Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Limba englez
- suport de curs -
2014
Camelia Neagu
Limba englez
[Acest suport de curs se adreseaz studenilor Facultii de Drept, forma de nvmnt la distan, anul I.]
ISBN: 978-606-8585-89-5
CUPRINS
Introducere
Unitatea de nvare 1
1.1. Introducere
1.2. Obiective
1.3. Rezumat
1.4. Test de evaluare
1.5. Test de autoevaluare
1.6. Tem de control
1.7. Bibliografie specifica
1.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 2
2.1. Introducere
2.2. Obiective
2.3. Rezumat
2.4. Test de evaluare
2.5. Test de autoevaluare
2.6. Tem de control
2.7. Bibliografie specifica
2.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 3
3.1. Introducere
3.2. Obiective
3.3. Rezumat
3.4. Test de evaluare
3.5. Test de autoevaluare
3.6. Tem de control
3.7. Bibliografie specifica
3.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 4
4.1. Introducere
4.2. Obiective
4.3. Rezumat
4.4. Test de evaluare
4.5. Test de autoevaluare
4.6. Tem de control
4.7. Bibliografie specifica
4.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 5
5.1. Introducere
5.2. Obiective
5.3. Rezumat
5.4. Test de evaluare
5.5. Test de autoevaluare
5.6. Tem de control
5.7. Bibliografie specifica
5.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 6
6.1. Introducere
6.2. Obiective
6.3. Rezumat
6.4. Test de evaluare
6.5. Test de autoevaluare
6.6. Tem de control
6.7. Bibliografie specifica
6.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 7
7.1. Introducere
7.2. Obiective
7.3. Rezumat
7.4. Test de evaluare
7.5. Test de autoevaluare
7.6. Tem de control
7.7. Bibliografie specifica
7.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 8
8.1. Introducere
8.2. Obiective
8.3. Rezumat
8.4. Test de evaluare
8.5. Test de autoevaluare
8.6. Tem de control
8.7. Bibliografie specifica
8.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
Unitatea de nvare 9
9.1. Introducere
9.2. Obiective
9.3. Rezumat
9.4. Test de evaluare
INTRODUCERE
Acest modul se adreseaz studenilor Facultii de Drept, forma de
nvmnt la distan, anul 1.
Obiectivul
modulului
Competenele
generale
Competenele
specifice
1. Cunoatere i nelegere
sistematizarea i fundamentarea noiunilor de gramatic a limbii
engleze;
nsuirea de ctre studeni a cunotinelor necesare pentru redactarea
unui referat, articol etc. pe teme de specialitate,
achiziionarea de ctre studeni a unui numr ct mai mare de
termeni de specialitate;
8
10
Pregtirea i
evaluarea
studenilor
(sem. II)
11
UNIT I
ORDINEA CORECT A CUVINTELOR N LIMBA ENGLEZ
(Word Order)
1.1.
Introducere
Acest capitol expune regulile de organizare a cuvintelor n propoziie, aplicate
n limba englez. Studenii ar trebui s acorde o atenie sporit acestui capitol
deoarece necunoaterea regulilor de organizare a cuvintelor n propoziie atrage
dup sine comiterea unui numr foarte mare de greeli de topic n limba
englez.
1.2.
00:30
Exemple
1. Comparai topica propoziiei englezeti cu topica
propoziiei romneti, observnd c n romn
topica este mult mai flexibil:
(Compl. circ. de timp)Subiect + Predicat + Compl. direct + Compl. indir. +
Compl. circ. de mod + Compl. circ. de loc + (Compl. circ. de timp).
(After dinner) She said good night to them quickly in the hall (after dinner).
(Dup cin) le-a spus noapte bun repede n hol (dup cin) sau
(Dup cin) le-a spus repede noapte bun n hol (dup cin).
2. Adverbele de frecven (usually*, sometimes*, never, often, rarely/seldom, always) stau
naintea predicatului dac acesta este exprimat printr-un verb aflat la un timp simplu (deci
NU continuu** sau perfect***):
She never pleads in criminal cases.
Law students often simulate cases as part of their academic training.
* Usually and sometimes can be placed at the beginning/at the end of the sentence or
immediately before the predicate:
E.g. (Usually) We prepare our pleadings carefully (usually).
sau
We usually prepare our pleadings carefully.
(Sometimes) she asks this senior counsel for advice (sometimes).
She sometimes asks this senior counsel for advice.
sau
** Adverbs of frequency are used between the verb to be and the present participle (with
continuous tenses):
E.g. They are always asking me questions about the day of the crime because they suppose I
am the real offender!
*** Adverbs of frequency are used between the verb to have and the past participle (with
perfect tenses):
E.g. She has never agreed with such a clause in the contract!
!!! If adverbs of frequency are used with the verb to be, they are placed after this verb:
Mr. Johanson is always on time when he expects a client at the office.
Corectai greelile din propoziiile de mai jos:
I appreciate very much this internship period.
.
The witness testified yesterday without hesitation.
13
S ne reamintim
Topica limbii engleze este diferit de cea din limba romn ntr-o mare
msur. Ca limb sintetic, romna i-a conservat formele flexionare, de aici
flexibilitatea topicii romneti. n schimb, engleza, ca limb analitic, a
pierdut foarte multe forme flexionare, ceea ce a dus la rigidizarea topicii ei.
1.3.
Rezumat
- n limba englez, nu se pune niciodat un complement circumstanial ntre
predicat i complementul direct/ complementul indirect;
- Complementele circumstaniale au o ordine strict de folosire n limba
englez: C.C.M + C.C.L + C.C.T(Adverbial of Manner + Adverbial of
Place + Adverbial of Time);
- Urmtoarele complemente circumstaniale de timp pot sta la nceputul sau la
sfritul propoziiei: last week/month/year, next week/month/year, this
week/month/year, in 2010, at noon/at midnight/at weekend, in the future/in the
morning/in the afternoon, during the 1st semester, on Monday/Friday etc.
1.4.
to sau
for naintea
14
00:30
1.5.
court
lawyers
Rule
to govern
legal action
the judiciary
Judge
legal system
tribunal
15
16
UNIT II
THE UK - A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
2.1.
Introducere
Studiind aceast unitate de nvare, vei dobndi noiunile de baz privind
rolul i structura Parlamentului Marii Britanii, rolul Monarhului n
conducerea Statului, atribuiile Primului Ministru i ale Cabinetului condus
de acesta, precum i despre alegerile generale din Regatul Unit al Marii
Britanii.
2.2.
Obiectivele/competenele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s ofere informaii generale despre puterea legislativ din Marea
Britanie;
s precizeze atribuiile Monarhului Britanic n guvernarea
statului;
s ofere informaii generale despre puterea executiv din Marea
Britanie.
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90
minute.
Coninutul unitii de nvare
THE UK - A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional monarchy and
a unitary state, which is made up of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and of
Northern Ireland. All four countries of the Kingdom are represented in Parliament at
Westminster, which is the supreme legislative authority in the United Kingdom.
