UN SET DE IPOTEZE PRIVIND NATURA,

UN SET DE IPOTEZE PRIVIND NATURA,

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CARACTERISTICILE

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Autor: FIZ. DR. Autor: FIZ. DR. IOAN MAMULA IOAN MAMULA
Lucrar !r"#tat Lucrar !r"#tat$ %a: A% II&%a Co#'r( Na)*o#a% + $ %a: A% II&%a Co#'r( Na)*o#a% +
M+*c*#$ I#t'rat*,$, Bucur-t*, .&/ #o*01r* .233 M+*c*#$ I#t'rat*,$, Bucur-t*, .&/ #o*01r* .233
Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
ntr- l!crare anteriar" a! #$t de$cri$e %i de#inite liniile care $!nt
&re'ente (n )!r!l !nei *are +a,netice (ca #iind cele care a&ar chi!l!i &rin
#l$irea &ilit!rii de #ier (+&r"%tiate (n a&r&ierea +a,net!l!i) %i ele a! #$t
&r&!$e ca e-&ri+.nd e-act nat!ra/ cndi0ia/ direc0ia %i +"ri+ea #r0ei (n
rice re,i!ne dat"/ #ie din interir!l/ #ie din a#ara *arei1 n acea 2re+e
cn$idera+ c" ace$te linii $!nt a*$tracte1 F"r" a +" (nde&"rta de ceea ce ce
a+ $&!$ at!nci %i a ne,a acele a#ir+a0ii/ ac!+ cercetarea &are $" $!,ere'e
c" ace$te linii a! &r*a*il" %i &$i*il" e-i$ten0" #i'ic"31
M. Faraday a utilizat prima M. Faraday a utilizat prima dat dat termenul de c termenul de cmp ntr-o not din mp ntr-o not din
jurnalul su tiinific datat 7 noiemrie !"#$. jurnalul su tiinific datat 7 noiemrie !"#$.
n #!nc0ie de #en+enl,ia #i'ic" a*rdat"/ c.+&!l #i'ic e$te de#init
ca4

re,i!ne din $&a0i!l real %i +aterial (n care #iec"r!i &!nct i $e a$cia'"

+"ri+e #i'ic" *ine deter+inat" (c.+& ter+ic/ c.+& *aric/ c.+&
ac!$tic)5

d+eni! din $&a0i!l #i'ic (n care $e &t e-ercita ac0i!ni &nder-

+tare a$!&ra cr&!rilr (c.+&!rile de #r0"4 electric/ +a,netic/
,ra2ita0inal etc1)5

entitate #i'ic" #!nda+ental" &rin inter+edi!l c"reia $e &rd!ce

interac0i!ne $&eci#ic" (ntre &artic!le ele+entare (c.+&
electr+a,netic/ c.+& +e'nic etc1)1
Al*ert 6in$tein4 7!te+ cn$idera c" +ateria e$te cn$tit!it" din re,i!ni
ale $&a0!l!i (n care c.+&!l e #arte inten$1 n n!a #i'ic"/ !nica
realitate e$te c.+&!l31
8a$ara* Nicle$c!4 9ealitatea $!*iacent" e$te #r+at" de c.+&!ri/ (n
ti+& ce realitatea +ani#e$tat" e$te aceea a &artic!lelr31
7rinci&i!l c.+&!l!i (#i'ic)4
I. e-i$ten0a:i+&licarea
$!r$ei:$!r$elr de c.+&5
II. ac0i!nea la di$tan0" ; de la
$!r$a:$!r$ele c.+&!l!i &.n" la
entit"0ile $en$i*ile la c.+& (ca &!$"
cntact!l!i direct:+ecanic)5
III. neli+itarea ; a*$en0a
#rntierelr di$tincte ale
ac0i!nii:in#l!en0ei c.+&!l!i5
IV. inte,ritatea:cntin!itatea
:in$eca*ilitatea c.+&!l!i ; c.+&!l n!
are ,l!ri3/ n! e$te #ra,+enta*il5
V. caracteri$ticile c.+&!l!i $!nt
#!nc0ii de crdnatele $&a0iale5
VI. an!+i0i &ara+etrii ai &rce$elr
care a! lc (n interir!l !nei 'ne
a#late $!* ac0i!nea:in#l!en0a c.+&!l!i
$!nt de&enden0i de +d!l (n care/ (n
'na re$&ecti2"/ 2aria'"
caracteri$ticile c.+&!l!i5
VII. ce-i$ten0a c.+&!rilr ; (n
aceea%i 'n" din $&a0i! &t ac0ina:(%i
&t e-ercita in#l!en0ele/ cnc+itent/
+ai +!lte c.+&!ri ((n cntra$t c!
i+&enetra*ilitatea cr&!rilr
$!*$tan0iale)5
VIII. nat!ra %i &r&riet"0ile c.+&!l!i
$!nt $inteti'ate (n ec!a0iile de c.+&
($calare/ 2ectriale/ ten$riale/
$&inriale etc1) %i re$&ect" an!+ite
&rinci&ii de e-tre+ (de e-e+&l!
&rinci&i!l +ini+ei ac0i!ni) %i de
in2arian0" #a0" de tran$#r+"ri
$&a0i-te+&rale (le,i de cn$er2are)1
I4. M"$!ra*ilitatea ; &$i*ilitatea
de e$ti+are cantitati2" a !nr
&ara+etrii ai c.+&!l!i (inten$itate/
de&enden0a de di$tan0" etc1)1

