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Documente Cultură
CUPRINS
SELECTION 1
METODE DE STUDIU
Citire, ascultare, scriere
SELECTION 2
CUVINTE
Singularul si pluralul
Genul cuvintelor
Acum, mai tarziu sau saptamana trecuta
Cuvinte descriptive
Cuvinte pentru indicarea cantitatii
UNIT 1
UNIT 2
Descriptive Words
15
UNIT 3
19
UNIT 4
Present Perfect
21
UNIT 5
25
UNIT 6
29
METODE DE STUDIU
STUDIEREA CURSULUI
Studiul
Acesta este primul din cele trei volume de studiu Prime Share
International care ofera o introducere facila in folosirea limbii engleze ,
pentru cei fara prea multe cunostinte in domeniu. Este de asemenea un
excellent curs de recapitulare pentru cei care au terminat scoala cu multi ani
in urma si care au uitat multe din cunostintele accumulate.
Veti vedea ca in aceste volume preliminare , in majoritatea exemplelor
date sunt folosite numai cuvinte simple. Gramatica este de asemenea
explicate intr-un mod simplu , fara a va solicita sa invatati prea multio
termini de specialitate
Dup ace veti fi studiat cu atentie aceste trei volume, lucrand fiecare
set de verificari, pe masura ce ajungeti la ele in timplul studierii cursului,
veti fi invatat sufficient pentru a va exprima correct si clar in limba engleza.
Fiecare mapa de curs contine un numar de 10 texte, care constituie o
parte importanta a studiului dumneavoastra. Fiecare test trebuie rezolvat
integral in scris si trimis spre corectare indrumatorului personal. In acest
fel, va verificati pas cu pas cunostintele accumulate.
In aproape fiecare casa se afla un dictionar englez roman si orice
student care nu are acasa unul poate face rost. Tineti dictionarul langa
dumneavoastra in timp ce studiati sau cititi.
Faceti din ascultarea limbii engleze, ori de cate ori e posibil, o parte a
studiului dumneavoastra. Daca ascultati la radio sau la televizor, veti invata
mai multe cuvinte, cum sa le legati intre ele si cum sa le pronuntati corect. A
asculta si a sta de vorba cu alte persoane este un alt exercitiu, dar aici
exista in cele mai multe tari o dificultate, intrucat nu toti oamenii pronunta
la fel, diferentele depinzand in primul rand de zona de origine a persoanelor
in cauza. Dumneavoastra trebuie sa invatati sa scrieti sis a vorbiti engleza
standard, adica acea forma a englezei care nu prezinta variatii regionale. Nu
exista in engleza standard cuvinte sau structuri gramaticale care san u fie
folosite in tarile unde se vorbeste engleza ca limba nativa. Cand vorbim
familiar, folosim probabil cuvinte specifice zonei in care traim; dar
dumneavoastra trebuie sa invatati sa scrieti si sa vorbiti engleza standard.
De asemenea, oamenii fac greseli in vorbirea englezei; trebuie sa invatati sa
depistati aceste greseli, astfel incat san u le repetati. In sfarsit, engleza
vorbita sic ea scrisa nu sunt absolut identice; putem vorbi mai liber, mai
familiar decat scriem.
SINGULARUL SI PLURALUL
Ce sunt cuvintele?
Cuvantul este reprezentat de un sunet sau un grup de sunete
Prin care toti membri unui grup inteleg acelas lucru. Limba reprezinta
totalitatea cuvintelor.
Cand scriem, folosim litere pentru a nota sunetele cuvintelor. Fiecare
sunet existent intr-o mlimba poate fi reprezentat de o anumita litera sau de
un grup de litere. Scrierea sa dezvoltat probabil intr-un mod similar limbii
vorbite. La inceput, se pare ca oameni comunicau unul cu altul prin desene. In
timp desenele au ajuns sa reprezinte lucruri associate cuvintelor, mai de
graba decat obiectul propriuzis. Astfel un soare desenat putea insemna
caldura sau lumina. Prin repetitie, desenele s-ar fi simplificat din ce in ce mai
mult, ajungand in cele din urma sa arate ca literele alfabetului scris. Tot asa,
aceste simboluri ar fi ajuns sa reprezinte sunete independente( probabil
sunetele initiale ale obiectelor) sin u obiecte sau idei.
