CRETEREA CALITII ALIMENTRII CU ENERGIE ELECTRIC

N REELELE DE MEDIE TENSIUNE TRATATE CU BOBIN DE STINGERE

PRIN OPTIMIZAREA PROTECIILOR

THE POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN THE DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS WITH THE RESONANT EARTHED NEUTRAL SYSTEM
BY MEANS OF THE PROTECTION OPTIMIZATION

Dumitru TOADER Ioan Dorin HAEGAN
Universitatea "Politehnica" Timioara,
Facultatea de Electrotehnic i Electroenergetic, Bd. V. Prvan 2
Tel. 0256403382, E-mail: dtoader@et.utt.ro
SMART Timioara, Piaa Romanilor11
Tel. 0256435853, E-mail: ihategan@smarttm.ro
Ioan DIACONU Petre RUE
SMARTBucureti Bd.Gh.Magheru ,33,
Tel. 0213054401, E-mail: idiaconu@transelectrica.ro
SMART Timioara, Piaa Romanilor11,
Tel. 0256406186, E-mail: pruset@smarttm.ro



Rezumat: Calitatea alimentrii cu energie electric i serviciile
oferite consumatorilor sunt principalul obiectiv urmrit de
investiii i de implementarea noilor tehnologii n reeaua de
medie tensiune. Detectarea rapid a simplelor sau dublelor
puneri la pmnt pentru reeaua de medie tensiune tratat prin
bobin de stingere (20 kV), a cror stlpi sunt comuni cu liniile
de telecomunicaii, cablu TV, este reglementat prin STAS
831/2002. Aceasta face necesar completarea proteciilor
reelei cu relee noi de mare sensibilitate. Lucrarea prezint un
bloc de protecie digital care satisface astfel de cerine precum
i experimentarea lui n reeaua real.

Cuvinte cheie: reea de medie tensiune, defecte mono i bifazate
cu pmntul, secven homopolar, dispozitiv de protecie.
Abstract: The quality of the electricity supply service offered to
the customers is the main objective guiding most of the investments
and the implementation of the new technologies in the medium
voltage network. The early detection of single or double grounding
faults for medium-voltage networks with a resonant earthed
neutral system (20kV), whose pillars are shared with communication
lines or cable TV, is regulated by STAS 831/2002. This make
necessary to add new high sensitivity relays to the networks
protective devices. The paper presents a digital protective block
which satisfies such demands, also tested in the real network.


Keywords: mediumvoltage network, single and double grounding
faults, zero-sequence voltage, protective device.

1. Introducere
Una din metodele frecvent ntlnite pentru tratarea
neutrului reelelor electrice de medie tensiune este cea n
care se utilizeaz bobina de compensare (bobin Peterson).
Pe timpul defectului cu pmntul n reeaua tratat cu
bobin de stingere, curentul capacitiv de defect este neu-
tralizat de un curent inductiv Acesta este generat urmrind
defectul cu pmntul de ctre bobina de stingere.
Solicitarea ndelungat a izolaiei reelei la defecte
monofazate este un factor important care conduce la
mbtrnirea izolaiei i la strpungerea acesteia n alte
puncte mai slabe. Detectarea selectiv i rapid a defectelor
monofazate i bifazate cu pmntul are o influen pozitiv
asupra costului instalaiilor de legare la pmnt mai ales
pentru soluri cu rezistivitate mare.

1. Introduction
One of the frequent methods for the grounding neutral
point in the medium voltage networks is to ground through
the impedance (by means of the Petesen coil).
During the operation with an earth fault compensation,
the capacitive earth fault current is neutralized by an
inductive current. Following an earth fault , the inductive
component is generated by the arc supression coil.
The duration of the single-phase to ground faults is
another important factor, concerning the stress on the
electrical insulation of the power network. Selectively
detecting and in a short time-frame of the single and
double-phase to ground faults has a positive influence in
the costs of grounding installations, especially for the soils
with a high rezistivity.