7
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1
1


n teria +dern" a c.+&!l!i/ interac0i!nile dintre &artic!le:cr&!ri/ $!nt
de$cri$e ca $chi+*!ri de c!ante de c.+&4 &artic!le +ediatare (a$ciate c.+&!l!i)1
A$t#el/ interac0i!nea electr+a,netic" e$te +ediat" de #tni/ cea n!clear" de +e'ni
etc1 At!nci c.nd di electrni $e a&r&ie !n!l de alt!l/ !n!l dintre ei e+ite !n #tn &e
care al dilea electrn (l a*$ar*e1 7rin e+i$ia/ re$&ecti2 a*$r*0ia #tn!l!i/ electrnii
(%i +di#ic" 2ite'ele %i direc0iile de +i%care/ (nde&"rt.nd!-$e !n!l de cel"lalt1 n
li+*a)!l #i'icii cla$ice/ $e $&!ne c" (ntre electrni $e e-ercit" #r0" de re$&in,ere5 (n
realitate/ #r0a re&re'int" e#ect!l c!+!lat la ni2el +acr$c&ic al $chi+*!rilr de
#tni1
=! c.t &artic!lele +ediatare a! +a$a de re&a!$ +ai +are/ c! at.t ener,ia
nece$ar" a&ari0iei lr e$te +ai +are/ %i c! at.t +ai $c!rt e$te inter2al!l de ti+& nece$ar
&rce$!l!i de $chi+* (cn#r+ din rela0iilr de incertit!dine ale l!i >ei$en*er,)1 ?e
aceea/ n!clenii (&rtnii %i ne!trnii/ cn$tit!en0ii n!cleelr at+ice) &t $chi+*a
+e'ni ; &artic!le relati2 +a$i2e/ c! +a$a de re&a!$ e,al" c! circa 1:7 din +a$a !n!i
n!clen ; n!+ai dac" $e a#l" #arte a&ra&e !n!l de cel"lalt/ a$t#el (nc.t ra'a de
ac0i!ne a interac0i!nii n!cleare e$te #arte +ic" (circa 1@
;1A
+)1 n cntra$t/ $chi+*!l
de #tni e$te &$i*il la di$tan0e ric.t de +ari/ (ntr!c.t #tnii/ nea2.nd +a$" de
re&a!$/ &t #i ,enera0i dintr- #l!ct!a0ie ener,etic" ric.t de +ic"5 a%a $e e-&lic" de ce
ra'a de ac0i!ne a interac0i!nilr electr+a,netice e$te in#init"1
=eea ce (nde*%te den!+i+ Bl!cr!3:entitate:*iect re&re'int" (n e$en0" cn#i,!ra0ie
lcal" %i &artic!lar" a !n!i c.+& de ener,ie ne-$e&ara*il de !ni2er$ (n an$a+*l!l l!i1 ?ac"
ad+ite+ c" !ni2er$!l Bi'2r"%te3 (n #iecare ++ent din 2ac!itatea !n!i c.+& !ni#icat $!*iacent
+ateriei a%a c!+ &erce&e+/ dac" #l!ct!a0ie hatic" $e a#l" la ri,inea l!i/ n! e$te +ai &!0in
de acce&tat c" &r,re$ia $&re #r+e:$tr!ct!ri r,ani'ate e$te tendin0a $a cea +ai e2ident"1 n$"%i
r,ani'area !ni2er$!l!i !r+ea'" le,e a c+&le-it"0ii cre$c.nde/ de la $tr!ct!rile inani+ate/
trec.nd &rin entit"0ile 2ii/ &.n" la #iin0a ,.nditare ; +!l1
6-i$ten0a #r+elr Bl!cr!rilr3 &re$!&!ne ca nece$ar" ca!'alitate #r+ati2" (adic" !na
re#eritare la B&!nerea (n #r+"3) ce #!nc0inea'" (n Nat!r" %i care $ta*ile%te le,"t!rile dintre
c.+&!l #!nda+ental %i #r+ele +ani#e$tate1 Cinta,+a B&!nere (n #r+"3 d!ce i+ediat la
cnce&t!l de in#r+a0ie care/ deci/ tre*!ie al"t!rat %i &!$ (n cnl!crare c! cele de c.+& %i de
ener,ie1 <iitarea Bn!" #i'ic"3 $e 2a i2i/ &r*a*il/ din acea$t" e-ten$ie ntl,ic" %i
e&i$te+l,ic"1
=.+&!l e$te in2i'i*il chilr n%tri/ (n a#ar" de ca'!l (n care $e &ate/ &rin arti#icii
e-&eri+entale/ a)!n,e la a-l e2iden0ia indirect/ ca (n e-&erien0a cla$ic" c! +a,net!l %i &ilit!ra
de #ier1 =eea ce $e *$er2" e$te c" ac0i!nea c.+&!l!i ,enerea'":+delea'" #r+":$tr!ct!r"1
=.+&!rile $!nt &!rt"tare de in#r+a0ii ce &t #i decdi#icate %i !tili'ate de rece&tri
adec2a0i1 =nce&t!l de c.+& &re$!&!ne:ar tre*!i $" &re$!&!n"/ (n +d #!nda+ental/ re#eriri
la n0i!nile de $tr!ct!r" %i de tran$+itere:c+!nicare:3(+&"rt"%ire3 de in#r+a0ii/ c"ci rice
c.+& &$ed" !n &ten0ial $tr!ct!ral-r,ani'a0inal %i !n!l in#r+a0inal:c+!nica0inal1
La ni2el de +a-i+" ,eneralitate %i (n ra&rt c! #!nc0iile &e care le (nde&line$c/ c.+&!rile
; indi#erent de nat!ra lr %i de +edi!l (n care inter2in ; $e &t cla$i#ica (n4 c.+&!ri dina+ice/
c.+&!ri de echili*r! %i c.+&!ri rela0inale1
=.+&!rile dina+ice deter+in" e-ten$ie cntin!" de ener,ie $a! &ten0ialitate (ntr-!n
$&a0i! ri !n d+eni! (n care $e a#l" $!r$a $a! $edi!l #r0elr/ &!terilr $a! in#l!en0elr1
=.+&!rile rela0inale intercnectea'" (ntr-!n an$a+*l! !nitar ($i$te+ inte,rat) di#erite
ele+ente:&"r0i:c+&nente care alt#el ar #i inde&endente $a! i'late1
=.+&!rile de echili*r! reali'ea'" !n echili*r! $&eci#ic (ntre #r0e/ ele+ente/ *iecte/
deci'ii etc1 interrela0inate %i +!t!al de&endente1

