M EXMRK
LVERE GRH EGIWX WIQR IWXI EFWIRX. (EV HI EMGM TYXIQ E4E RYQEM G
I\TIVMQIRXEXSVYP, R EGIWX GE^, E VIY#MX W WGLMQFI WMXYE'ME HI LVER E
ERMQEPYPYM. )P E GSQTPMGEX EGIEWX WMXYE'MI MRXVSHYGRH R QSH ZSPYRXEV R IE
YR IPIQIRX RSY. 8SEXI JIRSQIRIPI GEVI WYRX HIWGVMWI R QSH SFM#RYMX GE
VI4I\I GSRHM'MSREXI RY RYQEM G WYRX JSEVXI HITEVXI HI GEVEGXIVYP IWIR'MEP EP
KRHMVMM WMQFSPMGI SQIRI#XM, HEV WYRX GLMEV STYWI EGIWXYME. 7MQFSPYVMPI R
WIRWYP TVSTVMY EP EGIWXYM XIVQIR RY TSX 3 VIHYWI PE WMQTPI WIQREPI.;
7IQREPIPI #M WMQFSPYVMPI ETEV'MR HI HSY HSQIRMM HMJIVMXI PI HMWGYVWYPYM:
WIQREPYP IWXI S TEVXI E PYQMM 3^MGI E I\MWXIRXIM; WMQFSPYP IWXI S TEVXI E PYQMM
YQERI E WIQRM3GE'MIM. 7IQREPIPI WYRX STIVEXSVM; WMQFSPYVMPI WYRX 13 4IRXVY
E MPYWXVE EGIWX PYGVY, E# HSVM W QIR'MSRI^ EPX I\IQTPY JSEVXI VIZIPEXSV.
4WMLSFMSPSKYP HV. 4JYRKWX, GEVI HI^ZSPXEWI GXIZE QIXSHI RSM #M MRXIVIWERXI
TIRXVY WXYHMYP GSQTSVXEQIRXYPYM ERMQEP, QM-E WTYW SHEX G E TVMQMX S
WGVMWSEVI HI PE YR QEMSV R PIKXYV GY S TVSFPIQ GYVMSEW. 1EMSVYP EZIE YR
GMRI GEVI-P RWS'IE R TPMQFVMPI WEPI. 3VM HI GXI SVM WXTRYP IVE KEXE W
MEW HMR GEW, ERMQEPYP HHIE WIQRI HI QEVG FYGYVMI #M EKMXE'MI. (EV RXV-S ^M
QEMSVYP W-E LSXVX W RGIVGI YR QMG I\TIVMQIRX. 7MQYPRH TPIGEVIE, #M-E
TYW TPVME, #M-E PYEX FEWXSRYP #M E JGYX TVIKXMVMPI SFM#RYMXI JV RMGM S
MRXIR'MI, XSXY#M, HI E QIVKI PE TPMQFEVI. 7TVI QEVIE PYM WYVTVM^, GMRIPI RY E
JSWX R#IPEX TR PE YVQ; IP E VQEW PMRM#XMX R GSP'YP WY. (YT S WGYVX
TIVMSEH HI SFWIVZE'MI, HV. 4JYRKWX E JSWX R WXEVI W HI^PIKI QMWXIVYP. R
GEQIVE QEMSVYPYM WI E4E YR FMVSY GY YR WIVXEV GEVI GSR'MRIE GXIZE
HSGYQIRXI ZEPSVSEWI #M MQTSVXERXI. 1EMSVYP #M JSVQEWI SFMGIMYP W RGIVGI
EGIWX WIVXEV, GEVI TVSHYGIE YR ^SQMX, REMRXI HI E TVWM GEWE, TIRXVY E WI
EWMKYVE G IVE FMRI RGYMEX. )P RY E JGYX EGIWX PYGVY R ^MYE R GEVI RY
MRXIR'MSREWI W MEW HMR GEW. (EV TIRXVY GMRI EGIWXE HIZIRMWI YR WIQREP,
YR IPIQIRX RIGIWEV EP WMXYE'MIM HI TPMQFEVI. *V EGIWX WIQREP, GMRIPI RY
VIEG'MSRE.

HIWMKREXSVM.14 7IQREPIPI, GLMEV R'IPIWI #M JSPSWMXI GE EXEVI, EY XSXY#M
YR JIP HI I\MWXIRX 3^MG WEY WYFWXER'MEP; WMQFS-PYVMPI EY HSEV S ZEPSEVI
JYRG'MSREP.
'Y EGIEWX HMWXMRG'MI R QMRXI, TYXIQ KWM S EFSVHEVI E YRIME HMR GIPI
QEM GSRXVSZIVWEXI TVSFPIQI. 4VSFPIQE MRXIPMKIR'IM ERMQEPIPSV E JSWX
XSXHIEYRE YRE HMR GIPI QEM QEVM IRMKQI EPI 3PSWS3IM ERXVSTSPSKMGI. %Y JSWX
GLIPXYMXI IJSVXYVM MQIRWI HI KRHMVI #M SFWIVZE'MI TIRXVY E KWM VWTYRWYVM PE
EGIEWX RXVIFEVI. (EV EQFMKYMXEXIE #M GEVEGXIVYP ZEK EP XIVQIRYPYM RWY#M HI
MRXIPMKIRX E WXEX QIVIY R GEPIE YRIM WSPY'MM GPEVI. 'YQ TYXIQ WTIVE W
VWTYRHIQ PE S RXVIFEVI EP GVYM WIRW RY-P R'IPIKIQ# 1IXE3^MGMIRM #M SEQIRM
HI #XMMR', REXYVEPM#XM #M XISPSKM EY JSPSWMX GYZRXYP MRXIPMKIRX R WIRWYVM
HMJIVMXI #M GSRXVEHMGXSVMM. 9RMM TWMLSPSKM #M TWMLS-FMSPSKM EY VIJY^EX GEXIKSVMG W
ZSVFIEWG HIWTVI MRXIPMKIR'E ERMQEPIPSV. R SVMGI GSQTSVXEQIRX ERMQEP IM
ZH RYQEM NSGYP YRYM ERYQMX EYXSQEXMWQ. %GIEWX XI^ EVI R WTEXIPI IM
EYXSVMXEXIE PYM (IWGEVXIW; #M IE E JSWX XSXY#M VIE3VQEX R TWMLSPSKME QSHIVR.
%RMQEPYP, WTYRI ). 0. 8LSQHMOI R PYGVEVIE PYM HIWTVI MRXIPMKIRXE ERMQEP,
RY KRHI#XI G YRYP IWXI PE JIP GY GIPPEPX #M RY-P GSRJYRH TI YRYP GY EPXYP,
E#E GYQ WI WTYRI EHIWISVM. )P RY KRHI#XI HIWTVI GIZE; IP KRHI#XI EGIP
GIZE (). -HIIE G ERMQEPIPI VIEG'MSRIE^ PE S MQTVIWMI WIR^SVMEP
TEVXMGYPEV #M EFWSPYX HI3RMX #M VIEPM^EX #M G S VIEG'MI WMQMPEV PE S MQTVIWMI
WIR^SVMEP GEVI HIVMZ HMR TVMQE HSZIHI#XI S EWSGME'MI TVMR WMQMPMXYHMRI IWXI
YR QMX.15 3FWIVZE'MM VIGIRXI #M QYPX QEM I\EGXI EY GSRHYW PE S GSRGPY^MI
HMJIVMX. -R GE^YP ERMQEPIPSV WYTIVMSEVI E HIZIRMX GPEV G IPI WYRX GETEFMPI W
VI^SPZI TVSFPIQI HIWXYP HI HM3GMPI #M G EGIWXI WSPY'MM RY EY JSWX E4EXI TI S
GEPI TYV QIGERMG, TVMR RGIVGEVI #M IVSEVI. %#E GYQ EVEX /SILPIV, RXVI S
WSPY'MI EYXIRXMG #M YRE TYV RXQTPXSEVI I\MWX S 14 4IRXVY HMWXMRG'ME HMRXVI
STIVEXSVM #M HIWMKREXSVM ZI^M 'LEVPIW 1SVVMW, 8LI *SYRHEXMSR SJ XLI 8LISV] SJ
7MKRW, )RG]GPSTIHME SJ XLI 9RM3GH 7GMIRGIW (1938).
15 )H[EVH 0. 8LSQHMOI, %RMQEP -RXGPPMKIRGI (2I[ =SVO, 1EGQMPPER
191,1), TT. 119 #M YVQ.

(MJIVIR' VIQEVGEFMP, EWXJIP RGX YRE TSEXI 3 HMWXMRW HI GIEPEPX.
%TEVI GE MRGSRXIWXEFMP JETXYP G, TR PE YVQ, YRIPI VIEG'MM EPI ERMQEPIPSV
WYTIVMSEVI RY WYRX YR TVSHYW EP RXQ-TPVMM, GM WYRX GPY^MXI HI GXVI
HMWGIVRQRX.16 (EG TVMR MRXIPMKIRX R'IPIKIQ 3I S EGSQSHEVI PE QIHMYP
EQFMERX MQIHMEX, WEY S QSHM3GEVI EHETXEFMP E EGIWXYME, XVIFYMI W EXVMFYMQ
GY GIVXMXYHMRI ERMQEPIPSV S MRXIPMKIR' VIPEXMZ HI^ZSPXEX. 8VIFYMI W WI
VIGYRSEWG, HI EWIQIRIE, G RY XSEXI EG'MYRMPI ERMQEPIPSV WYRX KYZIVREXI HI
TVI^IRXE YRYM WXMQYP MQIHMEX. %RMQEPYP IWXI GETEFMP HI XSX JIPYP HI SGSPM#YVM R
VIEG'MMPI PYM. )P TSEXI RZ'E RY RYQEM W JSPSWIEWG MRWXVYQIRXIPI, HEV GLMEV
W #M MRZIRXI^I YRIPXI TIRXVY WGSTYVMPI PYM. (I EGIIE, YRMM TWMLSPSKM RY EY
I^MXEX W ZSVFIEWG HIWTVI S MQEKMRE'MI GVIEXSEVI WEY GSRWXVYGXMZ PE
ERMQEPI.17 (EV RMGM EGIEWX MRXIPMKIRX, RMGM EGIEWX MQEKMRE'MI QM. 7YRX
EWIQRXSEVI GY GIPI WTIGM3G SQIRI#XM. 4I WGYV'TYXIQ WTYRI G ERMQEPYP
TSWIH S MQEKMRE'MI #M S MRXIPMKIRX TVEGXMGI, TI GRH SQYP WMRKYV E HI^ZSPXEX
S RSY JSVQ: S MQEKMRE'MI #M S MRXIPMKIR' WMQFSPMGIB
4I PRK EGIEWXE, R HI^ZSPXEVIE QIRXEP E TWMLMGYPYM MRHMZMHYEP,
XVER^M'ME HI PE S JSVQ PE EPXE HI PE S EXMXYHMRI TYV TVEGXMG PE S EXMXYHMRI
WMQFSPMG IWXI IZMHIRX. (EV EMGM, EGIWX TEW IWXI VI^YPXEXYP 3REP EP YRYM
TVSGIW PIRX #M GSRXMRYY. 4VMR QIXSHIPI SF#RYMXI EPI SFWIVZE'MIM TWMLSPSKMGI RY
WI TSX HMWXMRKI GY Y#YVMR' WXEHMMPI MRHMZMHYEPI EPI EGIWXYM TVSGIW GSQTPMGEX.
)\MWX, XSXY#M, S EPX GEPI HI E SF'MRI S R'IPIKIVI HITPMR E GEVEGXIVYPYM
KIRIVEP #M E MQTSVXERXIM I\XVESVHMREVI E EGIWXIM XVER^M'MM. 2EXYVE RW#M E
JGYX, EMGM, TIRXVY E ZSVFM EWXJIP, YR I\TIVMQIRX GETEFMP W EVYRGI S PYQMR
RIE#XITXEX EWYTVE TVSFPIQIM R GEY^. %ZIQ GE^YVMPI GPEWMGI EPI 0EYVIM
&VMHKQER #M ,IPIR /IPPIV, HSM GSTMM SVFM #M WYVHS-QY'M, GEVI GY ENYXSVYP YRSV
QIXSHI WTIGMEPI EY RZ'EX W ZSVFIEWG. (I#M EQFIPI GE^YVM WYRX FMRI
GYRSWGYXI #M EY JSWX EHIWISVM 16 :I^M /SILPIV, ST, GX, GET. :--, RXQTPEVI
#M MQMXE'MI.
17 :I^M 6. 1. #M %. 1. =IVOIW, 8LI +VIEX %TGW (2I[' ,EZIR, =EPG
9RMZIVWMX] 4VIWW, 1929), TT. 368 #M YVQ, 520 #M YVQ.
8VEXEXI R PMXIVEXYVE TWMLSPSKMG, 18 XVIFYMI W VIEQMRXIWG, XSXY#M,
GMXMXSVYPYM HIWTVI IPI TIRXVY G IPI GSR'MR TSEXI GIE QEM FYR MPYWXVEVI E
TVSFPIQIM KIRIVEPI HI GEVI RI SGYTQ RSM. (SEQRE 7YPPMZER, RZ'XSEVIE
,IPIRIM /IPPIV, E RVIKMWXVEX HEXE I\EGX GRH GSTMPYP E RGITYX GY EHIZVEX W
R'IPIEK WIQRM3GE'ME #M JYRG'ME PMQFENYPYM SQIRIWG. 'MXI^ TVSTVMMPI WEPI
GYZMRXI:
8VIFYMI W Z WGVMY GXIZE VRHYVM R HMQMRIE'E EGIEWXE TIRXVY G W-E
RXQTPEX GIZE JSEVXI MQTSVXERX. ,IPIR E JGYX EP HSMPIE QEVI TEW R IHYGE'ME
WE. )E E RZ'EX G SVMGI EVI YR RYQI #M G EPJEFIXYP QERYEP IWXI GLIME
TIRXVY XSX GIIE GI ZVIE W #XMI. () R HMQMRIE'E EGIEWXE, TI GRH WI WTPE,
IE E HSVMX W GYRSEWG RYQIPI TIRXVY ET. %XYRGM GRH HSVI#XI W
GYRSEWG RYQIPI YRYM PYGVY, IE EVEX WTVI IP #M Q PSZI#XI Y#SV TIWXI QR.
%Q WGVMW PMXIV GY PMXIV E-T- #M RY Q-EQ KRHMX PE EGIEWXE TR HYT QMGYP
HINYR. ?1EM XV^MYA EQ QIVW R WEPE TSQTIPSV #M EQ JGYX-S TI ,IPIR W 'MR
GERE WYF NIXYP HI ET R XMQT GI IY TSQTEQ. 'RH ETE VIGI E '#RMX YQTPRH
GERE, EQ WGVMW PMXIV GY PMXIV TI QRE PMFIV E ,IPIRIM E-T-. %WSGMIVIE
EXX HI WXVRW E GYZRXYPYM GY ETE VIGI YHRHY-M QRE E TVYX W-S
WYVTVMRH. )E E WGTEX GERE HMR QR #M WXXIE GE RGVIQIRMX. 3 RSY
PYQMR WI GMXIE TI JE'E IM. )E E WGVMW PMXIV GY PMXIV, HI QEM QYPXI SVM,
GYZRXYP ET. %TSM W-E E#I^EX TI TQRX #M E RXVIFEX HIWTVI RYQIPI IM, E
EVXEX WTVI TSQT #M WTVI KVXEV #M, FVYWG, RXSVIRHY-WI, E RXVIFEX HIWTVI
RYQIPI QIY. )Y EQ WGVMW PMXIV GY PMXIV RZ'XSEVI. 8SX HVYQYP PE
RXSEVGIVI WTVI GEW IVE JSEVXI IQS'MSREX #M E RZ'EX RYQIPI 3IGVYM SFMIGX
TI GEVI-P EXMRKIE, EWXJIP RGX R GXIZE SVI EHYKEWI ZSGEFYPEVYPYM WY
XVIM^IGM HI GYZMRXI RSM. (MQMRIE'E YVQXSEVI W-E WGYPEX GE S ^R VEHMSEW. %
XVIGYX VITIHI HI PE SFMIGX PE SFMIGX QXVIFRHY-Q HIWTVI RYQIPI 3IGVYME #M
WVYXRHY-Q HI EXXE FYGYVMI. () %GYQ XSXYP XVIFYMI W EMF YR RYQI.
3VMYRHI RI HYGIQ, IE RXVIEF GY RIVFHEVI HIWTVI RYQIPI PYGVYVMPSV TI
GEVI RY PI-E RZ'EX EGEW. )WXI RIVFHXSEVI W WGVMI TVMIXIRMPSV IM HMZIVWI
GYZMRXI PMXIV GY PMXIV #M HSVMXSEVI W RZI'I PMXIVIPI TI SVMGMRI RXPRI#XI. )E
18 4IRXVY 0EYVE &VMHKQER ZI^M 1EYH -PS[I #M *PSVGRGI ,EPM, 0EYVE &VMHKQER
(&SWXSR, 1903); 1EV] 7[MJX 0EQWSR, 0MJI ERH )HYGEXMSR SJ 0EYVE (G[G]
&VMHKQER (&SWXSR, 1881); ;MPLGPQ .IVYWEPGQ, 0EYVE &VMHKQER. )V^MGLYRK
GMRGV 8EYFWPYQQ-&PMRHIR (&IVPMR, 1905).