2. Realizarea blocurilor de protecie
O dat cu apariia reglementrilor privind calitatea
energiei livrate consumatorilor se impune declanarea
sigur i rapid a liniilor de medie tensiune la simpl i
dubl punere la pmnt. Acest lucru este determinat de
urmtoarele motive principale:
2. The protective blocks achievement
In the same time with the appearance of the quality
reglementations for the electricity supply to the customers
it is necessary to detect and to selectively clear the single
and double earth fault. This thing is required by following
main reasons:
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International Power Systems Conference 592
reducerea duratei de funcionare a reelei de medie
tensiune cu simpla punere la pmnt n scopul diminurii
suprasolicitrilor izolaiei datorate creterii tensiunii fa-
zelor fr defect, concomitent cu reducerea duratei ct
aceste tensiuni periculoase se transmit prin cuplaj rezistiv
sau inductiv n instalaiile de telecomunicaii, instalaii
electrice de joas tensiune etc. i scderea riscului de trans-
formare a defectelor monofazate n defecte polifazate;
reducerea duratei de suprasolicitare a izolaiei pe durata
manevrelor personalului pentru depistarea liniilor i a
ramificaiilor acestora pe care s-a produs defectul;
reducerea cheltuielilor de investiii pentru realizarea
instalaiilor de legare la pmnt care n cazul reelelor
protejate prin protecii maximale sunt ridicate deoarece
prizele de pmnt trebuie s fie cu rezisten de dispersie
mic;
reducerea numrului golurilor de tensiune provocate
de cutarea defectelor care perturb funcionarea
consumatorilor.
crearea condiiilor necesare n vederea utilizrii n
comun a stlpilor pentru LEA de 20 kV, LEA de 0,4 kV,
LTc i CATv pentru reducerea riscului de transmitere a
tensiunii periculoase prin cuplaj rezistiv sau inductiv
(STAS 831/2002).
Lund n considerare toate aceste elemente am iniiat
cercetri pentru realizarea unei protecii numerice sigure,
sensibile i rapide care s permit eliminarea defectelor de
tipul simpl i dubl punere la pmnt n reelele de medie
tensiune cu neutrul tratat prin bobina de stingere.
Concepia i realizarea proteciilor, avnd n vedere i
starea tehnic a reelelor din ara noastr, au fost determinate
de urmtoarele cerine tehnice:
declanarea automat selectiv, rapid i sigur a liniei
de 20 kV cu simpl punere la pmnt dup expirarea
timpului prestabilit pentru defecte autostingtoare;
sesizarea i declanarea automat rapid, selectiv i
sigur a liniei de 20 kV la simpl punere la pmnt
rezistive cu rezisten de trecere Rt 5 k;
semnalizarea simplelor puneri la pmnt rezistive cu
rezisten de trecere Rt > 5 k;

to decrease the time length of the medium-voltage network
working with a single phase to ground fault, having the
reason to decrease the electrical insulation overstress due
to the voltages increase for the healthy phases, concomi-
tantly with the decrease of the period in which those dan-
gerous voltages spread through the resistance or inductive
couple in the telecommunication installations, low-voltage
electrical installations etc., and the decrease of the risk of
the transformation from single phase faults to two or three
phase faults;
to decrease the time length of the electrical insulation
overstress when troubleshooting is done to detect the
lines and their ramifications where the fault has occured;
to decrease the investment expenses to materialize the
grounding installations, which are rised for the
networks protected by maximal protections because
the grounding must have a low value resistance;
to decrease the numbers of the periods when voltage is
missing because of the fault troubleshooting ;
to achieve the necessary conditions to use in common of
the pillars for 20 kV OHL, 0,4 kV OHL, TcL and CATv
to decrease the risk of the dangerous voltages spreading
through the resistance or inductive couple.
By taking into account all these elements, we started the
research to achieve a reliable digital protection, fast and sen-
sitive, that can eliminate the single or double grounding faults
for medium-voltage networks with a resonant earthed neutral
system .
The conception and the achivment of the protections,
by taking into account also the technical state of the
networks in our country, were determined by following
technical requirements:
the automatic, selective, fast and reliable tripping for a
20 kV OHL, with a single phase to ground fault, after
the expiration of the pre-established time for the self-
extincting faults;
the fault detection and the automatic, fast, selective
and reliable tripping for a 20 kV OHL in case of the
single phase to earth fault with a resistance Rt 5 k;
supplying a signal in case of the single phase to earth
fault with resistance Rt>5 k;

3. Descrierea blocului de protecie tip BHAW-1
innd seama de starea tehnic a reelelor de 20 kV
din ara noastr cu neutru izolat sau compensat a fost
studiat realizarea unor blocuri de protecii compacte care
s cuprind elemente de msur, temporizare i semnalizare
n vederea realizrii celor dou tipuri de protecie i anume:
protecia direcional simbolizat PDWL mpotriva
defectelor cu simpl punere la pmnt;
protecia homopolar ampermetric simbolizat PHAL
mpotriva defectelor cu dubl punere la pmnt.

