Vol. 27, No.

1 /2009

LUCRRI TIINIFICE (INMATEH)

POSSIBILITIES OF USING SOLID BIOMASS, AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY FOR REDUCING POLLUTION SOIL AND WATER / POSIBILITI DE UTILIZARE A BIOMASEI SOLIDE, AGRICOLE I FORESTIERE PENTRU REDUCEREA POLURII SOLULUI I APEI
ing. Danciu Aurel, dr. ing. Vldu Valentin, ing. Voicea Iulian, ing. Postelnicu Elena - INMA Bucharest, Romania -

Abstract. Following the analysis of potential biomass (estimated at 15 million tons) of agricultural and solid forest (equivalent to 6 million tons of oil) could be concluded that Romania has sufficient biomass to produce pellets at a industrial raw material being generally scrap agricultural (ca. 63%) and forestry. Exploitation and rational use of their energy production, give the premises needed to cover a significant part of energy needs necessary domestic and industrial needs, especially in rural areas.

Rezumat. n urma analizei potenialului de biomas (apreciat la 15 milioane tone) solid agricol i forestier (echivalent cu 6 milioane tone de petrol) s-a putut trage concluzia c Romnia dispune de suficient biomas pentru obinerea de pelei la un nivel industrial, materia prim fiind n general resturi agricole (cca. 63%) i forestiere. Exploatarea i utilizarea raional a acestora n producerea de energie, confer premizele necesare acoperirii unei pri semnificative a nevoilor energetice necesare nevoilor casnice i industriale, n special n zonele rurale. Cuvinte cheie: biomas, pelei, energie, potenial 1. PROTECIA MEDIULUI - LEGISLAIE I MODUL DE IMPLEMENTARE AL ACESTEIA Poluarea este o problem a tuturor timpurilor, dar mai ales a timpurilor noastre pentru ca amploarea i gravitatea proceselor poluante, realizrile tiinifice i tehnice ale omului modern au permis dezvoltarea riscurilor polurii i n consecin este vital stabilirea unor msuri deosebit de severe pentru prevenirea i combaterea degradrii mediului cu cele trei componente aer, ap, sol. Introducerea ideii de protecie a mediului a condus la apariia de acte normative restrictive din acest punct de vedere i totodat la pedepsirea nclcrii acestora. Prin prelucrarea mecanic a lemnului rezult ca deeu industrial n form de rumegus, tala, fina de lemn cca. 15 % din masa lemnoas tiat. O problem de baz actual este depozitarea ecologic a rumeguului, recuperarea, tratarea i refolosirea lui pe scar industrial. Gradul de valorificare a deeurilor n Romnia este foarte redus, de aproximativ 4%, adic de 10 ori mai mic comparativ cu rile Europei Occidentale. Industria lemnului nu este una dintre cele mai poluante, dar ntr-o oarecare msur are un impact asupra factorilor de mediu (aer, ap, sol). Valorificarea deeurilor rezultate n procesul de producie n industria lemnului fa de restul ramurilor industriale se ridic la un procent de 83,6%, procent care scade, din pcate, ca urmare a apariiei micilor productori a cror preocupare pentru valorificarea deeurilor este sczut. n vederea valorificrii deeurilor agricole i forestiere, dar n special, pentru depoluarea zonelor afectate de acest tip de reziduu, care poate fi realizat printr-un proces de colectare a acestor produi secundari i transformarea lor n combustibil (pelei, agripelei sau brichete). Deeurile forestiere i agricole (rezultate din exploatarea lemnului sau din recoltarea produselor agricole) pot fi transformate, printr-un proces tehnologic (tocare, uscare, rafinare i compactare (peletizare sau brichetare), n pelei, agripelei sau brichete combustibile, produse care pot fi folosite n scopuri energetice. n acest fel, se realizeaz att o utilizare superioar a deeurilor forestiere i agricole, ct i protejarea naturii de poluarea cu aceste produse secundare.

