1.7.

Perfectul prezent (Present Perfect)

1.7.1. Definiie. Present Perfect desemneaz un eveniment vzut din
perspectiva axei prezentului
anterior momentului vorbirii, dar a crui anterioritate nu este fixat,
avnd un caracter nedefinit:
Ive painted a picture.
1.7.2. Form. n structura formei Present Perfect intr verbul auxiliar
have la prezent i
participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat:
IYou Have heard a noise. Am/Ai/Au auzit un zgomot.
We ve
They
He
She has heard a noise. A auzit un zgomot.
It s
1.7.3. ntrebuinare. 1) Present Perfect este folosit, la fel ca i Past Tense,
pentru a desemna un eveniment anterior momentului vorbirii. Deosebirea ntre
cele dou timpuri este n axa pe care se plaseaz vorbitorul: axa prezentului
(Present Perfect) sau axa trecutului (Past Tense); i n natura evenimentului
descris: a) nedefinit (Present Perfect) i b) definit, unic (Past Tense):
a) Ive seen Mary.
b) I saw her at the conference.
2) Folosirea lui Present Perfect este asociat cu adverbe care exprim o
perioad de timp
deschis, neterminat: today, this week, this month etc.
Ive been to the theatre this week.
pe cnd folosirea lui Past Tense este asociat cu adverbe care exprim o
perioad de timp
nchis, terminat: I went to the theatre last week.
3) Present Perfect este uneori folosit cu valoare de Past Tense, pentru a
exprima o aciune
svrit n trecut i terminat recent sau chiar naintea momentului
vorbirii: He has come. A sosit.
Aceast ntrebuinare a lui Present Perfect este adeseori marcat de
adverbe de timp ca just (tocmai), already (deja), up to now, so far (pn acum),
lately, recently (n ultima vreme): He has just phoned. Tocmai a telefonat.
Atenie! Cu adverbe ca today, this morning, this month, this year, recently, se
poate folosi fie Past Tense, fie Present Perfect, n funcie de: a) caracterul aciunii
(definit/nedefinit) i b) al perioadei de timp (ncheiat/nencheiat):
a) Did you hear Ion Voicu play recently ? (on a certain occasion). Have
you heard Ion Voicu play
recently ? (in the near past, not a long time ago).

b) Did you see him this morning ? (Now its five oclok p.m.). Have you
seen him this morning?
(Now its 11 a.m.).
4) Past Tense este folosit pentru evenimente care au avut loc n trecut i ai
cror autori nu mai exist n prezent, pe cnd la Present Perfect, evenimentele au
avut loc n trecut, dar autorii sau efectele evenimentelor mai exist i n prezent:
Past Tense
Marin Preda wrote several novels and short stories.
(Marin Preda is dead).
Did you see the exhibition?
(The exhibition is closed now).
John injured his arm.
(It does not hurt him any longer).
Present Perfect
Eugen Barbu has written several novels and short stories.
(Eugen Barbu is alive).
Have you seen the exhibition?
(The exhibition is still open).
John has injured his arm.
(It still hurts him).
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5) Present Perfect este folosit i pentru a exprima o aciune nceput n
trecut i care continu i n momentul vorbirii. Complinirile adverbiale de timp
caracteristice pentru aceast ntrebuinare sunt cele indicnd:
a) lungimea perioadei de timp: for a long time (de mult vreme), for ten
minutes (de 10 minute),
for two days (de dou zile) etc. He has been here for half an hour.
Not: Prepoziia for poate fi omis n vorbire: He has lived in Bucharest
ten years.
b) nceputul perioadei de timp: since yesterday (de ieri), since December
(din Decembrie), since you came (de cnd ai venit) etc. He has studied English
since the beginning of the school year. Studiaz engleza de la nceputul anului
colar.
Perioada de timp redat printr-o propoziie temporal introdus de
since poate fi exprimat:
a) printr-un verb la Past Tense, cnd se specific momentul iniial al
perioadei:
I was born.
Ive lived in Bucharest since my parents came to live here.
I last met you.

b) printr-un verb la Present Perfect, cnd cele dou aciuni sunt

paralele: It hasnt stopped
raining since Ive been in this town. I have never come across my
friends since Ive stayed in this hotel.
Atenie!
Determinarea for.../since... este obligatorie pentru aceast ntrebuinare a
perfectului prezent. Folosirea lui Present Perfect Simple fr determinarea
temporal cu for/since... se refer la o aciune ncheiat (vezi ntrebuinrile
1,2,4,6) i nu la una care continu i n momentul vorbirii: He has lived in
Bucharest (some time in his life; he may live there again, but he is not living there
now). A locuit n Bucureti (cndva n viaa lui; poate va mai locui acolo, dar nu
locuiete n Bucureti n momentul de fa). He has studied Englesh (some time in
the past, so the knows it, but he is not studying it now). A studiat engleza (cndva
n trecut, aa c o tie, dar nu studiaz engleza acum).
Not: Diferena ntre cele dou ntrebuinri reiese i din modul n care se
traduc n limba romn: aciunea care continu i n momentul vorbirii - prin
prezent, iar cea ncheiat, petrecut n trecut ntr-un moment de timp nedefinit,
deci nespecificat - prin perfectul compus: He has stayed in this hotel. A stat n
acest hotel. He has stayed in this hotel for a week. St n acest hotel de o
sptmn.
6) Present Perfect poate exprima o aciune caracteristic, repetat n
trecut, prezent i poate i n
viitor: He has performed in public. A interpretat n public.
Aceast ntrebuinare este marcat de adverbe de frecven ca: often
(adesea), always
(totdeauna), never (niciodat), sometimes (uneori) etc.: He has often
performed in public.
7) n propoziii subordonate temporale sau condiionale, Present Perfect este
folosit pentru a reda o aciune anterioar aciunii din propoziia principal, cnd
aceasta este exprimat printr-un verb la imperativ, indicativ prezent sau viitor: Ring
me up when you have finished. Telefoneaz-mi cnd ai terminat. He will help me if
he has finished his own work. M va ajuta dac-i va fi terminat treaba lui.