Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Gram Eng
Gram Eng
plural:
the girls [\ g|lz]= fetele
the boys [\ Boiz] = bieii
the trees [\ trIz] = copacii
the cats [\ kEts]= pisicile
NEHOTRT
este :
- a [\] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu consoan sau semiconsoan:
a dog [\ `dog]= un cine a wall [\ `wOl]= un zid/perete
a flower [\ `flau\]= o floare
a year [\ `ji\] = un an
- an [\n] - naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu vocal:
an apple [\n `Epl]= un mr
an eye [\n `ai] = un ochi
an ear [\n `i\]= o ureche an idea [\n ai`di\]= o idee
Articolul nehotrt introduce de obicei un element nou. El poate fi ntlnit :
- n faa substantivelor nsoite/precedate de adjective :
a good teacher = un profesor bun
a big house = o cas mare
a book of proverbs = o carte de proverbe
a house on fire = o cas n flcri
a little tea = puin/destul ceai
- n unele structuri :
a tobacconist's = o tutungerie
a chemist 's = o farmacie
a baker's = o brutrie
a stationer's = o papetrie
a greengrocer's = un aprozar
once upon a time = a fost odat
a blue - eyed girl = o fat cu ochi albatri
a grocer' s = o bcnie
a confectioner's = o cofetrie
two/three at a time = cte doi/trei o dat
a jeweller's = un magazin de bijuterii
Articolul nehotrt are n unele cazuri funcie numeric:
a hundred = o sut
a thousand = o mie
two saucers and an ash-tray = dou farfurioare i o scrumier
1.1.3. ARTICOLUL
ZERO
feminin (feminine)
(she = ea)
actress = actri
spinster = celibatar
barmaid = barmani
girl = fat
bride = mireas
sister = sor
mam/mammy = mami
countess = contes
mother = mam
gentlewoman = doamn
goddess = zei
grandmother = grandma = bunic
heroine = eroin
wife = soie
queen = regin
lass = fat
landlady = proprietreas
woman = femeie
mistress = stpn
nun = clugri
niece = nepoat
mamma/mammy = mama
policewoman = poliist
princess = prines
saleswoman = vnztoare
madam = doamn
daughter = fiic
governess = guvernant
aunt = mtu
comun (common)
(he/she = el/ea)
associate = asociat/asociat
architect = arhitect/arhitect
artist = artist/artist
beginner = nceptor/nceptoare
author = autor/autoare
child = copil/copil
buyer = cumprtor/cumprtoare
client = client/client
companion = nsoitor/nsoitoare
cook = buctar/buctreas
cousin = verior/verioar
customer = client/client
customs officer = vame/vame
dancer = dansator/dansatoare
doctor = doctor/doctori
dreamer = vistor/vistoare
driver = ofer/oferi
dyer = vopsitor/vopsitoare
indifference = indiferen
kangaroo = cangur
land = pmnt
legend = legend
light = lumin
march = mar
medal = medalie
microbe = microb
minaret = minaret
monkey = maimu
mouse = oarece
mushroom = ciuperc
masculin (masculine)
(he = el)
boy friend = prieten
brother - in - law = cumnat
bull = taur
cock = coco
dog = cine
drake = roi
father - in - law = socru
fisherman = pescar
fox = vulpoi
gipsy/gypsy = igan
grandson = nepot
horse = cal
host = gazd
lion = leu
lord = domn
man-servant = servitor
Mr. = domnul
negro = negru
ox = bou
peasant = ran
pirate = pirat
postman = pota
schoolboy = colar
soldier = soldat
son - in - law = ginere
steward = stevard
tom cat = pisoi
turkey cock = curcan
usher = plasator
waiter = chelner
neutru (neuter)
(it = el/ea)
net = plas
novel = roman
number = numr
occupation = ocupaie
ocean = ocean
oil = ulei
page = pagin
panic = panic
part = parte
pear = par
economist = economist/economist
engineer = inginer/inginer
examiner=examinator/examinatoare
fighter = lupttor/lupttoare
friend = prieten/prieten
guest = musafir/musafir
interpreter = interpret/interpret
journalist = jurnalist/jurnalist
owner = posesor/posesoare
painter = pictor/pictori
parent = printe
feminin (feminine)
(she = ea)
girl friend = prieten
sister - in - law = cumnat
cow = vac
hen = gin
bitch = cea
duck = ra
mother - in - law = soacr
vixen = vulpe
gipsy/gypsy woman = iganc
granddaughter = nepoat
mare = iap
hostess = gazd
lioness = leoaic
lady = doamn
maid - servant = servitoare
Miss/Mrs. = domnioara/doamna
negress = negres
cow = vac
peasant woman = ranc
-
schoolgirl = colri
-
petal = petal
piano = pian
pig = porc
pot = oal
root = rdcin
scorpion = scorpion
shark = rechin
sparrow = vrabie
sphere = sfer
stage = scen
stick = b
sun = soare
tea = ceai
telephone = telefon
etc.
