Analele Universit ii Constantin Brncu i din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiin e Juridice, Nr.

1/2013

DREPTUL LA VIA PRIVAT Alina SVOIU * Ctlin CPTN BASARABESCU**

THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY Alina SVOIU *** Ctlin CPTN BASARABESCU ****

Astract: The right to privacy, recognised internationally in different regions and Abstract: Dreptul la via privat devine unul cultures, becomes one of the individual's most din cele mai importante drepturi ale omului n important rights in today's society. societatea contemporan, recunoscut pe plan This presentation aims to highlight the internaional n diferite regiuni i culturi. evolution of the concept of private life, its importance Aceast prezentare intenioneaz s sublinieze in a society of new technologies and the main evoluia conceptului de via privat, importana international and national regulations which establish acestuia ntr-o societate a noilor tehnologii i the right to private life. principalele reglementri internaionale i naionale ce consacr dreptul la via privat. Key words: Right to privacy, human dignity, Cuvinte cheie: dreptul la via privat, reglemetri, prelucrare, date cu caracter personal, principii processing, personal data, principles

Provenit din latinescul privatus, conceptul de via privat nseamn separare de ceilali i implic abilitatea unui individ de a se exclude sau de a exclude informaii despre sine i de a le dezvlui numai selectiv. Sfera conceptului poate fluctua n funcie de particularitile culturale, naionale i individuale ale unei ri sau regiuni i a fost asociat adesea culturii vest-europene, unde s-a i dezvoltat conceptul de privacy. Conceptul de via privat implic o component fizic, ce presupune prevenirea intruziunilor asupra spaiului fizic al unei persoane. O alt component a conceptului de via privat este cea informaional, ce const n sfera informaiilor pe care un individ nu le-ar dori dezv luite, cum ar fi cele despre religie, afiniti politice, orientare sexual, situaia medical sau informaii de natur financiar.
*

Originating from the Latin privatus, the concept of private life relates to the differentiation from others and entails the individuals ability to exclude himself/herself or the exclude information referring to himself/herself and to disclose them only selectively. The concepts scope may fluctuate depending cultural, national and individual particularities of a country or region and has often been associated with westEuropean culture where the concept of privacy has been developed. The concept of private life entails a physical component which involves in its turn the prevention of intrusions on a persons physical space. Another component of the concept of private life is the informational one, which consist of the sphere of information which an individual would rather not disclose, such as those referring to religion, political affinities, sexual orientation, medical situation or

Sef Serviciu ANSPDCP expert ANSPDCP *** Chief of Service ANSPDCP **** expert ANSPDCP
**

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Din punct de vedere organizaional, conceptul de via privat implic adoptarea msurilor organizatorice necesare pentru asigurarea securitii bazei de date existente la nivelul fiecrei entiti. ntr-o abordare recent, se atribuie conceptului de via privat i o component emoional i intelectual, n considerarea spiritualitii umane. Dreptul la via privat (The Right to Privacy) a luat fiin n Statele Unite cnd un avocat din Boston, Samuel Warren, mpreun cu prietenul su Louis Brandeis, profesor la Universitatea Harvard, a scris n 1890, un eseu intitulat Dreptul la via privat, eveniment precursor recunoaterii unui drept ce a a depit sfera problemelor personale, apropiindu-se, prin abordare, de secolul nostru. Acetia au definit dreptul la via privat al individului ca dreptul de a fi lsat n pace. ntr-o alt opinie1, dreptul la via privat reprezint dreptul nostru de a ne pstra o zon n jur, care s includ acele lucruri ce fac parte din noi, precum casa, corpul, sentimentele, secretele i identitatea. Dreptul la via privat ne d posibilitatea de a alege care pri din aceast zon sunt accesibile celorlali, precum i de a controla modalitatea i perioada n care sunt folosite acele pri pe care alegem s le punem la dispoziia altora. Alain Westin consider dreptul la via privat ca o solicitare a indivizilor de a putea determina singuri cnd, cum i ce informaii despre ei nii comunic altora, artnd c acest drept poate fi descris de patru noiuni: singurtate, intimitate, anonimitate, rezerv2. Contextul social i istoric actual are caracteristici deosebit de diverse, ntruct relaiile relaiile inter-umane se bazeaz pe raporturi construite pe comunicare i schimb de informaii la nivel mondial, supuse solicit rii continue