The three main powers in the British state are: the legislative power, the executive power and
the judiciary. The legislative power is the power of making, altering or repealing the laws and
it belongs to Parliament.
The Parliament is the legislative body, which is constitutionally composed of the Monarch,
the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The judiciary is represented by the Supreme
Court and all the other courts of law in the UK.
The Queen represents the people as the Head of State, but the real power lies in Parliament.
The House of Commons or the Lower House consists of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs)
who each represent a constituency. They are salaried members elected by universal adult
suffrage. Members of the House of Commons are elected at a General Election, which must
be held every five years, but it is often held at more frequent intervals.
17
00:30
The House of Lords or the Upper House has around 1,200 members and is made up of
hereditary and life peers and peeresses, including the law lords appointed to undertake
judicial duties of the House, and the archbishops and bishops of the Church of England.
The Sovereign formally summons and dissolves Parliament and generally opens new sessions
of Parliament with a speech from the throne. The Queen reigns but does not rule.
The full duration of Parliament is five years. No bill can become law until it has been
sanctioned or read three times by both Houses and has finally received the royal assent.
The Constitutional principles, rules and practices of the United Kingdom have never been
codified; they derive from state law, from common law and from the conventions of the
constitution.
General Elections are held every five years, though the Prime Minister may call one earlier
and if a MP dies or retires a by-election is held in her or his constituency. MPs win their seats
in Parliament by a majority vote.
The Party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of
supporters in the House of Commons forms the Government; its leading members are chosen
by the Prime Minister (PM) who forms the Cabinet.
The Party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the official Opposition.
Parliaments main functions are debating, passing legislation and examining the actions of
the Government.
The Speaker of the House of Commons is elected from the members to preside over the
House immediately after each new Parliament is formed. He is required to be impartial over
parliamentary procedure and the traditional guardian of the rights and privileges of the House
of Commons.
The Government consists of the ministers appointed directly by the Crown on the
recommendation of the Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister is the Head of the government and presides over meetings of the Cabinet.
He consults and advises the Monarch on government business, supervises and, to some
extent, coordinates the work of the various ministries and departments and is the principal
spokesman for the Government in the House of Commons.
The Cabinet is the nucleus of government; its members consist of a small group of the most
important ministers who are selected by the Prime Minister. The size of the Cabinet is about
23 and its main function is to determine, control and integrate the policies of the government
for submission to Parliament.
The Lord Chancellor and the Law Officers of the Crown.
The Lord High Chancellor and the Law Officers of Great Britain presides over the House of
Lords both in legislative capacity and as a final court of appeal.
Corectai greelile din propoziiile de mai jos:
a. The Lord Chancellor is the head of the Cabinet of Ministers.
.
b. Norther Ireland is a part of Great Britain.
18
S ne reamintim
-Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii este o monarhie constituional, ceea ce
nseamn c Regele/Regina este eful statului, dar acesta/aceasta nu poate
aciona dect n limitele impuse de prevederile Constituiei.
- n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, puterea legislativ a statului i revine
exclusiv Parlamentului;
- n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, Puterea executiv este reprezentat de
Primul Ministru (eful Guvernului) i de Cabinetul de Minitri (ale crui
edine sunt prezidate de Primul Ministru).
2.3.Rezumat
- Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii este o monarhie constituional;
- n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, Parlamentul este bicameral (the House of
Lords & the House of Commons);
- The Lord Chacellor este Preedintele Camerei Lorzilor, n timp ce the
Speaker este Preedintele Camerei Comunelor;
- n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, alegerile generale se organizeaz o dat la 5
ani;
- pentru Camera Lorzilor nu se organizeaz alegeri, membrii acestei camere
fiind alei de Monarh la recomandarea Primului Ministru sau a Camerei
Lorzilor.
2.4. Test de evaluare a cunotinelor:
I. Completai spaiile libere cu cuvintele corespunztoare:
assent, Constitution, repealing, branches, duration, executive, that is,
altering, convoke, prorogue, power, law, sanctioned, retires, both, but,
earlier, held, elections, constituency
1. The British. consists of two great . , the legislative and the . power.
2. The legislative power, . the power of making, . or . the laws, belongs to
Parliament.
3. The Queen alone can Parliament or . , or dissolve it.
4. The full .. of an MP`s term of office is 5 years.
5. No bill can become until it has been or read three times by .. Houses and has
received the royal .
6. General . are held every five years, . the Prime Minister may call one.., and if a
MP dies or . a by-election is . in her or his
II. Rspundei la urmtoarele ntrebri:
1. What does Parliament consist of?
2. What does the Sovereign formally do?
3. Who are the members of the House of Lords?
19
00:60
1. Camera Comunelor este format din 630 membrii salariai alei prin
sufragiu universal de ctre populaia adult.
2. Primul Ministru alege membrii Guvernului din partidul care ctig
majoritatea locurilor n Parlament.
3. Preedintele Camerei Comunelor este propus de Guvern dup
consultri cu opoziia.
4. n Camera Lorzilor, autoritatea suprem Lordul Cancelar are
puteri mai mici ca Preedintele Camerei Comunelor (The Speaker).
5. Membrii Camerei Comunelor reprezint autoritatea final n
emiterea legilor.
II.
Laws can be seen as a set of rules which are meant to govern behavior between people.
Law, the body of official rules and regulations, generally found in constitutions and
legislation, is used to govern society and to control the behavior of its members. In
modern societies, a body with authority, such as a court or the legislature, makes the law;
on the other hand the police must make sure the law is observed.
In addition to enforcement, a body of expert lawyers is needed to apply the law.
This is the role of the judiciary, the body of judges in a particular country.
2.6. Tem de control
I. Completai spaiile libere cu adverbele potrivite:
annually mainly impartially dangerously usually fluently
carefully.
1.
2.
3.
4.
20
Bibliografie specifica
I.
1. The House of Commons is made up of 630 salaried members, elected by universal adult
suffrage.
2. The Prime Minister appoints the members of the Government from the party that won the
majority of seats in Parliament.
3. The Speaker is appointed by the Government after consulting with the opposition.
4. In the House of Lords, the supreme authority, the Lord Chancellor, has less authority in
comparison with the Speaker.
5. The members of the House of Commons represent the final authority in passing the laws.
II.
Putem considera c legile reprezint un set de reguli menite s controleze comportamentul
oamenilor.
Legea, privit ca o sum de reguli i regulamente, este folosit pentru a guverna societatea i
pentru a controla comportamentul membrilor acesteia. n societile moderne, un organ al
statului nvestit cu autoritate, cum ar fi o instan judectoreasc sau legislatura, emite legi;
pe de alt parte, poliia trebuie s se asigure c legea este respectat.
Pentru ca legea s fie aplicat, este necesar s existe un grup de specialiti n drept. Acesta
este rolul sistemului judiciar, reprezentat de totalitatea judectorilor dintr-o ar.
21
UNIT III
VORBIREA DIRECT I INDIRECT
(Direct and Indirect Speech)
3.1.
