Adrian CERNIANU

MAINI, UTILAJE, ECHIPAMENTE

I SISTEME AVANSATE DE FABRICAIE
Teorie i aplicaii

Adrian CERNIANU

MAINI, UTILAJE,
ECHIPAMENTE I SISTEME
AVANSATE DE FABRICAIE
TEORIE I APLICAII

EDITURA UNIVERSITARIA
Craiova, 2015

Refereni tiinifici:
Prof. univ. dr. ing. Nicolae DUMITRU
Universitatea din Craiova
Prof. univ. dr. ing. Alexandru STANIMIR
Universitatea din Craiova
Conf. univ. dr. ing. Adrian ROCA
Universitatea din Craiova
Copyright 2015 Editura Universitaria
Toate drepturile sunt rezervate Editurii Universitaria.

Reproducerea integral sau parial a textului sau a ilustraiilor din

aceast carte este interzis fr acordul prealabil scris al autorului.

Nicio parte din acest volum nu poate fi copiat fr acordul scris al

editorului.
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale a Romniei
CERNIANU, ADRIAN
Maini, utilaje, echipamente i sisteme avansate de fabricaie :
teorie i aplicaii / Adrian Cernianu. - Craiova : Universitaria, 2015
Bibliogr.
ISBN 978-606-14-0920-4
621.9

35()$

(SRFD FRQWHPSRUDQ HVWH FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQWre altele, de o

GH]YROWDWH H[WUDRUGLQDU vQWU-XQ  ULWP  LPSHWXRV  D  WLLQHL L  WHKQLFLL
SUHFXPLODDSDULLDGHQRLWHKQRORJLLPRGHUQHFDUHDXFRQWULEXLWvQWUXQ PRG KRWUkWRU OD FUHWHUHD L GLYHUVLILFDUHD SURGXFLHL GH EXQXUL
materiale.
AsistP vQ ILHFDUH ]L OD UHDOL]UL XOXLWRDUH vQ FHOH PDL GLYHUVH
GRPHQLL FDUH VH GHVIRDU QHFRQWHQLW vQ IDD QRDVWU FX R FDGHQ
YHUWLJLQRDV
Progresele tehnologice ale zilelor noastre, ncepnd de la
FHUFHWDUHD VSDLXOXL FRVPLF HQHUJLH QXFOHDU HQHUJLL QHFRQYHQLRQDOH
LQGXVWULD GH DXWRPRELOH FRPSXWHUH WHOHFRPXQLFDLL JOREDOH L SkQ OD
FHO PDL QHvQVHPQDW DSDUDW VDX PDLQ VH ED]HD] vQWU-R PVXU
FRQVLGHUDELO SH DSRUWXO GLIHULWHORU UDPXUL DOH WLLQHL IXQGDPHQWDOH L
aplicative, pe rezultatele cerFHWULL WLLQLILFH HIHFWXDWH VLVWHPDWLF PDL
ales n ultimele decenii. La acest progres un aport important l-DXDGXVL
XWLODMHOHHFKLSDPHQWHLVLVWHPHOHDYDQVDWHGHIDEULFDLH
Din categoria PDLQLORU XWLODMHORU L HFKLSDPHQWHORU GH IDEULFDLH
IDF SDUWH FHOH FDUH SUHOXFUHD] GLYHUVH PDWHULDOH PHWDOLFH VDX
QHPHWDOLFH SULQ DFKLHUH - PDLQL-unelte, utilaje pentru prelucrare prin
GHIRUPDUH SODVWLF OD UHFH VDX OD FDOG XWLODMH GH SUHOXFUDUH SULQ
agregaUHD SXOEHULORU L FHOH GH SUHOXFUDUH SULQ VXGDUH SUHFXP L XWLODMH
GH SUHOXFUDUH SULQ WHKQRORJLL QHFRQYHQLRQDOH 2 PDUH GH]YROWDUH R DX
VLVWHPHOH IOH[LELOH GH IDEULFDLH FDUH EHQHILFLLQG GLQ SOLQ GH DYkQWXO
LQWHJUULL FDOFXODWRDUHORU vQ SURFHVXO GH SURLHFWDUH L GH FRQGXFHUH D
SURFHVHORUWHKQRORJLFHSHUPLWRWUHFHUHUDSLGLVLJXUDIDEULFULLGHOD
un produs la altul.
0DLQLOH XWLODMHOH L VLVWHPHOH FX JUDG mare de automatizare au
un rol GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PDUH vQ SURFHVXO GH SURGXFLH LDU FHOH FX
FRPHQ]L QXPHULFH L FRQGXFHUH FX DMXWRUXO FDOFXODWRDUHORU vQ VLVWHP
integrat CIM, devin indispensabile pentru procesul productiv
contemporan.
8QDVSHFWGHORFGHQHJOLMDWHVWHFHOFDUHVHUHIHUODXWLOL]DUHDWRW
PDL DFFHQWXDW GH PLMORDFH L PHWRGH GH FRQWURO L FRQGXFHUH D
SURFHVHORUWHKQRORJLFHFXDMXWRUXOXQRUHOHPHQWHLVLVWHPHGHPVXUDUH
LFRPDQGGLQFHvQFHPDLVRILVWLFDWH