O alt" cla$i#icare e$te (n ra&rt c! ti&!rile de rela0in"ri reali'ate de c.+&!ri (ntre
di#eritele ele+ente/ c+&nente/ $!*$i$te+e/ $i$te+e etc1 n &rinci&i!/ rela0in"rile $!nt #ie
&re&nderent ener,etice/ #ie &re&nderent in#r+a0inale1
9ela0inarea de ti& &re&nderent ener,etic" e$te de ,en!l ac0i!ne/ #iind la r.nd!l ei de
d!" #el!ri4 i)1 ac0i!ne !nilateral" (direct" $a! indirect")5 ii)1 ac0i!ne +!t!al" ri inter-ac0i!ne
(direct" $a! indirect")1 9ela0inarea de ti& &re&nderent in#r+a0inal" e$te de ,en!l in#l!en0"/
&!t.nd #i de a$e+enea de d!" #el!ri4 i)1 in#l!en0" !nilateral" (direct" $a! indirect")5 ii)1
+!t!al" ri inter-in#l!en0" (direct" $a! indirect")1
A$t#el/ c.+&!rile &t #i4
; c.+&!ri de ac0i!ne/ adic" &re&nderent ener,etice (c!+ $!nt c.+&!rile de #r0e $a!
c.+&!rile ener,etice)5
; c.+&!ri de in#l!en0"/ re$&ecti2 &re&nderent in#r+a0inale (de &ild" c.+&!rile in-
#r+ati2e/ cele care B&!n (n #r+"34 c.+&!ri +r#,enetice/ c.+&!ri +r#ice)5 ace$tea $!nt
c.+&!ri c+&le-e/ de nat!r" inte,ratare:hli$tic"1