%FERHSRIE^ WIQRIPI #M KIWXYVMPI JSPSWMXI QEM REMRXI RHEX GI EVI
GYZMRXI GY GEVI W PI RPSGYMEWG, #M EGLM^M'MSREVIE YRYM RSY GYZRX M TVSGYV
GIE QEM ZMI TPGIVI. "M VIQEVGQ GE JE'E IM HIZMRI QEM I\TVIWMZ GY 3IGEVI
^M.19
4EWYP HIGMWMZ GEVI HYGI HI PE JSPSWMVIE WIQRIPSV #M KIWXYVMPSV PE JSPSWMVIE
GYZMRXIPSV, EHMG E WMQFSPYVMPSV, RY EV TYXIE 3 HIWGVMW RXV-S QERMIV QEM
JVETERX. 'EVI E JSWX EHIZVEXE HIWGSTIVMVI E GSTMPYPYM R EGIP QSQIRX#
,IPIR /IPPIV RZ'EWI QEM REMRXI W TYR R VIPE'MI YR ERYQMX PYGVY WEY
IZIRMQIRX GY YR ERYQMX WIQR EP EPJEFIXYPYM QERYEP. % JSWX WXEFMPMX S
EWSGME'MI 3\ RXVI EGIWXI PYGVYVM #M ERYQMXI MQTVIWMM XEGXMPI. (EV S WIVMI HI
EWXJIP HI EWSGME'MM, GLMEV HEG IPI WYRX VITIXEXI #M EQTPM3GEXI, RG RY MQTPMG
S R'IPIKIVI E GIIE GI IWXI #M RWIEQR PMQFENYP SQIRIWG. 4IRXVY E ENYRKI PE
S EWXJIP HI R'IPIKIVI, GSTMPYP E XVIFYMX W JEG S HIWGSTIVMVI RSY #M QYPX QEM
WIQRM3GEXMZ. ) E XVIFYMX W R'IPIEK G SVMGI PYGVY EVI YR RYQI G JYRG'ME
WMQFSPMG RY IWXI VIWXVRW PE GE^YVM TEVXMGYPEVI, GM IWXI YR TVMRGMTMY GY
ETPMGEFMPMXEXI YRMZIVWEP GEVI RKPSFIE^ RXVIKYP HSQIRMY EP KRHMVMM YQERI.
R GE^YP ,IPIRIM /IPPIV, EGIEWX HIWGSTIVMVI E ZIRMX GE YR WSG RIE#XITXEX. )E
IVE S JIXM' R ZVWX HI #ETXI ERM GEVI, GY I\GIT'ME HIJIGXIPSV R JSPSWMVIE
YRSV SVKERI HI WMQX, IVE RXV-S I\GIPIRX WXEVI HI WRXEXI #M TSWIHE S
MRXIPMKIR' JSEVXI HI^ZSPXEX. 4VMR RIKPMNEVIE IHYGE'MIM, IE JYWIWI JSEVXI QYPX
RXV^MEX. %TSM, HMRXV-S HEX, EVI PSG HI^ZSPXEVIE GVYGMEP. %GIEWXE EG'MSRIE^
GE S VIZSPY'MI MRXIPIGXYEP. 'STMPYP RGITI W ZEH PYQIE RXV-S RSY PYQMR.
)P E RZ'EX RXVIFYMR'EVIE GYZMRXIPSV RY HSEV GE TI RM#XI WIQRI WEY WIQREPI
QIGERMGI, GM GE TI YR MRWXVYQIRX HI KRHMVI GY XSXYP RSY. 9R SVM^SRX RSY W-E
HIWGLMW #M HI EGYQ REMRXI GSTMPYP ZE LSMRVM HYT TPEG R EGIEWX EVMI
MRGSQTEVEFMP QEM RXMRW #M QEM PMFIV.
%GIPE#M PYGVY TSEXI 3 EVXEX R GE^YP 0EYVIM &VMHKQER, HI#M TSZIWXIE IM
IWXI QEM TY'MR WTIGXEGYPSEW. %XX R EFMPM- 19 ,GPGR /IPPIV, 8LI 7XSV] SJ 1]
0MJI (2I[ =SVO, (SYFPGHE], 4EKI & 'S.; 1902, 1903), 7YTTPIQIRXEV] %GGSYRX
SJ ,GPPIR /GPPGV'W 0MJI ERH )HYGEXMSR, TT. 315 #M YVQ.

8EXIE QMRXEP GX #M R HI^ZSPXEVIE MRXIPIGXYEP, 0EYVE &VMHKQER IVE GY
QYPX MRJIVMSEV ,IPIRIM /IPPIV. :ME'E #M IHYGE'ME IM RY GSR'MR EGIPIE#M IPIQIRXI
HVEQEXMGI TI GEVI PI KWMQ PE ,IPIR /IPPIV. "M XSXY#M, EGIPIE#M IPIQIRXI XMTMGI
WYRX TVI^IRXI R EQFIPI GE^YVM. (YT GI 0EYVE &VMHKQER RZ'EWI EPJEFIXYP
HIKIXIPSV, E ENYRW #M IE, HMRXV-S HEX, R TYRGXYP R GEVI E RGITYX W R'IPIEK
WMQFSPMWQYP PMQFENYPYM SQIRIWG, R EGIEWX TVMZMR', E4Q YR TEVEPIPMWQ
WYVTVMR^XSV RXVI GIPI HSY GE^YVM. 2Y ZSM YMXE RMGMSHEX, WGVMI HSQRM#SEVE
(VI[, YRE HMR TVMQIPI RZ'XSEVI EPI 0EYVIM &VMHKQER, TVMQE QEW PYEX
HYT GI IE E R'IPIW RXVIFYMR'EVIE EPJEFIXYPYM HIKIXIPSV. *MIGEVI SFMIGX TI
GEVI P EXMRKIE XVIFYME W EMF YR RYQI; #M EQ JSWX SFPMKEX W GLIQ TI
GMRIZE W EMF KVMN HI GIMPEP'M GSTMM, R XMQT GI IE Q 'MRIE SGYTEX GY
WGVMIVIE PMXIV GY PMXIV E GYZMRXIPSV RSM.20
4VMRGMTMYP WMQFSPMWQYPYM, GY YRMZIVWEPMXEXIE, ZEPEFMPMXEXIE #M
ETPMGEFMPMXEXIE PYM KIRIVEP, IWXI GYZRXYP QEKMG, 7IWEQ, HIWGLMHI-XI! (RH
EGGIW PE PYQIE WTIGM3G YQER, PYQIE GYPXYVMM YQERI. 3 HEX GI SQYP WI E4
R TSWIWME EGIWXIM GLIM QEKMGI, TVSKVIWYP YPXIVMSV IWXI EWMKYVEX. 9R EWXJIP HI
TVSKVIW RY IWXI SFWXVYG'MSREX WEY JGYX MQTSWMFMP TVMR RMGM S PMTW HI REXYV
WIR^SVMEP. 'E^YP ,IPIRIM /IPPIV, GEVI E EXMRW YR JSEVXI REPX KVEH HI
HI^ZSPXEVI QMRXEP #M GYPXYV MRXIPIGXYEP, RI EVEX GY GPEVMXEXI #M R QSH
MVIJYXEFMP G S 3MR' SQIRIEW-G RY IWXI HITIRHIRX, R GSRWXVYMVIE PYQMM WEPI
YQERI, HI GEPMXEXIE QEXIVMEPYPYM IM WIR^SVMEP. (EG XISVMMPI WIR^YEPMWQYPYM EV
3 EHIZVEXI, HEG SVMGI MHII RY EV 3 RMQMG EPXGIZE HIGX S WPEF GSTMI E YRIM
MQTVIWMM WIR^SVMEPI SVMKMREVI, EXYRGM GSRHM'ME YRYM GSTMP SVF, WYVH #M QYX EV 3,
RXV-EHIZV, HMWTIVEX. 4IRXVY G IP EV 3 TVMZEX HI EHIZVEXIPI WYVWI EPI
GYRSE#XIVMM; IP EV 3, GYQ WI WTYRI, YR I\MPEX HMR VIEPMXEXI. (EV HEG WXYHMIQ
EYXSFMSKVE3E ,IPIRIM /IPPIV, WYRXIQ GSR#XMIR'M HMRXV-S HEX G EGIWX PYGVY RY
IWXI EHIZVEX #M R'IPIKIQ R EGIPE#M XMQT HI GI RY IWXI EHIZVEX. 'YPXYVE
SQIRIEWG #M 20 :I^M 1EV] 7[MJX 0EQWSR, 0MJI ERH )HYGEXMSR SJ 0EYVE (G[G]
&VMHKQER, XLI (GEJ, (YQF ERH &PRH +MVP (&SWXSR, ,YKLXSR, 1M6MR 'S., 1881)
TT. 7 #M YVQ.
'ETX GEVEGXIVYP WTIGM3G, ZEPSVMPI IM MRXIPIGXYEPI #M QSVEPI RY HMR
QEXIVMEPYP HMR GEVI GSRWMWX, GM HMR JSVQE PYM, HMR WXVYGXYVE PYM EVLMXIGXYVEP.
-EV EGIEWX JSVQ TSEXI 3 I\TVMQEX R SVMGI QEXIVMEP WIRWMFMP. 0MQFENY! 7SRSV
EVI YR EZERXEN XILRMG JSEVXI QEVI EWYTVE PMQFENYPYM XEGXMP; HEV HIJIGXIPI
XILRMGI EPI EGIWXYME HMR YVQ RY-M HMWXVYK RXVIFYMR'EVIE IWIR'MEP.
(I^ZSPXEVIE PMFIV E KRHMVMM WMQFSPMGI #M I\TVMQEVIE WMQFSPMG RY WYRX
RKVIYMEXI HI JSPSWMVIE WIQRIPSV XEGXMPI R PSGYP GIPSV ZSGEPI. (EG GSTMPYP E
VIY#MX W R'IPIEK WIQRM3GE'ME PMQFENYPYM SQIRIWG, RY EVI MQTSVXER' R GI
QEXIVMEP TEVXMGYPEV M IWXI EGGIWMFMP EGIEWX WIQRM3GE'MI. %#E GYQ HSZIHI#XI
GE^YP ,IPIRIM /IPPIV, SQYP #M TSEXI GSRWXVYM PYQIE WMQFSPMG HMR GIPI QEM
WVEGI #M TY'MRI QEXIVMEPI. 0YGVYP HI MQTSVXER' ZMXEP P GSRWXMXYMI RY
GVQM^MPI #M TMIXVIPI MRHMZMHYEPI, GM JYRG'ME PSV KIRIVEP GE JSVQ
EVLMXIGXYVEP. R HSQIRMYP PMQFENYPYM IWXI JYRG'ME PSV WMQFSPMG KIRIVEP GEVI
H ZME' WIQRIPSV QEXIVMEPI #M PI JEGI W ZSVFIEWG. *V EGIWX TVMRGMTMY
HXXSV HI ZME' PYQIE YQER EV VQRI RXV-EHIZV QYX #M WYVH. 'Y
ENYXSVYP EGIWXYM TVMRGMTMY, GLMEV #M PYQIE YRYM GSTMP WYVH, QYX #M SVF TSEXI
HIZIRM MRGSQTEVEFMP QEM PEVK #M QEM FSKEX HIGX PYQIE GIPYM QEM IZSPYEX
ERMQEP.'
%TPMGEFMPMXEXIE YRMZIVWEP, HEXSVMX JETXYPYM G SVMGI PYGVY EVI YR RYQI,
IWXI YRE HMR GIPI QEM QEVM TVIVSKEXMZI EPI WMQFSPMWQYPYM SQIRIWG. (EV RY
IWXI WMRKYVE. 1EM I\MWX EPX GEVEGXIVMWXMG E WMQFSPYVMPSV GEVI S EGSQTERME^
#M S GSQTPIXIE^, #M JSVQIE^ GSVIPEXYP IM RIGIWEV; 9R WMQFSP RY IWXI RYQEM
YRMZIVWEP, GM #M I\XVIQ HI ZEVMEFMP., )Y TSX I\TVMQE EGIIE#M WIQRM3GE'MI R
HMJIVMXI PMQFM; #M GLMEV R MRXIVMSVYP YRIM WMRKYVI PMQFM, YR ERYQMX KRH WEY S
ERYQMX MHII TSX 3 I\TVMQEXI R XIVQIRM HMJIVM'M. 9R WIQR WEY YR WIQREP IWXI
PIKEX HI PYGVYP PE GEVI WI VIJIV RXV-YR QSH 3\ #M YRMZSG. 3VMGI WIQR GSRGVIX.
"M MRHMZMHYEP WI VIJIV PE YR ERYQMX PYGVY MRHMZMHYEP. R I\TIVMQIRXIPI PYM
4EZPSZ, GMRMM TYXIEY 3 HVIWE'M GY Y#YVMR' W ENYRK PE LVER RYQEM PE
ERYQMXI WIQREPI WTIGMEPI; IM RY EV 3 QRGEX TR PE EY^MVIE YRYM WYRIX
TEVXMGYPEV GEVI TYXIE 3 EPIW PE HMWGVI'ME I\TIVMQIRXEXSVYPYM. (EV EGIEWXE RY
GSQTSVX RMGM S EREPSKMI, E#E GYQ W-E MRXIVTVIXEX EHIWISVM, GY WMQFSPMWQYP
YQER; HMQTSXVMZ, WI E4 R STS^M'MI GY WMQFSPMWQYP. 9R EYXIRXMG WMQFSP
YQER IWXI GEVEGXIVM^EX RY TVMR YRMJSVQMXEXI, GM TVMR ZIVWEXMPMXEXI. )P RY IWXI
VMKMH WEY MR4I\MFMP, GM QSFMP. )WXI EHIZVEX G GSR#XMMR'E HITPMR E EGIWXIM
QSFMPMX'M TEVI E 3 QEM GYVRH S VIEPM^EVI XV^MI R HI^ZSPXEVIE MRXIPIGXYEP #M
GYPXYVEP E SQYPYM. R QIRXEPMXEXIE TVMQMXMZ, EGIEWX GSR#XMMR' IWXI EXMRW
JSEVXI VEV. %MGM WMQFSPYP IWXI RG TVMZMX GE S TVSTVMIXEXI E PYGVYPYM, GE #M EPXI
TVSTVMIX'M 3^MGI. R KRHMVIE QMXMG, RYQIPI YRYM ^IY IWXI S TEVXI MRXIKVERX
E REXYVMM ^IYPYM. (EG RY GLIQ ^IYP TI EHIZVEXYP WY RYQI, EXYRGM ZVENE WEY
VYKGMYRIE WYRX MRI3GEGI. %GIPE#M PYGVY IWXI ZEPEFMP TIRXVY EG'MYRMPI
WMQFSPMGI. 9R VMX VIPMKMSW, YR WEGVM3GMY XVIFYMI W 3I RHITPMRMXI XSXHIEYRE R
EGIIE#M QERMIV MRZEVMEFMP #M R EGIIE#M SVHMRI HEG I ZSVFE W-#M JEG
IJIGXYP.21 'STMMM WYRX EHIWIE JSEVXI RGYVGE'M GRH RZE' QEM RXM G RY
SVMGI RYQI EP YRYM SFMIGX IWXI YR RYQI TVSTVMY, G EGIPE#M PYGVY TSEXI EZIE
RYQI HMJIVMXI R PMQFM HMJIVMXI. )M XMRH W-#M RGLMTYMI G YR PYGVY IWXI GIIE
GI P RYQI#XI. (EV EGIEWXE IWXI HSEV YR TVMQ TEW. 3VMGI GSTMP RSVQEP ZE
RZ'E JSEVXI GYVRH G TSEXI RXVIFYMR'E WMQFSPYVM HMJIVMXI TIRXVY E I\TVMQE
EGIIE#M HSVMR' WEY EGIPE#M KRH. 4IRXVY EGIEWX ZEVMEFMPMXEXI #M QSFMPMXEXI RY
I\MWX, ETEVIRX, RMGM S TEVEPIP R PYQIE ERMQEPIPSV.22 'Y QYPX REMRXI GE
0EYVE &VMHKQER W 3 RZ'EX E ZSVFM, IE HI^ZSPXEWI YR QSH HI I\TVMQEVI
JSEVXI GYVMSW, YR PMQFEN TVSTVMY. %GIWX PMQFEN RY GSRWX R WYRIXI EVXMGYPEXI, GM
HSEV R ^KSQSXI HMJIVMXI, GEVI WYRX HIWGVMWI GE ^KSQSXI IQS'MSREPI. )E
EZIE SFMGIMYP W VSWXIEWG EGIWXI WYRIXI R TVI^IR'E ERYQMXSV TIVWSERI.
%WXJIP IPI HIZIRIEY GY XSXYP MRHMZMHYEPM^EXI; 3IGEVI TIVWSER HMR TVIENQE IM
IVE WEPYXEX GY YR WYRIX WTIGMEP. 3VM HI GXI SVM RXPRIE R QSH RIE#XITXEX
S GYRS#XMR', WGVMI HV. 0MIFIV, E4EQ G IE 21 4IRXVY EPXI HIXEPMM ZI^M
'EWWMVGV, 7TVEGLI YRH1]XLSW (0IMT^MK, 1925).
22 4IRXVY EGIEWX TVSFPIQ ZI^M ;. 1. 9VFER, 0ERKYEKI ERH 6IEPMX],
TEVXIE -, TT.195 #M YVQ.