6LVWHPHOH DYDQVDWH GH IDEULFDLH FRQVWLWXLH GH DVHPHQHD XQ

domeniu n care utilizarea de mijloace moderne de manipulare L
transport este n plin avnt GH GH]YROWDUH 5RERLL L PDQLSXODWRDUHOH
FRQVWLWXLH XQ DFFHVRULX LQGLVSHQVDELO L SULQ LQWHJUDUHD vQ VLVWHPHOH GH
IDEULFDLHSHUPLWRIOH[LELOL]DUHDSURFHVHORUproductive.
/XFUDUHD VH DGUHVHD] VWXGHQLORU GH OD IDFXOWLOH FX SURILO
PHFDQLF L WHKQRORJLF SUHFXP L FHORU FDUH OXFUHD] vQ GRPHQLXO
FRQVWUXFLHLXWLOL]ULLLH[SORDWULLPDLQLORUutilajelor, echipamentelor L
sistemelor avansate GHIDEULFDLH
3H DFHDVW FDOH DXWRUXO DGXFH PXOXPLUL FHORU WUHL referenL
WLLQLILFL L WXWXURU FHORU FDUH SULQ LGHLOH L VXJHVWLLOH ORU DX FRQWULEXLW OD
UHDOL]DUHDDFHVWHLOXFUUL
Autorul

0DLQLUtilaje, Echipamente L6LVWHPH$YDnsate GH)DEULFDLH

1.