printer = tipograf/tipograf
prisoner = prizonier/prizonier
purchaser = cumprtor/ cumprtoare
supporter = suporter/suporter
reader = cititor/cititoare
reporter = reporter/reporter
rival = rival/rival
scholar = nvat/nvat
scientist = savant/savant
smoker = fumtor/fumtoare
spectator = spectator/spectatoare
spouse = so/soie
successor = succesor/succesoare
superintendent = supraveghetor/
supraveghetoare
theorist = teoretician/teoretician
weaver = estor/estoare
welder = sudor/sudori
worker = muncitor/muncitoare
writer = scriitor/scriitoare
1.2.3. Pluralul substantivelor
1.2.3.1. Pluralul regulat al substantivelor
10
11
N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
singular
a boy = un biat
a girl = o fat
of a boy = a boy's = al, a , ai, ale unui biat
of a girl = a girl's = al, a, ai, ale unei fete
(to) a boy = unui biat
(to) a girl = unei fete
a boy = un biat
a girl = o fat
boy ! = biete !, biatule !
girl ! = fat !
plural
boys = biei
girls = fete
N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
4. demonstrative (Demonstrative)
5. cantitativ/nehotrte (Quantitative-Indefinite)
12
13
14
He is my first friend. = El este primul meu prieten. = El este cel dinti prieten al meu.
the first boy = primul biat
the first boys = primii biei
the first girl = prima fat
the first girls = primele fete
the first book = prima carte
the first books = primele cri
the first tree = primul copac
the first trees = primii copaci
the last = cel, cea, cei, cele din urm, ultimul, ultima, ultimii,ultimele
Is this your last decision ? = Este aceasta ultima ta hotrre ?
the last boy = ultimul biat
the last boys = ultimii biei
the last girl = ultima fat
the last girls = ultimele fete
the last book = ultima carte
the last books = ultimele cri
the last tree = ultimul copac
the last trees = ultimii copaci
the other = cellalt, cealalt, ceilali, celelalte
the other boy = cellalt biat
the other girl = cealalt fat
the other house = cealalt cas
the other boys = ceilali biei
the other girls = celelalte fete
the other houses = celelalte case
another = alt, alt, o alt, alte
another boy = alt biat
another girl = alt fat
another tree = alt copac
another house = alt cas
another news = alte tiri
another good news = alte tiri bune
He will be staying in England for another year . = El va sta n Anglia nc un an.
such = astfel de, asemenea, aa
such a boy = un astfel de biat, un asemenea biat
such a girl = o astfel de fat, o asemenea fat
such boys = aa biei, astfel de biei, asemenea biei
such girls = aa fete, astfel de fete, asemenea fete
such people = aa oameni, astfel de oameni
people such as = oameni cum ar fi, oameni ca de exemplu
We hope never to have another such experience. = Sperm s nu mai avem niciodat o astfel de experien.
the same = acelai, aceeai, aceiai, aceleai
the same boy = acelai biat
the same girl = aceeai fat
the same book = aceeai carte
the same tree = acelai copac
the same boys = aceiai biei
the same girls = aceleai fete
the same books = aceleai cri
the same trees = aceiai copaci
one and the same = unul i acelai; una i aceeai.
one and the same boy = unul i acelai biat;
one and the same girl = una i aceeai fat
one and the same book = una i aceeai carte;
one and the same tree = unul i acelai copac
the very = chiar, tocmai , nsui , nsi
the very boy who/that = chiar/ nsui / tocmai biatul care; he very girl who/that = chiar/nsi/tocmai fata care
the very book which/that = chiar /tocmai cartea care;
the very boys who/that = chiar/tocmai bieii care
the very girls who/that = chiar/tocmai fetele care
the very books which/that = chiar/tocmai crile care
This is the very book I needed. = Aceasta este chiar cartea de care aveam nevoie.
1.3.1.5. Adjective cantitative/NEHOTRTE (The Quantitative/INDEFINITE Adjectives)
some = unii, unele, nite, vreun, vreo
Se folosete n propoziiile afirmative. Cnd apare n propoziiile interogative se sper s se obin un rspuns afirmativ.
I see some people in the street. = Vd nite oameni pe strad.
Come to see us some Sunday ! = Vino/venii pe la noi ntr-o (zi de) duminic !
Do you see some people in the street ? = Vezi nite oameni pe strad ?
I should drink some water, not some wine. = A bea nite ap, nu nite vin.
I know him to some degree. = l cunosc ntr-o oarecare msur.
15
Some agree with me and some don't. = Unii sunt de acord cu mine, iar alii nu.
They will find out the truth some day. = Ei vor afla adevrul ntr-o bun zi.
This matter has some importance. = Chestiunea aceasta are oarecare importan.