)\TVMQE R QSH VITIXEX GYZRXYP TIRXVY EGIE TIVWSER REMRXI HI E
RGITI W ZSVFIEWG. )VE I\TVIWME YRIM VIGYRSE#XIVM EKVIEFMPI.23 (EV EXYRGM
GRH, GY ENYXSVYP EPJEFIXYPYM HIKIXIPSV, GSTMPYP E R'IPIW WIQRM3GE'ME
PMQFENYPYM SQIRIWG, WMXYE'ME W-E WGLMQFEX. %GYQ WYRIXYP E HIZIRMX GY
EHIZVEX YR RYQI: #M EGIWX RYQI RY IVE PIKEX HI S TIVWSER MRHMZMHYEP, GM
TYXIE 3 WGLMQFEX HEG GMVGYQWXER'IPI TVIEY W S GIEV, RXV-S ^M, HI
I\IQTPY, 0EYVE &VMHKQER E TVMQMX S WGVMWSEVI HI PE JSWXE IM RZ'XSEVI,
HSQRM#SEVE (VI[, GEVI RXVI XMQT, TVMR GWXSVMI, HIZIRMWI HSEQRE 1SVXSR.
R EGIEWX WGVMWSEVI IE IVE MRZMXEX W-#M ZM^MXI^I RZ'XSEVIE. %GIEWXE M-E
JGYX QEVI TPGIVI, HEV M VITVS#E RZ'XSEVIM JETXYP G E WIQREX WGVMWSEVIE
GY ZIGLMYP RYQI R PSG W RXVIFYMR'I^I RYQIPI WS'YPYM WY. % WTYW GLMEV G
EGYQ ZE XVIFYM W KWIEWG YR EPX WYRIX TIRXVY RZ'XSEVIE IM, RXVYGX
EGIPE TIRXVY RYQIPI (VI[ RY TSEXI 3 EGIPE#M GE TIRXVY 1SVXSR.24 )WXI GPEV
G ZIGLMPI WYRIXI EY WYJIVMX EMGM S WGLMQFEVI HI WIQRM3GE'MI JSEVXI
MQTSVXERX #M MRXIVIWERX. )PI RY QEM WYRX I\TVMQVM WTIGMEPI, MRWITEVEFMPI HI
S WMXYE'MI TEVXMGYPEV GSRGVIX. )PI EY HIZIRMX RYQI EFWXVEGXI. 4IRXVY G RSYP
RYQI MRZIRXEX HI GXVI GSTMP RY HIWIQRE YR RSY MRHMZMH, GM EGIPE#M MRHMZMH
RXV-S VIPE'MI RSY.
%PX EWTIGX MQTSVXERX EP TVSFPIQIM RSEWXVI KIRIVEPI ETEVI EGYQ
TVSFPIQE HITIRHIR'IMKRHMVMMVIPE'MSREPI HI KRHMVIE WMQFSPMG. *V YR
WMWXIQ GSQTPI\ HI WMQFSPYVM, KRHMVIE VIPE'MSREP RY TSEXI ETVIE HIPSG, GY
EXX QEM TY'MR RY TSEXI EXMRKI HITPMRE HI^ZSPXEVI. 2Y EV 3 GSVIGX W WTYRIQ
G WMQTPE GSR#XMMR' E VIPE'MMPSV TVIWYTYRI YR EGX MRXIPIGXYEP, YR EGX HI
KRHMVI PSKMG WEY EFWXVEGX. 3 EWXJIP HI GSR#XMMR' IWXI RIGIWEV GLMEV R
EGXIPI IPIQIRXEVI EPI TIVGIT'MIM. 8ISVMMPI WIR^YEPMWXI SFM#RYMEY W HIWGVMI
TIVGIT'ME GE TI YR QS^EMG HI WMQTPI HEXI WIR^SVMEPI. +RHMXSVMM GEVI
QTVX#IEY EGIEWX GSRZMRKIVI SQMXIEY JETXYP G WIR^E'ME RW#M RY IWXI
GXY#M HI TY'MR YR WMQTPY EKVIKEX WEY QRYRGLM HI MQTVIWMM 23 :I^M *VERGMW
0MSFIV, % 4ETIV SR XLI :SGEP 7SYRHW SJ 0EYVE &VMHKQER, 7QMXLWSRMER
'SRXVMFYXMSQ XS /RS[PIHKI, --, EVX. 2, T. 27.
24 :I^M 1EV] 7[MJX 0EQWSR, ST. 'X., T. 84.
-^SPEXI. 4WMLSPSKME KIWXEPXMWX QSHIVR E GSVIGXEX EGIWX TYRGX HI
ZIHIVI. )E E EVXEX G TVSGIWIPI TIVGITXMZI GIPI QEM WMQTPI MQTPMG IPIQIRXI
WXVYGXYVEPI JYRHEQIRXEPI, ERYQMXI QSHIPI WEY GSR3KYVE'MM. %GIWX TVMRGMTMY
IWXI ZEPEFMP EXX TIRXVY PYQIE YQER, GX #M TIRXVY GIE ERMQEP. 'LMEV R
WXEHMMPI VIPEXMZ MRJIVMSEVI EPI ZMI'MM ERMQEPI, TVI^IRXE EGIWXSV IPIQIRXI
WXVYGXYVEPI R WTIGMEP E WXVYGXYVMPSV WTE'MEPI #M STXMGI E JSWX HSZIHMX TI
GEPI I\TIVMQIRXEP.25 7MQTPE GSR#XMMR' E VIPE'MMPSV RY TSEXI 3 TVMZMX, TVMR
YVQEVI, GE S XVWXYV WTIGM3G E GSR#XMMR'IM YQERI. 2SM E4Q, XSXY#M, PE SQ,
YR XMT WTIGMEP HI KRHMVI VIPE'MSREP GEVI RY EVI RMGM S TEVEPIP R PYQIE
ERMQEP. 0E SQ W-E HI^ZSPXEX S ETXMXYHMRI HI E M^SPE VIPE'MM HI E PI GSRWMHIVE
R WIQRM3GE'ME PSV EFWXVEGX. 4IRXVY E R'IPIKI EGIEWX WIQRM3GE'MI, SQYP RY
QEM IWXI HITIRHIRX HI HEXIPI WIR^SVMEPI GSRGVIXI, HI HEXIPI ZM^YEPI,
EYHMXMZI, XEGXMPI, OMRIWXI^MGI. )P GSRWMHIV EGIWXI VIPE'MM R IPI RWIPI GERS
\E$ EM"\S, GYQ WTYRIE 4PEXSR. +ISQIXVME IWXI I\IQTPYP GPEWMG EP EGIWXYM
TYRGX HI GSXMXYV R ZME' MRXIPIGXYEP E SQYPYM. 'LMEV R KISQIXVME
IPIQIRXEV RSM RY WYRXIQ PIKE'M HI R'IPIKIVIE 3KYVMPSV MRHMZMHYEPI GSRGVIXI.
2Y RI SGYTQ HI PYGVYVM 3^MGI WEY SFMIGXI TIVGITXMFMPI, TIRXVY G WXYHMIQ
VIPE'MMPI WTE'MEPI YRMZIVWEPI TIRXVY E GVSV I\TVMQEVI EZIQ YR WMQFSPMWQ
EHIGZEX. *V TEWYP TVIEPEFMP EP PMQFENYPYM SQIRIWG, S EWIQIRIE VIEPM^EVI RY
EV 3 TSWMFMP. R XSEXI XIWXIPI GEVI EY JSWX JGYXI EWYTVE TVSGIWIPSV
EFWXVEGXM^VMM #M KIRIVEPM^VMM PE ERMQEPI, EGIWX EWTIGX E HIZIRMX IZMHIRX.
/SILPIV E VIY#MX W EVEXI GETEGMXEXIE GMQTER^IMPSV HI E VWTYRHIPE VIPE'ME
HMRXVI HSY WEY QEM QYPXI SFMIGXI R PSG HI YR ERYQMX SFMIGX. 4YW R JE'E E
HSY GYXMM R GEVI WI E4 QRGEVI, GMQTER^IYP, HMR VE'MYRM HEXSVMXI I\IVWVMM
ERXIVMSEVI, S ZE EPIKI R QSH GSRWXERX TI GIE QEM QEVI GLMEV HEG SFMIGXYP
WIPIGXEX TSEXI W 3 JSWX VIWTMRW RXV-YR I\TIVMQIRX ERXIVMSV GE 3MRH GIP QEM
QMG HMR GIPI HSY. % JSWX HIQSRWXVEX GETEGMXEXIE HI E VWTYRHI PE 25 :I^M,
;SPJKERK /SILPIV, 3TXMWGLI 9RXIVWYGLYRKIR EQ 7GLMQ-TERWIR YRH EQ
,EYWLYLR: 2EGL[IMW IMRJEGLIV 7XVYOXYVJYRGXMSRIR FIMQ 7GLMQTERWIR YRH
FIMQ ,EYWLYLR, %FLERHPYRKIR HIV&IVPMRIX %OEHGQMG HIV ;MWWGRWGLEJXIR
(1915, 1918).
3FMIGXYP QEM ETVSTMEX, QEM WXVPYGMXSV, QEM EPFEWXVY, RY RYQEM PE S
ERYQMX GYXMI. 6I^YPXEXIPI PYM /SILPIV EY JSWX GSR3VQEXI #M I\XMRWI TVMR
I\TIVMQIRXI YPXIVMSEVI. 7-E TYXYX EVXE G ERMQEPIPI WYTIVMSEVI WYRX GETEFMPI
HI GIIE GI W-E RYQMX M^SPEVI E JEGXSVMPSV TIVGITXMZM. )PI EY TSWMFMPMXEXIE HI E
WIPIG'MSRE S ERYQMX GEPMXEXI TIVGITXMZ HMRXV-S WMXYE'MI I\TIVMQIRXEP #M HI
E VIEG'MSRE R QSH GSVIWTYR^XSV. -R EGIWX WIRW, ERMQEPIPI WYRX GETEFMPI W
WITEVI GYPSEVIE HI HMQIRWMYRI #M JSVQ WEY JSVQE HI HMQIRWMYRI #M GYPSEVI.
R YRIPI I\TIVMQIRXI IJIGXYEXI HI GXVI HSEQRE /SLXW, YR GMQTER^IY E JSWX
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YR MHIQ TIV MHIQ, MEV R GIPI QEM QYPXI GE^YVM IP IWXI YR SFWGYVYQ TIV
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GSQTSVXEQIRXYPYM ERMQEP 4 'LMQTER^IIW, T. 110.
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WGSPEWXMG WEY R TWMLSPSKME JEGYPX'MPSV. 3 GVMXMG JSEVXI GPEV #M
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TVMR VIHYGIVI PE GEXIKSVMM GSQYRI #M PIKEVIE PSV R QRYRGLMYVM. () (EV GRH
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GEVI R4SVIE GRHZE R #XMMR'E 3^MGMM, KYZIVRIE^ EGYQ XISVIXM^EVIE HIWTVI
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EYXSGSRWIVZVMM; EP'MM GSRWMHIV HSY IKSMWQYP #M EPXVYMWQYP; EP'MM, XVIM
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QIXE3^MG WEY 3^MG GM STIVE WE. %GIEWX STIV, EGIWX * WMWXIQ EP
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0MQFENYP, QMXYP, VIPMKME, EVXE,. "XMMR'E, MWXSVME WYRX GSRWXMXYIR'MM, HMJIVMXIPI
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PI R'IPIKIQ GE YR RXVIK SVKERMG. 0MQFENYP, EVXE, QMXYP, VIPMKME RY WYRX GVIE'MM
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WIR^SVMEPI. %MGM JEGIQ XSXHIEYRE S HMWXMRG'MI RXVI GIIE GI IWXI IWIR'MEP WEY
EGGMHIRXEP, RIGIWEV WEY GSRXMRKIRX, MRZEVMEFMP WEY XVER^MXSVMY. 4VMR EGIEWX
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8LI +SPHGR &SYKL (IH. % 2-E, 1EIQMPPER, 1900), TT. 61 #M YVQ., 220 #M YVQ.
6 4IRXVY S GVMXMG E XI^IM PYM *VE^IV ZI^M 6. 6. 1EVIXX, 8LI 8LVGWLSPH SJ
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()746) 31
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R WIRWYP IM IQTMVMG WEY #XMMR'M3G, TSEXI 3 HI3RMX GE I\MWXIR'E PYGVYVMPSV R
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EXQSWJIV WTIGMEP S EXQSWJIV HI FYGYVMI WEY HI HYVIVI, HI WYJIVMR', HI
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1-890 "- 6)0-+-%
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XVEKMGI, JVYQSEWI, EQY^ERXI, WIRMRI, XYPFYVM, GSRJSVXEFMPI, TPMGXMWMXSEVI,
WIEVFIHI, EWTVI, GSRWSPEXSEVI, WTPIRHMHI, RKVS^MXSEVI; IPI WI TVI^MRX EWXJIP
MQIHMEX GSRJSVQ JIPYPYM PSV HI E 3. () %GIWXI XVWXYVM WI WMXYIE^ R WMRI
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TSWIHEXI, RY IWXI HIPSG RIZSMI W PI GYRSE#XIQ. (EV () TYRGXYP HI ZIHIVI
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E HYW PE GSRGPY^ME G SFMIGXYP #XMMR'IM IVE TVMR I\GIPIR' VIEP HMR TYRGX HI
ZIHIVI QIXE3^MG. (I EGIIE, GEPMX'MPI MQIHMEXI XVIGRH HMRGSPS HI SFMIGXYP
#XMMR'IM EY JSWX PWEXI, TVMR EGIEWXE, W HITMRH PMFIVI HI SFMIGXYP VIEP.
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TWMLMG EP I\MWXIR'IM, STYWI SFMIGXYPYM 3^MGMM.
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QIXE3^MG; W VITYRIQ, EHMG, GEPMX'MPI MQIHMEXI R TS^M'ME PSV RHVITX'MX GE
RM#XI GEPMX'M EPI WMXYE'MMPSV KPSFEPI #M TVSFPIQIPI R HMWGY'MI RGIXIE^ W QEM
3I TVSFPIQI ITMWXIQSPSKMGI. )PI HIZMR TVSFPIQI #XMMR'M3GI HIXIVQMREFMPI;
EHMG TVSFPIQI HIWTVI QSHYP R GEVI YR IZIRMQIRX WEY EPXYP, EZRH ERYQMXI
GEPMX'M, ETEVI VIEPQIRXI.9
(I EGIIE, HEG ZVIQ W I\TPMGQ PYQIE TIVGITIVMM MQEKMRE'MIM QMXMGI,
RY XVIFYMI W RGITIQ GY S GVMXMG E PSV HMR TYRGXYP HI ZIHIVI EP MHIEPYVMPSV
RSEWXVI XISVIXMGI HI GYRSE#XIVI #M EHIZV. 8VIFYMI W EGGITXQ GEPMX'MPI
I\TIVMIR'IM QMXMGI GE TI YR GEPMXEXMZ RIQMNPSGMX. 4IRXVY G EMGM EZIQ RIZSMI
RY HSEV HI S I\TPMGE'MI E YRSV MHIM WEY GVIHMR'I, GM HI S MRXIVTVIXEVI E ZMI'MM
QMXMGI. 1MXYP RY IWXI YR WMWXIQ HI GVI^YVM HSKQEXMGI. )P GSRWX QYPX QEM QYPX
R EG'MYRM HIGX R WMQTPI MQEKMRM WEY VITVI^IRXVM. )WXI YR WIQR HI TVSKVIW
IZMHIRX R ERXVSTSPSKME QSHIVR #M MWXSVME QSHIVR E VIPMKMIM G EGIWX TYRGX
HI ZIHIVI E HIZIRMX XSX QEM TVIZEPIRX. *ETXYP G VMXYEPYP IWXI ERXIVMSV HSKQIM,
EXX R WIRW MWXSVMG GX #M TWMLSPSKMG, TEVI W 3I EGYQ S QE\MQ KIRIVEP
EGGITXEX. 'LMEV HEG EQ VIY#M W EREPM^Q QMXYP R YPXMQIPI IPIQIRXI
GSRGITXYEPI RY EQ TYXIE WIWM^E RMGMSHEX, TVMRXV-YR EWXJIP HI TVSGIW EREPMXMG,
TVMRGMTMYP PYM ZMXEP, GEVI IWXI HMREQMG #M RY WXEXMG; IP IWXI HIWGVMTXMFMP RYQEM R
XIVQIRM EM EG'MYRMM. 3QYP TVMQMXMZ #M I\TVMQ WIRXMQIRXIPI #M IQS'MMPI RY HSEV
R WMQFSPYVM EFWXVEGXI, GM RXV-YR QSH GSRGVIX #M RIQMNPSGMX; MEV RSM XVIFYMI W
WXYHMIQ RXVIKYP EGIWXIM I\TVIWMM TIRXVY E HIZIRM GSR#XMIR'M HI WXVYGXYVE
QMXYPYM #M E VIPMKMIM TVMQMXMZI.
9RE HMR XISVMMPI GIPI QEM GPEVI #M QEM GSRWIGZIRXI HIWTVI EGIEWX
WXVYGXYV E HEX-S #GSEPE WSGMSPSKMG JVERGI^, R STIVE PYM (YVOLIMQ #M E
HMWGMTSPMPSV #M EHIT'MPSV PYM. (YVOLIMQ TPIEG HI PE TVMRGMTMYP G RY TYXIQ SJIVM
RMGM S I\TPMGE'MI EHIGZEX E QMXYPYM EXXE ZVIQI GX M GYXQ 9 )\TGVMIRGI
ERH 1EXYVI ('LMGEKS, 3TIR 'SYVX 4YFPMWLMRK 'S., 1925), TT. 96, 264 #M YVQ.