&216,'(5$,,*(1(5$/E

Q XOWLPD YUHPH RGDW FX SURJUHVHOH GHRVHELWH RELQXWH OD

HODERUDUHD GH QRL PDWHULDOH FX SURSULHWL GHRVHELWH VH FRQVWDW R
XWLOL]DUHGLQFHvQFHPDLPDUHDDFHVWRUDLRGDWFXDFHDVWDVHLPSXQH
L QHFHVLWDWHD HODERUULL GH QRL SURFHGHH L PLMORDFH GH SUHOXFUDUH
GLPHQVLRQDO D SLHVHORU UHDOL]DWH GLQ DFHVWH PDWHULDOH 'DWRULW
SUHOXFUDELOLWLLGLILFLOHDPDWHULDOHORUGHvQDOWUH]LVWHQLFXGXULWLGLQ
FHvQFHPDLPDULFXFRQVXPXULGHVFXOHHQHUJLHLFXFRVWXULULdicate,
VH DSHOHD] GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PXOW OD SUHOXFUULOH SULQ SURFHGHH
QHFRQYHQLRQDOHGDUIUDHOLPLQDvQWRWDOLWDWHFODVLFHOHSUHOXFUULSULQ
DFKLHUH
'H FHHD L vQ DFHVW GRPHQLX DO SUHOXFUULORU SULQ DFKLHUH VH
impune elaborarea de noi tehnoloJLLSUHFXPLGHQRLWLSXULGHVFXOHL
XWLODMH L HFKLSDPHQWH GH IDEULFDLH FX FDUDFWHULVWLFL VXSHULRDUH
GHVWLQDWHRELQHULLSLHVHORUFXSUHFL]LHLFDOLWDWHDVXSUDIHHORUODQLYHOXO
cerut n momentul actual.
Pentru rezolvarea cu succes a acestor deziGHUDWHHVWHQHFHVDUV
VH SRUQHDVF GH OD FXQRDWHUHD ED]HORU WHRUHWLFH DOH SURFHVXOXL GH
DFKLHUH L GH OD VWDELOLUHD FX SUHFL]LH D UHJLPXULORU WHKQRORJLFH GH
prelucrare.
2 PDUH LPSRUWDQ R UHSUH]LQW FXQRDWHUHD L DOHJHUHD
schemelor cinematice de preluFUDUH D GLIHULWHORU WLSXUL GH VXSUDIHH DOH
SLHVHORU $FHVWHD LQIOXHQHD] DOHJHUHD XWLODMHORU L HFKLSDPHQWHORU GH
IDEULFDLH GLVSR]LWLYHORU GH RULHQWDUH L IL[DUH SUHFXP L FHOHODOWH
elemente ale schemelor de lucru cu impact determinant asupra
productiYLWLL L FRVWXOXL SUHOXFUULL &DOLWDWHD VXSUDIHHORU SLHVHORU
SUHOXFUDWH SULQDFKLHUH HVWH GHWHUPLQDWGH SUHFL]LD IRUPHL JHRPHWULFH
L GH UXJR]LWDWHD VXSUDIHHORU 3HQWUX R DQXPLW ULJLGLWDWH D SLHVHL
SUHOXFUDWH DEDWHULOH GH IRUP OD QLYHO PDFURJHRPetric, depind de
PULPHD L GLUHFLDSH FDUH DFLRQHD]IRUHOH GHDFKLHUH FDUH DSDU vQ
timpul procesului. De aceea, pentru calculul preciziei de prelucrare,
LQkQG FRQW GH ULJLGLWDWHD VLVWHPXOXL WHKQRORJLF IRUPDW GLQ XWLODM GH
IDEULFDLH - dispozitiv - sFXO - SLHV HVWH QHFHVDU FXQRDWHUHD
PHWRGLFLL GH GHWHUPLQDUH D IRUHORU GH DFKLHUH vQ IXQFLH GH IDFWRULL GH
FDUHGHSLQGDFHVWHDSUHFXPLGHGLUHFLDSHFDUHDFHVWHDDFLRQHD]
13

0DLQLUtilaje, Echipamente L6LVWHPH$YDnsate GH)DEULFDLH

QXOWLPDSHULRDGV-DXLPSXVSHRVFDUIRDUWHODUJSUHOXFUULOH
de PDUHSUHFL]LHLSURGXFWLYLWDWHFXDMXWRUXOXWLODMHORULHFKLSDPHQWHORU
GHIDEULFDLHFXFRPHQ]LQXPHULFH1&DXWLODMHORUFRQGXVHFXDMXWRUXO
FDOFXODWRUXOXL&1&SUHFXPLDFHQWUHORUGHSUHOXFUDUHLDVLVWHPHORU
IOH[LELOHGHXWLODMHFDSDELOHVHIHFWXH]HGLIHULWHRSHUDLLGHSUHOXFUDUHD
pieselor dintr-R VLQJXU SULQGHUH FX YLWH]H IRDUWH PDUL L FX SUHFL]LL L
FRVW GH SURGXFLH FDUH OH FRQIHU XQ URO VSRULW vQ UHDOL]DUHD GH EXQXUL
PDWHULDOHVXSHULRDUHLFRPSHWLWLYH

14

0DLQLUtilaje, Echipamente L6LVWHPH$YDnsate GH)DEULFDLH

2.