3.1. Protecia direcional PDWL
Concepia i realizarea proteciei direcionale pe linii
de 20 kV PDWL se bazeaz pe analiza i studiile efectuate
privind comportarea reelelor electrice cu neutrul tratat
prin bobina de stingere la supratensiuni atmosferice i
supratensiuni de frecven industrial.
Protecia mpotriva supratensiunilor atmosferice se
soluioneaz prin alegerea judicioas a descrctoarelor
amplasate n diferite puncte ale reelei de 20 kV.
3. Description of the BHAW-1 protection block
By taking into account the technical state of the 20 kV
networks with a resonant earthed neutral system from our
country, it was studied the achievement of some compact
protection blocks, that include measurement, time-delay and
signalisation elements to achieve the two protection types:
the directional capacitive protection symbolized PDWL
against the single-grounding faults;
the zero-sequence current protection symbolized PHAL
against the double-grounding faults.

3.1. The directional protection PDWL
The conception and the achievment of the directional
20 kV OHL protection PDWL is based on the analysis and the
studies done concerning the electrical networks with a reso-
nant earthed neutral system behavior in case of the atmos-
phere overvoltages and of those at industrial frequency.
The protection against the atmosphere overvoltages is
solved by a judicious selection of the dischargers placed
in different points of 20 kV network.
03-04.11.2003, Timioara, Romania 593
Protecia mpotriva supratensiunilor de frecven in-
dustrial trebuie soluionat astfel:
alegerea unui aparataj cu performane tehnice ridicate
din punct de vedere al izolaiei;
reducerea duratei de solicitare a izolaiei prin utilizarea
unor protecii prin relee rapide care s sesizeze defecte
cu simpl sau dubl punere la pmnt.
Exist preocupri, att n ara noastr ct i pe plan
mondial, privind posibilitatea realizrii unei protecii sensi-
bile, sigure i rapide pentru declanarea automat a liniei de
20 kV la defecte cu simpl sau dubl punere la pmnt.
Necesitatea realizrii unor asemenea protecii este stu-
diat n prezent pentru cele dou tipuri de reele i anume:
reele electrice aeriene sau mixte de 20 kV cu neutru
izolat;
reele electrice aeriene sau mixte de 20 kV avnd neutrul
tratat prin bobina de compensare.

3.2. Protecia homopolar ampermetric PHAL
n cazul reelelor de 20 kV protecia homopolar amper-
metric poate avea urmtoare funcii: declanarea liniei la
simple puneri la pmnt ; declanarea liniei la duble puneri
la pmnt.
Avantajul utilizrii proteciei PHAL mpotriva defectelor
cu dubl punere la pmnt n locul proteciei maximale de
curent PMCT const n faptul c reglajele de curent i de
timp ale acestei protecii nu depind de valoarea curentului
de sarcin deci pot avea valori mai sczute. Cele dou
protecii pot fi folosite astfel:
protecia maximal de curent temporizat PMCT pentru
sesizarea scurtcircuitelor trifazate;
protecia homopolar ampermetric PHAL pentru
sesizarea defectelor cu dubl punere la pmnt.

3.3. Schema electric a blocului BHAW-1
descrierea elementelor componente
Schema electric a blocului digital BHAW-1 cuprinde
urmtoarele module: modulul proteciei direcionale notat
MD-1 ; modulul proteciei homopolare ampermetrice,
notat RAT-1; modul de semnalizare optic ,notat MSO-2;
modulul de sarcin notat MS (Fig.1).
Releul direcional este realizat cu un microprocesor care
permite realizarea unor sensibiliti ridicate. Unghiul interior
al releului poate fi reglat grosier i fin. Releul de timp este
realizat cu acelai microprocesor. Modulul proteciei homo-
polare ampermetrice conine circuitul de msur al curentu-
lui homopolar, releu de temporizare pentru reglarea tempo-
rizrii i circuitul de punere n funciune. Modulul de sem-
nalizare indic regimul n care se gsete blocul digital prin
intermediul unor lmpi de semnalizare

4. Msurtori n reeaua real de 20 kV cu neutrul
tratat prin bobin de stingere
n vederea verificrii funcionrii blocurilor de protecie
concepute i realizate s-a amenajat un sector experimental
special n staia de transformare 110/20 kV IUM Tg.Jiu.
Pentru a urmri comportarea proteciilor prin relee
realizate n staia de 110/20 kV IUM Tg.Jiu. a fost montat
un perturbograf digital care permite nregistrarea eveni-
mentelor la urmtoarele defecte:
simple puneri la pmnt autostingtoare;
simple i duble puneri la pmnt trectoare sau persistente;
scurtcircuite trifazate.
The protection against the overvoltages at an industrial
frequency must be solved in this way:
by choosing an equipment with high technical perform-
ances regarding the level of the insulation;
by decreasing the time lenght of the electrical insulation
stress by using fast relay protections that perceive single
or double phase to earth faults;
There are concerns in our country and worldwide
concerning the possibility to achieve a sensitive, reliable
and fast protection for the automatic tripping of the 20 kV
OHL line in case of single or double phase to earth faults.
The necessity to achieve such protections is studied at
the moment for two types of networks:
20 kV electrical overhead or mixed networks with
isolated neutral point;
20 kV electrical overhead or mixed networks with a
resonant earthed neutral system.