information of financial nature. From an organisational point of view the concept of private life entails the adoption of the organisational measures required in order to ensure the security of the data base which exists within each entity/organisation. In a recent approach, the concept of private life is also granted an emotional and intellectual component, in consideration of human spirituality. The Right to Privacy has been established in the United States when a Boston based lawyer, Samuel Warren, together with his friend Louis Brandeis, professor at Harvard University have written in 1890 an essay titled The Right to Privacy a precursory event to the recognition of a right that has evolved past the sphere of personal issues and has approached our contemporary century. They have defined the individuals right to privacy as the right to be left alone. Another opinion9 states that the right to privacy represents our right to maintain an area around us which includes those things that are part of us, such as the home, body, secrets and identity. The right privacy allows for the possibility to chose which one of these parts is/are accessible to others, as well as the means to control and period for which these parts are used or for which we choose to make them available to others. Alain Westin considers the right to privacy to be an individuals request to determine themselves which information referring to them are communicated to others, indicating that this right may be described by four notions: loneliness, intimacy, anonymity and reservation10. The current social and historic context has extremely diverse characteristics as social relations between human beings are based on reports consisting in communication and world wide exchange of information which are subjected to continuous technological

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a dezvoltrii tehnologice. Transmiterea rapid a datelor i informaiilor genereaz o ingerin asupra vieii private. n aceste condiii, dreptul tradiional a ntmpinat serioase dificulti n ncercarea de a proteja persoanele fa de divulgarea unor informaii cu caracter privat. Din aceast necesitate au aprut modele de protecie juridic specifice, mai ample, la nivel transnaional, care permit fiecrei persoane s cunoasc fluctuaia datelor personale care l privesc sau s cear blocarea utilizrii lor. ntr-o alt perspectiv3, se consider c exist profund legtur ntre libertate, egalitate, democraie, demnitate i privacy, fapt care duce la depirea n plan istoric a concepiei de privacy, ca drept de a fi l sat n pace. S-a trecut, astfel, la dreptul de a controla propriile date i s-au impus reguli comportamentale tuturor acelora ce opereaz cu date personale, fapt ce a permis o aplicare concret a principiilor de egalitate i demnitate social. Dreptul la via privat este considerat un element fundamental al societii, libertii i demnitii umane. Astfel, n societatea contemporan, riscurile legate de concentrarea unor informaii de vrf ntr-un cerc restrns de subieci publici i privai sau de difuzarea acestora la scar mondial au condus la evoluia dreptului la via privat care, pe de o parte, depete conotaia individualist n folosul celei sociale i, pe de alt parte, devine un concept complex cu o component specific -dreptul la protecia datelor personale. Dreptul la protecia datelor personale, ca drept la autodeterminare informativ i gsete substana n dreptul individului de a alege ceea ce este dispus s dezvluie altora. n absena unei protecii puternice a propriilor informaii, persoanele ar risca s fie discriminate pentru opiniile lor, credinele lor religioase ori condiiile de sntate4.

development. The rapid transmission of data and information generates an infringement on private life. In these conditions, traditional law has encountered serious difficulties in its attempt to protect individuals with regard to the disclosure of information with a private character. This need generated specific models of legal protection, more ample, at transnational level, which allow each individual to be aware of the fluctuation of personal data relating to him/her or to request blocking of their use. In another perspective11, it is considered that there is a profound connection between freedom, equality, democracy, dignity and privacy which leads to overcome, in a historic context, the concept of privacy as a right to be left alone. The transition was therefore made to the right to control ones data and behavioural rules have been imposed to all those who operate with personal data, which allowed for a concrete enforcement of the principles of equality and social dignity. The right to privacy is considered a fundamental right of society, freedom and human dignity. Thus, in todays society the risks associated to the concentration of top level information within a restricted circle of public or private subjects or of their world wide disclosure have led to the evolution of the right to privacy which, on one hand overcomes the individualist attribute in favour of the social one and, on the other hand, becomes a complex concept with a specific behavioural component the right to personal data protection. The right to personal data protection, as a right of informative selfdetermination finds its core substance within the individuals right to chose what he/she is willing to disclose to others. In the absence of a strong protection of his/her own information, the persons might risk discrimination for their