Introducere
22
00:45
Today
Yesterday
The day before yesterday
Tomorrow
The day after tomorrow
Next week
Last week
A year ago
- That day
- The day before
- Two days before
- The next day/ following day
- In two days time
- The next/following week
- The previous week/ the week before
- A year before/ the previous year
23
c. Propoziiile exclamative
Ele devin propoziii enuniative n vorbirea indirect.
Exclamaiile cu what, how, Oh!, Ah! Devin completive directe introduse de that:
How very kind of him to help us with our luggage! mother said.
Mother exclaimed that it was very kind of him to help them with their luggage.
d. Propoziiile imperative
Ele devin n vorbirea indirect propoziii infinitive
Afirmative:
He said, Sit down, Peter.
He told Peter to sit down.
Negative:
He said,Dont interrupt the speaker please.
He asked them not to interrupt the speaker.
Verbul la imperativ se transform n verb la infinitiv cu to/not to.
Corectai greelile n frazele de mai jos:
1. The witness swore he will say the truth.
2. The lawyer wondered how he has entered the room.
3. We will become good practitioners when we will start working in law firm
or in the Bar.
S ne reamintim
Vorbirea indirect reproducere spusele unei persoane, folosind verbe specifice
(reporting verbs) n acest scop: to ask, to say, to comment, to exclaim, to wonder,
to order, to underline, to offer etc.
Vorbirea direct este marcat prin ghilimele, deoarece n limba englez nu se
folosete linia de dialog. n schimb, vorbirea indirect nu este marcat prin
ghilimele.
24
3.3.
Rezumat
Trecerea de la vorbirea direct la cea indirect presupune efectuarea urmtoarelor
modificri:
- de persoan (pers.1 => pers. a 3-a);
- de timp (toate timpurile coboar cu o treapt: prezentul devine trecut, iar trecutul
devine trecut perfect, n timp ce viitorul cu will se transform n viitor-n-trecut);
- de compl.circ. de timp/loc (now => then, here => there etc.);
- de pronume demonstrativ (this => that, these => those)
3.4. Test de evaluare:
I. Trecei urmtoarele propoziii la vorbirea indirect, fcnd schimbrile de
pronume necesare:
1. Our teacher says, If you work hard, you will succeed.
2. They always say, These exercises are too difficult for us.
3. Doris is saying, Behave yourself, Peter.
4. The teacher has said to the students, I want to have a look at your homework.
5. I always say, I dont like to be late.
6. John and Tom are saying, We havent done our homework.
II. Trecei urmtoarele propoziii la vorbirea indirect opernd schimbrile de timp
i adverbe, dup un verb la Past Tense:
He said (That). sau He told me/us (that)
1. I read this book a long time ago.
2. They are having an English class now.
3. Ill give you an answer as soon as I can.
4. We watched TV last night.
5. Weve never been here before.
6. I know what the teacher will say.
7. I cant answer this question; its too difficult for me.
8. I shall try to finish this today.
9. I talked to them yesterday.
10. Ill be very busy next week.
3.5. Test de autoevaluare:
I. Trecei urmtoarele propoziii n vorbirea indirect folosind n propoziia
principal verbe la Past Tense (say, tell, ask, wonder, promise, order, advise):
00:45
25
6. Minister of Justice
7. Attorney General
8. Solicitor General
9. to pursue
10. Law graduates
3.7. Bibliografie:
Banta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993
Brookes, Michael, Treutenaere, Christiane, 1000 de cuvinte cheie n Drept,
Ed. Compania, 2004.
Rspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare:
I.
1. She asked me what I was studying.
2. She asked if Paul had left any message for her.
3. He asked whether I could make up that prescription for him.
4. He told me that he does not/did not take sugar in his tea.
5. She exclaimed what a lovely day it was.
6. He promised to be back in half an hour.
7. He asked why he should do that.
8. She suggested playing tennis then.
II.
1. He wanted to know why my friends had left so early.
2. The teacher asked the students whether they (had) understood the lessond or not.
3. The clerk advised us to carefully read the instructions before opening the box.
4. The doctor told us that no one was allowed to talk to the patient till the next day.
5. They said that they would have arrived on time unless they had missed the bus.
26
UNIT IV
THE SOURCES OF ENGLISH LAW
4.1.
Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, vei studia principalele surse ale legislaiei din
Marea Britanie, dobndind o mai bun nelegere a ctorva principii
fundamentale specifice pentru dreptul anglo-saxon, cunoscut sub numele de
common law.
4.2.
27
00:30
Cases of first impression are based upon facts, which bear no resemblance to the facts of
any previous case.
The administration of justice is not a simple process of matching precedents. The judges have
a field of choice in making their decisions. But they do not exercise their discretion in an
arbitrary way; they rest their judgments upon general principles.
Corectai greelile n enunurile de mai jos:
The common law system is specific for France and Belgium.
The judicial precedent does not ensure a homogenous jurisprudence in the UK.
Romanian law is primarily based on case-law.
S ne reamintim
n sistemul de drept anglo-saxon, dreptul cutumiar este un important izvor al
dreptului.
4.3.
Rezumat
In sistemul de drept anglo-saxon, jurisprudenta (case-law) este un important
izvor de drept. Common-law se constituie din: hotarrile judecatoreti, cutume
i tradiii juridice. Judecatorul este un creator al legii, el nu doar interpreteaz
legea.
O cauz poate fi soluionat pe baza unui precedent judiciar, care a fost
pronunat cu mult timp n urm.
4.4. Test de evaluare:
I. Punei cuvintele de mai jos n spaiile libere ale textului :
Common Law
Napoleonic Code
Roman Law
The Ten Commandments
.. , which evolved in the 8th century BC, was still largely a blend of custom and
interpretation by magistrates of the will of the gods.
.. evolved from the tribal and local laws in England. It began with common
Customs, but over the time it involved the courts in law-making that was responsive
to changes in society. In this way the Anglo-Norman rulers created a system of
centralized courts that operated under a single set of laws that replaced rules laid
down by earlier societies.
. formed the basis of all Israelite legislation. They can also be found in the laws of
other ancient peoples.
. refers to the entire body of French law, contained in five codes dealing with
civil, commercial, and criminal law.
28
00:60
Test de autoevaluare:
Tem de control:
29
Art. 73
(1) Parliament passes constitutional, organic, and ordinary laws.
(2) Constitutional laws shall be pertaining to the revision of the Constitution.
(3) Organic laws shall regulate:
a) the electoral system; the organization and functioning of the Permanent Electoral
Authority;
b) the organization, functioning, and financing of political parties;
c) the statute of Deputies and Senators, the establishment of their emoluments and other
rights;
d) the organization and holding of referendum;
e) the organization of the Government and of the Supreme Council of National Defence;
f) the state of partial or total mobilization of the armed forces and the state of war;
g) the state of siege and emergency;
h) criminal offences, penalties, and the execution thereof;
i) the granting of amnesty or collective pardon;
j) the statute of public servants;
k) the contentious business falling within the competence of administrative courts;
l) the organization and functioning of the Superior Council of Magistracy, the courts of law,
the Public Ministry, and the Court of Audit;
m) the general legal status of property and inheritance;
n) the general organization of education;
o) the organization of local public administration, territory, as well as the general rules on
local autonomy;
p) the general rules covering labour relations, trade unions, employers' associations, and
social protection;
r) the status of national minorities in Romania;
s) the general statutory rules of religious cults;
t) the other fields for which the Constitution stipulates the enactment of organic laws.