Keywords: biomass, pellets, energy, potential

1. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION - LEGISLATION AND METHOD FOR THEREOF IMPLEMENTING Pollution is a problem of all time, but especially for our times as the magnitude and severity of polluting processes, scientific and technical achievements of modern man has allowed the development pollution risks and therefore it is vital to establish very stringent measures to prevent and combat environmental degradation with the three components - air, water, soil. Introduction idea of environmental protection has led to the emergence restrictive legislation in this regard and to punish their violation. By mechanical processing of wood that produces industrial waste in the form of sawdust, shavings, wood flour approx. 15% of timber cut. A basic problem now is organic sawdust storage, recovery, treatment and reuse of industrial scale. The degree of recovery of waste in Romania is very low, around 4%, ie 10 times lower compared to western European countries. Wood industry is one of the most polluting, but to some extent has an impact on environmental factors (air, water, soil). Recovery of waste results in the production of wood to rest industries amounts to a percentage of 83.6%, that percentage drops, unfortunately, by the occurrence of small producers whose concern for the recovery of waste is low. In order to recovery of agricultural and forestry waste, but especially for depollution areas affected by this type of residue, which can be achieved through a process of collection of this product and transform them into fuel (pellets, agripelei or lighters). Forestry and agricultural wastes (derived from wood or harvesting agricultural products) can be transformed by a technological process (mincing, drying, compaction and refining (peletizare or briquetting), in pellets, or lighters agripelei combustible products which may be used for energy purposes. In this way, is made as a use upper forest and agricultural waste, nature protection and pollution of these products.

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2. DETERMINE CHARACTERISTICS TERMO PHYSICO- 2. DETERMINAREA CARACTERISTICILOR TERMO-FIZICOCHEMICAL ON TYPE SOLID BIOMASS AGRICULTURE CHIMICE PE TIPURI DE BIOMAS SOLID AGRICOL I FORESTIER AND FORESTRY 2.1. Physical and chemical characteristics on types of 2.1. Caracteristici fizice i chimice pe tipuri de biomas solid agricol i forestier biomass solid agricultural and forestry Biomasa exprim totalitatea produciei agricole vegetale Biomass expressed total agricultural crop production that can be converted into different forms of energy. care poate fi convertit n diferite forme de energie. Producia Agricultural production consists of primary production and agricol este format din producia principal i din producia secundar. secondary. Producia agricol vegetal principal este transformat n Main production plant is converted into energy bioalimentar and vegetable production is the main energie bioalimentar iar producia agricol vegetal secondary source of biomass that can be converted into secundar constituie principala surs de biomas care poate fi transformat de regul n energie termic. the right heat. Conform legislaiei UE, biomasa reprezint fracia Under EU law, biomass is the biodegradable fraction of products and waste from agriculture and forestry biodegradabil a produselor i deeurilor din agricultur, domeniul industries related, and the biodegradable fraction of forestier i industriile conexe acestora, precum i fracia biodegradabil din deeurile municipale i cele industriale. municipal waste and industrial. Chemical composition of the biomass is: Compoziia chimic principal a biomasei este: lignin (C40H44O6) = 1530%; lignin (C40H44O6) = 1530%; cellulose (C6H10O5) = 4045% celuloz (C6H10O5) = 4045%; hemi-cellulose = 2035%. hemi-celuloz = 2035%. Limits of variation of the three principal components Limitele de variaie a celor trei componente principale sunt are determined by the species. Long cellulose polymers are determinate de specie. Polimerii celulozei lungi sunt folosii de used by plants to build the plant fibers that give strength ctre plante pentru a construi fibrele care confer plantei and build plant fibers that give strength and lignin acts as a soliditate iar lignina acioneaz ca un liant ce ine fibrele de binder which keeps linked cellulose fibers. To manufacture celuloz legate. Pentru fabricarea peleilor coninutul de lignin the pellets of lignin should be higher. For a high calorific trebuie s fie ct mai mare. Pentru o putere calorific ridicat necessary reports O/C and H/C should be as small. este necesar ca rapoartele O/C i H/C s fie ct mai mici. The main agricultural products side can be Principalele produse agricole secundare care pot fi transformed into heat is: transformate n energie termic sunt: scum of straw and cereal grain (wheat, rye, barley, - paiele i pleava de cereale pioase (gru, secar, orz, orzoic, rice and oats); orzoic, orez i ovz); stems and stalk umb; - tulpinile i ciocli de porumb; strains of sunflower and rapeseed; - tulpinile de floarea soarelui i de rapi; haulm soybeans, peas and beans; - vrejii de soia, mazre i fasole; cords vine; - corzile de vi de vie; branches of fruit trees. crengile de pomi fructiferi. The physical characteristics of solid fuels derived Caracteristicile fizice ale combustibililor solizi from biomass are: obinui din biomas sunt urmtoarele: size and shape; dimensiunile i forma; moisture; coninutul de umiditate; calorific power; puterea calorific; bulk density; densitatea n vrac; ash content; coninutul de cenu; grain; granulaia; abrasion resistance; rezistena la abraziune; melting temperature of ash. temperatura de topire a cenuii. Chemical characteristics of solid fuels derived from Caracteristicile chimice ale combustibililor solizi biomass are: obinui din biomas sunt urmtoarele: contents of C; - coninutul de C; contents of O; - coninutul de O; contents of H; - coninutul de H; contents of N; - coninutul de N; contents of S; - coninutul de S; contents of Cl; - coninutul de Cl; contents of K; - coninutul de K; contents of Na; - coninutul de Na; contents of Mg; - coninutul de Mg; contents of Ca; - coninutul de Ca; contents of volatile substance; - coninutul de substane volatile; content of heavy metals. - coninutul de metale grele. Calorific value of biomass is related to its chemical Puterea calorific a biomasei este corelat cu compoziia composition. Thus calorific value increases with chimic a acesteia. Astfel puterea calorific crete odat cu creterea increasing lignin content. Cellulose has a lower calorific coninutului de lignin. Celuloza are o putere calorific mai mic than because of high lignin oxidation. The hydrocarbons dect lignina datorit gradului mare de oxidare. Coninutul de also increased calorific value of biomass. hidrocarburi crete de asemenea puterea calorific a biomasei. n tabelul 1 sunt prezentate valorile puterii calorifice pentru Table 1 are presented calorific values for primary solid biomass fuels: principali combustibili solizi din biomas.