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Statuarea dreptului la via opinions, religious beliefs or state of privat n reglementrile internaionale health12. i naionale Establishement of the right to Declaraia universal a privacy in international and national drepturilor omului5 a stabilit, nc din regulations 1948, o recunoatere a dreptului la via privat, prin art. 12 care afirm c The Universal Declaration of Nimeni nu va fi supus la imixtiuni Human Rights13 has established as early arbitrare n viaa sa personal, n familia as 1948 the recognition of the right to sa, n domiciliul sau n corespondenta sa, privacy, through article 12 which states nici la atingeri aduse onoarei i reputaiei that No one shall be subjected to sale. Orice persoan are dreptul la arbitrary interference with his privacy, protecia legii mpotriva unor asemenea family, home or correspondence, nor to imixtiuni sau atingeri. attacks upon his honour and reputation. Tratatul privind funcionarea Everyone has the right to the protection of Uniunii Europene, ncheiat la the law against such interference or 6 Lisabona , ncorporeaz, la art. 16 B, attacks. prevederi privind protecia datelor The Treaty on the functioning of personale, consacrnd c orice persoan the European Union, signed in Lisbon14, are dreptul la protecia datelor cu caracter incorporates in article 16 B provisions on personal care l privesc i c respectarea the protection of personal data, stating that normelor n domeniul proteciei datelor se every person has the right to the supune controlului unei autoriti protection of personal data relating to independente. Se ofer astfel posibilitatea him/her and that the observance of the unui cadru autentic i cuprinztor de regulations in the filed of personal data proteciei a datelor. protection is subject to the control of an Convenia nr. 108/1981 pentru independent authority. The possibility of authentic and comprehensive protecia persoanelor cu privire la an prelucrarea automatizat a datelor framework on the protection of data is personal7, adoptat de Consiliul Europei therefore granted. la Strasboug, se bazeaz pe dou principii Convention 108/1981 on the fundamentale: libertatea utilizrii datelor protection of persons with regard to the personale i, precum i respectarea automated processing of personal persoanelor la care se refer datele n data15, adopted by the Council of Europe cauz. Acest ultim aspect se realizeaz in Strasbourg, is based on two prin supunerea activitilor de colectare i fundamental principles: freedom of using prelucrare a datelor unor reguli speciale de personal data as well as the respect for the utilizare. Domeniul de aplicare se refer n persons th whom the data in question schimb la prelucrarea automat a datelor refer. This later issue is carried out by cu caracter personal, fie de ctre persoane subjecting the activities of collection and private, fie de ctre instituii publice. processing of data to certain specific rules Principiul libertii de colectare i of usage. The scope refers to the prelucrare cunoate i excepii, atunci automated processing of personal data cnd este vorba de date sensibile, cu either by private persons or public obligaia statelor membre de a adopta institutions. The principles of freedom to msuri de siguran adecvat. Sunt collect and process has exemptions statuate principii privind exactitatea, whenever sensitive data are involved,
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corectitudinea i finalitatea utilizrii datelor personale, ce vor fi reluate ulterior n reglementrile naionale n domeniu. La 24 octombrie 1995, Parlamentul European i Consiliul au aprobat Directiva 95/46/EC privind protecia persoanelor fizice cu privire la prelucrarea datelor cu caracter personal i libera circulaie a acestor date. Considerat o directiv de principii, ce schieaz n mod exhaustiv, condiiile care reglementeaz utilizarea datelor cu caracter personal, lsnd statelor membre competena de a particulariza n funcie de specificul naional anumite condiii. Acest act comunitar statueaz reguli i principii de baz referitoare la culegerea de date personale numai pentru motive specifice, explicite i legitime, pstrarea date actualizate i numai att timp ct acestea sunt relevante pentru scopurile pentru care sunt destinate. Colectarea datelor personale ar trebui s fie ct mai transparent posibil, pentru a putea controla la sfrit att legalitatea ct i oportunitatea aciunii n cauz. Persoanele trebuie s fie informate cu privire la organizaiile ce dein i elaboreaz informaii, cu privire la scopul culegerii de date i la modul n care pot s-i exercite dreptul de acces, de rectificare, dreptul de a se opune n cazul unor utilizri neconforme ale datelor lor. Aceast directiv impune, de asemenea, ca fiecare stat s prevad prezena unei autoriti naionale de supraveghere independente. Carta Drepturilor Fundamentale a Uniunii Europene constituie sursa recunoaterii dreptul la protecia datelor cu caracter personal, pe care l difereniaz de tradiionalul respect pentru viaa privat i de familie, statuat de prevederile art. 7, n cuprinsul capitolului Liberti al Cartei. Astfel, prin prevederile exprese ale art. 8 din Cart, dreptul la protecia datelor personale se contureaz astfel ca un drept distinct i autonom. Spre