(Constitution of Romania)
4.7.
Bibliografie:
I. A judicial precedent is a decision passed by the court and used as a source for future
decision making. Precedents are binding so they must be followed. The common law has
developed by each and every new precedent adopted by the courts of law. When delivering a
30
judgment, the judge presents the facts of the case, explains the law that is applicable to the
facts and then passes the sentence. The ratio decidendi (the legal reasoning or ground for the
judicial decision) is binding on later courts under the system of judicial precedent.
II.
He was deprived of liberty after having committed the murder.
The client decided to make an appeal at the advice of his lawyer.
You need to give evidence in order to support your accusations.
It is compulsory for the defendant to comply with the judges decision.
The policeman imposed a fine for driving under influence (DUI).
In order to state his cause, he decided to call several colleagues to testify in his favour.
Any murderer is punished with imprisonment.
He pleaded not-guilty because he knew he was innocent.
The defendant was discharged after the witness testified in his favour.
As soon as the verdict was returned, the judge passed the sentence.
31
UNIT V
VERBUL (THE VERB)
Timpurile verbului (Verb Tenses)
5.1. Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, se vor revizui dou timpuri folosite n mod
frecvent n limba englez:
- prezentul simplu
- prezentul continuu.
5.2. Obiectivele/competenele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti de nvare, studentul trebuie s fie
capabil:
s deprind folosirea corect a prezentului simplu i continuu
s evite confuziile dintre cele dou timpuri, frecvente n cazul
vorbitorilor de romn
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90 de
minute.
00:30
Look ! It is raining.
It is getting dark.
Im studying, now.
What are you doing tonight?
Im visiting my mother tomorrow.
33
00:60
34
00:45
5.7. Bibliografie:
Banta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993
Dicionar juridic englez-romn i romn-englez, Editura Lumina Lex,
Bucureti, 2003
Brookes, Michael, Treutenaere, Christiane, 1000 de cuvinte cheie n Drept,
Ed. Compania, 2004.
35
36
UNIT VI
THE JUDICIARY
6.1. Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, vei studia cteva noiuni generale privind
sistemul judiciar din Marea Britanie.
Totodat, n setul de exerciii de la sfritul unitii de nvare, vei avea ca
tem de cas studierea a dou articole din Constituia Romniei privind
statutul judectorilor n ara noastr.
6.2. Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s ofere informaii generale cu privire la puterea judectoreasc din
Marea Britanie
s expun modul de ierarhizare a instanelor de judecat din ara
noastr (judectorii courts of first instance, tribunale-tribunals,
curi de apel-courts of appeal i ICCJ- The High Court of Cassation
and Justice, precum i curi cu jurisdicie special-special
courts/courts with special jurisdiction).
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 80 minute.
37
00:20
The police service in Great Britain is linked with the local government and subject to the
influence and control of the Home Secretary and the Secretary of State for Scotland. In
Northern Ireland it is controlled by an Inspector General. In Scotland, the police make the
preliminary investigations but the Public Prosecutor decides whether or not to prosecute.
Throughout the U.K. it is the law that as soon as anyone is arrested, he must be charged and
brought before the court with the least possible delay. If he cannot be brought before the
court within a day, he will usually be granted bail.
S ne reaminitim
Numirea magistrailor se face n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii de ctre
Monarh, la recomandarea Primului Ministru. Judectorii sunt independeni i
inamovibili (irremovable).
6.3. Rezumat
Lordul Cancelar mpreun cu Minitrii de interne ai Angliei, Scoiei i
Irlandei de Nord rspund de buna administrare a justiiei n Regatul Unit al
Marii Britanii.
Judectorii numii de Coroan, la sugestia Primului Ministru britanic, sunt
independeni i inamovibili.
Cercetarea penal este desfurat de organele de poliie judiciar.
Corectai greelile de mai jos:
In the UK magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Speaker.
38
00:60
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Circumscripie electoral
Sufragiu
Alegeri pariale
A avea drept de vot
A demisiona
Ministru de interne
Camera lorzilor
A convoca
A numi (ntr-o funcie)
Arhiepiscop
39
40
UNIT VII
THE PAST TENSES
7.1. Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, vei recapitula trecutul simplu i trecutul
continuu, dou dintre cele cele mai importante timpuri ale limbii engleze.
7.2. Obiectivele/competenele unitii de nvare:
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s foloseasc n mod corect trecutul simplu i continuu
s evite confuziile care apar n momentul folosirii celor dou timpuri,
confuzii frecvente n cazul vorbitorilor de romn.
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90 minute.
00:60
to eat
ate
The simple past form of each irregular verb therefore must be learnt.
1. The same form is used for all persons in affirmative even if we have a regular or irregular
verb.
I worked
We worked
I spoke
We spoke
You worked
You worked
You spoke
You spoke
He/she worked
They worked
He/she spoke
They spoke
2. The negative of regular and irregular verbs is formed with:
did + not (didnt) + the infinitive
I did not work
We did not work
You did not work
You did not work
He/she/it did not work They did not work
41
Did we work?
Did you work?
Did they work?
Did I speak?
Did you speak?
Did he/she/it speak?
Did we speak?
Did you speak?
Did they speak?
Didnt I speak?
Didnt we speak?
Didnt you speak?
Didnt you speak?
Didnt he/she/it speak? Didnt they speak?
Negative
I was not speaking
You were not speaking
He/she/it was not speaking
We were not speaking
You were not speaking
They were not speaking
Interrogative
Was I speaking?
Were you speaking?
Was he/she/it speaking?
Were we speaking?
Were you speaking?
Were they speaking?
42
Verbs of mental activity: agree, believe, assume, expect, forget, know, mean,
recognise, suppose, think, trust.
Verbs of possession: belong, owe, own, possess.
Main uses of the past continuous tense:
The past continuous is used for past actions which continued for some time but whose
limits are not known;
Used without a time expression it can indicate a gradual development;
Used with a point in time, it expresses an action which began before that time and
probably continued after:
e.g. At eight he was having breakfast.
Used in descriptions:
e.g. A wood fire was burning, a cat was sleeping in front of it. A girl was
playing the piano.
It can be also used as a past equivalent of the present continuous:
Direct speech: He said: I am living in London.
Indirect speech: He said he was living in London.
We may also use past continuous for apparently parallel actions:
e.g. Between one and two I was doing the shopping and walking the dog.
o This tense is normally used in this way with a time expression such as today,
last night, in the afternoon, which could either be regarded as points in time or
as periods.
o In questions about how a period was spent, the continuous often appears more
polite than the simple past:
e.g. What were you doing before you came here? Sounds more polite than:
What did you do before you came here?