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LUCRRI TIINIFICE (INMATEH) Table 1 - Calorific values of key solid fuels from biomass / Puterea calorific a principalilor combustibili solizi din biomas

Nr. crt. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Fuel Type / Tipul de combustibil Wheat straw / Paie de gru Barley straw / Paie de orz Rice straw / Paie de orez Cob (strains) / Coceni de porumb (tulpini) Corn-cob / Ciocli Sunflower stalks (bete) / Tulpini de floarea soarelui (bee) Peel of sunflower seeds / Coji semine de floarea soarelui Haulm soybean / Vreji de soia Shoots of vines (7% moisture) / Coarde de vi de vie (umiditate 7%) Branches of fruit trees (7% moisture) / Crengi de pomi fructiferi (umidit. 7%) Strains of alfalfa / Tulpini de lucern Wood fire / Lemn de foc Pellets of sawdust or brighete / Pelete sau brighete de rumegu Charcoal / Mangal Waste plant (stems, leaves, rinds) / Deseuri vegetale (tulpini, frunze, coji)

Calorific values dry / Puterea calorific substan uscat [MJ/kg] 18,3 18,0 15,2 16,2 17,4 21,8 16,2 18,1 16,5 15,2 18,4 15,5 17,1 31,8 12,6

Analyzing the data presented shows that the calorific value is obtained for large strains of sunflower (Table 1). Calorific power values of solid fuels from biomass is much smaller than the classic fuel (calorific value of diesel fuel averaged 42.34 [MJ / kg]. Moisture content is an important feature influencing the physical preservation of biomass burning and the calorific value. In Table 2 are presented humidity at harvest for major solid fuels derived from biomass.

Din analiza datelor prezentate rezult c puterea calorific cea mai mare se obine pentru tulpinile de floarea soarelui (tab. nr.1). Puterea calorific a combustibililor solizi din biomas este mult mai mic dect a combustibililor clasici (puterea calorific medie a motorinei 42,34 [MJ / kg]. Coninutul de umiditate este o caracteristic fizic important care influeneaz pstrarea biomasei, procesul de ardere i puterea calorific. n tabelul nr.2 sunt prezentate umiditile la recoltare pentru principali combustibili solizi obinui din biomas.