with the obligation of member states to adopt adequate security measures. Principles on the accuracy, correctness and finality of use of personal data are established and later restated in national regulation in this field. On the 24th October 1995, the European Parliament and Council have approved Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and the free movement of such data. Considered as a directive of principles which comprehensively outlines the conditions that govern the use of personal data, allowing member states the attributions of particularisation of certain conditions depending on the national specificity. This community regulation establishes rules and basic principles on the collection of personal data only for specific, explicit and legitimate purposes and storage of updated data only for as long as they are relevant for the purposes for which they were destined. The collection of personal data should be as transparent as possible in order to allow verification of the legitimacy and timeliness of the action in question. Persons must be informed of the organisations which hold and elaborate information on the purpose of the collection of data and the manner in which they may exercise the rights of access, rectification, opposition in case of unruly use of their data. This directive also imposes upon every member state to provide for the presence of an independent national supervisory authority. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union constitutes the source of the recognition of the right to personal data protection, which it differentiates from the traditional respect for intimate, family and private life, established by the provisions of article 7 within the Charters chapter on liberties. Thus, through the specific

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deosebire de protecia dreptului la respectarea vieii private, protecia datelor este dinamic, deoarece implic stabilirea de reguli i modaliti de prelucrare a datelor, precum i unele puteri de intervenie n circulaia acestor. Aceast reglementare consacr i rolul de control al unei autoriti independente. Considerat un instrument util pentru protejarea dreptului la privacy, art. 8 din Convenia european pentru aprarea drepturilor omului i a libertilor fundamentale consacr dreptul persoanei la respectarea vieii sale private i de familie, a domiciliului i a corespondenei i l protejeaz de amestecul autoritilor publice, considerate legitime doar atunci cnd sunt prevzute de lege i cnd acestea reprezint o msur necesar pentru a proteja unul sau mai multe interese enumerate cu precizie. n sistemul legislativ din Romnia, art. 26 din Constituia Romniei8 a statuat dreptul la via intim, familial i privat, n capitolul Drepturi i liberti fundamentale, prevznd c Autoritile publice respect i ocrotesc viaa intim, familial i privat. Persoana fizic are dreptul s dispun de ea nsi, dac nu ncalc drepturile i libertile altora, ordinea public sau bunele moravuri. Conceptual legat de principiul libertii individuale (art. 21), dreptul la via privat este abordat constituional n strns legtur cu principiul inviolabilitii domiciliului (art. 27) i al secretului corespondenei (art. 28). Legea nr. 677/2001 pentru protecia persoanelor cu privire la prelucrarea datelor cu caracter personal i libera circulaie a acestor date a reglementat n plan naional, n consonan cu dispoziiile strns comunitare ale Directivei 95/46/EC, regulile generale i speciale de colectare, stocare i utilizare a datelor personale. Aceast reglementare a fost urmat

provisions of the Charters article 8 the right to personal data protection is outlined as a distinct and autonomous right. As compared to the right for respecting private life, the right to personal data protection is dynamic as it entails the establishment of rules and modalities of processing personal data as well as certain powers of intervention in the circulation of such data. This regulation also stipulates the role of control of an independent authority. Considered to be a useful tool for the protection of the right to privacy, article 8 of the European Convention on the protection of fundamental human rights and liberties establishes the persons right to the respect for his/her private and family life, home and correspondence and protects him/her from infringements from public authorities, considered as legitimate only when provided by law and when they represent a measure required in order to protect one or more interests expressly mentioned. Within the Romanian legislative system article 26 of the Romanian Constitution16 established the right to intimate, family and private life within the chapter of fundamental rights and liberties providing that public authorities observe and protect the intimate, family and private life. The natural person has the right to dispose of himself/herself if he/she does not infringe upon the rights and liberties of others, upon public order or good behavior. The concept referring to the principle of individual freedom (art. 21), the right to private life is viewed by the Constitution in strong connection with the principle of non-infringement of the residence (art. 27) and of secrecy of correspondence (art. 28). Law no. 677/2001 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and the free movement of such data has regulated on national level, in close