-^ZSEVIPI R PYQIE 3^MG, RXV-S MRXYM'MI E JIRSQIRIPSV REXYVEPI. 2Y
REXYVE, GM WSGMIXEXIE IWXI EHIZVEXYP QSHIP EP QMXYPYM. 8SEXI QSXMZIPI PYM
JYRHEQIRXEPI WYRX TVSMIG'MM EPI ZMI'MM WSGMEPI E SQYPYM. 4VMR EGIWXI TVSMIG'MM
REXYVE HIZMRI MQEKMRIE ZMI'MM WSGMEPI; IE VI4IGX XSEXI XVWXYVMPI
JYRHEQIRXEPI EPI EGIWXIME HMR YVQ, SVKERM^EVIE #M EVLMXIGXYVE IM, HMZM^MYRMPI
#M WYFHMZM^MYRMPI WEPI.10 8I^E PYM (YVOLIMQ E ENYRW PE HITPMRE IM HI^ZSPXEVI R
STIVE PYM 0IZ]-&VYLP. (EV EMGM RI RXPRMQ GY S GEVEGXIVMWXMG QEM KIRIVEP.
+RHMVIE QMXMG IWXI HIWGVMW GE KRHMVI TVIPSKMG. (EG RXVIFQ HIWTVI
GEY^I, EGIWXIE RY WYRX RMGM PSKMGI, RMGM IQTMVMGI; IPI WYRX GEY^I QMWXMGI.
%GXMZMXEXIE RSEWXV GSXMHMER MQTPMG RGVIHIVI MQTIVXYVFEFMP, TIVJIGX R
MRZEVMEFMPMXEXIE PIKMPSV REXYVEPI. %XMXYHMRIE SQYPYM TVMQMXMZ IWXI JSEVXI HMJIVMX.
4IRXVY IP, REXYVE R QMNPSGYP GVIME XVMI#XI WI TVI^MRX WYF YR EWTIGX GY XSXYP
HMJIVMX. 8SEXI PYGVYVMPI #M XSEXI GVIEXYVMPI HMR IE WYRX MQTPMGEXI RXV-S VI'IE HI
TEVXMGMTVM #M I\GPYHIVM QMWXMGI. (YT STMRME PYM 0IZ]-&VYLP, EGIWX GEVEGXIV
QMWXMG EP VIPMKMIM TVMQMXMZI TVSZMRI HMR JETXYP G VITVI^IRXVMPI IM WYRX
VITVI^IRXVM GSPIGXMZI. %GIWXSVE RY PI TYXIQ ETPMGE VIKYPMPI TVSTVMIM RSEWXVI
PSKMGM GEVI ZM^IE^ WGSTYVM GY XSXYP HMJIVMXI. (EG EFSVHQ EGIWX HSQIRMY,
GLMEV #M PIKIE GSRXVEHMG'MIM #M XSEXI GIPIPEPXI PIKM EPI KRHMVMM VE'MSREPI HIZMR
RIZEPEFMPI.11 (YT TVIVIE QIE, #GSEPE WSGMSPSKMG JVERGI^ E HEX S
HIQSRWXVE'MI GSQTPIX #M GSRZMRKXSEVI E TVMQIM TV'M E XI^IM WEPI, HEV RY #M
E GIPIM HI E HSYE TV'M. 'EVEGXIVYP IWIR'MEPQIRXI WSGMEP EP QMXYPYM IWXI
MRGSRXIWXEFMP. (EV E3VQE'ME G RXVIEKE QIRXEPMXEXI TVMQMXMZ IWXI GY
RIGIWMXEXI TVIPSKMG WEY QMWXMG TEVI W 3I R GSRXVEHMG'MI GY HSZI^MPI
RSEWXVI ERXVSTSPSKMGI #M IXRSPSKMGI. +WMQ QYPXI WJIVI EPI 10 'J. (YVOLIMQ,
0IW JSVQIW IPIQIRXEMVIW HI PE ZMI VIPMKMIYWG (4EVMW, 1912); XVEH. )RKP.,
)PIQIRXEV/*SVQW SJ XLG 6IPMKMSYW 0MJI (2I[ =SVO, 1915).
1' 'J. 0IZ]-&VYLP, 0IW JSRGXMSRW QIRXEPGW HERW -IW WSGMIXIW MRJIVMIYVIW
(4EVMW, 1910); XVEH. )RKP., ,S[ 2EXMZIW 8LMRO (0SRHVE #M 2I[ =SVO, 1926); 0E
QGRXEPMXI TVMQMXMZI (4EVMW, 1922); XVEH. )RKP., 4VMQMXMZI 1IRXEPMX] (2I[ =SVO,
1923); 0' %QI TVMQMXMZI (4EVMW, 1928); XVEH. )RKP. 8LI7SYPSJ XLI 4VMQMXMZI
(2I[ =SVO, 1928).
1-890 "- 6)0-+-%
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TVSTVMIM RSEWXVI ZMI'M GYPXYVEPI. %XXE ZVIQI GX TVIWYTYRIQ S IXIVSKIRMXEXI
EFWSPYX RXVI TVSTVME RSEWXV PSKMG #M GIE E WTMVMXYPYM TVMQMXMZ, EXXE ZVIQI
GX PI GSRWMHIVQ GE 3MRH HMJIVMXI R QSH WTIGM3G #M STYWI R QSH VEHMGEP YRE
EPXIME, GY KVIY TYXIQ I\TPMGE EGIWX JETX. 'LMEV R ZME'E TVMQMXMZ KWMQ
XSXHIEYRE S WJIV PEMG WEY TVSJER R EJEVE WJIVIM WEGVI. )\MWX S XVEHM'MI
PEMG GI GSRWX R VIKYPM Y^YEPI WEY NYVMHMGI, HIXIVQMRRH QSHYP R GEVI IWXI
HMVMNEX ZME'E WSGMEP. 6IKYPMPI TI GEVI PI KWMQ EMGM, E3VQ 1EPMRS[WOM, WYRX
XSXEP MRHITIRHIRXI HI WERG'MYRMPI QEKMGI, WYTVEREXYVEPI #M RY WYRX RWS'MXI
RMGMSHEX HI ZVIYR JIP HI IPIQIRXI GIVIQSRMEPI WEY VMXYEPI. )WXI S KVI#IEP
W WI TVIWYTYR G, RXV-YR WXEHMY XMQTYVMY HI HI^ZSPXEVI, SQYP E XVMX RXV-S
PYQI GSRJY^, R GEVI VIEPYP #M MVIEPYP JSVQEY YR EQIWXIG, R GEVI QMWXMGMWQYP
#M VE'MYRIE IVEY PE JIP HI MRXIV#ERNEFMPI GE #M QSRIHE JEPWM3GEX #M GIE VIEP
RXV-S 'EV HI^SVKERM^EX. 4IRXVY RSM, TYRGXYP GIP QEM MQTSVXERX R PIKXYV GY
VMXYEPYP QEKMG #M VIPMKMSW IWXI G IP MRXIVZMRI RYQEM EGSPS YRHI GYRSE#XIVIE
I#YIE^. 'IVIQSRMEPYP RXIQIMEX R TIVWTIGXMZ WYTVEREXYVEP VI^YPX HMR
ZME', HEV IP RY QMRMQEPM^IE^ RMGMSHEX IJSVXYVMPI TVEGXMGI EPI SMRYPYM. R
VMXYEPYP WY QEKMG WEY VIPMKMSW, SQYP RGIEVG W MR4YIR'I^I QMVEGSPIPI RY
TIRXVY G MKRSV PMQMXIPI TYXIVMPSV WEPI QMRXEPI, GM, HMQTSXVMZ, TIRXVY G IP
IWXI RXVY XSXYP GSR#XMIRX HI IPI. 4IRXVY E JEGI YR TEW REMRXI, VIGYRSE#XIVIE
EGIWXYM PYGVY QM WI TEVI MRHMWTIRWEFMP HEG HSVMQ S HEX TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE
W WXEFMPMQ EHIZVYP G VIPMKME #M EVI TVSTVMYP IM GSR'MRYX, TVSTVMYP IM HSQIRMY
HI HI^ZSPXEVI.12
"M GLMEV R EGIWX HMR YVQ HSQIRMY, R HSQIRMYP RHVITX'MX EP QMXYPYM #M
VIPMKMIM, GSRGIT'ME HIWTVI REXYV #M HIWTVI ZME'E YQER RY IWXI HIPSG PMTWMX
HI SVMGI WIQRM3GE'MI VE'MSREP. 'IIE GI RSM, HMR TYRGXYP RSWXVY HI ZIHIVI,
TYXIQ RYQM MVE'MSREP, TVIPSKMG, QMWXMG GSRWXMXYMI TVIQMWIPI HI PE GEVI TPIEG
MRXIVTVIXEVIE QMXMG WEY VIPMKMSEW, HEV RY 12 1EPMRS[WOM, 8LG *SYRHEXMSRW SJ
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3MRH GLMEV TPERXE RW#M TI GEVI S TVSHYGI WQR'E.16
:IHIQ HMR EGIWXI I\IQTPI GYQ GVIHMR'E JIVQ R YRMXEXIE ZMI'MM
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QEM TVIWYW HI SVMGI RHSMEP #M HI RI#XIVW. 2Y EZIQ RIZSMI HIPSG W
TVIWYTYRIQ G EGIWXI HMJIVIR'I WYRX RXVY XSXYP XVIGYXI GY ZIHIVIE. )PI RY
WYRX RIKEXI RXV-YR WIRW IQTMVMG, GM WYRX HIGPEVEXI GE 14 7MV &EPH[MR 7TIRGIV
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15 'J. /EVP ZSR HIR 7XIMRIR, 9RXIV HIR 2EXYVZSPOIVR >IRXVEP-&VEWMPMIRW
(&IVMMR, 1897), T. 307.
16 *VE^IV, 0IGXYVIW SR XLI )EVP] ,MWXSV] SJ /MRKWLMT (0SRHVE, 1EGQMPPER,
1905), T. 109.
1-890 "- 6)0-+-%
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YR VERK VIQEVGEFMP R EGIEWX WSGMIXEXI. )P IWXI S TEVXI E IM, HEV RY IWXI R
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HI PE WTE'MY PE XMQT. )P WI QIR'MRI RY RYQEM R SVHMRIE WMQYPXERIMX'MM, GM #M R
SVHMRIE WYGGIWMYRMM. +IRIVE'MMPI HI SEQIRM JSVQIE^ YR PER' YRMG #M
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VIPMKMSEWI TVMQMXMZI. R EGIEWX 17 7TIRGIV ERH +MPPIR, 8LI 2EXMZI 8VMFIW SJ
'IRXVEP %YWXVEPME, T. 48.
4VMZMR' I\MWX S HMJIVIR' M^FMXSEVI RXVI GVIHMR'E QMXMG R MQSVXEPMXEXI
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*IHSR EP PYM 4PEXSR WMQ'MQ RXVIKYP IJSVX EP KRHMVMM 3PSWS3GI HI E SJIVM S
HSZEH GPEV #M MVIJYXEFMP E MQSVXEPMX'MM WY4IXYPYM SQIRIWG. R KRHMVIE
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PEXYVE STYW. (EG GIZE XVIFYMI HSZIHMX, EGIPE RY I JETXYP MQSVXEPMX'MM, GM
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'YZRXYP nQSEVXI~ RY ETEVI RMGMSHEX R XI\XIPI HMR TMVEQMHI HIGX R JSVQ
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G QSVXYP XVMI#XI.18 R WIRXMQIRXIPI WEPI MRHMZMHYEPI #M WSGMEPI SQYP TVMQMXMZ
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JIP HI PMQMXI HI3RMXI R WTE'MY WEY XMQT. )E WI I\XMRHI TIWXI RXVIKYP HSQIRMY
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R SVMGI GE^, IWXI YRYP HMR QSXMZIPI VIPMKMSEWI GIPI QEM KIRIVEPI. 7I TEVI G R
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GYPX EP QSV'MM. )WXI YRE HMR GIPI QEM REPXI RHEXSVMVM VIPMKMSEWI EPI WYTVE- 18
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(2GZ/=SVO, 'LEVPIW 7GVMFRGV'W 7SRW, 1912), T. 91.
1-890 "- 6)0-+-%
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,IVQER 4EYP, 4VMR^MTMIR HIV 7TVEGLKIWGLMGLXI (,EPPG, 1880), GET.P. 8VEH. )RKP.
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() *Y^MSREVIE EGIWXSV HSY GYVIRXI HI GIVGIXEVI E TYW R IZMHIR' GXIZE
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IPI W RI SJIVI S FE^ WSPMH TIRXVY GIVGIXEVIE GSQTEVEXMZ.12
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HI PMQFM MRHS-IYVSTIRI. -RXIVIWYP WY IVE GY EHIZVEX QYPXMPEXIVEP; IP MRGPYHIE
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TVMQE HIWGVMIVI EREPMXMG E PMQFMPSV F#XMRE#MPSV HMR %QIVMGE YXMPM^RH
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TIRXVY EGIEWX KVEQEXMG VY IVEY HMWTSRMFMPI RMGM YR JIP HI HEXI MWXSVMGI,
MWXSVME EGIWXSV PMQFM 3MRH XSXEP RIGYRSWGYX. ,YQFSPHX E XVIFYMX W EFSVHI^I
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GSRWMHIVQ E 3 S WMQTPE GSPIG'MI HI GYZMRXI. %HIZVEXE HMJIVIR' HMRXVI
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HEG RY GLMEV HI^EWXVYSEW, TIRXVY SVMGI WXYHMY EP JIRSQIRIPSV PMRKZMWXMGI.
'YZMRXIPI #M VIKYPMPI GEVI, GSRJSVQ MHIMPSV RSEWXVI GYVIRXI, GSR-WXMXYI YR
PMQFEN, WYW'MRI ,YQFSPHX, I\MWX GY EHIZVEX HSEV R EGXYP ZSVFMVMM EVXMGYPEXI.
% PI XVEXE GE IRXMX'M WITEVEXI RY GSRWXMXYMI RMQMG EPXGIZE HIGX YR TVSHYW
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JGYX, GM YR TVSGIW GSRXMRYY; IP IWXI EGXMZMXEXIE WTMVMXYPYM SQIRIWG VITIXEX
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3TIVE PYM ,YQFSPHX E JSWX QEM QYPX HIGX YR TVSKVIW VIQEVGEFMP R
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'X., TT.46 #M YVQ. 3 VIPEXEVI QEM HIXEPMEX E XISVMIM PYM ,YQFSPHX IWXI HEX R
PYGVEVIE QIE 4LMPSWSTLMG HIV W]QFSPMWGLIR *SVQGR, -, TT. 98 #M YVQ.
0YM WYRX TVSFPIQIPI WXVYGXYVEPI-EO. 0MQFENYPYM. %WX^M WI EHQMXI R
KIRIVEP G EGIWXI TVSFPIQI RY TSX 3 VI^SPZEXI HSEV TVMR QIXSHI MWXSVMGI.
3EQIRM HI #XMMR' ETEV'MRRH HMJIVMXIPSV #GSPM #M PYGVRH R HSQIRMM HMJIVMXI
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JVBEGYX RMGMSHEX MRYXMP HI GXVI PMRKZMWXMGE MWXSVMG, TIRXVY G EGIEWXE HMR
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MWXSVMIM KIRIVEPI E MHIMPSV, IWXI JSEVXI MRXIVIWERX #M VIQEVGEFMP JETXYP G
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JIPYP EGIWXE E ETVYX YR RSY XMT HI 3^MG E GQTYPYM GEVI, R QYPXI TVMZMR'I,
IVE HMJIVMX HI ZIGLIE GSRGIT'MI E QIGERMGMM GPEWMGI, 3 HI^ZSPXEVI
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16 :I^M .. &. 7. ,EPHERI) 8LI 'EZWIW SJ )ZSPYXMSR (2I[ =SVO #M 0SRHVE,
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(EG PMRKZMWXMGE EHSTX #M IE, EGYQ, EGIIE#M QIXSH, #M WI
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RWIEQR, HIWMKYV, G TYRGXIPI HI ZIHIVI QEM ZIGLM #M-EY TMIVHYX GIZE HMR
MRXIVIW #M MQTSVXER'. (EV R PSG HI E WI QM#GE R PMRMI HVIETX, R PSG HI E 3
TVISGYTEX I\GPYWMZ HI SVHMRIE GVSRSPSKMG E JIRSQIRIPSV PMQFMM, GIVGIXEVIE
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WXVYGXYVEPI GSRWXERXI; PMRKZMWXMGE HMEGVSRMG [ WI SGYT HI JIRSQIRIPI
GEVI ZEVME^ #M WI HI^ZSPX R XMQT; 17 9RMXEXIE, WXVYGXYVEP JYRHEQIRXEP E
PMQFENYPYM TSEXI 3 WXYHMEX #M TVSFEX R HSY QSHYVM. %GIEWX YRMXEXI ETEVI
HISHEX R PEXYVE QEXIVMEP #M R GIE JSVQEP, QEQJIWXRHY-WI RY RYQEM R
WMWXIQYP JSVQIPSV KVEQEXMGEPI, GM #M R WMWXIQYP IM WSRSV. 'EVEGXIVYP YRIM PMQFM
HITMRHI HI EQFMM JEGXSVM. (EV TVSFPIQIPI WXVYGXYVEPI EPI. *SRSPSKMIM EY
GSRWXMXYMX S HIWGSTIVMVI QYPX QEM XV^MI HIGX GIPI EPI WMRXE\IM WEY
QSVJSPSKMIM. )WXI IZMHIRX #M RIRHSMIPRMG JETXYP G I\MWX S SVHMRI #M, SN PSKMG
R JSVQIPI PMQFMM. 'PEWM3GEVIE EGIWXSV JSVQI #M VIHYGIVIE PSV PE VIKYPM
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TIVMSEH JSEVXI XMQTYVMI QIXSHWPI TIRXVY EGIWX WXYHMY EXMRWIWIV YR REPX
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3500#MC250CNPC'LV., GE PE YRYP HMR GIPI QEM QEVM QSRYQIRXI EPI MRXIPMKIR'IM
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+VEQEXMGMIRMM KVIGM EY JGYX S EREPM^ EXIRX E TV'MPSV HI ZSVFMVI TI GEVI PI-
EY KWMX R PMQFE KVIEG #M IVEY MRXIVIWE'M HI XSX JIPYP HI TVSFPIQI WMRXEGXMGI
#M WXMPMWXMGI. %WTIGXYP QEXIVMEP EP TVSFPIQIM IVE, XSXY#M, RIGYRSWGYX, MEV
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%GYQ E4Q TVMQIPI RGIVGVM HI E XVEXE R QSH #XMMR'M3G JIRSQIRIPI
XVERWJSVQVMM WYRIXYPYM. 0MRKZMWXMGE MWXSVMG QSHIVR RGITYX GY S MRZIWXMKEVI
E EWIQRVMPSV JSRIXMGI YRMJSVQI. 'YZMRXIPI PMQFMPSV KIVQERMGI, HYT GYQ E
EVXEX 6. /. 6EWO R 1918, EY S PIKXYV JSVQEP VIKYPEX, R EWTIGXI EPI
WYRIXYPYM, GY GYZMRXIPI EPXSV PMQFM MRHS-IYVSTIRI. R GEVXIE WE HI KVEQEXMG
KIVQER, .EOSF +VMQQ E JGYX S I\TYRIVI WMWXIQEXMG E EWIQRVMPSV
GSRWSERIPSV PMQFMPSV KIVQERMGI GY GIPI EPI EPXSV PMQFM MRHS-IYVSTIRI. %GIWXI
17 :I^M GYVWYVMPI PYM *IVHMRERH HI 7EYWWYVI, TYFPMGEXI TSWXYQ WYF XMXPYP 'SYVW
HI -QKYMWXMUYI KIRIVEPI (19A 5; IH. % 2-E, 4EVMW, 1922).