ntr- $erie de e-&eri+ente e#ect!ate &e e+*rini de a+#i*ieni %i echinder+e/ D!rEit$ch
cn$tata$e c" dac" re$&ecti2ii e+*rini (a#la0i (n &ri+ele $tadii de de'2ltare) $!nt $!&!%i centri#!,"rii
(adic" di$r!&0iei)/ +aterial!l lr cel!lar $e rer,ani'ea'" d!&" aceea $&ntan %i de'2lt" (n cntin!are
r,ani$+e nr+ale1 6-&eri+entele i-a! $!,erat l!i D!rEit$ch ideea c" e-i$t" !n #actr $!&racel!lar
rdnatr (n &rce$ele *i-+r#,enetice ntr- l!crare din 191F/ D!rEit$ch #r+!la criteriile
i+&lic"rii ace$t!i #actr %i a2an$a i&te'a c" deter+inarea de'2lt"rii !nei 'ne e+*rinare de c"tre
!n &rinci&i! rdnatr $!&ra-cel!lar ar #i +ai &r*a*il" dec.t deter+inarea de c"tre atri*!tele
ele+entelr indi2id!ale (cel!le) dac"4 1) de&enden0a dintre &r&riet"0ile cel!lelr %i &'i0iile lr (n
ra&rt c! !n $et c+!n de crdnate e$te &reci$" %i #r+!la*il" +ate+atic5 F) (n c!r$!l de'2lt"rii $e
*$er2" cre%tere ,rad!al" a re,!larit"0ii %i &reci'iei (n aran)a+ent!l cel!lelr5 G) &t #i #r+!late
+ate+atic +ai &reci$ cnt!r!rile !nei 'ne e+*rinare $a! ale (ntre,!l!i e+*rin dec.t #r+a %i
aran)a+entele &"r0ilr interne1 D!rEit$ch de$e+na re$&ecti2!l #actr $!&racel!lar rdnatr &rin
$inta,+ele ((n li+*a ,er+an") Kraftfeld (c.+& (n care $e e-ercit" &!tere) $a! Geschehenfeld (c.+& (n
care e2eni+entele/ &rce$ele $e &rd!c (ntr- +anier" inte,rat"/ crdnat")1
D!rEit$ch intrd!cea %i de'2lta ideea c" $tr!ct!rile rdnate la ni2el +lec!lar din
$i$te+ele 2ii $!nt de&arte de a $e a#la la echili*r! ter+dina+ic1 6l n!+ea ace$te $tr!ct!ri
cn$tela0ii +lec!lare la nn-echili*r!3 (&re$c!rtat =MN6) %i inter&reta !nele din datele
e-&eri+entale &e care le *0in!$e (n &ri2in0a radia0iei +it,enetice ca d2e'i ale e-i$ten0ei
=MN61 n ter+inl,ia act!al" din teria $i$te+elr a!t-r,ani'ate/ =MN6 ; cn$iderate
de D!rEit$ch ca #actri e$en0iali (n ,ene'a %i rdnarea ele+entelr3 ($!*$i$te+elr) dintr-
!n $i$te+ 2i! ;/ n! re&re'int" altce2a dec.t acele $tr!ct!ri di$i&ati2e care atin, $t"ri
$ta0inare deter+inate de echili*re dina+ice/ adic" de &rce$e (nde&"rtate din &!nct de
2edere ter+dina+ic de &!nct!l de echili*r!1

Heria c.+&!l!i *il,ic 2ectrial (=8<)