Singular
A dog
Un caine
The dog
Cainele
One dog
Un caine,numeral
Plural
Two dogs
Doi caini
Some dogs
Niste caini
Several dogs
Mai multi caini
beds
Houses
Pictures
Buildings
Boats
Rivers
Trees
Plants
Flowers
Girls
Boys
Ships
Balls
Oceans
Mountains
Forests
Lions
Birds
Rooms
Plurals :
Solve the following exercises but do not send theam to Another Life
Services.
1. Write down the singular form of these words:
8
Geese
Feets
Mice
Sheeps
2. Write down the plural of the following words :
Street
Bus
Woman
Tooth
Nouns ending in o
Volcano
Tomato
volcanoes
tomatoes
Most words ending in o add es for plural; but when there is a vowel
before the o just add s.
Radio
Studio
radios
studios
And also :
Photo
Piano
photos
pianos
classes
churches
brushes
boxes
Masculine
Male
Actor
Boy
Husband
king
Lion
Man
Master
Steward
Feminine
female
Actress
Girl
Wife
Queen
Lioness
Women
Mistress
stewardees
Common
both sexes
Child, baby
Spouse
Monarch
Person
Tense
Present
Past
10
Future
Aspect
SIMPLE
I eat
I eat yesterday
CONTINUOUS
I am eating
I was eating
PERFECT
I have eaten
I had eaten
PERFECT +
CONTINUOUS
I have been
Eating
I had been
Eating
I shall eat
tomorrow
I shall be
eating
I shall have
eaten
I shall have been
eating
Note that each Tense has four aspects,that last one being a
combination of the previous two.The Continuous suggests a preogressive kind
of action, the Perfect an action covering an interval of time, as opposed to
a moment ( as it is with the Simple Aspect ).
Regular verbs from the Past by adding ed at the end, but there are
also verbs wich have two forms for the past : these are called irregular
verbs ( see Appendix 2 in the Preliminary Course )
Exemple:
He, She, It and the Action
PRESENT
He eats
He is eating
She eats
PAST
He eat
He was eating
She eat
REMEMBER
11
FUTURE
He will eat
He will be eating
She will eat
For the 3rd person singular, add s at the end of the verb!
The Present Tense of the Verb to like
AFFIRMATIVE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
I like
You like
He
She likes
It
we like
you like
they like
AFIRMATIVE 2
Ive
You;ve
12
INTERROGATIVE
Have I?
Have you?
He has
She has
It has
Hes
Shes
Its
Has he?
Has she?
Has it?
We have
You have
They have
Weve
Youve
Theyve
Have we?
Have you?
Have they?
NEGATIVE
1
I have not
You have
not
He has not
She has not
It has not
NEGATIVE
2
Ive not
Youve not
NEGATIVE INTEROGARTIVE
3
1
Ihavent
Have I not?
You havent? Have you not?
NEGATIVE
2
Havent I?
Havent you?
Hes not
Shes not
Its not
He hasnt?
She hasnt?
It hasnt?
He
Has she not?
it
He
Havent she?
It
We have
not
You have
not
They have
not
Weve not
We havent?
Have we not?
Havent we?
Youve you
havent
Theynot
You havent
Havent you?
They
havent?
Havent
they?
Affirmative:
I have=Ive
INTERROGATIVE
I see
Do I see?
NEGATIVE
1
I do not see
13
NEGATIVE
2
I dont see?
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
Do I not see?
Dont I see?
You see
do you see?
He see
She sees
It see
Does he see?