Table 2 - Moisture at harvest of the main types of biomass / Umiditatea la recoltare a principalilor tipuri de biomas Nr. crt. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Fuel Type / Tipul de combustibil Straw and chaff of cereal grains / Paie i pleav de cereale pioase Sunflower stalks / Tulpini de floarea soarelui Stalks and leaves of maize / Coceni i frunze de porumb Corn cobs / Ciocli de porumb Haulm soybean / Vreji de soia Rope vine / Corzi de vi de vie Leaves and parcel of sugar beet / Frunze i colete de sfecl de zahr Branches of fruit trees / Crengi de pomi fructiferi Humidity / Umiditatea (%) 1520 1820 4050 45 1619 25 7080 2228

Conversion of biomass into heat by burning impose fuel moisture values as follows: maximum humidity of biomass for combustion in combustion plants classical: 25%; maximum humidity for biomass combustion installations burning special: 60%; optimum moisture biomass for combustion: 710%; maximum humidity for biomass gasification: 35%; maximum humidity biomass for processing into pellets or brighete: 10%. Analyzing data on the moisture that use the combustion of biomass is necessary to dry it. High humidity during biomass burning affect adversely the status of technical combustion plant. Ocean density for solid fuels from biomass and to allow automation of the combustion process is currently used in the conversion of biomass pellets or lighters. Peleii are obtained by mrunirea sawdust, chip, peel or branches of the tree and pressing tocturii produced by a mold. The heat resulting from friction nmoaie lignin that binds the cooling dust produced from biomass. As there is no cement used to manufacture pellets, is very important in lignin content of biomass used. Thus the composition of the pellets should not miss waste resinous.

Transformarea biomasei n energie termic prin ardere impune anumite valori ale umiditii combustibilului dup cum urmeaz: umiditatea maxim a biomasei pentru ardere n instalaii de ardere clasice: 25%; umiditatea maxim a biomasei pentru ardere n instalaii de ardere speciale: 60%; umiditatea optim a biomasei pentru ardere: 710%; umiditatea maxim a biomasei pentru gazeificare: 35%; umiditatea maxim a biomasei pentru transformare n pelei sau brighete: 10%. Din analiza datelor privind valorile umiditii rezult c pentru utilizarea prin ardere a biomasei este necesar uscarea acesteia. Umiditile ridicate ale biomasei din timpul arderii influeneaz negativ starea tehnic a instalaiei de ardere. Pentru a mrii densitatea combustibililor solizi din biomas i pentru a permite automatizarea procesului de ardere n prezent se folosete transformarea biomasei n pelei sau brichete. Peleii se obin prin mrunirea rumeguului, achilor, crengilor sau cojilor de copac i presara tocturii obinute printr-o matri. Cldura rezultat n urma frecrii nmoaie lignina care prin rcire leag praful obinut din biomas. Deoarece nu se folosete nici un liant pentru fabricarea peleilor, foarte important este coninutul n lignin al biomasei utilizate. Astfel din compoziia peleilor nu trebuie s lipseasc deeurile de rinoase.

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Vol. 27, No.1 /2009 2.2. Determination of thermal characteristics - physical - chemical types of biomass moisture biomass pellets and agripeleilor, which was conducted using a drying stove (fig. 1), the thermostat at a temperature of 105C, weighing the material balance analysis (fig. 2) with accuracy of 0.1 mg before and after drying). Humidity average forest biomass analyzed was approximately 16%, while agricultural biomass has a moisture content averaged approximately 22%.

LUCRRI TIINIFICE (INMATEH) 2.2. Determinarea caracteristicilor termo fizico chimice pe tipuri de biomas umiditatea biomasei, peleilor i agripeleilor, care s-a efectuat folosind o etuv (fig.1) termostatat, la temperatura de 105 C, cnt rind materialele la balana analitic (fig. 2) avnd precizia de 0,1 mg, nainte i dup uscare). Umiditatea medie a biomasei forestiere analizate a fost de aproximativ 16 %, n timp ce biomasa agricol a avut o umiditate medie de aproximativ 22 %.