5 Fiecare cel!l" 2ie are !n c.+& &r&ri!/ care $e e-tinde dincl de +ar,inile ei5
e-i$ten0a ace$t!i c.+& e$te indicat" de =MN61
5 Denerarea c.+&!l!i e$te rela0inat" c! an!+ite &rce$e din n!cle!l cel!lar/ (n
$&ecial de cele i+&licate de tran$#r+"rile cr+atinei (cea +ai $ta*il" $!*$tan0"
c+&arati2 c! celelalte c+&nente chi+ice ale cel!lelr *il,ice)5 c.+&!l e$te
a$ciat (ntr-!n an!+e #el c! +lec!lele de cr+atin"/ dar n!+ai c.nd ace$tea
$!nt acti2e chi+ic1
5 =.+&!l ac0inea'" a$!&ra +lec!lelr1 6l crea'" %i $!$0ine (n $i$te+ele 2ii
rdine +lec!lar" $&eci#ic"/ re$&ecti2/ rice aran)a+ent $&a0ial al +lec!lelr
care n! &ate #i deri2at din $tr!ct!rile lr chi+ice/ #r0e <an der Iaal$ etc1 =a
!r+are/ rdinea +lec!lar" e$te/ (n ,eneral/ !n #en+en de nn-echili*r!1
5 =.+&!rile cel!lare &rd!$e de $!r$e indi2id!ale $e c+&!n 2ectrial
(,e+etric)4 (n rice &!nct al !nei ,r!&"ri de cel!le e-i$t" !n $in,!r c.+&
re'!ltat din c.+&!rile cel!lare indi2id!ale1 ?e aceea/ &r&riet"0ile ace$t!i c.+&
a,re,at 2r de&inde/ &e l.n," al0i #actri/ %i de cn#i,!ra0ia (ntre,!l!i
+!lticel!lar1 n lc de a &$t!la e-i$ten0a c.+&!rilr $!&racel!lare
inde&endente/ atri*!i+ #!nc0ia lr !n!i c.+& re&re'ent.nd $!+a 2ectrial" a
c.+&!rilr cel!lare indi2id!ale1
5 =.+&!l !tili'ea'" ener,ia eli*erat" (n c!r$!l reac0iilr chi+ice e-ter+ice din
$i$te+ele 2ii &entr! a (n'e$tra +lec!lele (&rteine/ &e&tide etc1) c! +i%c"ri
rdnate/ direc0inate1
5 =.+&!l cel!lei are !n caracter 2ectrial/ dar n! %i !n!l +ani#e$t ener,etic1
Acea$t" tr"$"t!r" e$te dat" de #a&t!l c" +lec!lele (c+&le-ele +lec!lare)
ca&"t" ni rient"ri/ (%i +di#ic" #r+a $a! $e +i%c" (n c.+& #l$ind
ener,ia &ten0ial" &e care a! ac!+!lat- &artici&.nd la +eta*li$+!l
cel!lar/ %i n! &e $ea+a ener,iei c.+&!l!i1 O +lec!l" a2.nd $!r&l!$ de
ener,ie $e a#l" (ntr- $tare e-citat" %i e$te $!$ce&ti*il" la ac0i!nea c.+&!l!i1
n acela%i ti+&/ &arte $e+ni#icati2" a ener,iei ac!+!late $e tran$#r+" (n
ener,ie cinetic"1 =.nd e-ce$!l de ener,ie e$te e&!i'at/ iar +lec!la re2ine
(n $tarea nee-citat"/ ea n! +ai e$te in#l!en0at" de c.+&1 =! alte c!2inte/
=8< (%i e-ercit" in#l!en0a a$!&ra +lec!lelr:+acr+lec!lelr e-citate de
ener,ia +eta*lic" a$t#el (nc.t &arte a ener,iei de e-cita0ie e$te
tran$#r+at" direct (n ener,ie cinetic" (adic" (n +i%care +ecanic") a
+lec!lelr:+acr+lec!lelr &e direc0iile 2ectrilr c.+&!l!i1 =eea ce
(n$ea+n" c"/ (n cel!lele 2ii/ =8< l!crea'"3 cntra a,ita0iei ter+ice/ #iind
!n #actr anti-entr&ic1 n ace$t $en$/ a+ &!tea $&!ne c" =8< n! e$te at.t
!n c.+& #i'ic3 ((n (n0ele$!l c!rent al ter+en!l!i)/ c.t !n c.+&
in#r+a0inal31 7entr! =8< n! e$te caracteri$tic" 2re #r+" an!+e de
ener,ie/ ci c+anda3 &rin care &arte a ener,iei +eta*lice ac!+!late (n
+lec!lele e-citate ale c+&!%ilr *ichi+ici e$te tran$#r+at" direct (n
ener,ie de +i%care $a! de de#r+are a ace$tra1 =8< n! #!rni'ea'" ener,ie
(n &!nctele din $&a0i!/ dar diri)ea'" &e cea &rd!$" de acti2itatea 2ital"1

5 7!nct!l $!r$" al !n!i c.+& cel!lar cincide c! centr!l n!cle!l!i cel!lei/ deci c.+&!l e$te/
(n ,eneral/ !n!l radial1 ?irec0ia 2ectrilr de c.+& e$te centri#!,al" (adic" 2ectrii $!nt
direc0ina0i din$&re centr!l c.+&!l!i $&re &eri#erie1
5 =8< e$te ani'tr&ic/ cntin!! %i $!cce$i21
5 Fiind inti+ a$ciat c! &rce$e a#late de&arte de echili*r!l terdina+ic/ =8< are nat!r"
dina+ic"1
5 Inten$itatea (ca&acitatea de in#l!en0are &e care e-ercit") a =8< (ntr-!n an!+it &!nct al
cel!lei deter+in" care &arte din ener,ia ttal" de e-cita0ie +lec!lar" $e tran$#r+" (n
ener,ie cinetic" $a! de de#r+are1
5 Inten$itatea =8< de&inde direct de inten$itatea +eta*li$+!l!i cel!lar1
5 Inten$itatea =8< n! de&inde de +a$a de cr+atin"/ ci de&inde de inten$itatea c! care $e
de$#"%ar" &rce$ele de tran$#r+are ale ace$teia1
5 =8< &re'int" an!+it" di+in!are dat" c! cre%terea di$tan0ei #a0" de $!r$a l!i1
5 n ti+&!l di2i'i!nii cel!lare/ c.+&!l cel!lei $e di2ide de a$e+enea1
5 6-i$t" le,"t!r" de ti& #eed-*acJ (ntre =8< ,l*al %i cn$ecin0ele l!i +r#,enetice1