12,81, 35,9,1' 352&EDEELE

GENERARE (PRELUCRARE) A PIESELOR

DE

2.1. 3URFHGHHGHJHQHUDUHDVXSUDIHHORUSULQDFKLHUH
3HQWUXDRELQHRDQXPLWFRQILJXUDLHDXQHLSLHVH SUHOXFUDWSULQ
DFKLHUH HVWH QHFHVDU JHQHUDUHD VXSUDIHHORU HL FRPSRQHQte, ce o
GHOLPLWHD]vQVSDLXLRGHILQHVFFDXQFRUSVROLGGLVWLQFW,QGLIHUHQWGH
SURFHGHXOWHKQRORJLFGHJHQHUDUHIRORVLWSLHVDWUHEXLHVFRUHVSXQGFX
SUHVFULSLLOH GLQ GHVHQXO GH H[HFXLH vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH IRUPD
GLPHQVLXQLOHSR]LLLOHUHODWLYH LJUDGXOGHQHWH]LPHDOVXSUDIHHORU
Q SUDFWLFD LQGXVWULDO FXUHQW RELQHUHD VXSUDIHHORU SLHVHORU VH
SRDWHIDFHSULQXUPWRDUHOHSURFHGHHWHKQRORJLFHGHJHQHUDUHWXUQDUH
VXGDUHGHIRUPDUHSODVWLFODFDOGODPLQDUHIRUMDUHSUHVDUHPDWULDUH
dHIRUPDUH SODVWLF OD UHFH ODPLQDUH WUDJHUH SUHVDUH DPEXWLVDUH
WDQDUH H[WUXGDUH SURFHGHH QHFRQYHQLRQDOH, sinterizarea pulberilor
metalice LSULQDFKLHUH
*HQHUDUHD VXSUDIHHORU SLHVHORU SULQ DFKLHUH FRUHVSXQGH
SUHOXFUULL DFHVWRUD SH XWLODMH, echipamente L VLVWHPH DYDQVDWH GH
IDEULFDLH
3HQWUX D vQFHSH JHQHUDUHD SLHVHORU SULQ DFKLHUH FRQIRUP
SUHVFULSLLORU GLQ GHVHQXO GH H[HFXLH UHIHULWRU OD GLPHQVLXQL SR]LLL
UHODWLYH L QHWH]LPH HVWH QHFHVDU V H[LVWH R VXSUDID GH vQFHSXW
GHQXPLW VXSUDID LQLLDO 'XS JHQHUDUHD IRUPHL SLHVHL SULQ DFKLHUH
VHRELQHVXSUDIDDSUHOXFUDWDIODWvQFRQFRUGDQFXFHULQHOHLPSXVH
SULQGRFXPHQWDLDWHKQRORJLF
Dimensiunile finale ale piesei prelucrate vor fi mai mici dect cele
LQLLDOH LDU DFHVW VWUDWVXSOLPHQWDU FDUH WUHEXLH vQGHSUWDWSULQ DFKLHUH
este cuSULQV vQWUH VXSUDIDD LQLLDO L FHD ILQDO 6H SRDWH VSXQH F
stratul de material la care dimensiunile vQ GLIHULWH GLUHFLL VXQW GDWH GH
GLIHUHQD GLQWUH GLPHQVLXQLOH VXSUDIHHORU LQLLDOH i a VXSUDIHHORU
prelucrate LHVWHFXSULQVvQWUHDFHVWHVXSUDIHHSRDUWQXPHOHGHDGDRV
de prelucrare.
/DSUHOXFUDUHDSULQDFKLHUHJHQHUDUHDVXSUDIHHORUVHUHDOL]HD]
SULQ vQGHSUWDUHD DGDRVXOXL GH SUHOXFUDUH SULQ GLIHULWH SURFHGHH GH SH
VXSUDIDDSLHVHLLQLLDOHFDUHVHQXPHWHVHPLIDEULFDW
0ULPHD i forma adaosului de prelucrare depind de o serie de
factori din care amintiP PDWHULDOXO VHPLIDEULFDWXOXL i procedeul
WHKQRORJLF GH RELQHUH DO VX GLPHQVLXQLOH JUHXWDWHD i complexitatea
formei piesei finite, SUHFL]LD GLPHQVLRQDO FDOLWDWHa suprDIHHORU i a
15