Fig.1 Drying stove used to determine moisture materials / Etuv folosit pentru determinarea umiditii materialelor

a) b) c Fig. 2 Aspects of time weighing the evidence to determine calorific value and moisture / Aspecte din timpul cntririi probelor n vederea determinrii puterii calorifice i a umiditii

volatile substance content, which led to pulling out a certain quantity of a sample from drying stove, which was introduced in a metallic crucible and weighed and then placed in burning oven of Figure 2 at a temperature of 600C, leaving it for 30 minutes (or until the release of the volatile). After completing the process of pyrolysis, is the crucible removed from the oven with some gloves and a pair of tongs, cover with lid and weighed again to determine the quantity of volatile released (by difference). Volatile content was calculated as follows:
Continut volatile in baza uscata =

coninutul de substane volatile, care s-a determinat extrgnd o anumit cantitate dintr-o prob din etuv, care s-a introdus ntr-un creuzet metalic i s-a cntrit iar apoi s-a introdus n cuptorul de calcinare fig 2 la temperatura de 600 C, lsndu-se timp de 30 de minute (sau pn la degajarea complet a volatilelor). Dup terminarea procesului de piroliz, creuzetul este scos din cuptor cu ajutorul unor mnui i a unui clete, se acoper cu capacul i se cntrete din nou, pentru determinarea cantitii de volatile degajate (prin diferen). Coninutul de volatile au fost calculate astfel:
Masa initiala - Masa finala 100 Masa initiala [%] ,

Volatile content in dry matter = (Initial mass - final mass) / Initial mass x 100 [%], where: the initial mass and final mass as the weighed before and after the pyrolysis
Continut volatile in baza umeda = Continut

unde: masa iniial i masa final fiind cele cntrite nainte i dup efectuarea procesului de piroliz;
volatile in baza uscata [%],

100 - Umiditatea 100 Volatile content in the wet = Volatile content in the dry x (100 - humidity) [%],

Fig. 3 - Determination of the volatile substance and content of inert / Determinarea coninutului de substane volatile i a coninutului de inerte

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Vol. 27, No.1 /2009 inert content was determined by pulling a certain amount of a sample from drying stove, which was introduced in a metallic crucible was weighed with the analytical balance and undergo a process of combustion, the temperature at 1100C during the working time to 60 min. After the sample burned completely, the crucible was removed from the oven and weighed; fixed carbon content, was determined by difference: Fixed carbon = 100 - (Humidity + Volatile + Incombustible Volatile matter content of inert under dry and fixed carbon content in [%], the types of agricultural and forest biomass determined by difference calculated in question are presented in Table. 3.

LUCRRI TIINIFICE (INMATEH) coninutul de inerte s-a determinat extrgnd o anumit cantitate dintr-o prob din etuv, care s-a introdus ntr-un creuzet metalic, s-a cntrit cu balana analitic i s-a supus unui proces de combustie, la temperatura de lucru la 1100C, timpul de timp de lucru la 60 min. Dup ce proba a ars complet, creuzetul a fost scos din cuptor i cntrit; coninutul de carbon fix, a fost determinat prin diferen: Carbon fix = 100 (Umiditate + Volatile + Necombustibile; Coninutul de materii volatile, de inerte n baza uscat, precum i coninutul de carbon fix n [%], pe tipuri de biomas agricol i forestier determinate respectiv calculat prin diferen sunt prezentate n tabelul nr. 3.

Table 3 - Volatile matter content of the inert solids and the fixed carbon / Coninutul de materii volatile, de inerte n baza uscat i de carbon fix Volatile content in the dry / Inert content in the dry / The fixed carbon / Type of biomass / Tipul Coninut volatile n baza Coninut inerte n baza Coninutul de carbon fix biomasei uscat [%] uscat [%] [%] Agricultural / Agricol 73,08 2,7 16,83 Forestry / Forestier 81,18 1,1 14,47 lower calorific value was performed using the bomb calorimetric Cal k 2 (Figure 4) and consisted of: balance calibration, weighing empty capsule and material with analytical balance with accuracy of 0.1 mg of setting parameters (weight, no. proof) to show results and cooling bomb. Calorific value of pellets and the material from which they were produced (collected in the various stages of technological flow) had the following: for pellets in beech + pine (moisture 4.42%): 17.863 [MJ / kg]; for pellets of oak + pine (moisture 4.55%): 17.513 [MJ / kg]; for agripelei (11.87% moisture): 15.809 [MJ / kg]; for sorted sawdust dry milled (moisture 6.5%): 16.837 [MJ / kg]; for dry sawdust sorted which wasn't milled (moisture 5.2%): 16.744 [MJ / kg]; for wet pine sawdust from storage (moisture 37.2%): 12.058 [MJ / kg]. puterea calorific inferioar s-a efectuat folosind bomba calorimetric Cal 2 k (figura 4) i a constat n: calibrarea balanei, cntrirea capsulei goale i cu material cu balana analitic avnd precizia de 0,1 mg, setarea parametrilor de lucru (mas, nr. probei), afiarea rezultatelor i rcirea bombei. Puterea calorific a peleilor i a materialului din care au fost fabricai acetia (colectat din diferitele faze ale fluxului tehnologic) a avut urmtoarele valori: pentru peleii din brad + fag (umiditate 4,42 %): 17,863 [MJ / kg]; pentru peleii din stejar + brad (umiditate 4,55%): 17,513 [MJ / kg]; pentru agripelei (umiditate 11,87%): 15,809 [MJ/kg]; pentru rumegu uscat sortat mcinat (umiditate 6,5%): 16,837 [MJ / kg]; pentru rumegu uscat sortat nemcinat (umiditate 5,2%): 16,744 [MJ / kg]; pentru rumegu umed de brad din depozit (umiditate 37,2%): 12,058 [MJ / kg].