%aul &eiss '!"("-!("()
71 Iei$$ di$tin,ea %a&te &r&riet"0i #!nda+entale ale c.+&!rile *il,ice:+r#,enetice
(&e care le il!$tra c! e-e+&le din e+*ril,ia e-&eri+ental")4
; Acti2itatea c.+&!l!i e$te in2aria*il le,at" de !n $!*$trat +aterial1
5 Un c.+& e$te entitate %i n! !n +'aic1 Ctr!ct!ra $a are ca&acitatea de a!tcn$er2are/
#iind $ta*il" %i cn$tit!ind pattern-!l c.+&!l!i ce &ate #i re$ta!rat (n #r+a l!i ti& ri,inar"1
5 =.+&!rile/ cel &!0in (n #r+ele lr cele +ai $&eciali'ate/ a! &r&riet"0i de
hetera-ialitate %i heter&laritate1 Ctr!ct!ra lr 2aria'" c! crdnatele $&a0iale %i c! cele
d!" $en$!ri ale aceleia%i a-e1
5 O 'n" (n care $e de$#"%ar" acti2it"0i ce rele2ea'" !n caracter de c.+& &ate #i n!+it"
Bdi$trict de c.+&3 (field district)1 Un c.+& ca ttalitate e$te &r&rietate a di$trict!l!i l!at ca
ttalitate1
5 At!nci c.nd +a$a !n!i di$trict de c.+& c.+& e$te +ic%rat" ri cre$c!t"/ $tr!ct!ra
c.+&!l!i n! e$te a#ectat" ca ttalitate1
5 Cci'i!nea !n!i di$trict de c.+& (n d!" &"r0i e,ale la$" &e #iecare dintre ele (n &$e$ia
!n!i c.+& &r&r0inal c+&let/ echi2alent ca $tr!ct!r" c! c.+&!l $in,!lar ri,inar1
5 ?in #!'i!nea a d!" di$tricte de c.+& &ate re'!lta !n c.+& de aceea%i $tr!ct!r" ca a
#iec"r!ia din cei di cntri*!tri1 B?ac" cele d!" c.+&!ri a! caractere di#erite $a! di#er" (n
ceea ce &ri2e%te a-ele lr de rientare/ +a$a cale$cent" e$te cntrlat" (n an!+ite &"r0i de
!n!l din c.+&!ri/ iar (n altele de cel"lalt c.+&1 N! $e #r+ea'" nicidat" re'!ltant"
inter+ediar"31 Ci$te+!l e$te di$cret1
71 Iei$$ $!*linia #a&t!l c"4 Bde$tin!l !nei cel!le indi2id!ale de&inde de c.+&!l lcal
&artic!lar !nde a)!n,e $" $e a#le5 c.+&!l lcal (n$!%i a #$t (ntre ti+& $e,re,at dintr-!n c.+& +ai
&recce/ +ai ,enerali'at %i de !n rdin +ai ridicat31
?e%i a2ea !nele (ndieli a$!&ra #l$irii (n $c& analitic %i cncret-e-&licati2 a cnce&t!l!i
de c.+& (n *il,ie:e+*ril,ie/ Iei$$ cn$idera c" !tilitatea l!i $e &!tea d2edi cn$idera*il"
&entr! a $e &!ne (n rdine !n ,r!& de #en+ene *$er2ate %i c" Bla !r+a !r+ei/ c.+&!l n! e$te
#ic0i!ne/ ci tre*!ie $" cre$&!nd" !nei e-i$ten0e reale31

*arold +a,ton -urr
'!""(-!(7.)
Heria c.+&!l!i electr-dina+ic c+&le-

Mdel!l $a! +d!l de r,ani'are al ric"r!i $i$te+ *il,ic e$te $ta*ilit de !n c.+& electr -
dina+ic c+&le- care e deter+inat/ (n &arte/ de c+&nen0ii $"i #i'ichi+ici at+ici/ %i care/ (n &arte/
deter+in" c+&rta+ent!l %i rientarea ace$tr c+&nen0i1 Ace$t c.+& e$te electric (n $en$ #i'ic %i
&rin &r&riet"0ile l!i rela0inea'" entit"0ile $i$te+!l!i *il,ic (ntr -!n &attern caracteri$tic %i e$te el
(n$!%i/ (n &arte/ !n re'!ltat al e-i$ten0ei ace$tr entit"0i1 n &l!$ #a0" de $ta*ilirea &attern-!l!i/ el tre*!ie
$" +en0in" &attern-!l (n +i)lc!l #l!-!l!i #i'ic-chi+ic5 de aceea/ el tre*!ie $" re,le'e %i $" cntrle'e
#iin0ele 2ii31 ?e a$e+enea4 B111 rice r,ani$+ 2i! e$te e-&re$ia +r#l,ic" a !n!i c.+& electr-
dina+icK7e $c!rt/ acea$t" terie $!$0ine c"/ (n tate +ecani$+ele *il,ice/ +e+*ranele cel!lare %i
,rani0ele dintre #a'e $ta*ile$c ,radien0i de &ten0ial electric (n &rt&la$+"/ iar ace%ti ,radien0i a$t#el
crea0i deter+in" !n c.+& electr-dina+ic (n $i$te+!l 2i!1 =.+&!l/ a$t#el $ta*ilit/ cntrlea'" %i
re,lea'" &rce$ele #i'ic-chi+ice &rin care $e a)!n,e la &attern-!l +r#l,ic1 Fr0ele c.+&!l!i/
a&reciate (n ter+eni electrici/ de2in a%adar deter+inatrii ti&ar!l!i de r,ani'are a r,ani$+!l!i1
(K)Heria c.+&!l!i electr-dina+ic (ncearc" $" ada!,e de#inire cantitati2-electric" a c.+&!l!i/
(nlc!ind &rin acea$ta de$crierea calitati2" c! +"$!r"tri re'na*il de e-acte31
9e'!ltatele a +ii de e-&eri+ente +in!0ia$e 3a! ar"tat c" la +!lte 2erte*rate/
ne2erte*rate %i &lante e-i$t" di#eren0" de 2lta) relati2 cn$tant" (ntre ricare d!" &!ncte1
Ace%ti ,radien0i $!nt re+arca*il de $ta*ili/ a! +a,nit!dine cn$idera*il" %i $!nt +di#ica0i
n!+ai de alter"ri (n *il,ia #!nda+ental" a r,ani$+!l!i1 Mai +!lt/ la tate #r+ele 2ii
$t!diate/ ,radien0ii n! $!nt hatici ci e-i$t" (ntr-!n &attern *ine de#init ce e$te caracteri$tic
$&eciei c"reia (i a&ar0ine r,ani$+!l %i e$te/ (ntr- an!+it" +"$!r"/ $&eci#ic indi2id!l!i1 n
,eneral/ $e &ate $&!ne c" cre%terea %i de'2ltarea/ in)!riile lcale/ cicl!l +en$tr!al %i 2!la0ia/
&rec!+ %i inciden0a cancer!l!i a#ectea'" &r#!nd di#eren0ele de 2lta) (n +aniere ce &ar
$&eci#ice31 ?i$tri*!0ia ,radien0ilr de *i-&ten0iale electrice cn#i,!rea'" c.+&!l electr-
dina+ic %i dincl de li+ita ,e+etric" a r,ani$+!l!i1