S ne reaminitim
Spre deosebire de limba romn, verbul englezesc are patru aspecte: simplu,
continuu, perfect i perfect continuu.
Aspectul continuu al verbului indic faptul c o aciune este n curs de
desfurare la un moment dat, n timp ce aspectul simplu face referire la
aciuni care se petrec n mod obinuit i nu la un moment dat.
7.3. Rezumat
Trecutul simplu este folosit pentru a exprima:
- aciuni ncheiate ntr-o perioad de timp trecut;
- aciuni obinuite, repetate din trecut (cu adverbe de frecven);
- aciuni care s-au desfurat de-a lungul unei perioade de timp ncheiate (cu
prepoziia for);
- o condiie ireal (n Condiionalele de tipul II).
Trecutul continuu este folosit pentru a exprima:
- o aciune care se afla n continu desfurare la un moment dat n trecut;
- o aciune aflat n desfurare n trecut i ntrerupt de o alt aciune;
- aciuni care s-au aflat n desfurare n trecut, n acelai timp;
- descrierea unor secvene din trecut.
43
44
45
46
UNIT VIII
COURTS OF LAW IN THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN
8.1. Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, vom analiza instanele de judecat din Regatul
Unit al Marii Britanii.
Totodat, la sfritul capitolului, vom expune, n limba englez, instanele de
judecat din ara noastr.
8.2. Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s dobndeasc informaii generale cu privire la ierarhizarea instanelor
de judecat din Marea Britanie
s expun modul de ierarhizare a instanelor de judecat din ara noastr.
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90 minute.
47
00:30
a. Magistrates Courts are mainly related to domestic proceedings. They have limited civil
jurisdiction.
b. County Courts where the most ordinary civil actions are heard and tried.
c. The High Court is divided into: the Chancery Division, the Probate Division, the Divorce
Division, Admiralty Division and the Queens Bench Division.
The High Court forms part of the Supreme Court of Judicature.
In Scotland, civil cases of first instance are heard at the Sheriff Courts (they correspond to the
County Courts in England and Wales) and the Outer House of the Court of Session (this one
is the supreme court in Scotland).
3.APPEALS
They may be heard in the High Court, the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal (the most
important appeals) and a few appeals are heard before the House of Lords, this one being the
ultimate court of appeal in civil cases.
There is also another classification of these institutions:
Courts of First Instance in which cases are heard for the first time.
Appelate Courts in which people appeal for reconsideration of the decisions of the Courts of
First Instance.
As to the latest legal journals there are many English Courts which exercise purely civil or
criminal cases and some others hear both criminal and civil cases, as for instance: the House
of Lords and the Court of Appeal.
Corectai greelile de mai jos:
1. In Courts of First Instance cases are heard again for a better judgment
thereof.
.
2. Magistrates Courts try very serious offences.
..
S ne reaminitim
Modul de ierarhizare a instanelor de judecat din Regatul Unit al Marii
Britanii este diferit de cel din ara noastr.
n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, cauzele civile se judec n urmtoarele
instane: Magistrates Courts, County Courts, Courts of Assize, iar cele penale,
n: Magistrates Courts, Courts of Quarter Session, Courts of Assize.
48
8.3. Rezumat
n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, cauzele penale se judec n urmtoarele
instane:
- Magistrates Courts (pentru infraciuni minore), n cadrul crora lucreaz
Judectorii de pace (Justices of the Peace);
- Courts of Quarter Session (pentru majoritatea infraciunilor grave)
- Courts of Assize (infraciunile deosebit de grave).
Cauzele civile se judec n urmtoarele instane:
-Magistrates Courts (conflicte familiale)
-County Courts (majoritatea litigiilor civile)
- The High Court.
Apelurile i recursurile se judec n: The High Court, the Civil Division of the
Court of Appeal i The House of Lords.
n Romnia, Justiia se realizeaz prin urmtoarele instane judectoreti:
a) nalta Curte de Casaie i Justiie;
b) curi de apel;
c) tribunale;
d) tribunale specializate;
e) instane militare;
f) judectorii. (v. Legea 304/2004)
8.4. Test de evaluare:
I.Answer the following questions:
00:50
1. What are the main criminal courts in England and Wales and what do they
try?
2. What are the courts of civil jurisdiction in England, Wales and Scotland?
3. Where may appeals be heard?
II.Fill in the blanks with the missing words: try, branches, quarter, held, the gravest,
over, Assize Court, Supreme, part, heard, offences.
1.Courts of Assize try . offences.
2. Magistrates Courts the less serious .. .
3. These Courts are . of the High Court presided by High Court judges.
4. The High Court forms . of the .. Court of Judicature.
5. The Central Criminal Court in London at the Old Bailey is an . .
6. All trials at .. sessions and assizes are .. with a jury.
7. Appeals may be . in the High Court.
III.One way of classifying and understanding the law is by subject matter. Lawyers
often divide the law and the legal system into two: criminal law and civil law. Classify
the following terms into the appropriate column below. Two terms can appear in both
columns:
49
Civil
Plaintiff
51
52
UNIT IX
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE SIMPLE
9.1. Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, se recapituleaz unul dintre cele mai uzuale
timpuri ale limbii engleze presentul perfect simplu. Prin folosirea acestui
timp, vorbitorul stabilete o legtur ntre trecut i prezent n sensul generrii
unui efect prezent de ctre o cauz trecut sau n sensul continurii unei
situaii de fapt n viaa cuiva/a unei comuniti etc.
De asemenea, se remarc un grad sporit de dificultate pe care l presupune
folosirea corect a acestui timp, dificultate care se datoreaz, n parte,
posibilitii de a traduce n romn prezentul perfect englezesc fie prin
prezentul simplu, fie prin perfectul compus.
9.2. Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s foloseasc n mod corect prezentul perfect simplu sesiznd
particularitile de folosire ale acestui timp prin raportare la trecutul
simplu
s identifice situaiile de folosire a prezentului perfect simplu n vorbirea
curent.
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90 minute.
Negative
I have not looked
You have not looked
He/she/it has not looked
We have not looked
You have not looked
They have not looked
53
Interrogative
Have I looked?
Have you looked?
Has he/she/it looked?
Have we looked?
Have you looked?
Have they looked?
00:45
54
We have lived in London for ten years (and we still live there).
g) it is also used with the verbs to be, to see, to know, to believe:
I have been here for a quarter of an hour.
I have often thought that I should have emigrated.
h) note that a conversation about a past action often begins with a question and answer in
the present perfect:
Where have you been? ~ Ive been to the pictures.
it is also used in letters:
I am so sorry I havent written to you but Ive been very busy lately as my
husband has been away.
Corectai greelile de mai jos:
1. Did you win any important case recently?
2. Since 2009 she studies EU law at our university.
3. I never imagined that working in a law firm can be so tiring.
9.3. S ne reamintim
Presentul perfect simplu este o combinaie ntre trecut i prezent, aa cum arat
i numele lui.
Spre deosebire de timpul trecut, prezentul perfect simplu nu va indica niciodat
cu precizie momentul n care loc o aciune. Din contra, prezentul perfect
simplu folosete, de regul, adverbe de timp de genul: recently, so far, ever,
never, always, today, this week, this month, this year, lately/of late etc.