a) b) Fig. 3 Aspects of the determination of calorific / Aspecte din timpul determinrii puterii calorifice a) entering parameters / introducerea parametrilor; b) showing results / afiarea rezultatelor Gaseous products of combustion are: O2, N2, CO2 si SO2. Experimental results are presented on synthetic forest biomass types in Table. 4. Produii gazoi ai arderii sunt: O2, N2, CO2 si SO2. Rezultatele experimentale sunt prezentate sintetic pe tipuri de biomas forestier n tabelul nr. 4.

Table 4 - Experimental results on the types of forest biomass / Rezultate experimentale pe tipuri de biomas forestier Species / Specia C [%] H [%] O [%] N [%] Oak / Stejar 48,9 5,9 43,1 2,1 Beech / Fag 48,5 6,3 45,3 Ash / Frasin 49,4 6,1 44,5 Poplar / Plop 49,7 6,3 44,0 Tei / Tei 49,4 6.9 43,1 0,6 Fir / Brad 49,9 6,4 43,7 -

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Vol. 27, No.1 /2009 These elements are part of the main constituents of wood and namely: pulp: 5055%; lignin: 2030%; hemipulp: 2530%. and in the secondary such as: resines: 15%; mineral substances: 0,21,2%. tannin, coloring matters, etc. In addition to the main constituents, listed, which are organic in nature, enter into the composition of wood and mineral that forms in the combustion ash. Mineral substances, which represents 0.21.2% by weight of dry wood are: potassium: 1025%; sodium: 15%; calcium: 2045%; magnesium: 315%; manganese oxide: 18%; iron oxide: 14%; silicon dioxide: 13%; phosphoric acid: 210%. Different species composition of wood ash is nearly homogeneous and is characterized on average by the following dates: 35% CaO, 16% Na2O + K2O, 7% MgO, 5% MnO, 3% Fe2O3, 3% Al2O3, 20% CO2, 5% SO3, 4% P2O5, 2% SiO2. Ash wood shows through the harder they fuse, and that does not melt even in the hot parts of the outbreak. Quantity ash wood depends on species (table no. 5) but found that it varies depending on the tree of origin, age, the local conditions of growth. The largest quantity of the resulting shell and leaf.

LUCRRI TIINIFICE (INMATEH) Aceste elemente fac parte att din principalii constitueni ai lemnului i anume: celuloz: 5055%; lignin: 2030%; hemiceluloz: 2530%. ct i din cei secundari cum ar fi: rini: 15%; substane minerale: 0,21,2%. tanin, materii colorante, etc. n afar de constituenii principali, enumerai, ce sunt de natur organic, n compoziia lemnului intr i substane minerale care n urma arderii formeaz cenua. Substanele minerale, care reprezint 0,21,2% din greutatea lemnului uscat, sunt: potasiu: 1025%; sodiu: 15%; calciu: 2045%; magneziu: 315%; oxid de mangan: 18%; oxid de fier: 14%; bioxid de siliciu: 13%; acid fosforic: 210%. Compoziia cenuii diferitelor specii lemnoase este aproape omogen i se caracterizeaz n medie prin datele urmtoare: 35% CaO, 16% Na2O + K2O, 7% MgO, 5% MnO, 3% Fe2O3, 3% Al2O3, 20% CO2, 5% SO3, 4% P2O5, 2% SiO2. Cenua lemnului se evideniaz prin caracterul ei greu fuzibil, i c, nu se topete nici mcar n poriunile cele mai fierbini ale focarului. Cantitatea de cenu depinde de specia lemnoas (tabel 5) dar s-a constatat c ea variaz n funcie de partea arborelui din care provine, de vrsta lui, de condiiile locale de cretere. Cantitatea cea mai mare rezult din coaj i frunze.