0DLQLUtilaje, Echipamente L6LVWHPH$YDnsate GH)DEULFDLH

SR]LLLORU UHFLSURFH UHODWLYH SUHVFULVH VXSUDIHHORU SUHOXFUDWH DOH SLHVHL
finiteFDUDFWHUXOSURGXFLHLXQLFDWGHVHULHPLFPLMORFLHVDXPDUH
Procedeul tehnologic de prelucrare prin aFKLHUH D XQXL
semifabricat se poate defini ca fiind: procedeul de generare a
VXSUDIHHORUSLHVHORUFDUHVWODED]DFRQVWUXFLHLXWLODMXOXLGHIDEULFDLH
DYkQG GUHSW VFRS JHQHUDUHDXQHL VXSUDIHHSULQ vQGHSUWDUHD DGDRVXOXL
GH SUHOXFUDUH FX DMXWRUXO WLXOXL XQHL VFXOH DFKLHWRDUH FH VH
GHSODVHD] UHODWLYID GH SLHVD-semifabricat printr-RPLFDUH UH]XOWDQW
ELQHGHILQLW
'LQ GHILQLLD HQXQDW PDL VXV VH GHVSULQG GRX DVSHFWH
IXQGDPHQWDOHDOHJHQHUULLVXSUDIHHORUSULQDFKLHUHLDQXPHFHVWH
necHVDUH[LVWHQDDQVDPEOXOXLVFXODFKLHWRDUH- XWLODMGHIDEULFDLHL
UHVSHFWLY FDFKLHUHD DUH ORF QXPDL vQXUPD XQHLPLFUL UHODWLYH vQWUH
FHOH GRX HOHPHQWH DOH VFKHPHL GH OXFUX VFXO DFKLHWRDUH L SLHVDsemifabricat.
3URFHVXOGHDFKLHUHDUHORFGDWRULWXQXLDQVDPEOXGHIHQRPHQH
fizice prin care se produce transformarea adaosului de prelucrare n
DFKLLGHWDDUHDDFHVWRUDLJHQHUDUHDVXSUDIHHLSUHOXFUDWH
$GDRVXOGHSUHOXFUDUHHVWHYDULDELOGHODRSLHVODDOWDVDXFKLDU
OD DFHHDL SLHV vQ IXQFLH GH IRUPD L GLPHQVLXQLOH ILQDOH DOH DFHVWHLD
'DFDGDRVXOHVWHPDUHDWXQFLvQGHSUWDUHDDFHVWXLDVHYDUHDOL]DSULQ
PDL PXOWH WUHFHUL OD ILHFDUH GLQ DFHVWHD vQGHSUWkQGX-VH R DQXPLW
FDQWLWDWH GH DFKLL $FHVW VWUDW vQGHSUWDW OD R VLQJXU WUHFere, se
QXPHWH VWUDW SDULDO Q DFHVW IHO vQWUHJXO DGDRV GH SUHOXFUDUH HVWH
GLYL]DW vQ PDL PXOWH VWUDWXUL SDULDOH FH VH GHWDD] VXFFHVLY DYkQG
JURVLPL PDL PDUL VDX PDL PLFL vQ IXQFLH GH QHFHVLWLOH FLFOXULORU GH
prelucrare.
Stratul de adaos de preluFUDUH DIODW OD XQ PRPHQW GDW vQ IDD
WLXOXL VFXOHL DFKLHWRDUH L FDUH XUPHD] D IL GHWDDW VXE IRUP GH
DFKLHSRDUWQXPHOHGHVWUDWGHDFKLHUH'HWDDUHDDFKLLORUDUHORFvQ
XUPD XQXL FLFOX DO PLFULORU UHODWLYH GLQWUH VFXOD DFKLHWRDUH L SLHVDsePLIDEULFDW UHDOL]DW FX DMXWRUXO ODQXULORU FLQHPDWLFH DOH XWLODMHORU GH
IDEULFDLH
3H SHULRDGD SUHOXFUULL SH VXSUDIDD SLHVHL-semifabricat H[LVW
GRX VXSUDIHH L DQXPH VXSUDIDD LQLLDO UPDV QHSUHOXFUDW L
VXSUDIDDSUHOXFUDW, JHQHUDWSkQvQacel moment.
Q FRQGLLLOH vQ FDUH DGDRVXO GH SUHOXFUDUH HVWH PDUH HVWH
QHFHVDU R GLYL]DUH D DFHVWXLD L SLHVD YD IL SUHOXFUDW SULQ WUHFHUL
succesive, pentru ndeSUWDUHD ILHFUXL VWUDW vQ SDUWH. Apar astfel pe
piesa de SUHOXFUDW VWUDWXUL GH DFKLHUH nGHSUWDWH GH WLXO VFXOHL OD R
WUHFHUHLVWUDWXOSDULDOFDUHFXSULQGHWRDWHVWUDWXULOHGHDFKLHUH
16