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4VMQI SFWIVZE'MM EY HIZIRMX XIQIPME PMRKZMWXMGMM QSHIVRI #M E KVEQEXMGMM
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TVSJYRH MRWTMVE'MI. %GIPE#M WTMVMX VSQERXMG P-E GSRHYW TI *VMIHVMGL 7GLPIKIP PE
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WIGSPYPYM EP <P<-PIE, MRXIVIWYP TIRXVY WXYHMMPI PMRKZMWXMGI E JSWX HMGXEX HI EPXI
MQTYPWYVM MRXIPIGXYEPI #M E RGITYX W TVIHSQMRI S MRXIVTVIXEVI QEXIVMEPMWX.
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QIXSHIPI PMRKZMWXMGMM WI E4EY PE EGIPE#M RMZIP GY GIPI EPI #XMMR'IPSV REXYVMM. (EG
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VIKYPM IQTMVMGI ZEKM GEVI HIWGVMY JIRSQIRI MWXSVMGI TEVXMGYPEVI. )E XVIFYME W
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SFWIVZEX R ZME'E SVMGVYM GSTMP RSVQEP, HI#M RXV-YR QSH QEM TY'MR
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TVMQYP TEW #M 39 :I^M, HI I\IQTPY, 'PEVE #M ;MPPMEQ 7XIVR, (MG /MRHIVWTQGLI
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HM3GYPXEXIE VIEP GSRWX QYPX QEM TY'MR R RZ'EVIE PMQFMM RSM HIGX R YMXEVIE
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HSFRHI#XI TIRXVY TVMQE HEX S GSRGIT'MI HIWTVI PYQIE SFMIGXMZ. 4IRXVY
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PIKX QMGL MQQIV EYJ HMG /RMI QGMRIW ,GV^IXMW. +SIXLI ER ,IVHIV, QEM 1775,
JIVI/I (;IMQEV IH.). 9, T. 262.
8 %XLGRYQWJVEKQGRXG, 80, R 4VSWEMWGLI .YKGRHWGLVMJXGR, GH. HI ..
1MRSV (IH. % 2-E, :MIRE, 1906), --, T. 215.
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HMRGSPS HI GSRHM'MMPI I\TIVMIR'IM WEPI TVI^IRXI. 'YRSE#XIVIE MWXSVMG IWXI
VWTYRWYP PE RXVIFVM HI3RMXI, YR VWTYRW GEVI XVIFYMI W 3I HEX HI GXVI
XVIGYX; HEV RXVIFVMPI RWIPI WYRX TYWI #M HMGXEXI HI GXVI TVI^IRX HI GXVI
MRXIVIWIPI RSEWXVI MRXIPIGXYEPI TVI^IRXI #M HI GXVI XVIFYMR'IPI RSEWXVI
QSVEPI #M WSGMEPI TVI^IRXI.
%GIEWX PIKXYV HMRXVI TVI^IRX #M XVIGYX IWXI HI RIXKHYMX; HEV
XVIFYMI W XVEKIQ HMR IE GSRGPY^MM JSEVXI HMJIVMXI TVMZMRH GIVXMXYHMRIE #M
ZEPSEVIE GYRSE#XIVMM MWXSVMGI. -R 3PSWS3E GSRXIQTSVER, 'VSGI IWXI GEQTMSRYP
GIPYM QEM VEHMGEP MWXSVMWQ. 4IRXVY IP, MWXSVME RY IWXI HSEV YR HSQIRMY
WTIGMEP, GM RXVIEKE VIEPMXEXI. 8I^E PYM GSRJSVQ GVIME RXVIEKE MWXSVMI IWXI
MWXSVMI GSRXIQTSVER GSRHYGI, TVMR YVQEVI, PE S MHIRXM3GEVI GSQTPIX E
3PSWS3IM #M MWXSVMIM. 1EM TVIWYW #M HMRGSPS HI XVQYP YQER EP MWXSVMIM RY I\MWX
RMGM YR EPX XVQ EP I\MWXIR'IM, RMGM S EPX XIQ TIRXVY KRHMVIE 3PSWS3G.9
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WIQRM3GE'MI R EJEV HI EGIIE HI WPYNMXSEVI E ZMI'MM #M EG'MYRMM. (EG WPYNMXSVYP
Y^YVT 9 4IRXVY EGIEWX TVSFPIQ ZI^M +YMHS 'EPSKIVS, 3R XLI 7S-'EPPIH
-HIRXMX] SJ ,MWXSV] ERH 4LMPSWSTL], R 4LMPSWSTL] ERH ,MWXSV]. )WWE]W
4VIWGRXGHXS )QWX 'EWWMVIV, TT. 35-52.
-7836-%
4YXIVIE, HEG IP RI XVEXIE^ GE YR WXTR, IP FPSGLIE^ IRIVKMMPI ZMI'MM.
4VMR I\GIWYP HI MWXSVMI, ZME'E RSEWXV E JSWX WGLMPSHMX #M E HIKIRIVEX. )E
WXRNIRI#XI MQTYPWYP QVI' GXVI JETXI RSM #M-P TEVEPM^IE^ TI JTXYMXSV. 4IRXVY
G GIM QEM QYP'M HMRXVI RSM TYXIQ EG'MSRE RYQEM HEG YMXQ. 7MQ'YP MWXSVMG
JV VIWXVMG'MM QTMRW PE PMQMXE WE PSKMG HIW3MR'IE^ ZMMXSVYP.10 (EV EGIEWX
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EG'MYRMM #M ZME'E KRHMVMM. %XYRGM GRH 2MIX^WGLI E RXVITVMRW EGIWX EXEG, IP IVE
RG YR EHITX #M YR HMWGMTSP EP PYM 7GLSTIRLEYIV. )P GSRGITIE ZME'E GE TI
QERMJIWXEVIE YRIM ZSMR'I SEVFI. 4IRXVY 2MIX^WGLI, SVFMVIE E ENYRW W 3I GLMEV
GSRHM'ME YRIM ZMI'M GY EHIZVEX EGXMZI, KRHMVIE #M GSR#XMMR'E IVEY STYWI
ZMXEPMX'MM. (EG VIWTMRKIQ EGIEWX TVIWYTYRIVI, GSRGPY^MMPI PYM 2MIX^WGLI
HIZMR Y#SV HI GSQFXYX. (IWMKYV, GSR#XMMR'E XVIGYXYPYM RY WPFI#XI #M RMGM RY
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SFM#RYME W WTYR 0IMFRM^: SR VIGIHI TSYV QMIY\ WEYXIV, RI HQ RETSM
TIRXVY E WVM QEM QYPX. ,IVEGPMX E JYVMX TIRXVY PYQIE 3^MG QE\MQE 686G;
EZS) %&8 (X" YMVM, HVYQYP R WYW #M R NSW IWXI YRYP #M EGIPE#M.11 4YXIQ ETPMGE,
RXV-YR ERYQMX WIRW, EGIIE#M E3VQE'MI #M PE PYQIE MWXSVMG. 'LMEV #M GSR#XMMR'E
RSEWXV MWXSVMG IWXI S YRMXEXI E GSRXVEVMMPSV: IE TYRI R PIKXYV TSPMM STY#M
EM XMQTYPYM #M RI H TVMR EGIEWXE WIRXMQIRXYP GSRXMRYMX'MM GYPXYVMM YQERI.
9RMXEXIE #M GSRXMRYMXEXIE HIZMR GY HISWIFMVI GPEVI R HSQIRMYP GYPXYVMM
RSEWXVI MRXIPIGXYEPI, R MWXSVME QEXIQEXMGMM, E #XMMR'IM WEY E 3PSWS3IM. 2MQIRM
RY EV TYXIE RGIVGE ZVISHEX 10 2MIX^WGLI, :SQ 2YX^IR YRH 2EGLXIMP HIV
,MWXSVMI JYV HEW 0IFIR, R 9R^IMXKIQWWI &IXVEGLXYRKIR (1874), TEVXIE E
-P--E. 8VEH. )RKP. IH. HI 3WGEV 0IZ], ZSM. --.
11 *VEKQIRXYP 60, R *MPSWS3E KVIEG TR PE 4PEXSR, -, TEVXIE E 2-E,
)HMXYVE "XMMR'M3G #M )RGMGPSTIHMG, &YGYVI#XM, 1979, T. 358. (2.X.)
7 WGVMI S MWXSVMI E QEXIQEXMGMM WEY E 3PSWS3IM JV W EMF S R'IPIKIVI
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MRXIVTVIXEVI. -EV EGIWX TVSGIW HI MRXIVTVIXEVI RY GYRSE#XI RMGMSHEX S STVMVI
GSQTPIX. (I RHEX GI EQ EXMRW YR RSY GIRXVY #M YR RSY YRKLM HI ZIHIVI R
TVSTVMMPI RSEWXVI MHIM, XVIFYMI W RI VIZM^YMQ NYHIG'MPI. 2MGM YR I\IQTPY RY
IWXI, TSEXI, QEM GEVEGXIVMWXMG #M QEM MRWXVYGXMZ R EGIEWX TVMZMR' HIGX
WGLMQFEVIE R MQEKMRIE RSEWXV HIWTVI 7SGVEXI. P EZIQ TI 7SGVEXI EP PYM
<IRSJSR #M EP PYM 4PEXSR; EZIQ YR 7SGVEXI WXSMG, YRYP WGITXMG, YRYP QMWXMG, YRYP
VE'MSREPMWX #M YRYP VSQERXMG. )M WYRX RXVY XSXYP HISWIFM'M. 'Y XSEXI EGIWXIE, IM
RY WYRX RIEHIZVE'M; 3IGEVI HMRXVI IM RI SJIV YR RSY EWTIGX, S TIVWTIGXMZ
GEVEGXIVMWXMG E PYM 7SGVEXI GIP MWXSVMG #M E 3^MSRSQMIM WEPI MRXIPIGXYEPI #M
QSVEPI. 4PEXSR E Z^YX R 7SGVEXI QEVIPI HMEPIGXMGMER #M QEVIPI IHYGEXSV
QSVEP; 1SRXEMKRI E Z^YX R IP TI 3PSWSJYP ERXMHSKQEXMG GEVI-#M QVXYVMWIE
MKRSVERXE; *VMIHVMGL 7GLPIKIP #M KRHMXSVMM VSQERXMGM EY TYW EGGIRXYP TI MVSRME
WSGVEXMG. "M GLMEV R GE^YP PYM 4PEXSR RWY#M TYXIQ YVQVM EGIIE#M HI^ZSPXEVI.
%ZIQ YR 4PEXSR QMWXMG, TI 4PEXSR EP RISTPEXSRMWQYPYM; YR 4PEXSR GVI#XMR, TI
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QWYVE PSV, PE R'IPIKIVIE #M IZEPYEVIE WMWXIQEXMG E STIVIM PYM 4PEXSR. *MIGEVI
MRWMWX EWYTVE YRYM ERYQMX EWTIGX GEVI IWXI GSR'MRYX R EGIEWX STIV, HEV
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%XYRGM GRH ZSVFI#XI HIWTVI 4PEXSR R 'VMXMGE VE'MYRMM TYVI, /ERX MRHMG EGIWX
JETX. (.) RY I RMQMG I\XVESVHMREV, E3VQ IP, W R'IPIKM YR EYXSV GLMEV QEM
FMRI HIGX W-E R'IPIW IP TI WMRI RWY#M #M ERYQI TVMR GSQTEVE'ME MHIMPSV TI
GEVI PI I\TVMQ, EWYTVE SFMIGXYPYM PYM, HEX 3MRH G IP RY HIXIVQMREWI
RHIENYRW GSRGITXYP PYM #M G, EWXJIP, YRISVM IP ZSVFIE WEY
-7836-%
'LMEV KRHIE QTSXVMZE TVSTVMIM PYM MRXIR'MM. * -WXSVME 3PSWS3IM RI EVEX
JSEVXI GPEV G HIXIVQMREVIE GSQTPIX E YRYM GSRGITX IWXI JSEVXI VEV STIVE
EGIPYM KRHMXSV GEVI E MRXVSHYW TVMQE SEVE EGIP GSRGITX. 4IRXVY G YR GSRGITX
3PSWS3G IWXI, R KIRIVEP ZSVFMRH, QEM GYVQH S TVSFPIQ HIGX WSPY'ME YRIM
TVSFPIQI MEV WIQRM3GE'ME HITPMR E EGIWXIM TVSFPIQI RY TSEXI 3 R'IPIEW
EXXE XMQT GX IE WI E4 R WXEHMYP IM PEXIRX. )E XVIFYMI W HIZMR I\TPMGMX
TIRXVY E 3 R'IPIEW R EHIZVEXE IM WIQRM3GE'MI, MEV EGIEWX XVER^M'MI HI PE S
WXEVI PEXIRX PE YRE I\TPMGMX IWXI STIVE ZMMXSVYPYM.
7I TSEXI SFMIGXE G EGIWX TVSGIW HI MRXIVTVIXEVI #M VIMRXIV-TVIXEVI IWXI
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IWXI ZEPEFMP TIRXVY MRXIVTVIXEVIE YRYM QEVI KRHMXSV #M E STIVIPSV WEPI
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TIVWSREPMXEXI TSPMXMG. *VMIHVMGL +YRHSPJ E WGVMW S RXVIEK GEVXI RY HIWTVI
'I^EV, GM HIWTVI VITYXE'ME PYM 'I^EV #M MRXIVTVIXVMPI ZEVMEXI EPI GEVEGXIVYPYM #M
QMWMYRMM WEPI TSPMXMGI, HMR ERXMGLMXEXI TR'R ^MPIPI RSEWXVI.12 'LEV R ZME'E
RSEWXV WSGMEP #M TSPMXMG, QYPXI XIRHMR'I JYRHEQIRXEPI #M HSZIHIWG HITPMRE
JSV' #M WIQRM3GE'MI RYQEM RXV-YR WXEHMY VIPEXMZ XV^MY. 9R MHIEP TSPMXMG #M YR
TVSKVEQ WSGMEP, QYPX XMQT HYT GI EY JSWX GSRGITYXI RXV-YR WIRW MQTPMGMX,
HIZMR I\TPMGMXI TVMRXV-S HI^ZSPXEVI YPXIVMSEV. (.) QYPXI MHIM EPI EQIVMGERYPYM
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* -QQERYIP /ERX, 'VMXMGE VE'MYRMM TYVI, XVEHYGIVI HI 2MGSPEI &EKHEWEV #M
)PIRE 1SMWYG, WXYHMY MRXVSHYGXMZ, KPSWEV OERXMER #M MRHMGI HI RYQI TVSTVMM,
2MGSPEI &EKHEWEV, )HMXYVE "XMMR'M3G, &YGYVI#XM, 1969, T. 292. _2.X.) 12
*VMIHVMGL +YRHSPJ, 'EIWEV. +IWGLMGLXI WGMRIW 6YLQ (&IVPMR, 1924).
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PMFIV. %WXJIP () KWMQ TVINYHIG'M IRKPI^I ZIGLM #M VI^MWXIRXI QFPWQEXI
R (IGPEVE'ME, EQIVMGER EWYTVE HVITXYVMPSV SQYPYM #M MRWXMXY'MM HI QYPX XMQT
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%RKPME PYM +ISVKI EP -P--PIE.13
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HIWTVI SEQIRMM GEVI EY JSWX ERKENE'M R IPI. (I RHEX GI-M ZIHIQ TI EGI#XM
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YRIM NYHIG'M NYWXI HIWTVI 'MGIVS, RY IWXI WY3GMIRX, XSXY#M, WMQTPE
GYRSE#XIVI E XYXYVSV IZIRMQIRXIPSV HMR XMQTYP GSRWYPEXYPYM WY, VSPYP TI GEVI
P-E NYGEX R HI^ZPYMVIE GSRWTMVE'MIM PYM 'EXMPMRE WEY R V^FSEMIPI GMZMPI HMRXVI
4SQTIM #M 'I^EV. 8SEXI EGIWXI GLIWXMYRM VQR ZEKM #M EQFMKYI EXXE XMQT
GX RY GYRSE#XIQ SQYP, EXXE XMQT GX RY-M R'IPIKIQ TIVWSREPMXEXIE #M
GEVEGXIVYP. 4IRXVY EGIEWXE IWXI RIZSMI HI S ERYQMX MRXIVTVIXEVI WMQFSPMG.