Table 5 - The ash content of wood / Coninutul de cenu a lemnului Species / Specia Ashes / Cenu [%] Pin / Pin 0,39 Beech / Fag 0,17 Oak / Stejar 0,51 Birch / Mesteacn 0,39 Calorific values is influenced by rhe wood specie and humidity (table no. 6). Puterea calorific este influenat de specia i umiditatea lemnului (tabelul nr. 6).

Table 6 - Calorific values of wood at humidity of 40% and 10% / Puterea calorific a lemnului la umiditatea de 40% i 10% Wood humitidy / Umiditatea lemnului 40 % 10% In Table. 7 presents the composition and physicochemical characteristics of agricultural biomass samples analyzed. Calorific values / Puterea calorific 11600 kJ/ kg 16709 kJ/kg n tabelul nr. 7 se prezint compoziia i principalele caracteristici fizico-chimice ale eantioanelor de biomas agricol analizat.

Table 7 - Physico-chemical characteristics on types of agricultural biomass / Caracteristici fizico-chimice pe tipuri de biomas agricol Nr. crt. Features / Caracteristici C mc H mc N mc O mc Ash from the anhydrous / Cenu la starea anhidr Total sulfur / Sulf total High calorific / Putere calorific superioar [KJ/kg] Lower calorific / Putere calorific inferioar / [KJ/kg] Chemical composition in relation to fuel mass / Compoziia chimic raportat la masa [%] Straw / Paie 50 6,2 0,6 43,1 2,7 0,09 20,036 15,932 Corn stalk / Tulpin de porumb 50 6,2 0,6 43,1 1,8 0,09 20,036 15,932 Corn cob / Remains of flax and Ciocli de hemp / Resturi de in i porumb cnep 50 51 6,2 6,1 0,6 0,9 43,1 41,9 2,3 2,1 0,09 0,09 20,036 20,444 15,932 16,434 91

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Vol. 27, No.1 /2009 CONCLUSIONS Following the analysis of potential biomass (estimated at 15 million tons) solid agricultural and forestry (equivalent to 6 million tons of oil) could be concluded that Romania has sufficient biomass to produce pellets at a industrial raw material being generally scrap agricultural (ca. 63%) and forestry. Exploitation and rational use of their energy production, give the premises needed to cover a significant energy needs necessary domestic and industrial needs, especially in rural areas. Chemical composition of the biomass consists of: lignin (C40H44O6) in the proportion of 1530%; cellulose (C6H10O5) in the proportion of 4045%; hemi-cellulose in the proportion of 2035%. Limits of variation of the three principal components are determined by the species. To manufacture pellets lignin content should be higher. For a high calorific necessary reports O / C and H / C is the lowest. Calorific value of pellets and the material from which they were produced (collected in the various stages of technological flow) ranged from 12.058 to 17.863 MJ / kg, the largest recorded at the lower calorific value between peleii of sawdust and agripelei is only 15 MJ / kg (compared to 17 MJ / kg as pellets of sawdust are) ie 9.7% lower. In general, can be used the same equipment peletizarea straw and sawdust, but should be given to the following features straw containing less lignin (15% vs. 25% sawdust), resulting in greater force of friction peletizarea the straw. Burning agripeleilor is somewhat difficult because outbreaks zgurificrii blockages sacks and smoke. Environmental pollution is higher, because the ash content is 5% (compared to 0.5% if sawdust) and nitrogen content, sulfur, chlorine and potassium were higher due to the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides. BIBLIOGRAPHY / BIBLIOGRAFIE [1]. Concluziile Preediniei Germane a Consiliului European, Bruxelles, 9 martie 2007; [2]. Foaie de parcurs pentru energia regenerabil CONSILIUL UNIUNII EUROPENE 16 ianuarie 2007; [3]. Concluziile Preediniei, Consiliul European 7775/06, 24 martie 2006; [4]. Conferina naional a energiei 2004; [5]. Neil Roberts, Schimbarile majore ale mediului, Editura All, Bucuresti, 2003 [6]. Anca Marcu - Managementul deeurilor i deeurilor periculoase Ghid practic pentru aplicarea corect a legislaiei mediului 2008, ISSN 1844 4431; [7]. Ministerul Economiei si Comertului, Strategia energetic 2007- 2013; [8]. European Commission EUR 21350 Biomass Green energy for Europe, Luxemburg Office for Official Publications of the European comunitiers, 2005; [9]. Doucet Gerald, Energia produsa din surse regenerabile, Mesagerul Energetic, nr.41, martie 2005 [10]. HOTRRE nr. 856 din 16 august 2002 privind evidena gestiunii deeurilor i pentru aprobarea listei cuprinznd deeurile, inclusiv deeurile periculoase;