0DLQLUtilaje, Echipamente L6LVWHPH$YDnsate GH)DEULFDLH

'LYL]DUHD DGDRVXOXL GH SUHOXFUDUH vQ VWUDWXUL SDULDOH L vQ VWUDWXUL
GHDFKLHUHVHSRDWHIDFHvQXUPWRDUHOHPRGXUL
1. Divizarea n sensul adncimii adaosului. Este cazul
SUHOXFUULL SULQ VWUXQMLUH FX FXLWH SURILODWH ILJXUD D L E OD
FDUH GLYL]DUHD DGkQFLPLL $ VH UHDOL]HD] QXPDL vQ VHQVXO
avansului transversal.
2. 'LYL]DUHD vQ VHQVXO OLPLL DYDQVXOXL (VWH FD]XO SUHOXFUULL
prin strunjire, prezentate n figura 2.1.c, la care divizarea are
loc numai n senVXO OLPLL DGDRVXOXL L XQGH straturile de
PDWHULDO VXQW vQGHSUWDWH SULQWU-R PLFDUH GH DYDQV
longitudinal vSL HIHFWXDWvQVHQVXOOLPLLDGDRVXOXL
3. Divizarea n sensul lungimii adaosului. Este pre]HQWDW vQ
ILJXUDGLUHSUH]LQWVFKHPDGHSUHOXFUDUHSULQSURFHGHXO
de frezare, la care divizarea adaosului de prelucrare se face n
VHQVXO OXQJLPLL DGDRVXOXL 3HQWUX DFHDVWD SLHVD H[HFXW R
PLFDUHGHDYDQVGLUHFWRUYSU, n sensul lungimii adaosului de
prelucrare.
4. 'LYL]DUHD PL[W 5HSUH]LQW R FRPELQDLH DGLIHULWHORU PRGXUL
GHGLYL]DUHSUH]HQWDWHDQWHULRULVHDSOLFDWXQFLFkQGDGDRVXO
GH SUHOXFUDUH HVWH SUHD PDUH SHQWUX D IL vQGHSUWDW SULQWU-o
VLQJXU WUHFHUH /D DFHVW FD] GLYL]DUHD HVWH PL[W att n
VHQVXO DGkQFLPLL FkW L vQ VHQVXO OLPLL DGDRVXOXL GH
SUHOXFUDUH L SRDWH IL XUPULW vQ ILJXUD H SHQWUX FD]XO
strunjirii exterioare.

FIG. 2.1. Divizarea adaosurilor de prelucrare.

17