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Definitie: SPT este reacia pacientului la un fenomen traumatic extrem. De fapt, este o tulburare
cronic de anxietate, caracterizat de reapariia intruziv a simptomelor legate de traum, de evitare, de
insensibilitate emoional i de stimulare persistent accentuat care provoac distres clinic/deficit funcional.
Exemplificare:
Criterii DSM
A expunerea la un eveniment traumatic
B retrirea evenimentului traumatic (unul sau mai multe)
de neajutorare) la un eveniment este mai important dect evenimentul n sine. Astfel, e necesar o intensitate
extrem negativ a evenimentului, ci numai o percepie subiectiv extrem negativ a acestuia pentru a se
dezvolta stres post-traumatic.
TAS-criterii DSM V
Expunerea la traum
Simptome disociative
Retrirea evenimentului traumatic
Simptome de evitare
Activare crescut psiho-motorie
Perturbarea funcionrii
Durat de minimum 2 zile i maximum 4 sptmni
Epidemiologie
Factori genetici/biologici
Dupa Foy (1992) factorii biologici pot avea un rol mediator in identificarea indivizilor care sufera de
STS desi nu exista un studio empiric controlat cu privire la natura specifica a factorilor
Diagnostic diferenial
Stress/disimulare
Tulburarea psihotica
Stresul acut
Tulburarea de adaptare
Ipoteza
Codarea informaiilor de traum se face pe baza modulului de procesare bazat pe informaiile senzoriale,
care are ca rezultat procesarea preferenial a caracteristicilor traumei, care sunt specifice ameninrii i
pericolului.
Convingerile despre vulnerabiliatea personal, despre o lume periculoas, despre efectele
amenintoare ale traumei i consecinele negative ale simpomelor SPT sunt mai caracteristice
indivizilor cu SPT persistent dect victimelor fr SPT persistent.
Indivizii cu SPT manifest biasare (distorsionare) atenional favoriznd informaiile reprezentnd o
ameninare la adresa siguranei personale.
SPT se caracterizeaz prin ameninarea selectiv i distorsionat a informaiilor legate de traum i de
pericol
Individii cu SPT persistent sunt mult mai predispui s interpreteze eronat gndurile i imaginile lor
intruzive legate de traum, ntr-o manier negativ, amenintoare, dect indivizii fr SPT
persistent.
Strategiile cognitive dezadaptative, cum ar fi suprimarea gndurilor, ruminaia i disociarea, sunt mult
mai prevalente la persoanele cu SPT persistent, comparativ cu cele care nu sufer de SPT.
Evitarea stimulilor legai de traum i cutarea siguranei sunt mult mai frecvente n SPT, comparativ cu
strile non-SPT.
Abordarea comportamentala
Evaluarea clinica
Interviu
Structurat, semistructurat, nondirectiv
Cum ai reacionat atunci cnd a avut loc trauma? V-a fost foarte fric sau v-ai simit ngrozit sau
neputincios?
V-ai gndit la traum fr s vrei sau gndurile legate de traum v veneau n minte brusc atunci cnd
nu doreai acest lucru?
ai avut vise legate de traum?
v-ai surprins comportndu-v sau simindu-v ca i cnd ai fi fost din nou n acea situaie?
ai fost foarte afectat/suprat cnd ceva v amintea de traum?
ai avut simptome fizice, cum ar fi transpiraie brusc, respiraie rapid sau neregulat sau palpitaii i
aritmii?
ai fcut eforturi deosebite pentru a evita s v gndii sau s vorbii despre ceea ce s-a ntmplat?
ai evitat lucrurile sau persoanele care v aminteau de trauma?
v-a fost imposibil s v reamintii aspecte importante legat de ceea ce s-a ntmplat/ale
evenimentului?
...v-ai pierdut n mare msur interesul pentru lucruri care erau importante pentru Dvs, ca de ex., s v
ntlnii cu prietenii, s citii sau s v uitai la televizor?.
v-ai simit nstrinat/ sau detaat/ de ceilali?
v-ai simit amorit/ sau ca i cnd nu ai mai avea sentimente intense fa de nimic sau nu ai mai
simi dragoste fa de nimeni?
ai observat o schimbare legat de felul n care privii sau v planificai viitorul?
ai avut probleme de somn (Ce fel de probleme)?
ai fost deosebit de iritabil/; ai avut izbucniri de furie?
ai avut dificulti de concentrare?
erai vigilent/ sau n gard chiar i n situaii n care nu aveai motive?
tresreai i v speriai uor, de ex. de sunete neateptate?
Testare clinica
-teste psihologice
-teste psihometrice
-teste calitative
-teste index
Instrumente de msurare a mecanismelor etiopatogenetice
Present-Centered Therapy is a auma focused treatment for PTSD. The primary mechanisms of change from
a present centered perspective are grounded in:altering present maladaptive relation ns/behaviors, providing
psycho- tion regarding the impact of trauma clients life, and teaching the use of problem solving strategies
that focus on current issues.The treatment omits the use osure and cognitive restructuring ques.
Seeking Safety is a present-focused therapy to help people attain safety from trauma/PTSD and substance
abuse. The treatment is available as a book, providing both client handouts and guidance for clinicians. The
treatment was designed for flexible use. It has been conducted in group and individual format; for women,
men, and mixed-gender; using all topics or fewer topics; in a variety of settings (outpatient, inpatient,
residential); and for both substance abuse and dependence. It has also been used with people who have a
trauma history, but do not meet criteria for PTSD. The key principlesof Seeking Safety are:
1) Safety as the overarching goal (helping clients attain safety in their relationships, thinking, behavior, and
emotions).
2) Integrated treatment (working on both PTSD and substance abuse at the same time)
3) A focus on ideals to counteract the loss of ideals in both PTSD and substance abuse
4) Four content areas: cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, case management
5) Attention to clinician processes (helping clinicians work on countertransference, self-care, and other issues
Stress Inoculation Training involves teaching coping skills to manage stress and anxiety. This may include
training in deep muscle relaxation, cognitive restructuring, breathing exercises, assertiveness skills, thought
stopping, role playing, and guided self-dialogue. Stress Inoculation Training is often used in conjunction with
other therapy techniques, such as cognitive behavioral therapies
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing, or EMDR, pairs eye movements with cognitive processing
of the traumatic memories. The initial phases of EMDR involve affect management techniques, such as
relaxation. During the processing stage of therapy, the patient describes the traumatic memory and identifies
and labels the images, beliefs, and physiological symptoms elicited by it. The patient is instructed to focus on
these aspects of the traumatic memory while moving his/her eyes back and forth by tracking the therapists
finger (although other bilateral stimulation, such as finger-tapping, is used). The theoretical basis for EMDR is
that PTSD symptoms result from insufficient processing/integration of sensory, cognitive, and affective
elements of the traumatic memory. The bilateral eye movements are proposed to facilitate information
processing and integration, allowing clients to fully process traumatic memories.