Does she see?
Does It see?
We see
Do we see?
you see
Do you see?
They see
Do they see?
You do not
see?
He does not
see
She does
not see
It does not
see
We do not
see
You do not
see
They do not
see
You dont
see?
He doesnt
see?
She doesnt
see?
It doesnt
see?
We dont
see?
You dont
see?
They dont
see?
Do we not see?
Dont we see?
Do you not see?
Dont you see?
Do they not see?
Dont they see?
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE 1
NEGATIVE 2
I read
Do I read?
I do not read
I dont read?
14
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
Do I not read?
Dont I read?
You read
Do you read?
You do not
read
He does not
read
She does not
read
It does not
read
You dont
read?
He doesnt
read?
She doesnt
read?
It doesnt
read?
He reads
She reads
It reads
Does he read?
Does she read
Does it read?
We read
Do we read?
We do not
read
We dont
read?
Do we not read?
Dont we read?
You read
Do you read?
They read
Do they read?
You do not
read
They do not
read
You dont
read?
They dont
read?
DESCRIPTIVE WORD
What kind of? Person or thing?
15
16
EXERCISE:
Answer the following questions but do not send them to ANOTHER
LIFE SERVICES. Use a dictionary to identify the following word. You are
given the first two letters of the word, the number of letters of the whole
word and its meaning.
ci.....................
8 letters
ch..
8 letters
be.
9 letters
lovely to look at
de.
9 letters
ex.
8 letters
stirring stimulating
en ..
9 letters
ex.. ..
9 letters
me..
6 letters
mi
6 letters
mi.
9 letters
17
Any
Few
Little
Much
Many
None
Several
Some
Compare
Many
Womens
Objects
Cups of coffee
BUT
Much
18
Oil
Water
coffee
AFFIRMATIVE 2
Ill watch
Youll watch
Hell watch
Shell watch
Itll watch
Well watch
Youll watch
Theyll watch
NEGATIVE 1
I shall not watch
You will not watch
He will not watch
She will not watch
It will not watch
We shall not watch
You will not watch
They will not watch
INTERROGATIVE
Shall I watch
Will you watch
Will he watch
Will she watch
Will it watch
TRADUCERE
Voi privi
Vei privi
Va privi
Vom privi
Veti privi
Vor privi
NEGATIVE 2
I shant watch
You wont watch
He wont watch
She wont watch
It wont watch
We wont watch
You wont watch
They wont watch
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE 1
Shall I not watch?
Will you not watch?
Will he not watch?
Will she not watch?
Will it not watch?
19
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE 2
Shant I watch?
Wont you watch?
Wont he watch?
Wont she watch?
wont il watch?
Shall we watch
Will you watch
Will they watch
20
Wont we watch?
Wont you watch?
Wont they watch?
AFFIRMATIVE 2
Ive played
Youve played
Hes played
Shes played
Its played
Weve played
Youve played
Theyve played
INTERROGATIVE
Have I played?
Have you played?
Has he played?
Has she played?
Has it played?
Have we played?
Have you played?
Have they played?
NEGATIVE 1
I have not played
You have not played
He has not played
She has not played
It has not played
We have not played
You have not played
They have not played
NEGATIVE 2
Ive not played
Youve played
Hes not played
Shes not played
Its not played
Weve not played
Youve not played
Theyve not played
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
1
Have I not played?
Have you not played?
Has he not played?
Has she not played?
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
2
Havent I played?
Havent you played?
Hanst he played?
Hanst she played?
21
Hanst it played?
Havent we played?
Havent you played?
Havent they played?
AFFIRMATIVE 2
INTERROGATIVE
I have done
You have done
He has done
She has done
It has done
We have done
You have done
They have done
Ive done
Youve done
Hes done
Shes done
Its done
Weve done
Youve done
Theyve done
Have I done?
Have you done?
Has he done?
Has she done?
Has it done?
Have we done?
Have you done?