8VIFYMI W WXYHMIQ RY RYQEM HMWGYVWYVMPI WEY WGVMIVMPI WEPI 3PSWS3GI; XVIFYMI
W-M GMXMQ WGVMWSVMPI GXVI 3MGE WE 8YPME #M GXVI TVMIXIRMM MRXMQM; XVIFYMI W HQ
HSZEH 13 7. ). 1SVMWSR, 8LI 3\JSVH ,MWXSV] SJ XLI 9RMXIH 7XEXIW (3\JSVH,
'PEVIRHSR 4VIWW, 1927), -, TT. 39 #M YVQ.
-7836-%
(I WIRWMFMPMXEXI TIRXVY JEVQIGYP #M HIJIGXIPI WXMPYPYM WY. 2YQEM TVMR
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EJEV HI GE^YP GRH MWXSVMGYP VQRI YR WMQTPY EREPMWX, R EJEV HI GE^YP GRH
IP WI QYP'YQI#XI GY S VIPEXEVI GVSRSPSKMG E IZIRMQIRXIPSV, IP XVIFYMI W
RHITPMRIEWG XSXHIEYRE EGIEWX WEVGMR HM3GMP; IP XVIFYMI W HIWGSTIVI
YRMXEXIE R WTEXIPI RIRYQVEXIPSV #M EHIWIE GSRXVEHMGXSVMMPSV I\TVMQVM EPI
TIVWSRENYPYM MWXSVMG.
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MQTSVXERXI HMR MWXSVME VSQER YR IZIRMQIRX GEVI E HIGMW HIWXMRYP ZMMXSV EP
6SQIM #M, TVMR YVQEVI, ZMMXSVYP SQIRMVMM E JSWX FXPME HI PE %GXMYQ. :IVWMYRIE
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GYTVMRHI, GIP 14 4EWGEP, 4IRWGGW, IH. 0SYERHVG, T. 196.
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XVMQMWI TIRXVY E ETVE TYRGXIPI GIPI QEM MQTSVXERXI HMR +VIGME; 4SXE W
REZMKLI^I R SVHMRI HI FXEMI #M W EXEGI HEG MREQMGYP REMRXE; ETSM W WI
RHVITXI WTVI )KMTX.'615+YKPMIPQS *IVVIVS, 8LI ,MWXSV] ERH 0IKIRH SJ %RXSR]
ERH 'PISTEXVE, R 'LEVEGXIVW ERH )ZIRXW SJ 6SQER ,MWXSV], JVSQ 'EGWEV XS
%JIVS (2G[ =SVO, +. 4. 4YXREQ'W 7SRW, 1909), TT. 39-68.
16 *IVVIVS, +VERHI^^E I HIGEHIR^E HM 6SQE (1MPERS, 1907), ---, TT.
502-539. 8VEH. 'RKP. HI ,. .. 'LE]XSV, +VGEXRIWW ERH (IGPMRI SJ 6SQI (2I[
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GEY^IM #M IJIGXYPYM. 4VMR EGIEWXE, IPI WYRX GSQTPIX HIXIVQMREXI #M XSGQEM
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MWXSVMGI ETEV'MRI, XSXY#M, YRIM SVHMRM HMJIVMXI, WYTIVMSEVI. %ZIQ HI E JEGI #M EMGM
GY HIXIVQMREVIE PSGYPYM #M E XMQTYPYM IZIRMQIRXIPSV. (EV EXYRGM GRH EGIEWX
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ZVIQIE GI ZE W ZMR. () 7YRX SEQIRM ()
-7836-%
'EVI TVSGVIIE^ QEM FYGYVSW R WY4IXI HIGX R XVYTYVM, GVIRH, WI-
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JSVQ RSY. 3QYP RGITI W HIWGSTIVI R IP RWY#M S TYXIVI RSY TVMR GEVI
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#M ZSVFIWG HIWTVI STIVIPI PSV GE HIWTVI QSRYQIRXE EIVI TIVIRRMYW. )M WYRX
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MRIV'MIM PYM 3^MGI. )P #M TWXVIE^ EGIIE#M REXYV EXXE XMQT GX RY IWXI
QSHM3GEX WEY HMWXVYW HI GXVI JSV'I I\XIVRI. (EV PYGVVMPI SQIRI#XM WYRX
ZYPRIVEFMPI HMRXV-YR YRKLM GY XSXYP HMJIVMX. )PI WYRX WYTYWI WGLMQFVMM #M
HIGHIVMM RY RYQEM RXV-YR WIRW QEXIVMEP, GM #M RXV-YRYM WTMVMXYEP. 'LMEV HEG
I\MWXIR'E PSV GSRXMRY, IPI WI E4 R TIVMGSPYP GSRWXERX HI E-#M TMIVHI
WIQRM3GE'ME. 6IEPMXEXIE PSV IWXI WMQFSPMG, RY 3^MG; MEV S EWXJIP HI VIEPMXEXI
RY RGIXIE^ RMGMSHEX HI E GIVI MRXIVTVIXEVI #M VIMRXIVTVIXEVI. R EGIWX TYRGX
RGITI QEVIE WEVGMR E MWXSVMIM. +RHMVIE MWXSVMGYPYM RXVI'MRI S VIPE'MI GY XSXYP
HMJIVMX GY SFMIGXYP IM, JEX HI EGIIE E 3^MGMERYPYM WEY E
* 4PEXSR, &ERGLIXYP, R VSQRI#XI HI 'I^EV 4ETEGSWXIE, 208-209, R
4PEXSR, (MEPSKYVM, HYT XVEHYGIVMPI PYM 'I^EV 4ETEGSWXIE, VIZM^YMXI #M
RXVIKMXI GY HSY XVEHYGIVM RSM #M GY :ME'E PYM 4OXSR HI 'SRWXERXMR
2SMGE, )HMXYVE TIRXVY 0MXIVEXYV 9RMZIVWEP, &YGYVI#XM, 1968, T. 292. (2-
X.) 17 :I^M WYTVE, T. 120.
2EXYVEPMWXYPYM. 3FMIGXIPI QEXIVMEPI #M TWXVIE^ I\MWXIRXE MRHITIRHIRX
HI EGXMZMXEXIE SQYPYM HI #XMMR', HEV SFMIGXIPI MWXSVMGI EY S I\MWXIR'
EHIZVEX RYQEM EXXE XMQT GX WYRX VIEQMRXMXI MEV EGXYP EHYGIVMM EQMRXI
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SFMIGXIPI WEPI HI WXYHMY GE REXYVEPMWXYP; IP XVIFYMI W PI TWXVI^I. 7TIVER'E PYM
HI E PI TYXIE QIR'MRI R WXEVIE PSV 3^MG TSEXI 3 ^HVRMGMX R SVMGI QSQIRX.
4VMR MRGIRHMYP GEVI E HMWXVYW &MFPMSXIGE HMR %PI\ERHVME, RIRYQVEXI #M
RITVI'YMXI HSGYQIRXI EY JSWX TMIVHYXI TIRXVY XSXHIEYRE. (EV GLMEV
QSRYQIRXIPI GEVI WYTVEZMI'YMIWG W-EV IWXSQTE XVITXEX HEG RY EV 3 'MRYXI R
ZME' TVMR EVXE MWXSVMGYPYM. 4IRXVY E WXTRM PYQIE GYPXYVMM, XVIFYMI W-S
VIGYGIVMQ RIRGIXEX TVMR EQMRXMVIE MWXSVMG. (EV EQMRXMVIE RY RWIEQR HSEV
EGXYP VITVSHYGIVMM. )E IWXI S WMRXI^ MRXIPIGXYEP RSY YR EGX GSRWXVYGXMZ. R
EGIEWX VIGSRWXVYG'MI, WTMVMXYP YQER WI QM#G RXV-S HMVIG'MI STYW JE' HI
EGIIE E TVSGIWYPYM SVMKMREV. 8SEXI STIVIPI HI GYPXYV #M EY SVMKMRIE RXV-YR EGX
HI WSPMHM-3GEVI #M WXEFMPM^EVI. 3QYP RY #M-EV TYXIE GSQYRMGE MHIMPI #M
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GEVI EY JSWX HMWGYXEXI, R YPXMQIPI HIGIRMM, GY EXXE R4GVEVI #M EY E4EX
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MWXSVMIM. "XMMR'IPI REXYVEPI, RI-EY WTYW IM, WI FE^IE^ TI S PSKMG E
YRMZIVWEPYPYM, MWXSVME, TI S PSKMG E MRHMZMHYEPYPYM. ;MRHIPFERH GSRWMHIV G
NYHIG'MPI HMR GEHVYP #XMMR'IPSV REXYVEPI WYRX RSQSXIXMGI, GIPI HMR GEHVYP
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HIWGVMY JETXI TEVXMGYPEVI. %GIEWX HMWXMRG'MI E HIZIRMX FE^E RXVIKMM XISVMM E
GYRSE#XIVMM MWXSVMGI E PYM 6MGOIVX. 6IEPMXEXIE 18 1SQQWIR, RXV-S WGVMWSEVI
GXVI ,IR^IR; GMXEX HYT +. 4. +SSGL, ,MWXSV] ERH ,MWXSVMERW R XLI 2MRIXIGRXL
'IRXYV] (0SRHVE, 0SRKQERW, +VIIR & 'S., 1913; IH. 2SY 1935), T. 457.
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S PSKMG RSY TIRXVY XSEXI EGIWXIE. )P RY TSEXI KRHM WEY ZSVFM JV
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REXYV[MWWIRWGLEJXPMGLIR &IKVM2WFMPHYRK (8YFMRKIR, 1902), T. 255.
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TYV E PYGVYVMPSV, TIRXVY E TYXIE ZIHIE IZIRMQIRXIPI R QSHYP R GEVI IPI EY
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S TVSFPIQ, RY GE S WSPY'MI. (EG MWXSVMGYP EV VIY#M W-#M ERYPI^I ZME'E
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RMQIRM RY TSEXI WGVMI S MWXSVMI E EVXIM; RMQIRM R EJEV HI YR KRHMXSV
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QEM XV^MY, QEM EPIW HI GXVI MWXSVMGMM ETEV'MRRH #GSPMM TVYWEGI, ,IMRVMGL ZSR
8VIMXWGLOI WI TPRKIE HI SFMIGXMZMXEXIE ERIQMG E PYM 6EROI, GEVI RY WTYRI
HI GI TEVXI WI E4 MRMQE
-7836-%
2EVEXSVYPYM.21 9RISVM, EHZIVWEVMM PYM 6EROI, TI YR XSR FEXNSGSVMXSV, EY
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HSYE E TSIQYPYM HVEQEXMG *EYWX&< PYM +SIXLI:
7MX^IR ZSV HIR 4]VEQMHIR, >Y HIV :SPOIV ,SGLKIVMGLX;
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9R EWIQIRIE WEVGEWQ IWXI, XSXY#M, JSEVXI WYTIV3GMEP. 2MQIRM RY TSEXI
WXYHME WGVMIVMPI PYM 6EROI JV W 3I GSR#XMIRX HI TVSJYR^MQIE ZMI'MM WEPI
TIVWSREPI #M E WIRXMQIRXYPYM WY VIPMKMSW. %GIWX WIRXMQIRX WXVFEXI XSEX
STIVE WE MWXSVMG. (EV MRXIVIWYP VIPMKMSW EP PYM 6EROI E JSWX HIWXYP HI QEVI
TIRXVY E GYTVMRHI RXVIKYP HSQIRMY EP ZMI'MM VIPMKMSEWI, REMRXI HI E WI
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TETMPSV. 8SGQEM GEVEGXIVYP HISWIFMX EP WMQ'YPYM WY VIPMKMSW E JSWX EGIPE GEVI P-
E QTMIHMGEX W XVEXI^I TVSFPIQIPI VIPMKMSEWI R QERMIVE YRYM JEREXMG WEY R
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GPMRXMQ. (2.X.)
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QEVMPSV EVXM#XM, RMGM TIRXVY EGIPIE EPI QEVMPSV MWXSVMGM. 7MQTEXME PSV RY MQTPMG
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(IWMKYV, MWXSVMGYP EVI XSEX PMFIVXEXIE W NYHIGI, HEV REMRXI HI E NYHIGE, IP
HSVI#XI W R'IPIEK #M W MRXIVTVIXI^I.
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WTMVMXIPSV TEVXMGYPEVI, E3VQ ,IKIP, GSRWXMXYMI HMEPIGXMGE MQMXE'MM EGIWXSV
WTMVMXI, R ETEVM'ME PSV, HMEPIGXMG R GEVI WTMVMXYP YRMZIVWEP, WTMVMXYP PYQMM WI
TVSHYGI TI WMRI, G' RIQVKMRMX, HYT GYQ XSXSHEX IP IWXI GIP GEVI #M
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R MWXSVME PYQMM, GE XVMFYREP EP PYQMM. () )E IWXI YR XVMFYREP, HISEVIGI R
YRMZIVWEPMXEXIE IM 3MR'RH R #M TIRXVY WMRI, TEVXMGYPEVYP, TIRE'MM, WSGMIXEXIE
GMZMP #M WTMVMXIPI TSTSEVIPSV, R VIEPMXEXIE PSV ZEVMEX, WYRX RYQEM GE IPIQIRX
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YR QSH QEM TY'MR TVI^YQ'MSW. )P GSRWMHIVE G R QEVIPI TVSGIW EP MWXSVMIM
YRMZIVWEPI, MWXSVMGYP EV XVIFYM W TVIKXIEWG, RY W TVSRYR'I WIRXMR'E.
%GIEWX EXMXYHMRI IWXI JSEVXI HITEVXI HI MRHMJIVIR'E QSVEP; IE VITVI^MRX,
HMQTSXVMZ, YR WIRXMQIRX HI GIE QEM REPX VIWTSRWEFMPMXEXI QSVEP. 'SRJSVQ
PYM 6EROI, MWXSVMGYP RY IWXI RMGM TVSGYVSV, RMGM EZSGEX TIRXVY EGY^EX. (EG IP
ZSVFI#XI GE YR NYHIGXSV, IP ZSVFI#XI GE YR NYKI H'MRWXVYGXMSR. )P XVIFYMI W
EHYRI XSEXI HSGYQIRXIPI VIJIVMXSEVI PE GE^ TIRXVY E PI WYTYRI GIPIM QEM
REPXI GYV'M HI NYWXM'MI, MWXSVME SQIRMVMM. (EG IP RY VIY#I#XI R EGIEWX
* ,IKIP, 4VMRGMTMMPI 3PSWS3IM HVITXYPYM, ## 340, 341, XVEH. HI :MVKMP
&SKHER #M 'SRWXERXMR *PSVY, )HMXYVE %GEHIQMIM 6. 7. 6., &YGYVI#XM, 1969, TT.
379-380. (2.X.)
-7836-%
1MWMYRI, HEG TVMR JEZSVMXMWQ TEVXMRMG WEY TVMR YV IP XMRYMI#XI WEY
JEPWM3G S WMRKYV TMIW E QVXYVMIM, EXYRGM IP #M RIKPMNIE^ HEXSVME WYTVIQ.
%GIEWX GSRGIT'MI IXMG HIWTVI QMWMYRIE, HIQRMXEXIE #M
VIWTSRWEFMPMXEXIE MWXSVMGYPYM IWXI YRYP HMR QIVMXIPI TVMRGMTEPI EPI PYM 6EROI #M
GSRJIV STIVIM WEPI SVM^SRXYP IM QEVI #M PMFIV. 7MQTEXME WE YRMZIVWEP TYXIE
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TETMPSV WM' MWXSVME 6IJSVQIM, MWXSVME *VER'IM #M MWXSVME %RKPMIM, PYGVEVIE WE EWYTVE
SXSQERMPSV #M EWYTVE QSREVLMIM WTERMSPI, R EGIPE#M WTMVMX HI MQTEV'MEPMXEXI #M
JV TVXMRMVI RE'MSREP. 4IRXVY IP, RE'MYRMPI PEXMRI #M XIYXSRMGI, KVIGMM #M
VSQERMM, )ZYP 1IHMY #M WXEXIPI RE'MSREPI QSHIVRI RWIQREY YR SVKERMWQ
GSIVIRX.' *MIGEVI RSY PYGVEVI M-E TIVQMW W-#M PVKIEWG SVM^SRXYP MWXSVMG #M W
SJIVI S TIVWTIGXMZ QEM PMFIV #M QEM PEVK.