3.2. The zero-sequence current protection PHAL
For 20 kV networks, the zero-sequence current
protection can have the following functions: tripping the
line in case of single-grounding faults; tripping the line in
case of double-grounding faults.
The advantage of using the PHAL protection against
the double-grounding faults instead of using the maximal
current protection PMCT consists of the fact that the
current and time adjustments of this protection do not
depend on the load current value, so it can have lower
values. The two protections can be used in these ways:
the maximal current protection PMCT for perceiving
of the three phase faults;
the zero-sequence current protection PHAL for per-
ceiving of the double-grounding faults.

3.3. The electrical scheme of the BHAW-1 block
the description of the constitutive components
The electrical scheme of the BHAW-1 block includes
the following modules: the directional protection module
MD-1; the zero-sequence current protection module RAT-1,
the optical signals module MSO-2; the load module MS
(Fig.1).
The directional relay is achieved with a microprocessor
that allows the achievement of the high sensitiveness. The
inner relay angle can be adjusted thickly and finely. The
time relay is achieved with the same microprocessor. The
zero-sequence current protection module contains the
zero-sequence current measurement circuit, a time relay
for time-delay adjustment and the commissioning circuit.
The signals module shows the state of the digital block
with some signal lamps.

4. Measurements in the real 20 kV medium-voltage
network with a resonant earthed neutral system
To verify the working of the conceived and achieved
protection blocks, a special experimental site was equiped
in the 110/20 kV electrical substation IUM from Tg. Jiu.
To watch the behavior of the relay protections from
the 110/20 kV IUM Tg. Jiu, a digital perturbograph device
was mounted that allows the events recording of the
following faults:
selfextincting single-grounding faults;
single or double-grounding faults, transient or persistent;
three phase faults.
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03-04.11.2003, Timioara, Romania 595
Pentru nregistrarea tensiunilor i curenilor se utilizeaz
un osciloperturbograf tip CDR(Compact Disturbance
Recorder) producie TELECOMM SRL.

In order to record the voltages and currents it is used
an oscilopertubograph type CDR (Compact Disturbance
Recorder) made by TELECOMM SRL.

5. Schem utilizat pe durata probelor
Datorit riscurilor la care s-ar expune reeaua de 20 kV
n cazul unui defect de tipul dubl punere la pmnt n
sectorul experimental s-au provocat doar defecte de tipul
simpl punere la pmnt. Aceste defecte s-au provocat pe
linia 20 kV Iepuri la stlpul nr. 1 (Fig. 2).
Simpla punere la pmnt s-a provocat prin legarea fa-
zei S printr-un scurtcircuitor la priza de pmnt a stlpului Rt
= 3,5 (valoarea rezistenei de dispersie a prizei de
pmnt aferente stlpului la care s-a provocat defectul).
Pentru celelalte dou variante s-au nseriat cu rezistena
prizei de pmnt a stlpului o rezisten de 1.000 , res-
pectiv de 5.000 .
5. Scheme used during the tests
Because of the risks for the 20 kV network in case of
an double-grounding fault, in the experimental site have
been brought about only single-grounding type faults. These
faults have been brought about on 20 kV line Iepuri at pillar
number 1 (Fig.2).
The single-grounding fault has been brought about by
binding the S phase to the grounding Rt = 3,5 (the value
of the grounding resistance of the pillar wher the fault was
made) through an short-circuiting device. For the others
two alternatives resistances were added to the grounding
resistance, one resistence had 1000 the other resistance
had 5000 .

Fig. 2. Proba pentru schema de scurtcircuit
Fig. 2. The experiment fort the short-circuit scheme
Msurtorile efectuate cu noile blocuri de protecie sunt
prezentate sub form de oscilograme. Fig. 3 prezint o
oscilogram obinut pentru cazul cnd simpla punere la p-
mnt s-a realizat printr-o rezisten de trecere (R
tr
= 1000 ).
The measurements done by means of the new protection
blocks are shown as oscilograms. The figure number 3
shows an oscilogram got for the case that the single-ground-
ing fault was realized by a resistance (R
tr
= 1000 ).