Have they done?
NEGATIVE 1
I have not done
You have not done
He has not done
She has not done
It has not done
We have not done
You have note done
NEGATIVE 2
Ive not done
Youve not done
Hes not done
Shes not done
Its not done
Weve not done
Youve not done
22
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
1
Have I not done?
Have you not done?
Has he not done?
Has she not done?
Has it not done?
Have we not done?
Have you not done?
Have they not done?
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
2
Havent I done?
Havent you done?
Hasnt he done?
Hasnt she done?
Hasnt it done?
Havent we done?
Havent you done?
Havent they done?
23
Affirmative 1
Affirmative 2
Interrogative
I am smiling
You are smiling
He is smiling
She is smiling
We are smiling
You are smiling
They are smiling
Imsmiling
Youre smiling
Hes smiling
Shes smiling
Were smiling
Youre smiling
Therre smiling
Am I smiling?
Are you smiling?
Is he smiling?
Is he smiling?
Are we smiling?
Are you smiling?
Are they smiling?
NEGATIVE 1
NEGATIVE 2
I am not smiling
You are not smiling
He is not smiling
She is not smiling
It is not smiling
We are not smiling
You are not smiling
They are not smiling
Im not smiling
Youre not smiling
Hes not smiling
Shes not smiling
Its not smiling
Were not smiling
Youre not smiling
Theyre not smiling
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
1
Am I not smiling?
Are you not smiling?
Is he not smiling?
Is she not smiling?
Is it not smiling?
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
2
Arent I smiling?
Arent you smiling?
Isnt he smiling?
Isnt she smiling?
Isnt it smiling?
24
Arent we smiling?
Arent you smiling?
Arent they smiling?
AFFIRMATIVE
I was smiling
You were smiling
He was smiling
25
NEGATIVE 1
NEGATIVE 2
I wasnt smiling
You werent smiling
He wasnt smiling
She wasnt smiling
It wasnt smiling
We werent smiling
You werent smiling
They werent smiling
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
1
Was I not smiling?
Were you not smiling?
Was he not smiling?
Was she not smiling?
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
2
Wasnt I smiling?
Werent you smiling?
Wasnt he smiling?
Wasnt she smiling?
26
Wasnt it smiling?
Werent we smiling?
Werent you smiling?
Werent they smiling?
27
AFFIRMATIVE 1
AFFIRMATIVE 2
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE 1
NEGATIVE 1
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
1
Have I not been playing?
Have you not been playing?
Has he not been playing?
Has she not been playing?
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
2
Havent I been playing?
Havent you been playing?
Hanst he been playing?
Hanst she been playing?
28
29
Verbele in limba engleza pot avea patru aspecte: simplu ( Simple ), progresiv
( Continous ), pefect ( Perfect ) si perfect progresiv ( Perfect Continous ). Fiecare
dintre aceste aspecte poate aparea la oricare dintre cele trei timpuri: present
( Present ), trecut ( Past ) si viitor ( Future ).
Aspectele progresiv si perfect le corespunde cate un verb auxiliar ( cu
care se formeaza ), care preia timpul si persoana verbului de conjugat ; aspectul
progresiv perfect se formeaza prin combinarea celor doua auxiliare .
Astfel:
Continous Tense se formeaza cu auxiliarul to be :
to be + infinitivul verbului de conjugat + ing
( la timpul si persoana verbului conjugat )
Perfect Tense se formeaza cu auxiliarul to have :
to have ( la timpul si persoana verbului de conjugat ) + forma a 3 a verbului
conjugat
Perfect Continous Tense se formeaza cu ambele auziliare. to be si to have:
To have + been + infinitivul de conjugat + ing.
30
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
Present Continuous
Present Simple
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Shall/will
Can
Must
Could
Ought to
May
Past Continuous
Past Simple
Past Perfect
No change
Past Perfect
No change
Would
No change
Could
No change
No change
Might
31