I&te'e ale di2er%ilr a!tri &ri2ind *ic.+&!l4

B*oc60!u% (t u# c60! %ctro0a'#t*c #+o'# a%

or'a#*(0%or ,**, !ar)*a% cor#t7

B*oc60!u% (t u# c60! 0r'#t7 % 0r' +*#

c60!ur*% c%u%ar c%a(*c a% u#u* a#u0*t or'a#*(0, +ar
ca!$t$ u#% caractr*(t*c* #o*7

B*oc60!u% (t u# c60! co0!%0#tar 8+ 90!%u: a-a&

#u0*tu% c60! 0a'#to%ctr*c, c60!ur*% tor(*o#*c,
c60!ur*% 0or:*c tc.;7

B*oc60!u% (t u# c60! + o cu totu% a%t$ #atur$ +c6t

c60!ur*% :*"*c, :**#+ (!c*:*c %u0** ,**.
I7OH6L6 769CONAL6
I1 Nat!ra *ic.+&!l!i

8ic.+&!l e$te realitate *iecti2" de rdin di#erit de cea a c.+&!rilr #i'ice

c!n$c!te:acce&tate de #i'ica act!al"4 &entr! *ic.+& n! $e &ate $crie
ec!a0ie de +i%care (n $en$!l celr #l$ite &entr! a de$crie/ de e-e+&l!/ c.+&!l
electr+a,netic (tt a%a c!+ an$a+*l!l &rce$elr chi+ice:*ichi+ice dintr-
!n r,ani$+ 2i! n! &ate #i e-&ri+at c+&let &rintr- $in,!r" ec!a0ie
chi+ic")1

8ic.+&!l e$te !n c.+& dina+ic/ rela0inal (de ti& c.+& de in#l!en0") %i de

echili*r!1

A$&ect!l &re&nderent in#r+a0inal al *ic.+&!l!i e$te dat de c+&nent"

a $a ; &e care a+ den!+it- c.+& *itic ; ce reali'ea'" inte,rarea
in#r+a0inal" a celrlalte c.+&!ri *i#i'ice ,enerate:i+&licate de &rce$ele
*il,ice1



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Ci+*l!l n! are $e+ni#ica0ia !nei $i+&le (n$!+"ri/ ci &e aceea a
!nei inte,r"ri c+&le-e/ $iner,ice (c&erati2e) %i in#r+a0inale1