1YP'M HMR EHZIVWEVMM PYM 6EROI, GEVI RY EY TSWIHEX EGIWX WTMVMX PMFIV #M
HIXE#EX, EY RGIVGEX W XVERWJSVQI RIGIWMXEXIE R ZMVXYXI. )M EY E3VQEX G IVE
MQTSWMFMP W WGVMM S MWXSVMI TSPMXMG JV TEWMYRM TSPMXMGI #M JV TVXMRMVI
RE'MSREP. 8VIMXWGLOI, YR VITVI^IRXERX EP "GSPMM 4VYWEGI, E VIJY^EX GLMEV W
WXYHMI^I QEXIVMEPIPI HMR EVLMZIPI RITVYWEGI. )P WI XIQIE GE RY GYQZE W 3I
HIVERNEX, TVMR EWXJIP HI WXYHMY, R NYHIGEXE PYM JEZSVEFMP HIWTVI TSPMXMGE
TVYWEG.24 3 EWIQIRIE EXMXYHMRI TSEXI 3 Y#SV HI R'IPIW PE YR TEQ4IXEV WEY
TVSTEKERHMWX TSPMXMG. (EV R GE^YP YRYM MWXSVMG IE WMQFSPM^IE^ TVFY#MVIE #M
JEPMQIRXYP GYRSE#XIVMM MWXSVMGI. 4YXIQ GSQTEVE EGIEWX EXMXYHMRI GY
QIRXEPMXEXIE EGIPSV EHZIVWEVM EM PYM +EPMPIM GEVI EY VIJY^EX GSRWIGZIRX W
TVMZIEWG TVMR XIPIWGST #M W WI GSRZMRK WMRKYVM HI EHIZVYP HIWGSTIVMVMPSV
EWXVSRSQMGI EPI PYM +EPMPIM, HISEVIGI IM RY HSVIEY W 3I HIVERNE'M R GVIHMR'E
PSV EFWSPYX R WMWXIQYP PYM %VMWXSXIP. 9RIM EWXJIP HI GSRGIT'MM E MWXSVMIM M TYXIQ
STYRI GYZMRXIPI PYM .EOSF &YVGOLEVHX: 23 RXV-S IZEPYEVI I\GIPIRX E
TIVWSREPMX'MM #M STIVIM PYM 6EROI, %PJVGH (SZI QIR'MSRIE^ PYGVEVIE EGIWXYME
9RMZIVWEPMXMMX HIW 1MXIQT3RHGRW (9RMZIVWEPMXEXI E WMQTEXMIM R. X). :I^M
(SZI, %YWKI[LPXI 7GLVMJXGR (1898), TT. 112 #M YVQ.
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1YRGLIR #M &IVPMR, 1936), T. 543.
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RRWGYX R RSM. R HSQIRMYP KRHMVMM, IWXI RXVY XSXYP NYWX GE FEVMIVIPI W
HMWTEV.2B
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EWYTVE TEWMYRMPSV WI ETPMG #M -WXSVMIM. -WXSVMGYP GEVI EV 3 RIGYRSWGXSV EP PYQMM
TEWMYRMPSV EP EQFM'MMPSV TSPMXMGI, EP JEREXMWQYPYM VIPMKMSW #M EP GSR4MGXIPSV
IGSRSQMGI #M WSGMEPI RI-EV SJIVM YR VI^YQEX EFWXVEGX EP IZIRMQIRXIPSV
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TSEXI VQRI R EGIEWX PYQI. )P XVIFYMI W HIE RXVIKYPYM QEXIVMEP EP
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IWXI TVSHYWYP WEY GSRWIGMR'E TEWMYRMM; HEV HEG MWXSVME RW#M RGIEVG W 3I
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3IGEVI VRH WGVMW EP YRYM QEVI MWXSVMG RY IWXI YR WXMP IQS'MSREP WEY VIXSVMG. 9R
WXMP VIXSVMG TSEXI EZIE QYPXI QIVMXI; IP TSEXI IQS'MSRE #M HIPIGXE GMXMXSVYP.
(EV PYM M WGET GLIWXMYRIE TVMRGMTEP: IP RY RI TSEXI HYGI PE S MRXYMVI #M PE S
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25 )W KMFX EFIV RIFIR HIQ FPMRHIR 0SFTVIMWIR HIV ,IMQEX GMRI KER^
ERHIVI YRH WGL[IVIVI 44MGLX, RQPMGL WMGL EYW^YFMPHIR ^YQ IVOIRRIRHIR
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EPPIW KILX YRH HIV EYW HMIWIV )VOIRRXRMW EYGL WIMRI &MMVKIVT4MGLX [MMVHI
IVQMXXIPR OSRRGR, [IRR WMI LQ RMGLX WGLSR QMX WGMRIQ 8IQTIVEQIRX
IMRKIFSVIR MWX. :SPPIRHW MQ 6IMGLI HIW +IHEROIRW KILIR EPPI 7GLPEKFYQI
FMPPMK R HMI ,SLI. .EOSF &YVGOLEVHX, ST. 'X., T. 11. 8VEH. )RKP., T. 89.
26 )WWE]W %IWXLIXMGEP ERH 4LMPSWSTLMGEP, 7GVMWSEVIE <<--.
-7836-% 265
(EG 'MRIQ WIEQE HI EGIWX GEVEGXIV EP GYRSE#XIVMM MWXSVMGI, IWXI Y#SV
W HMWXMRKIQ SFMIGXMZMXEXIE MWXSVMG HI EGIE JSVQ HI SFMIGXMZMXEXI GEVI
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RXVIKYP IJSVX EP KRHMVMM #XMMR'M3GI GE YR IJSVX GSRWXERX HI E IPMQMRE XSEXI
IPIQIRXIPI ERXVSTSPSKMGI. 8VIFYMI W-P YMXQ TI SQ TIRXVY E WXYHME REXYVE
#M E HIWGSTIVM #M JSVQYPE PIKMPI REXYVMM.27 R HI^ZSPXEVIE KRHMVMM #XMMR'M3GI,
IPIQIRXYP ERXVSTSQSV3G IWXI QTMRW XVITXEX R TPERYP HSM TR GRH HMWTEVI
GY HIWZV#MVI R WXVYGXYVE MHIEP E 3^MGMM. -WXSVME TVSGIHIE^ RXV-YR QSH GY
XSXYP HMJIVMX. )E TSEXI XVM #M VIWTMVE RYQEM R YRMZIVWYP YQER. 'E #M PMQFENYP
WEY EVXE, MWXSVME IWXI JYRHEQIRXEP ERXVSTS-QSV3G. %-M RPXYVE EWTIGXIPI
SQIRI#XM EV RWIQRE E-M HMWXVYKI GEVEGXIVYP #M REXYVE WTIGM3GI. (EV
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EHIZVYP IM SFMIGXMZ. -WXSVME RY IWXI GYRSE#XIVI E YRSV JETXI WEY IZIRMQIRXI
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RXSEVGI R QSH GSRWXERX PE IP RWY#M; IP RGIEVG W-#M EQMRXIEWG #M W
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IY MRHMZMHYEP. )P IWXI ERXVSTSQSV3G, HEV RY IWXI IKSGIRXVMG. *SVQYPEX WYF
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7YFWXERGI ERH *YRGXMSR, XVEH. )RKP. HI ;. '. #M 1. '. 7[EFI] (1923), TT. 306
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EVI PSG S SVMIRXEVI RSY E KRHMVMM QSHIVRI. 7IGSPYP EP <:----PIE E JSWX
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TYRGX HI ZIHIVI YRMPEXIVEP #M IVSREX. +RHMXSVMM HMR WIGSPYP EP <:----PIE WYRX
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QIXSHI HI E VWTYRHI PE EGIWXI RXVIFVM. -RZIWXMKE'ME MWXSVMG E JSWX YRYP HMR
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ETVYX REMRXI HI RGITYXYP WIGSPYPYM EP <P<-PIE, REMRXI HI ETEVM'ME PYM 2MIFYLV
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WXEFMPMX GY JIVQMXEXI #M IP #M I\XMRHI MR4YIR'E EWYTVE XYXYVSV HSQIRMMPSV
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MWXSVMG #M EP QIXSHIM MWXSVMGI. 1YP'M 3PSWS3 IVEY RGPMRE'M QEM GYVRH W RIKI
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TIRXVY E PI ZIHIE R RJ'M#EVIE PSV EHIZVEX. %GIWX TSWXYPEX QIXSHSPSKMG E
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8EMRI. -WXSVMGYP, HIGPEVE 8EMRI, XVIFYMI W EG'MSRI^I GE YR REXYVEPMWX. )P XVIFYMI
W WI IPMFIVI^I RY RYQEM HI XSEXI TVINYHIG'MPI GSRZIR'MSREPI, GM #M HI XSEXI
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28 4IRXVY EPXI HIXEPMM ZI^M 'EWWMVIV, (MI 4LMPSWSTLMI HIV %YJOPQRK
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-7836-% 267 1IXSHE QSHIVR TI GEVI S YVQI^, WGVME 8EMRI R
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GSRHEQRI. "XMMR'IPI QSVEPI XVIFYMI W TVSGIHI^I R EGIPE#M QSH GE #M
FSXERMGE, GEVI WXYHME^ GY EGIPE#M MRXIVIW TSVXSGEPYP #M HE3RYP, TMRYP #M JEKYP.
)PI RY WYRX EPXGIZE HIGX YR JIP HI FSXERMG ETPMGEX GEVI RY WI SGYT HI
TPERXI, GM HI'STIVIPI SEQIRMPSV. %GIEWXE IWXI QM#GEVIE KIRIVEP TVMR GEVI
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254-255. (/X.)
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YR RXVIK QEM GYTVMR^XSV. 8MQTYP MWXSVMG RY IWXI HIGX YR QMG JVEKQIRX EP
YRYM XMQT GSWQMG YRMZIVWEP. (EG HSVMQ W QWYVQ EGIWX XMQT, HEG WYRXIQ
MRXIVIWE'M HI GVSRSPSKME IZIRMQIRXIPSV, XVIFYMI W HMWTYRIQ HI MRWXVYQIRXI
3^MGI. R STIVE GSRGVIX E YRYM MWXSVMG RY E4Q RMGM S STS^M'MI RXVI EGIWXI
HSY TYRGXI HI ZIHIVI. )PI WI GSRXSTIWG TIVJIGX RXV-YR RXVIK. 2YQEM R
EREPM^IPI RSEWXVI PSKMGI TYXIQ WITEVE YR JETX HI EPXYP. R MRZIWXMKEVIE YRIM
TVSFPIQI GVSRSPSKMGI GSQTPMGEXI, MWXSVMGYP TSEXI TVSGIHE R QSHYVM HMJIVMXI.
)P TSEXI RXVIFYMR'E GVMXIVMM QEXIVMEPI WEY JSVQEPI; IP TSEXI RGIVGE QIXSHI
WXEXMWXMGI WEY QIXSHI MHIEPI HI MRXIVTVIXEVI. 4VSFPIQE JSEVXI GSQTPMGEX E
GVSRSPSKMIM HMEPSKYVMPSV PYM 4PEXSR E TYXYX 3 VI^SPZEX, R QEVI QWYV, TVMR
SFWIVZE'MM WXEXMWXMGI TVMZMRH WXMPYP PYM 4PEXSR. 4VMR HMJIVMXI GVMXIVMM WXMPMWXMGI
MRHITIRHIRXI W-E TYXYX WXEFMPM G YR ERYQMX KVYT HI HMEPSKYVM 7S3WXYP, 3QYP
TSPMXMG, 4LMPIFSW #M 8MQEMSW ETEV'MRI TIVMSEHIM HI FXVRI'I E PYM 4PEXSR.44
-EV EXYRGM GRH %HMGOIW E TVIKXMX IHM'ME QERYWGVMWIPSV PYM /ERX, RY E TYXYX
KWM RMGM YR GVMXIVMY QEM FYR TIRXVY E PI E#I^E RXV-S SVHMRI GVSRSPSKMG GPEV
HIGX S EREPM^ GLMQMG E GIVRIPMM GY GEVI JYWIWIV WGVMWI HMJIVMXIPI RWIQRVM.
(EG, R PSG W JSPSWMQ EGIWXI GVMXIVMM 3^MGI, TPIGQ HI PE S EREPM^ E MHIMPSV PYM
4PEXSR WEY EPI PYM /ERX R GSRI\MYRIE PSV PSKMG, EXYRGM EZIQ RIZSMI HI
GSRGITXI GEVI ETEV'MR, IZMHIRX, YRYM EPX HSQIRMY. (EG, HI I\IQTPY, KWIWG
YR HIWIR WEY S KVEZYV S TSX VIGYRSE#XI MQIHMEX GE S PYGVEVI E PYM
6IQFVERHX; TSX W WTYR GLMEV GVIM TIVMSEHI E ZMI'MM PYM 6IQFVERHX M ETEV'MRI.
'VMXIVMMPI WXMPMWXMGI GY ENYXSVYP GVSVE 44 4IRXVY EPXI HIXEPMM ZI^M ;. 0YXSWPE[WOM,
8LI 3VMKMR ERH +VS[XL SJ 4PEXS 'W 0SKMG, [MXL ER %GGSYRX SJ 4PEXS 'W 7X]PG ERH
SJ 'LVSRSPSK] SJ,MW ;VMXMRKW (0SEVE #M 2I[ =SVO, 1907).
-7836-%
6I^SPZ EGIEWX TVSFPIQ WYRX HI YR GY XSXYP EPX SVHMR HIGX GVMXIVMMPI
QEXIVMEPI.45 %GIWX HYEPMWQ EP QIXSHIPSV RY WXR-NIRI#XI EGXMZMXEXIE
MWXSVMGYPYM #M RMGM RY HMWXVYKI YRMXEXIE KRHMVMM MWXSVMGI. %QFIPI QIXSHI
GSSTIVIE^ TIRXVY YR WGST GSQYR JV W WI HIVERNI^I WEY W WI FPSGLI^I
VIGMTVSG.
'Y KVIY WI TSEXI E4E YR VWTYRW VMKYVSW PE RXVIFEVIE GEVI HMRXVI
EGIWXI QIXSHI EVI TVMSVMXEXI PSKMG EWYTVE GIPIMPEPXI #M GEVI IWXI QIXSHE GY
EHIZVEX #XMMR'M3G. (EG EGGITXQ TVIGM^EVIE PYM /ERX GSRJSVQ GVIME, R
WIRWYP TVSTVMY EP GYZRXYPYM, TYXIQ ETPMGE XIVQIRYP #XMMR' RYQEM YRYM GSVT
HI GYRS#XMR'I E GVSV GIVXMXYHMRI IWXI ETSHMGXMG, 46 EXYRGM IWXI PMQTIHI G
RY TYXIQ ZSVFM HIWTVI S #XMMR' E MWXSVMIM. (EV RYQIPI TI GEVI P HQ MWXSVMIM
RY EVI MQTSVXER', GY GSRHM'ME W EZIQ S R'IPIKIVI GPEV E GEVEGXIVYPYM IM
KIRIVEP. *V W 3I S #XMMR' I\EGX, MWXSVME #M ZE TWXVE PSGYP #M REXYVE TVSTVMI
R SVKERMWQYP GYRSE#XIVMM YQERI. 'IIE GI GYXQ R MWXSVMI RY IWXI
GYRSE#XIVIE YRYM PYGVY I\XIVMSV, GM S GYRSE#XIVI E RSEWXV R#MRI. 9R QEVI
MWXSVMG TVIGYQ .EOSF &YVGOLEVHX, R PYGVEVIE WE HIWTVI 'SRWXERXMR GIP 1EVI
WEY R EGIIE HIWTVI 6IRE#XIVI, RY E TVIWYTYW E 3 HEX S HIWGVMIVI #XMMR'M3G E
EGIWXSV ITSGM. "M RMGM RY E I^MXEX W IQMX TEVEHS\YP G MWXSVME IWXI GIE QEM
RI#XMMR'M3G HMRXVI XSEXI #XMMR'IPI.47 'IIE GI GVII^ MWXSVMGI#XI, EVXE
&YVGOLEVHX RXV-S WGVMWSEVI, RY IWXI VI^YPXEXYP GVMXMGMM WEY EP WTIGYPE'MIM, GM EP
MQEKMRE'MIM GEVI GEYX W YQTPI PEGYRIPI SFWIVZE'MMPSV. 4IRXVY QMRI MWXSVME
IWXI RG, R QEVI QWYV, TSI^MI; IE IWXI S RPR'YMVI E GIPSV QEM JVYQSEWI
#M QEM TMXSVI#XM GSQTS^M'MM.48 %GIIE#M STMRMI E JSWX WYW'MRYX #M HI GXVI
1SQQWIR. 1SQQWIR E JSWX RY RYQEM YR KIRMY #XMMR'M3G; IP E JSWX, R EGIPE#M
XMQT, YRYP HMR GIM QEM QEVM SVKERM^EXSVM EM 45 %Q HMWGYXEX GEVEGXIVYP PSKMG EP
EGIWXSV GSRGITXI WXMPMWXMGI R >YV 0SKMO HIV /YPXYV[MWWIWGLEJXGR (+SXIFSVK,
1942), TT. 63 #M YVQ.
46 /ERX, 1GXETL]WMWGLI %RJERKWKVMMRHG HIV 2EXYV[MWWIRWGLEJX, :SVVIHI,
;IVOI (IH. 'EWWMVIV), -:, T. 370.
47 .EOSF &YVGOLEVHX, ;GPXKGWGLMGLXPMGLI &IXVEGLXYRKIR, T. 81. 8VEH.
)RKP., *SVGI ERH*VGGHSQ, T. 167.
48 &EWIPIV .ELVFYGLGV (1910), TT. 109 #M YVQ; GMXEX HYT /EVP .SIP, .EOSF
&YVGOLEVHX E/W +IWGLMGLXWTLMPSWSTL (&EWIP, 1918).