Rezumat
Aciunea exprimat prin prezentul simplu poate indica faptul c producerea
acesteia genereaz un efect prezent.
E.g. He has prepared his speech. (=> he is ready to speak)
The prisoner has fallen ill. (=> he cannot appear in court)
!!! prezentul perfect nu se folosete niciodat pe lng un adverb de timp
trecut:
Wrong: He has met him yesterday.
Right: He met him yesterday
OR
Right: He has met him (=> they have talked etc.) no information is given as to
when this happened, but only to the result of the action, i.e. the fact that they
saw each other.
Prezentul perfect simplu indic, adesea, faptul c o situaie/stare de fapt dureaz
de un anumit timp:
We have been students for a few weeks.
They have had this business since 2008.
55
Yes, I______
Yes, I did.
1.Where is Tom?
I (not see) him today, but he (tell) Mary that hed be in for dinner.
2. He (serve) in the First World War.
3.When that war (begin)?
It (begin) in 1914 and (last) for four years.
4.You (see) todays paper?
No, anything interesting (happen)?
Yes, two convicted murderers (escape) from the prison down the road.
5.How long you (know) your new assistant?
I (know) him for two years.
What he (do) before he (come) here?
I think he (be) in prison.
6.Who you (vote) for at the last election?
I (vote) for Mr. Pitt.
He (not be) elected, (be) he?
No, he (lose) elections.
7.That house (be) empty for a year.
But they just (take) down the For sale sign, so I suppose someone (buy) it.
8. What are all those people looking at?
There (be) an accident.
You (see) what (happen)?
Yes, a motor cycle (run) into a lorry.
9. I (phone) you twice yesterday and (get) no answer.
10. I just (be) to the film War and Peace. You (see) it?
No, I_______. Is it like the book?
I (not read) the book.
I (read) it when I (be) at school.
When Tolstoy (write) it?
He (write) it in 1868.
He (write) anything else?
11. She (say) that shed phone me this morning, but it is now 12.30 and she (not
phone) yet.
56
00:45
57
00:30
9.7. Bibliografie:
Banta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993
9.8. Rspunsuri tema de autoevaluare:
A.
John: Have you written a letter to your friend at last?
Mike: Yes, I have.
John: When did you write it?
Mike: I wrote it last night.
John: And why have you not sent it yet?
Mike: I left it at home in the morning and I have been busy since I returned home.
B.
Father: Has Jane come home?
Mother: Not yet.
Father: I am very anxious about her. When did she leave?
Mother: She left home at 6 oclock and she went straight to the dentist. Dont worry. Im
sure the doctor has detained her.
Father: But its 9 oclock now, so she has been away from home for three.
58
UNIT X
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE CONTINUOUS
10.1. Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, se recapituleaz unul dintre cele mai uzuale
timpuri ale limbii engleze prezentul perfect continuu. Acest timp
precizeaz durata de cnd se desfoar o aciune nceput n trecut, care
continu n momentul vorbirii.
De asemenea, trebuie precizat faptul c prezentul perfect continuu se
folosete cu verbe care exprim aciuni propriu-zise i nu stri/situaii de
via (aa cum se ntmpl n cazul prezentului perfect simplu).
10.2. Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s foloseasc n mod corect prezentul perfect continuu sesiznd
particularitile de folosire ale acestui timp prin raportare la prezentul
perfect simplu
s identifice situaiile de folosire a prezentului perfect continuu n
vorbirea curent.
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 60 minute.
Negative:
Negative interrogative:
59
00:30
Note that the present perfect continuous expresses an action, which is apparently
uninterrupted; we do not use it when we mention the number of time a thing has been done.
There is, however, a difference between a single action in the simple present perfect and an
action in the present perfect continuous:
a) Ive polished the car, means that the job has been completed.
b) Ive been polishing the car, means: this is how Ive spent the last hour, it does not
mean that the job is completed.
Verbs not normally used in continuous tenses are:
-Verbs of senses: feel, hear, see, smell, notice, observe, listen, look, stare;
-Verbs expressing emotion: admire, adore, appreciate, dislike, fear, hate, love, respect;
-Verbs of mental activity: agree, assume, believe, expect, forget, know, realize, recognize.
Where have you been? ~ Ive been downtown.
Have you known him for a long time?
I havent seen her for ages.
Corectai greelile de mai jos:
1. Have you been knowing your manager for a long time?
2. Your eyes look red, did you cry?
3. Look at the level of water in the bottle, it is clear that someone is drinking
from it for some time. The level is lower and lower day by day.
S ne reamintim
Prezentul perfect continuu se folosete pentru a msura de ct timp se petrece o
aciune care a nceput n trecut i care continu n momentul de fa.
10.3. Rezumat
Prezentul perfect simplu indic situaii/stri care dureaz de ceva vreme n viaa
cuiva, iar prezentul perfect continuu indic aciuni propriu-zise care dureaz de
ceva vreme (ele continund inclusive n momentul vorbirii).
Comparai:
She has been a prosecutor for 2 years. (the verb to be is a verb of state) El
este procuror de 2 ani pres.perf.simple
They have been working hard for drawing up the report for 2 days De 2 zile,
ei lucreaz intens la redactarea raportului (the verb to work indicates an action
and not a state) pres. perf. cont.
10.4. Test de evaluare
Complete the sentences with the Simple or Continuous form of the Present
Perfect Tense of the verbs in brackets. The underlined adverbs should be put
in their correct position:
60
00:30
1.I already (to write) the letter, so perhaps you would post it for me.
2. A: How long (to know) you the truth?
B: I only just (to find out) but I (to find out) a lot of other things just recently.
3. You look very upset. What (to happen)?
4. A: What you (to do) for the last half hour?
B: I (to sit) here working at this problem.
5. I wonder if Tom (to forget) my number. I (expect) him to call for the past two
hours.
6. Im sorry were late. You (to wait) long?
7. How you (to keep)? Well, I hope.
8. We always (to live) in a flat, so it will seem strange we move into a house with
a garden round it.
9. You (not to finish) that book yet? You (to read) it for more than a week.
10.We (to argue) about this for two hours now. Dont you think we should stop?
10.5. Test de autoevaluare:
Translate into English, using the Present Perfect Tense, Simple and
Continuous:
1.Eu n-am mai citit o povestire aa de interesant. Ar trebui s-o publici !
2.ncerc s iau legtura cu el de mai bine de o sptmn.
3.El a stat n nchisoare timp de un an, nu-i aa?
4.Sora ta s-a schimbat mult n ultima vreme.
5. Prietenul meu traduce legislaia din 1999.
6. Am studiat dreptul timp de patru ani iar n prezent m pregtesc pentru a obine
o diplom de masterat.
7. Nu l-am mai vzut de cnd a terminat facultatea.
8. n ultima vreme am fost att de ocupat c am i uitat ce m-ai rugat.
