MUST / HAVE TO / NEED. Must este folsit la toate persoanele, la indicativul prezent i viitor.

Have to este folosit ca nlocuitor a lui must exprimnd obligaia, iar need este folosit cu valoare de prezent i viitor, mai ales n propoziii negative i interogative. Must se folosete pentru a exprima: 1) obligaia: They must stop because the traffic light is red now. Must exprimnd obligaia poate fi nlocuit de have to sau ve got to. HAVE TO. ntre must i have to exist urmtoarele diferene de sens: a) Must exprim o obligaie impus de ctre vorbitor, pe cnd have to exprim o obligaie impus din exterior: I must go. (It's my decision). We have to go. (The shop is closing). b) Must exprim o obligaie important, urgent: I must be at the hospotal at two. It's most important. Have to exprim o obligaie obinuit, repetat (habitual obligation): I have to be at the hospital at seven o'clock every morning. I begin work ar seven. Prezent: You must stay in bed for a few days. You've got flu. You have to stay in bed when you have flu. Past Tense: He had to stay in bed last week. He was quite ill. Viitor: You must stay in bed tomorrow if you don't feel better. You'll have to stay in bed when you feel feverish again. HAVE GOT TO n vorbirea familiar, se adaug got la have to, iar have se contrage obinndu-se I've got/I haven't got to phone her. Aceast form exprim de obicei obligaia mplinirii unei singure aciuni. Forma must not (mustn't) exprim interdicia, sau un sfat la prezent sau viitor: You must not move. You mustn't walk on the grass. You mustn't miss that film, it is very good. Lipsa obligativitii se exprim cu ajutorul lui needn't, sau not have to/not need to: You needn't come early. You don't have to come early. Forma negativ a lui have to exprim o obligaie extern sau repetat, habitual: We don't have to get up early Sundays. (We don't go to schoool on Sundays). We won't have to get up early Sundays. (We don't go to schoool on Sundays). Need poate fi folosit la mai multe timpuri (ca i not have to): Prezent: A: Need I go there now ? B: No, you needn't. A: Do I need to come every day ? B: You don't need to. Past Tense: Did you need to go there yesterday ? I didn't need to go.

Viitor: You needn't/won't need to go there tomorrow. Not: n propoziiile interogative, folosirea lui need n locul lui must arat v vorbitorul se ateapt la un rspuns negativ: A: Need I wash the dishes ? (I hope not.) Atenie ! Need i needn't sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt. Celelalte forme sunt urmate de infinitivul lung: You needn't have bought two loaves of bread. I've bought a loaf myself. Not: Need poate fi folosit i ca verb principal, nsemnnd: He needs help. Are nevoie de ajutor. Did she need the dictionary ? A avut nevoie de dicionar ? 2) Must poate exprima i deducia logic: She must be at home. She left an hour ago. Deducia negativ se exprim cu ajutorul lui cannot/can't + infinitivul prezent al verbului to be: She left ten minutes ago, she can't be at home now. Must + infinitivul perfect exprim o deducie logic (n prezent) despre o aciune trecut: She's got a ten in her term paper. She must have worked very hard. Deducie logic negativ se exprim cu ajutorul lui can't/couldn't + infinitivul perfect: She can't have baked this pie. She can't cook. She couldn't have baked this pie. She can't cook. n vorbirea indirect se folosete must sau have to dup caz, dup un verb declarativ la un timp trecut: She said she would have to leave early in the morning (obligaie). We thought she must be ill. Am crezut c este bolnav (deducie logic).

SHALL/SHOULD. Shall este folosit: 1) pentru a exprima obligaie, n stil oficial - acte, regulamente, etc. la persoana a II-a i a IIIa: The seller shall supply the spare parts in due time.Vnztorul va furniza piesele de schimb n timp util. Vnztorul este obligat s furnizeze piesele de schimb n timp util. 2) Shall este folosit n propoziii interogative, la persoana I singular sau plural: a) pentru a cere un sfat, o sugestie, un ordin: Where shall we put the flowers ? Unde s punem florile ? Shall we go to the cinema tonight ? (Ce spui), mergem la cinema disear ? What shall I do ? Ce trebuie s fac ? b) pentru a face o ofert: Shall I help you ? S te ajut ? Should este folosit pentru a exprima: 1) obligaia, necesitatea logic de nfptuire a unei aciuni, de obicei sub form de sfat de ctre vorbitor: The book is very interesting. You should read it. Cartea e foarte interesant. Ar trebui s-o citeti. He shouldn't tell lies. N-ar trebui s mint.

2) o presupunere (indicnd un grad de nesiguran mai mare dect will): He should be there by now. Ar trebui s fi ajuns acolo deja. He should have left by now. Ar trebui s fi plecat deja. Should + infinitivul perfect exprim nendeplinirea unei obligaii sau a unei aciuni n trecut:You should have sent her a telegram. Why didn't you? Ar fi trebuit sa-i trimiti o telegrama. De ce n-ai facut-o?