1YRGMM #XMMR'M3GI. )P E GVIEX 'SVTYW MRWGVJTXMSR[R; IP E SVKERM^EX WXYHMYP
RYQMWQEXMGMM #M E TYFPMGEX 0YGVEVIE -WXSVME QSRIHIM. %GIEWXE GY KVIY TSEXI 3
GSRWMHIVEX, GE 3MRH STIVE YRYM EVXMWX. (EV EXYRGM GRH 1SQQWIR E JSWX
MRWXEPEX R JYRG'ME HI VIGXSV EP 9RMZIVWMX'MM HMR &IVPMR #M E 'MRYX HMW-GYVWYP
MREYKYVEP, IP #M-E HI3RMX MHIEPYP QIXSHIM MWXSVMGI WTYRRH G MWXSVMGYP ETEV'MRI
QEM GYVRH XEKQIM EVXM#XMPSV HIGX EGIPIME E SEQIRMPSV HI #XMMR'. (I#M E JSWX
IP RWY#M YRYP HMR GIM QEM IQMRIR'M TVSJIWSVM HI MWXSVMI, RY E #SZMX W E3VQI
G MWXSVME RY IWXI YR PYGVY GEVI TSEXI 3 HSFRHMX MQIHMEX TVMR TVIHEVI WEY
RZ'EVI.
4IHEPE GEVI HMVMNIE^ S QMI HI 3VI #M TXVYRHIVIE R MRHMZMHYEPMXEXIE
SEQIRMPSV #M E RE'MYRMPSV WYRX R^IWXVVM HI KIRMY GEVI W3HIE^ SVMGI TVIHEVI
#M RZ'EVI. (EG YR TVSJIWSV HI MWXSVMI GVIHI G IWXI R WXEVI W JSVQI^I
MWXSVMGM R EGIPE#M WIRW R GEVI TSX 3 JSVQE'M RZ'E'M YQERM#XM #M QEXIQEXMGMIRM,
IP RYXVI#XI S MPY^MI TVMQINHMSEW #M TKYFMXSEVI. -WXSVMGYP RY IWXI JGYX, IP IWXI
RWGYX; IP RY TSEXI 3 JSVQEX, IP XVIFYMI W WI EYXSJSVQI^I.49
(EV GLMEV HEG RY TYXIQ RIKE JETXYP G 3IGEVI QEVI STIV MWXSVMG
MQTPMG #M GSR'MRI YR IPIQIRX EVXMWXMG, IE RY HIZMRI TVMR EGIEWXE S STIV HI
3G'MYRI. R GYXEVIE EHIZVYPYM, MWXSVMGYP IWXI WYTYW EGIPSVE#M GSRWXVRKIVM GE
#M SQYP HI #XMMR'. )P XVIFYMI W YXMPM^I^I XSEXI QIXSHIPI MRZIWXMKE'MIM
IQTMVMGI. )P XVIFYMI W EHYRI XSEXI HSZI^MPI I\MWXIRXI, W GSQTEVI #M W
WYTYR GVMXMGMM XSEXI M^ZSEVIPI PE GEVI ETIPIE^. 0YM RY-M IWXI TIVQMW W YMXI
WEY W RIKPMNI^I RMGM YR JETX MQTSVXERX. 'Y XSEXI EGIWXIE, EGXYP YPXMQ #M
HIGMWMZ IWXI XSXHIEYRE YR EGX EP MQEKMRE'MIM TVSHYGXMZI. RXV-S GSRZSVFMVI GY
)GOIVQERR, +SIXLI HITPRKIE JETXYP G WYRX TY'MRM SEQIRM GEVI EY
MQEKMRE'MI TIRXVY EHIZVYP VIEPMX'MM (IMRI 4LERXEWMI JYV HMI ;ELVLIMX HIW
6IEPIR). (I SFMGIM SEQIRMPSV PI TPEGI W VXGIEWG TVMR XSX JIPYP HI
QIPIEKYVM #M QTVINYVVM GMYHEXI, WTYRIE IP, HIWTVI GEVI RY EY RMGM GIPI QEM
IPIQIRXEVI RS'MYRM #M TI GEVI JERXI^ME PSV PI QFVEG R 49 8L. 1SQQWIR,
6IOXSVEXWVIHI (1874), R 6IHIR YRH %YJWX^I (&IVPMR, 1912).
-7836-%
*SVQI HIWXYP HI WXVERMM. 4I HI EPX TEVXI, WYRX MEV#M EP'MM GEVI RY WI
HI^PMTIWG HI VIEPMXEXI #M, HISEVIGI WYRX PMTWM'M HI WMQ' TSIXMG, QM GIV PYGVYVM
TVIE QVYRXI.50 1EVMM MWXSVMGM IZMX EQFIPI I\XVIQI. )M WYRX IQTMVM#XM; IM
WYRX SFWIVZEXSVM #M MRZIWXMKEXSVM EXIR'M EM JETXIPSV WTIGMEPI; HEV IM RY HYG PMTW
HI WTMVMX TSIXMG. %HIZVEXE WMRXI^ WEY EHIZVEXYP VI^YQEX MWXSVMG HITMRH HI
WMQ'YP EWGY'MX TIRXVY VIEPMXEXIE IQTMVMG E PYGVYVMPSV GSQFMREX GY HEVYP PMFIV EP
MQEKMRE'MIM.
)GLMPMFVYP EGIWXSV JSV'I STYWI RY TSEXI 3 HIWGVMW TVMRXV-S JSVQYP
KIRIVEP. 4VSTSV'MMPI TEV WE ZEVMI^I HI PE S ITSG PE EPXE #M HI PE YR EYXSV PE
EPXYP. R MWXSVME ERXMG KWMQ S GSRGIT'MI HMJIVMX HI GIE E MWXSVMIM QSHIVRI
TVMZMRH WEVGMRE MWXSVMGYPYM. (MWGYVWYVMPI TI GEVI 8YGMHMHI PI-E MRWIVEX R STIVE
WE MWXSVMG RY EY RMGM S FE^ IQTMVMG. )PI RY EY JSWX VSWXMXI E#E GYQ PI
RJ'M#IE^ 8YGMHMHI. "M XSXY#M IPI RY WYRX RMGM 3G'MYRI TYV, RMGM S WMQTP
TSHSEF VIXSVMG. )PI WYRX MWXSVMI RY TIRXVY G VITVSHYG IZIRMQIRXI VIEPI, GM
TIRXVY G, R STIVE PYM 8YGMHMHI, IPI RHITPMRIWG S JYRG'MI MWXSVMG MQTSVXERX.
)PI GSRWXMXYMI, RXV-S JSVQ JSEVXI TVIKRERX #M GSRGIRXVEX, S GEVEGXIVM^EVI E
SEQIRMPSV #M IZIRMQIRXIPSV. 1EVIPI HMWGYVW JYRIVEV EP PYM 4IVMGPI IWXI, TSEXI,
HIWGVMIVIE GIE QEM FYR #M QEM MQTVIWMSRERX E ZMI'MM #M GYPXYVMM EXIRMIRI HMR
WIGSPYP EP :-PIE. 7XMPYP XYXYVSV EGIWXSV HMWGYVWYVM TSEVX TIGIXIE TIVWSREP #M
EYXIRXMG E PYM 8YGMHMHI. )PI WYRX XSEXI, R QSH ZM^MFMP, R WXMPYP PYM 8YGMHMHI,
W-E WTYW, I\EGX PE JIP GYQ HMJIVMXIPI TIVWSRENI HMRXV-S TMIW E PYM )YVMTMHI
JSPSWIWG XSEXI EGIIE#M QERMIV HI E WI I\TVMQE.51 'Y XSEXI EGIWXIE, IPI RY
I\TVMQ HSEV TEVXMGYPEVMX'M TIVWSREPI; IPI WYRX VITVI^IRXEXMZI TIRXVY ITSG
PYEX GE RXVIK. R EGIWX WIRW, IPI WYRX SFMIGXMZI, RY WYFMIGXMZI; IPI TSWIH YR
EHIZV MHIEP, HEG RY YR EHIZV IQTMVMG. R XMQTYVMPI QSHIVRI EQ HIZIRMX
QYPX QEM WIRWMFMPM PE GIVMR'IPI EHIZVYPYM IQTMVMG, HEV RI 50 .SLERR 4IXIV
)GOIVQERR, 'SRZSVFMVM GY +SIXLI R YPXMQMM ERM EM ZMI'MM WEPI, R VSQRI#XI HI
0E^V -PMIWGY, TVI^IRXEVI HI %P. (MQE, )HMXYVE TIRXVY 0MXIVEXYV 9RMZIVWEP,
&YGYVI#XM, 1965, T. 169. (2.X.) 51 :I^M .. 6. &YV], 8LI %RGMIRX +VGIO ,MWXSVMERW,
,EVZEVH 0IGXYVIW (2I[ =SVO, 1EGQMPPER, 1909), 0IGXYVI -:.
%4Q EHIWISVM, TSEXI, R TIVMGSPYP HI E TMIVHI HMR ZIHIVI EHIZVYP
MHIEP EP PYGVYVMPSV #M TIVWSREPMX'MPSV. )GLMPMFVYP GSVIGX RXVI EGIWXI HSY
QSQIRXI HITMRHI HI EFMPMXEXIE TIVWSREP E MWXSVMGYPYM; IP RY TSEXI 3 VIHYW PE
S VIKYP KIRIVEP. R GSR#XMMR'E MWXSVMG QSHIVR TVSTSV'MMPI W-EY WGLMQFEX,
HEV IPIQIRXIPI EY VQEW EGIPIE#M. 4VMZMXSV PE HMWXVMFY'ME #M TSRHIVIE GIPSV
HSY JSVXI, 3IGEVI MWXSVMG EVI IGYE'ME PYM TIVWSREP.
"M XSXY#M, GEVEGXIVYP MHIEP EP MWXSVMIM RY IWXI EGIPE#M GY GEVEGXIVYP MHIEP EP
EVXIM. %VXE RI SJIV S HIWGVMIVI MHIEP E ZMI'MM SQIRI#XM TVMRXV-YR JIP HI TVSGIW
EPGLMQMWX; IE XVERWTYRI ZME'E RSEWXV IQTMVMG R HMREQMGE JSVQIPSV TYVI.52
-WXSVME RY TVSGIHIE^ R JIPYP EGIWXE. )E RY QIVKI HMRGSPS HI VIEPMXEXIE
IQTMVMG E PYGVYVMPSV #M IZIRMQIRXIPSV, HEV GSRJIV EGIWXIM VIEPMX'M S JSVQ
RSY, EGSVHRHY-YHIEPMXEXIE EQMRXMVMM. -R PYQMRE MWXSVMIM, ZME'E VQRI S QEVI
HVEQ VIEPMWX GY XSEXI XIRWMYRMPI #M GSR4MGXIPI WEPI, GY QVI'ME #M QM^IVME WE,
GY WTIVER'IPI #M MPY^MMPI, GY HIWJ#YVEVIE IRIVKMMPSV #M TEWMYRMPSV WEPI. 8SXY#M,
EGIEWX HVEQ RY IWXI HSEV WMQ'MX; IE IWXI MRXYMX. :^RH EGIWX WTIGXEGSP
R SKPMRHE MWXSVMIM, GX XMQT XVMQ RG R PYQIE RSEWXV IQTMVMG E
WIRXMQIRXIPSV #M TEWMYRMPSV, HIZIRMQ GSR#XMIR'M HI YR WIRW MRXIVMSV EP GPEVMX'MM
#M GEPQYPYM EP PYGMHMX'MM #M WIRMRX'MM GSRXIQTPE'MIM TYVI. 7TMVMXYP, WGVME
.EOSF &YVGOLEVHX R 'SRWMHIVE'MM EWYTVE MWXSVMIM YRMZIVWEPI, XVIFYMI W
XVERWJSVQI R TSWIWMYRI EQMRXMVIE XVIGIVMM WEPI'TVMR ZVWXIPI PYQMM. 'IIE GI
E JSWX GRHZE FYGYVMI #M XVMWXI'I XVIFYMI W HIZMR EGYQ GYRSE#XIVI. ()
7XYHMYP RSWXVY RY IWXI, XSXY#M, YR HVITX #M S RHEXSVMVI; IP IWXI, HI EWIQIRIE,
S XVIFYMR' WYTVIQ. )P IWXI PMFIVXEXIE RSEWXV R RWY#M MRXIVMSVYP GSR#XMMR'IM
WIVZMXY'MM YRMZIVWEPI #M E XSVIRXYPYM RIGIWMX'MPSV.53 7GVMW #M GMXMX E#E GYQ WI
GYZMRI, MWXSVME RI REPX R EGIEWX EXQSWJIV HI PMFIVXEXI R QMNPSGYP XYXYVSV
RIGIWMX'MPSV ZMI'MM RSEWXVI 3^MGI, TSPMXMGI, WSGMEPI #M IGSRSQMGI.
5B :I^M WYTVE, TT. 208 #M YVQ.
53 &YVGOLEVHX, ST. 'X., TT. 8 #M YVQ. 8VEH. 'RKP., TTM 86 #M YVQ.
-7836-% 285
2Y E JSWX MRXIR'ME QIE W Q SGYT, R EGIWX GETMXSP, HI TVSFPIQE YRIM
3PSWS3M E MWXSVMIM. 3 3PSWS3I E MWXSVMIM, R WIRWYP XVEHM'MSREP EP XIVQIRYPYM, IWXI
S XISVMI WTIGYPEXMZ #M GSRWXVYGXMZ E RWY#M TVSGIWYPYM MWXSVMG. 3 EREPM^ E
GYPXYVMM YQERI RY EVI RIZSMI W MRXVI R EGIEWX GLIWXMYRI WTIGYPEXMZ. )E #M
TVSTYVJI S WEVGMR QEM WMQTP #M QEM QSHIWX. )E #M TVSTYRI W HIXIVQMRI
PSGYP GYRSE#XIVMM MWXSVMGI R SVKERMWQYP GMZMPM^E'MIM YQERI. 2Y RI TYXIQ RHSM
G JV MWXSVMI EQ TMIVHI S ZIVMK IWIR'MEP R IZSPY'ME EGIWXYM SVKERMWQ. *
%VXE #M MWXSVME WYRX MRWXVYQIRXIPI GIPI QEM TYXIVRMGI TIRXVY GIVGIXEVIE REXYVMM
YQERI/'I EQ #XM HIWTVI SQ JV EGIWXI HSY WYVWI HI MRJSVQE'MI# %Q 3
HITIRHIR'M HI HEXIPI ZMI'MM RSEWXVI TIVWSREPI, GEVI RI TSX SJIVM S ZM^MYRI
WYFMIGXMZ #M GEVI, R GE^YP GIP QEM FYR, RY WYRX HIGX JVEKQIRXI QTV#XMEXI
EPI SKPMR^MM WTEVXI E YQERMX'MM. (IWMKYV, HEG EQ HSVM W GSQTPIXQ
MQEKMRIE WYKIVEX HI EGIWXI HEXI MRXVSWTIGXMZI, EQ TYXIE ETIPE PE QIXSHI
QEM SFMIGXMZI. %Q TYXIE JEGI I\TIVMQIRXI TWMLSPSKMGI WEY EQ TYXIE EHYRE
HEXI WXEXMWXMGI. (EV, R GMYHE EGIWXSV TVSGIHII, MQEKMRIE RSEWXV HIWTVI SQ
EV VQRI JV ZME' #M TEPMH. %Q TYXIE E4E HSEV SQYP QIHMY SQYP
VIPE'MMPSV RSEWXVI GSXMHMIRI, TVEGXMGI #M WSGMEPI. R QEVMPI STIVI EPI MWXSVMIM #M
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WEY QEVMPSV TSI'M EYXSVMPSV XVEKMGM TVIGYQ )YVMTMHI WEY 7LEOIWTIEVI,
EYXSVMPSV GSQMGM TVIGYQ 'IVZERXIW, 1SPMIVI WEY 0EYVIRGI 7XIQI, WEY
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WMQTP VIPEXEVI E JETXIPSV #M IZIRMQIRXIPSV QSEVXI. -WXSVME, GE #M TSI^ME, IWXI
YR SVKERSR EP TVSTVMIM RSEWXVI EYXSGYRSE#XIVM, YR MRWXVYQIRX MRHMWTIRWEFMP
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<- "XMMR'E1
"XMMR'E IWXI YPXMQYP TEW R HI^ZSPXEVIE MRXIPIGXYEP E SQY-PYM #M IE TSEXI
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I\MWXEX REMRXIE TIVMSEHIM QEVMPSV KRHMXSVM KVIGM REMRXIE TMXEKSVIMGMPSV #M
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YMXEX #M IGPMTWEX R WIGSPIPI GI EY YVQEX. )E E XVIFYMX W 3I VIHIWGSTIVMX #M
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TVIE W 3I GSQTPIX #M MRGSRXIWXEFMP. 2Y I\MWX S EPX TYXIVI R PYQIE RSEWXV
QSHIVR GEVI W TSEX 3 GSQTEVEX GY EGIIE E KRHMVMM #XMMR'M3GI. )E IWXI
GSRWMHIVEX E 3 ETSKIYP #M HIWZV#MVIE XYXYVSV EGXMZMX'MPSV SQIRI#XM, YPXMQYP
GETMXSP R MWXSVME SQIRMVMM #M WYFMIGXYP GIP QEM MQTSVXERX EP YRIM 3PSWS3M E
SQYPYM.
4YXIQ TYRI R HMWGY'MI VI^YPXEXIPI #XMMR'IM WEY TVMQIPI IM TVMRGMTMM, HEV
JYRG'ME IM KIRIVEP TEVI E 3 MRHMWGYXEFMP.
1 %GIWX GETMXSP RY EVI TVIXIR'ME, HIWMKYV, W HIE S WGLM' E YRIM 3PSWS3M
E #XMMR'IM WEY E YRIM JIRSQIRSPSKMM GYRSE#XIVMM. %Q HMWGYXEX YPXMQE TVSFPIQ
R ZSPYQYP EP XVIMPIE HMR 4LMPSWSTLMI HIV W]QLSPMWGLIR *SVQIR (1929); TVMQE
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