9. Unde ai mai fost de cnd ai sosit n Bucureti?
10. Au plecat la facultate acum trei ore i nc nu s-au ntors.
10.6. Tem de control:
Fill in the gaps with the right tense (past tense simple, present perfect simple)
Jane: Look! I ________just_____ (receive) a letter from mother.
Angela: _______anything______ (happen)?
Jane: Brother _______(fall) ill.
Angela: Ill again! He________(be) ill last month.
Jane: Yes. At first doctors ________(say) it was the flu. But then he ______
(feel) worse, and they ______(take) him to the hospital. Mother writes he
______(be) ill for more than a week already, but the doctors told her he would
soon be well again.
10.7. Bibliografie:
Banta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993
Vianu, Lidia, English with a Key, Ed. Teora, 1996.
61
62
UNIT XI
THE BRITISH LEGAL SYSTEM
11.1. Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, vom studia atribuiile profesionale care i revin
unui avocat n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii.
11.2. Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s precizeze atribuiile profesionale care i revin unui avocat membru al
baroului (barrister) i unui avocat consultant (solicitor)
s i nsueasc n mod corect terminologia juridic necesar pentru a
descrie atribuiile care i revin fiecreia din aceste profesii.
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90 minute.
63
00:30
64
b) articled clerks
e) gown
h) professional training
k) standing
n) wigs
c) barristers chambers
f) graduated in law
i) pupillage
l) taking the silk
A. to the justices
65
00:60
2. Justice
3. legal
4. Crown
5. clerk
6. duty
7. Queens
B. of the Peace
C. Counsel
D. prosecutor
E. General
F. solicitor
G. adviser
judectori de pace
a pronuna o sentin
asisten juridic
drept constituional
competena unui tribunal
11.6. Tem de control:
Make-up sentences with the following words and phrases:
1. to deal with
2. prospective solicitor
3. standing
4. to enter into articles of clerkship
5. taking the silk
6. to depend upon
7. society
8. to conduct an examination
9. to apply to
10. to attend a course at a law school
11.7. Bibliografie:
Banta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993
Dicionar juridic englez-romn i romn-englez, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti,
2003
Brookes, Michael, Treutenaere, Christiane, 1000 de cuvinte cheie n Drept, Ed.
Compania, 2004.
66
67
UNIT XII
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE SIMPLE
AND
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE CONTINUOUS
12.1. Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, vom studia dou timpuri: trecutul perfect simplu
(past perfect simple) i trecutul perfect continuu (past perfect continuous).
Vom observa c trecutul perfect simplu (care corespunde mai-mult-caperfectului romnesc) se traduce n romn fie printr-o form de perfect
compus fie printr-o form de mai-mult-ca-perfect fie printr-o form de
imperfect.
Trecutul perfect continuu se traduce n romn prin imperfect.
12.2. Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s foloseasc n mod corect trecutul perfect simplu sesiznd
particularitile de folosire ale acestui timp prin raportare la trecutul
simplu
s identifice situaiile de folosire a trecutului perfect simplu n
vorbirea curent
s foloseasc n mod corect trecutul perfect continuu sesiznd
particularitile de folosire ale acestui timp prin raportare la trecutul
perfect simplu
s identifice situaiile de folosire a trecutului perfect continuu n
vorbirea curent.
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de
nvare este de 100 minute.
Coninutul unitii de nvare
PAST PERFECT TENSE SIMPLE
It is formed with:
Had + the past participle
Affirmative:
Negative:
I had looked
You had looked
He/she/it had looked
I had not looked/ hadnt looked
You had not looked
68
We had looked
You had looked
They had looked
We had not looked
You had not looked
00:30
Interrogative:
Negativeinterrogative:
The Past Perfect Tense is used to show that one action was completed before another action
in the past.
Let us take two examples:
Pedro learned English. and He came to England.
Both these actions took place in the past, so we use the Simple Past learned and came. But
suppose we want to show that one of these actions took place before the other one. Suppose
we want to say that Pedro learned English before he came to England. Then we use the Past
Perfect Tense for the action that took place first, and we use the Simple Past Tense for the
other action.
1. Pedro had learned English before he came to England.
2. Mrs. Thompson came to tell us she had made the coffee.
3. After she had chatted for a little time, Mrs. Beck went to see about the dinner.
4. The Past Perfect can be used with till, until and before to emphasize the completion of an
action.
5. He did not wait till we had finished our meal.
6. It was a very expensive town. Before we had been here a week we had spent all our
money.
7. He had stayed in his fathers firm till his father died. Then he had started his own business
and was now a very successful man.
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE CONTINUOUS
FORM:
00:30
I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they had not/ hadnt been working
69
2. The trial started at 9 a.m. At 11 a.m. the judge was hearing the witnesses
testimonies for 2 hours.
S ne reamintim
Trecutul perfect simplu se folosete mai ales pentru a exprima anterioritatea
unei aciuni din trecut fa de un moment trecut/alt aciune din trecut.
Trecutul perfect continuu se folosete mai ales pentru a preciza de ct timp se
petrecea o aciune la un moment dat n trecut.
12.3. Rezumat
Trecutul perfect simplu exprim o aciune care s-a petrecut nainte de alt
aciune din trecut.
Trecutul perfect simplu msoar de cnd dura/a durat o situaie/o stare care a
nceput n trecut i care a continuat pn la un moment dat n trecut.
Trecutul perfect continuu msoar de ct timp dura o aciune propriu-zis (nu
o stare/situaie) care a nceput n trecut i care a continuat pn la un moment
dat n trecut.
12.4. Tem de evaluare:
I. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Perfect Tense:
1. He told me that he never (to meet) you.
2. The lights hardly (to go out) when a strange noise was heard.
3. They (to be married) for five years when they finally had a child.
70
00:40
71
72
UNIT XIII
THE EUROPEAN UNION
13.1. Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, vom studia un scurt istoric privind formarea
Uniunii Europene i rolul principalelor instituii din cadrul UE.
13.2. Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:
s furnizeze informaii cu privire la istoricul UE i al principalelor
instituii din cadrul Uniunii Europene.
73
00:30
the European Union. The Council of Ministers is the highest authority in the EU. It must
endorse and authorise EU policy and any applications for membership or significant change.
The Secretariat or Administration is based in Brussels and is called the European
Commission. Unlike the Council of Ministers, the employees of the Commission are not
elected they are the European equivalent of civil servants. The Commission is also
responsible for drafting and proposing legislation for the Council of Ministers to vote and
approve, amend or reject. The Commission is controlled by a President and a number of
Commissioners. The larger countries send two Commissioners to Brussels and the smaller
ones, just one.
The legislative is in Strasbourg, France and is called the European Parliament.
This is composed of over 500 elected Members of the European Parliament (MEPs).
Like in the UK, MEPs sit in the Parliament according to their political leanings rather
than nationality. Because the EU is not a state as such, the Parliament does not assume the
same degree of power that a national Parliament does. The number of MEPs from each
member country depends upon its size. The UK, Germany, France and Italy each send over
80 MEPs to Strasbourg, whereas Luxembourg sends just 6. Because the Parliament has little
authority over the affairs of the EU (it does not control the finance budget or key political
areas), its role has been criticised. The longer term plans for EU include closer links between
the member countries and this will involve a more prominent role for Strasbourg.