Fig. 3. Oscilograme obinute la probe in staia 110/20 kV IUM Tg.Jiu
Fig. 3. Recordings got for the experiments in 110/20 kV substation IUM Tg.Jiu
The 6
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International Power Systems Conference 596
Temporizarea transmiterii comenzii de declanare pentru
R
tr
= 5 k n cazul considerrii mrimilor sinusoidale se
datoreaz modificrii defazajului ntre tensiunea homopolar
i curentul de defect.
Din analiza msurtorilor experimentale efectuate re-
zult:
proteciile prin relee mpotriva simplei puneri la p-
mnt trebuie temporizate pentru a preveni declanarea
liniilor de 20kV n cazul defectelor autostingtoare;
necesitatea realizrii unei protecii sensibile:
protecia homopolar de curent (necesar pentru
realizarea proteciei sensibile, sigure i rapide la dubla
punere la pmnt);
protecia homopolar direcionat cu controlul tensiunii
homopolare (necesar pentru realizarea proteciei sensi-
bile, sigure i rapide la simpla punere la pmnt).
Din analiza oscilogramelor se constat urmtoarele:
la toate probele de simpl punere la pmnt prin rezis-
ten de trecere mare, durata transmiterii comenzii de
declanare prin protecia PDWL a rmas neschimbat.
Se are n vedere c la proteciile direcionale clasice
apare o cretere pronunat a timpului de declanare n
funcie de valoarea rezistenei de trecere de la locul de
simpl punere la pmnt;
la toate probele de simpl punere la pmnt prin rezis-
tena de trecere mare curentul de defect nu-i ps-
treaz forma sinusoidal din cauza amorsrii arcului
electric la locul de defect i structurii reelei;
Se observ funcionarea sigur i selectiv a proteciei
nou concepute cu timp de reacie de 140 ms. Aceast
func-ionare se nregistreaz la toate valorile de
rezisten de arc simulate. Defectul este eliminat rapid
reeaua nefiind supus la supratensiuni de durat.


The time-delay adjusting of the transmission for the
tripping command for R
tr
= 5 k in the case that sinusoidal
values are taking into the consideration is due to the dif-
ference between the zero-sequence voltage angle and the
fault current angle.
From the analysis of the experimental measurements
done it results:
the protections by relays against the single-grounding
fault must have a time-delay to prevent the 20 kV OHL
tripping in case of selfextinctig faults;
the necessity to achieve a sensitive protection:
the zero-sequence current protection (necessary to
achieve a sensitive, reliable and fast protection against
the double-grounding fault);
the zero-sequence directional protection with the zero-
sequence voltage control (necessary to achieve a sensi-
tive, reliable and fast protection against the single-ground-
ing fault).
From the oscilogramm analysis it comes out that:
for all single-grounding fault tests through a large
resistance, the duration of the tripping command
transmision throught the PDWL protection remained
unchanged. It is taking into account that for the clasical
directional protections it appears a significant increse
of the tripping time versus the resistance in the single-
grounding point;
for all single-grounding fault tests through a large
resistance, the fault current does not keep his sinusoidal
shape because of the electrical arc in the fault point
and the network structure. It comes out that the reliable
and selective working of the new achieved protection
with a 140 ms action time. This behavior is recorded
for all arc resistance values that were simulated. The
fault is quickly eliminated and the network is not subject
for lasting overvoltages.
Bibliografie (References)
1. Haegan I.D., Toader D., Pinte N., Hristea V.; - Contribuii la concepia proteciei prin relee pentru semnalizarea punerilor simple
la pmnt n reele electrice de 20 kV - Simpozion SIG 2003 ORADEA
2. Toader D, Hrgu t., Haegan I.D.; - Analysis of a double grounding fault in a 20 kV network having the neutral point
grounding with a compensation reactor. Buletin tiinific Universitatea Politehnic Timioara, 2001,p 415.
3. Toader D, Hrgu t.,Haegan I.D.;Bloc digital de tensiune homopolar BHT-10.a pentru protecia reelelor de medie tensiune cu
neutrul izolat Buletinul tiinific al Universitii Politehnica din Timioara,SeriaEnergetic,2003,p. 501
4. Toader D., Hrgu t. Analysis of multiple faults in three-phase networks. Revue Roumen des sciences techniques. Serie
Electrotechnique et energetique, Tome 48, nr. 2-3, 2003, p.291.
5. Toader D., Haegan I.D., Diaconu I., Rue P., Contribuii la creterea siguranei n alimentarea consumatorilor din reelele de
medie tensiune cu neutrul tratat prin bobin de stingere prin optimizarea proteciilor Simpozion siguran SIG 2005 SINAIA