Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
In anii 1970> recesiunea noi bariere netarifare pt comertul intre state> aspectele
interguvernamentale ale comunitatii au fost intarite prein crearea in 1974 a
CONSILIULUI EUROPEAN *SUMMIT REGULAT AL INTALNIRILOR DE STAT SI
DE GUVERN iar Comitetul Permanent ai Reprezentantilor rol importanta in pregatirea
legislatiei pentru adoptarea de catre CONSILIUL DE MINISTRII; Cresterea rolului
actorilor nationali in elaborarea politicilor publice> in anul 1978> SISTEMUL
MONETAR EUROPEAN> creat in afara structurilor Tratatului Comunit Ec Eur, fara
implicarea institutiilor supranationale, precum Comisia.
2. INTERGUVERNAMENTALISMUL> Stanley Hoffmanns (1966) >statul-natiune nu
este scos din uz; rezistenta guvernelor nationale la transferul progresiv de suveranitate
catre Comunitate. Rolul statelor natiune a fost mai degraba intarit decat slabit in
procesuld e elaborare a politicilor, in contextul integrarii. Negocierile
interguvernamentale> rolul central in elaborarea politicilor europene;
3. INTERGUVERNAMENTALISMUL LIBERAL> jumatatea anilor 60 si jum anilor 80>
epoca demoralizarii privind dezbaterea asupra procesul integrarii> anii 80 renasterea
preocuparilor academice pe masura unui val de aderare; INTERACTIUNEA A TREI
ELEMENTE>
teoria liberala a formarii preferintelor nationale+un model de
negociere interguvernamental la nivel european +un model de alegere institutionala
subliniind rolul institutiilor internationale in asigurarea angajamentelor credibile pentru
membrii guvernului
-guvernele nationale aduc preferintele la masa de negociere de la Bruxelles, in care
acordurile reflecta puterea relativa a fiecarui stat si in care org supranationale, precum
AComisia exercita un rol mic; adoptarea institutiilor europene particulare de catre statele
membre delegarea de suveranitate catre actorii supranationali cum ar fi COMISIA
CRESTEREA CREDIBILITATII ANGAJAMENTELOR RECIPROCE
4. NOUL INSTITUTIONALISM> ALEGERII RATIONALE> curent inspirat din studiile
americane aplicate pt intelegerea originilor si efectelor inst Congresului asupra
comportamentului legislativ si a rezultatelor privind elaborarea politicilor. institu iile
Congresului, i, n special, sistemul de comisie, ar putea produce 'Echilibru induse de
structur ", prin excluderea unor alternative ca autorizat sau nepermise, i prin
structurarea puterii de vot i puterea de veto a diferiilor actor in procesul de luare a
deciziilor;
In Europa> in contextul cresterii importantei inst. europene precum codecizia>importanta
normelor oficiale ale UE, in modelarea politicilor publice>MODUL UNANIM DE
LUARE A DECIZIILOR >FAPTUL CA STATELE CAD DE ACORD SAU NU CAD
DE ACORD ASUPRA PROBLEMELOR.
levels, and a dual system of representation through the European Parliament (EP)
and the Council of Ministers.
increasing demands since the 1990s for adherence to the principle of subsidiarity,
the notion that the EU should govern as close as possible to the citizen and
therefore that the EU should engage in regulation only where necessary to ensure
the completion of the internal market and/or othe fundamental aims of the treaties.
DIMENSIUNEA ORIZONTALA A SEPARATIEI PUTERII
Its resources include: the capability to build up expertise; the potential for
developing policy networks and coalitions; the scope for acquiring grateful
or dependent clients; and the chance to help member governments to
resolve their own policy predicaments.
Cu toate acestea, dup cum vom vedea, n multe domenii ale politicii Comisiei are
mai puin Rolul antreprenorial, fie pentru c nu este n msur s exploateze
oportunitile disponibile s-l, sau pentru c natura regimului de politici permite mai
puin loc pentru Comisie s joace un rol central.
The Commission is a quite small institution, with only some 20,000 or so staff, not
very many to develop or implement policies across twenty-five different countries.
Hence a great deal depends on how the Commission works with national
institutions, which in practice operate most Community rules and programmes.