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de cea a Legii nr. 682/2001 privind correspondence with the communitys ratificarea Conveniei pentru protejarea provisions of Directive 95/46/EC, the persoanelor fa de prelucrarea general and special rules on the collection, automatizat a datelor cu caracter storage and use of personal data. This regulation was followed by personal. that of Law no. 682/2001 on ratification of Remarcnd c reglementrile naionale nu conin o consacrare expres a the Convention on the protection of dreptului la protecia datelor personale, individuals with regard to the automated subliniem necesitatea consacrrii acestui processing of personal data. Noticing that the national drept la nivel constituional, alturi de regulations do not contain a specific dreptul la via privat, innd cont de establishment of the right to the protection specificitatea acestuia, n sensul abordrilor similare ale art. 7-8 din of personal data, we would like to Tratatul de la Lisabona i ale Cartei highlight the need to establish this right at drepturilor fundamentale ale Uniunii constitutional level, together with the right to privacy, bearing in mind the latters Europene. specificity in the meaning of the provisions of articles 7-8 of the Lisbon Bibliografie: Treaty and of the Charter of Fundamental Yael Onn, Privacy in digital Rights of the European Union. Environment, Haifa Center of Law and Technology, 2005, p. 1. Alain Westin, Privacy and Freedom, 1968, New Zork, USA: Atheneum. Gianmarco Cifaldi, Clin Sinescu, Dreptul la via privat, Comunicarea politic, cuprins nr. 135. Declaraia universal a drepturilor omului adoptat la 10 decembrie 1948, de Adunarea Generala a O.N.U. Bibliography: Yael Onn, Privacy in digital Environment, Haifa Center of Law and Technology, 2005, p. 1. Alain Westin, Privacy and Freedom, 1968, New Zork, USA: Atheneum. Gianmarco Cifaldi, Clin Sinescu, Right to Privacy, Political Communication, list of contents no. 135. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted on the 10th December 1948, by the U.N. s General Assembly

Yael Onn, Privacy in digital Environment, Haifa Center of Law and Technology, 2005, p. 1. Alain Westin, Privacy and Freedom, 1968, New Zork, USA: Atheneum. 3 Tessaro T., Trojani F. (2006), Privacy e accesso ai documenti nellEnte locale, Maggioli, p. 56. 4 Gianmarco Cifaldi, Clin Sinescu, Dreptul la via privat, Comunicarea politic, cuprins nr. 135. 5 Adoptat la 10 decembrie 1948, de Adunarea Generala a O.N.U. 6 Intrat n vigoare la 1 decembrie 2001. 7 Ratificat de Romnia prin Legea nr. 682/2001 privind ratificarea Conveniei pentru protejarea persoanelor fa de prelucrarea automatizat a datelor cu caracter personal, adoptat la Strasbourg la 28 ianuarie 1981, publicat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei nr. 830 din 21 decembrie 2001. 8 Republicat n Monitorul Oficial nr. 767 din 31 octombrie 2003 9 Yael Onn, Privacy in digital Environment, Haifa Center of Law and Technology, 2005, p. 1.
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Alain Westin, Privacy and Freedom, 1968, New Zork, USA: Atheneum. Tessaro T., Trojani F. (2006), Privacy e accesso ai documenti nellEnte locale, Maggioli, p. 56. 12 Gianmarco Cifaldi, Clin Sinescu, Right to private life, Political Communication, content no. 135. 13 Adopted on the 10th December 1948, by the General Assembly of the U.N. 14 Entered into force on the 1st December 2001. 15 Ratified by Romania through Law no. 682/2001 on the ratification of Convention on the protection of individuals with regard to the automated processing of personal data, adopted in Strasbourg on 28th January 1981, published in the Romanian Official Journal no. 830 of 21st December 2001. 16 Republished in the Official Journal no. 767 of 31st October 2003

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