LUCRRI TIINIFICE (INMATEH) CONCLUZII n urma analizei potenialului de biomas (apreciat la 15 milioane tone) solid agricol i forestier (echivalent cu 6 mil. t petrol) s-a putut trage concluzia c Romnia dispune de suficient biomas pentru obinerea de pelei la un nivel industrial, materia prim fiind n general resturi agricole (cca. 63%) i forestiere. Exploatarea i utilizarea raional a acestora n producerea de energie, confer premizele necesare acoperirii unei pri semnificative a nevoilor energetice necesare nevoilor casnice i industriale, n special n zonele rurale. Compoziia chimic principal a biomasei este format din: lignin (C40H44O6) n proporie de 1530%; celuloz (C6H10O5) n proporie de 4045%; hemi-celuloz n proporie de 2035%. Limitele de variaie a celor trei componente principale sunt determinate de specie. Pentru fabricarea peleilor coninutul de lignin trebuie s fie ct mai mare. Pentru o putere calorific ridicat este necesar ca rapoartele O/C i H/C s fie ct mai mici. Puterea calorific a peleilor i a materialului din care au fost fabricai acetia (colectat din diferitele faze ale fluxului tehnologic) a variat ntre 12,058 i 17,863 MJ/kg, cea mai mare diferen nregistrat la puterea calorific inferioar ntre peleii din rumegu i agripelei fiind de numai 15 MJ/kg (fa de 17 MJ/kg ct are pelete din rumegu) adic cu 9,7% mai mic. n general, pot fi folosite aceleai utilaje pentru peletizarea paielor i a rumeguului, dar trebuie acordat atenie urmtoarelor particulariti: paiele conin mai puin lignin (15% fa de 25% n rumegu), rezultnd fore mai mari de frecare la peletizarea paielor. Arderea agripeleilor este ceva mai dificil din cauza zgurificrii focarelor i a nfundrii courilor de fum. Poluarea mediului este mai mare, deoarece coninutul de cenu este de 5% (fa de 0,5% n cazul rumeguului) iar coninuturile de azot, sulf, clor i potasiu sunt mai mari datorit folosirii ngrmintelor chimice, a pesticidelor i erbicidelor.

[11]. HOTRRE nr. 349 din 21 aprilie 2005 privind depozitarea deeurilor; [12]. Danciu A., .a - Analiza i sinteza poten ialului de resurse de biomas solid agricol i forestier la nivel naional, regional i zonal Referat INMA Bucureti, 2007; [13]. Danciu A., .a - Determinarea caracteristicilor termofizico-chimice a tipurilor de biomas solid . Proiectarea echipamentelor pentru prelucrarea biomasei agricole i forestiere n vederea obinerii de pelei i agripele i Referat INMA Bucureti, 2008; [14]. Masa Rotunda Sursele regenerabile de energie, intre Directiva Europeana 77/2001 si realitate, 29 mai 2003, Camera de Comert si Industrie a Romaniei http://www.mangus.ro - Politica energetic a Romniei n perioada 2006-2009. Energie sigur, accesibil i curat pentru Romnia; http://www.lusarom.ro - Surse regenerabile de energie; http://www.greenpeace.ro Energie curat pentru Romnia; http://www. cceei.energ.pub.ro - Strategia energetic 2007-2020; http://www.anre.ro - Surse regenerabile de energie; http://www.cnr-cmr.ro Consiliul mondial al Energiei.

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