De aici parteneriatul ntre nivelul naional i cel european de guvernare are devenit
una dintre caracteristicile marcate de elaborare a politicilor UE. Un mecanism-cheie
pentru acest
Both to prepare policy proposals and to implement agreed policies the Commission
needs regular channels for consultation and cooperation with relevant national
officials. Over the years a dense network of advisory, regulatory, and management
committees has grown up to provide these channels, much the same as happens in
individual countries.
Highly specialized groupings have evolved, each with its own policy domain,
and each developing its own culture of cooperation. To the extent that there
is a hierarchy among these groupings, the General Affairs Council (GAC),
composed of foreign ministers, was supposed to be the senior Council.
agenda, and to identify those that need to be discussed (and not merely
endorsed) by ministers.
ROLURI> cel mai frecvent negociaza asupra propunerilor privind actiunea
europeana, de cele mai multe ori pe baza unui proiect redactat de COMISIE.
On most of the topics where the Commission has been the primary drafter,
the EP is now co-legislator with the Council
In these areas of policy the decision-making outcome depends on the
interactions among these three institutions. The dynamics of the process rest
on the
way in which coalitions emerge within the Council and between the Council
members
and the other EU institutions
powers are divided between the EU and the national levels. In the legislative
field it is
the Council and EP presidencies that have to work together to reconcile
Council and
parliamentary views on legislative amendments.
national policy. The Council spends much of its time acting as the forum for
discussion on the member governments responses to the Commissions
proposals. It does so through continuous negotiation, mostly by trying to
establish a consensus. The formal rules of decision-making vary according to
policy domain and over timesometimes unanimity, sometimes qualified
majority voting (QMV), sometimes (albeit rarely) simple majority.
In some policy domains the Council remains the decision-maker of last resort.
Interestingly this includes some established areas, such as agriculture, where
the EP still has little opportunity to intervene
rezultat al intalnirilor la varf intre liderii staelor europene >sefi de stat sau
de guvern;
Pregtirea reuniunilor sale, precum i la elaborarea concluziilor sale,
depind
n esen, pe preedinia n exerciiu a Consiliului, precum i ordinea de zi
a sesiunilor sale este mult influenat de preferinele guvernului n scaun
Prin tradiie, este Consiliul European c a fost lsat s rezolve
argumentele majore periodice cu privire la veniturile i cheltuielile UE
FONDURILE STRUCTURALE
In addition the European Council became, from the negotiations over the
SEA in 1985, the key forum for determining treaty reforms.
In addition the European Council became, from the negotiations over the
SEA in 1985, the key forum for determining treaty reforms.
It has increasingly become the venue for addressing what Peterson (1995)
calls the history-making decisions in the EU, namely the big and more
strategic questions to do with the core new tasks of the EU and those that
define its identity as an arena for collective action
PARLAMENTUL EUROPEAN
Originally it was composed of national parliamentarians but in 1978 a
treaty amendment provided for direct elections
PE este organizat n grupuri de partid, din care de departe cel mai mare i
Cele mai importante sunt: Partidul Popular European i socialitii europeni.
Aceste
grupri au ctigat n importan n timp. O mare parte din activitatea PE
este realizat
n comisiile sale de specialitate
Pe parcursul anilor 1970, PE a dobndit puteri importante n ceea ce
privete UE
buget, i n special asupra unor zone de cheltuieli (dei n mod
semnificativ nu mai mult de
majoritatea cheltuielilor agricole
n anii 1980 i 1990, rolul
PE a fost transformat, deoarece a dobndit competene legislative n
tratat succesive
reforme.
Rezultatul net al acestor modificri este faptul c PE este acum o for
care urmeaz s fie socotit cu
ntr-o gam larg de domenii de politic
Consultation
Commission proposals to Council are passed to EP for an Opinion. EP may
suggest
alterations, delay passing a resolution to formalize its Opinion, or refer
matters back to its
relevant committee(s)
The European Court of Justice
Factorii de decizie politic
s acorde o mare atenie la sensul juridic al textelor pe care ei pun la
punct; politic
pledeaz caute norme juridice pentru a-i atinge obiectivele, pentru c ei
tiu c