ntre c.+&!l *itic %i c.+&!rile *i#i'ice e-i$t" !n c!&la) c!antic1
Ipotez4 c.+&!l *itic are &artic!l" a$ciat" (+ediatare) ; &e care a+
n!+it- *i$n ; a2.nd ca te+&erat!r" de &rd!cere &e aceea caracteri$tic" 2ie0ii/
adic" O G1@ H
*
= 1 8i$n!l e$te &artic!l" de ti& *'n/ c! $&in (ntre,1
?in rela0ia4
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F
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JH c + = / !nde c e$te 2ite'a l!+inii (n 2id/ iar J e$te cn$tanta
l!i 8lt'+ann/ re'!lt" +a$a de re&a!$
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+ a *i$n!l!i4
=
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+ P/7 - 1@
-G8
J,
?i+en$i!nea3 *i$n!l!i (ra'a de interac0i!ne *itic") e$te dat" de
l!n,i+ea de !nd" =+&tn (
*=
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c +
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7e $ea+a a,ita0iei ter+ice de la te+&erat!ra *il,ic"/ *i$nii ca&"t"
2ite'e #arte +ari4 c 866 / @ 2
*
= / iar l!n,i+ea de !nd" de 8r,lie a !ndei
a$ciate *i$n!l!i de2ine4 +
6
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= = / !nde
*
& e$te
i+&!l$!l *i$n!l!i1
ntr-!n r,ani$+ 2i! $e ,enerea'" &er+anent/ c! chelt!ial"
+eta*lic" +ini+"/ *i$ni care $!nt &!rt"tri de in#r+a0ii *il,ice %i
*i&$ihice (la r,ani$+ele cere*rale) ce &t #i rece&0inate %i !tili'ate %i
de alte r,ani$+e 2ii1
7rin #en+en!l de cnden$are 8$e-6in$tein a *i$nilr $-ar &!tea
e-&lica/ (n +are +"$!r"/ c+&rta+ent!l cerent al
r,ani$+elr:$i$te+elr 2ii1
Interac0i!nile *i$nilr c! ?M (dark matter) %i ?6 (dark energy) Q
c!&larea c$+ic"/ *irit+!ri etc1

II1 =aracteri$tici ale *ic.+&!l!i
Ci$te+ic/ $i$te+ati'ant/ inte,ratr/ cerent %i
hli$tic:nn-lcal1
?ina+ic %i hl,ra#ic1
<arian0" calitati2" (n $&a0i!-ti+&5 le,ile de
ac0i!ne:in#l!en0"3 ale *ic.+&!l!i $!nt #!nc0ii de
crdnatele $&a0i-te+&rale5 2arian0a calitati2"
e$te e-&re$ia in#r+a0iei din *ic.+&5 $&re
de$e*ire de c.+&!rile #i'ice !'!ale/ *ic.+&!l e$te
!n c.+& in#r+at %i in#r+ati'ant5 *ic.+&!l e$te
!n +eta-c.+&1
8ic.+&!l n! in#l!en0ea'" at.t $tr!ct!ri
$!*$tan0iale/ c.t &rce$e (n care $!nt i+&licate
$tr!ct!rile re$&ecti2e1
=aracter $&ectral/ dat de ni2el!rile la care $e &rd!c
ac0i!nile:in#l!en0ele *ic.+&!l!i1

III1 F!nc0ii ale *ic.+&!l!i
7re&nderent in#r+a0inal"/ rdnatare/
r,ani'atare1
Antientr&ic"1
6&i,enetic"1
Fr+atare4 $tr!ct!ral" (+r#,enetic" %i
h+e+r#ic") %i rela0inal" (c+!nica0inal" %i
ecl,ic")1
Inte,ratare %i re,latare1
Ciner,ic":6+er,entic"1
Deneratare de ceren0"1

n BHhe I++rtality # the C!l3 (16A9)/ >enry Mre $cria de$&re !n
B$&irit al nat!rii3/ de#init ca B $!*$tan0" necr&ral"/ &"tr!n'.nd (ntrea,a
+aterie din Uni2er$ %i e-ercit.nd aici &!tere &la$tic"/ &tri2it di2er$elr
&redi$&'i0ii %i circ!+$tan0e ale &"r0ilr a$!&ra c"rra ac0inea'"/ %i
deter+in.nd direc0ia &"r0ilr +ateriei/ ca %i +i%c"rile lr/ &rd!c.nd (n l!+e
#en+enele care n! &t #i red!$e la ac0i!nea !nei &!teri +ecanice31

A1 OyrR nta4 Bentitatea #!nda+ental" a %tiin0ei cnte+&rane/
Sc.+&!lT/ e ce2a care &$ed" lc/ (ntindere/ &enetra*ilitate %i in$eca*ilitate
(la care $e +ai &t ad"!,a B&!terea &la$tic"3/ adic" in-#r+ati2" $a!
+delatare/ %i ca&acitatea de a &rd!ce #en+ene ne+ecanice ; n1n)K ?ac"
n! ne-a+ te+e de anacrni$+/ a+ &!tea deci a$i+ila S$&iriteleT l!i Mre c!
an!+ite #r+e de c.+&31

Al*ert 6in$tein4 Hate +delele $!nt ,re%ite5 !nele
$!nt !tile31

Arth!r Cch&enha!er4 Fiecare ade2"r trece &rin
trei eta&e &.n" $" #ie acce&tat1 n &ri+a eta&" e$te
ridic!li'at/ (n a d!a e$te cntra'i$/ iar (n a treia eta&"
e$te cn$iderat ca a!t-e2ident31

Oarl 917&&er4 N! are ce c"!ta (n %tiin0" cel ce n!
are c!ra)!l $"-%i e-&ri+e &iniile31