The European judiciary is the European Court of Justice. It is presided over by 27
judges (at least one from each country) and an overall President, elected from among the
judges.
Corectai greelile de mai jos:
1. Following the Treaty of Rome, the EU became a reality on January 1,
1955.
............................................................................................................
2. The founder members of the EU were France, Germany, Italy, the UK, the
Netherlands and Spain.
............................................................................................................
3. The European Commission is the highest authority in the EU.
.............................................................................................................
S ne reamintim
Prin Tratatul de la Roma (1957) a luat fiin Comunitatea Economic
European (European Economic Community)
Comunitatea European a Crbunelui i Oelului (1951) a fost instituit
prin Tratatul de la Paris, pe care l-au semnat urmtoarele ri: Frana,
Germania de Vest, Italia, Belgia, Luxemburg i Olanda. Rolul CECO este de a
partaja resursele de oel i crbune ale statelor membre, n vederea prevenirii
unui nou rzboi n zona european.
74
13.3. Rezumat
Uniunea European nu este federaie (cum este cazul SUA).
rile membre UE sunt naiuni independente i suverane. Ele i exercit o parte
din suveranitate n comun cu scopul de a deveni, pe plan internaional, o putere
economic i politic.
n UE, exist trei instituii principale:
I. Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place below. The text will help
you:
rotates
Authority
domestic
authorise elected
abolish
as far as
assume
75
00:60
Initially, the aims of the EU were to a). all internal quotas and tariffs. These measures
meant that b) imports and exports went, the Union acted as one country.
The Council of Ministers is composed of c). politicians from each of the member
countries. The Presidency of the Council d) between the fifteen members of the
Union every six months.
As in the case of the e).. executive, the Council of Ministers is the highest
f).. in the EU. It must endorse and g). EU policy and any
applications for membership.
Because the EU is not a state as such, the Parliament does not h). the same
degree of power that a national Parliament does.
II. Use the following words and phrases in sentences of your own:
- to abolish
- to hold the presidency
- to hold office of
- to endorse the policy
- domestic executive
- to draft legislation
- to amend
- Civil servants
- political leanings
- internal quotas and tariffs.
13.6. Tem de control
Write an essay using the material in your text above with the following title:
Romania on the way to full European Integration.
13.7. Bibliografie:
Banta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993
Dicionar juridic englez-romn i romn-englez, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti,
2003
http://europa.eu/about-eu/institutions-bodies/index_ro.htm
Brookes, Michael, Treutenaere, Christiane, 1000 de cuvinte cheie n Drept, Ed.
Compania, 2004.
13.8. Rspunsuri la tema de autoevaluare:
I.
a. abolish; b. as far as; c. domestic; d. rotates; e. elected; f. authority; g. authorize; h. assume.
II. (possible examples)
- Death penalty was abolished in Romania in 1991.
- An elected candidate can hold the presidency for 5 years.
- This young man held office of the department for 2 years.
- The Queen endorses the policy of the Government.
- As the chief of domestic executive you are entitled to sign this document.
- The Parliament has the duty to debate and draft legislation.
- The American Constitution has been amended for 27 times so far.
76
77
IRREGULAR VERBS
INFINITIVE
PAST TENSE
PAST PARTICIPLE
to arise
to awake
to be
to bear
arose
awoke/awaked
was/were
bore
to beat
to become
to begin
to bend
to bid
to bind
to bite
to bleed
to blow
to break
to breed
beat
became
began
bent
bid
bound
bit
bled
blew
broke
bred
arisen
awaked
been
borne
born
beaten
become
begun
bent
bid
bound
bitten
bled
blown
broken
bred
to bring
to build
to burn
to burst
to buy
to cast
to catch
to choose
to come
to cost
to creep
to cut
to know
to lay
to lead
to leave
to lend
to let
to lie
to lose
to make
to mean
to meet
to pay
to put
to read
brought
built
burnt
burst
bought
cast
caught
chose
came
cost
crept
cut
knew
laid
led
left
lent
let
lay
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
brought
built
burnt
burst
bought
cast
caught
chosen
come
cost
crept
cut
known
laid
led
left
lent
let
lain
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
78
TRANSLATION
INTO ROMANIAN
a se ridica
a se trezi
a fi
a purta
a nate
a bate
a deveni
a ncepe
a ndoi
a ruga
a lega
a muca
a sngera
a sufla
a sparge
a crete
a educa
a aduce
a cldi
a arde
a crpa
a cumpra
a arunca
a prinde
a alege
a veni
a costa
a se tr
a tia
a ti
a pune
a conduce
a lsa
a mprumuta
a lsa
a zcea
a pierde
a face
a nsemna
a ntlni
a plti
a pune
a citi
to ride
to ring
to rise
to run
to say
to see
to seek
to sell
to send
to set
to shake
to shoot
to show
to shrink
to shut
to sing
to sink
to sit
to sleep
to speak
to spend
to spring
to stand
to steal
to stick
to strike
to swear
to sweep
to swim
to take
to teach
to tear
to tell
to think
to throw
to understand
to wake
to wear
to weep
to win
to wind
to write
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
shook
shot
showed
shrank
shut
sang
sank
sat
slept
spoke
spent
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
struck
swore
swept
swam
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
understood
woke
wore
wept
won
wound
wrote
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
shaken
shot
shown
shrunk
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slept
spoken
spent
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
struck
sworn
swept
swum
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
understood
woken
worn
wept
won
wound
written
79
a clri
a suna
a rsri
a alerga
a spune
a vedea
a cuta
a vinde
a trimite
a pune
a scutura
a mpuca
a arta
a se strnge
a nchide
a cnta
a se scufunda
a edea
a dormi
a vorbi
a cheltui
a izvor
a sta
a fura
a lipi
a lovi
a jura
a mtura
a nota
a lua
a nva
a rupe
a spune
a se gndi
a arunca
a nelege
a se trezi
a purta
a plnge
a ctiga
a rsuci
a scrie
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Constituia Romniei, Regia autonom Monitorul Oficial, Bucureti, 2003
LEGEA Nr. 304 privind organizarea judiciar din 28 iunie 2004, republicat n Monitorul
Oficial al Romniei, Partea I, nr. 827 din 13 septembrie 2005
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Longman, 1982
Banta, Andrei
Brookes, Michael,
Treutenaere, Christiane
Colectiv,
Eckersley, C.E.
Merealbe, Emanuel
Niculescu, Adrian
Oprescu, Simona
Thomson, A.J.
Martinet, A.V.
Vianu, Lidia,
Turcu, Fulvia,
Nstsescu, Violeta
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy
http://europa.eu/about-eu/institutions-bodies/index_ro.htm
80
OPTIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brooks, Michael, Holden, Engleza pentru juriti, Editura Teora, Bucureti, 2003.
David, Hutchinson, Wesley,
Hanga, Vladimir,
81