You will meet some person or other. = Vei ntlni o persoan sau alta.
any- n propoziiile afirmative = orice, fiece
He can come at any hour of the day. = El poate veni la orice or din zi.
You may like any book. = i poate plcea orice carte.
You can/may come any time. = Poi veni oricnd.
any ? - n propoziiile interogative = orice ?, fiece ?, vreun ?, vreo ?
Do you like any book ? = i place orice carte ?
Have you got any friends ? = Ai vreun prieten ?, Ai ceva prieteni ?
Can you lend me any of those books ? = mi poi mprumuta vreuna dintre crile acelea?
any - n propoziiile negative = nici un, nici o
I cannot find any excuse. = Nu pot gsi nici o scuz.
We do not see any house. = Noi nu vedem nici o cas.
He does not see any boy. = El nu vede nici un biat.
no - numai n propoziiile negative = nici un, nici o
n limba englez se folosete o singur negaie n propoziie.
I see no boy, no girl and no house. = Nu vd nici un biat, nici o fat i nici o cas.
No man could do it. = Nici un om n-o putea face.
He will spare no pains. = El nu va crua nici un efort.
no admittance = intrarea interzis
no smoking = fumatul interzis
I can find no other solution. = Nu pot gsi nici o alt soluie.
few = puini, puine
I see few boys, few girls and few houses. = Eu vd puini biei, puine fete i puine case.
few of us/you/them = puini/puine dintre noi/voi/ei/ele
a few = puini/destui, puine/destule
I have a few books. = Am puine/suficiente cri.
He has a few friends. = Are puini/destui/ceva prieteni.
quite a few = a good few = some few = many, a large number = muli/multe
He has got quite a few friends. = Are destui/muli prieteni.
little = puin, puin; mic, mic, mici
I drink little tea and little coffee. = Eu beau puin ceai i puin cafea.
He has little time for reading. = El are puin timp pentru citit.
The little boy drinks little lemonade. = Bieelul bea puin limonad.
the little ones = cei mici
a little = puin/destul, puin/destul, (cte) ceva
A little is better than none. (prov.) = Mai bine puin dect deloc. = Mai bine ceva dect nimic.
We have a little beer and a little wine. = Avem ceva bere i ceva vin.
to know a little of everything = a ti cte ceva din toate
The little girl is a little better now. = Fetia face ceva mai bine acum.
much = mult, mult
There is much tea in the teapot. = Este mult ceai n ceainic.
many = muli, multe
There are many people in the park. = Sunt muli oameni n parc.
16
comparativ de
superioritate
superlativ relativ
17
superlativ absolut
big
mare
dry
uscat
easy
uor
fat
gras
great
mare, mre
happy
fericit
hard
tare, dur
hot
fierbinte
kind
amabil
long
lung
nice
plcut/drgu
short
scurt/scund
small
mic/modest
strong
tare
tall
nalt
thick
gros
thin
subire/slab
pozitiv
abject
abject/josnic
abrupt
abrupt
active
activ
amiable
prietenos
attractive
atrgtor
beautiful
frumoas
curious
curios
foolish
prost(esc)
huge
bigger
mai mare
drier
mai uscat
easier
mai uor
fatter
mai gras
greater
mai mare
happier
mai fericit
harder
mai tare
hotter
mai fierbinte
kinder
mai amabil
longer
mai lung
nicer
mai plcut
shorter
mai scurt
smaller
mai mic
stronger
mai tare
taller
mai nalt
thicker
mai gros
thinner
mai subire
the biggest
cel mai mare
the driest
cel mai uscat
the easiest
cel mai uor
the fattest
cel mai gras
the greatest
cel mai mare
the happiest
cel mai fericit
the hardest
cel mai tare
the hottest
cel mai fierbinte
the kindest
cel mai amabil
the longest
cel mai lung
the nicest
cel mai plcut
the shortest
cel mai scurt
the smallest
cel mai mic
the strongest
cel mai tare
the tallest
cel mai nalt
the thickest
cel mai gros
the thinnest
cel mai subire
very big
foarte mare
very dry
foarte uscat
very easy
foarte uor
very fat
foarte gras
very great
foarte mare
very happy
foarte fericit
very hard
foarte tare
very hot
foarte fierbinte
very kind
foarte amabil
very long
foarte lung
very nice
foarte plcut
very short
foarte scurt
very small
foarte mic
very strong
foarte tare
very tall
foarte nalt
very thick
foarte gros
very thin
foarte subire, etc.
18
uria/imens
severe
sever/aspru
sincere
sincer
skilled
priceput
sociable
sociabil
unfit
nepotrivit
unjust
injust/nejust
urbane
manierat
untidy
dezordonat
mai imens
more severe
mai sever
More sincere
Mai sincer
More skilled
mai priceput
More sociable
mai sociabil
more unfit
mai nepotrivit
more unjust
mai injust
More urbane
mai manierat
more untidy
mai dezordonat
foarte imens
very severe
foarte sever
very sincere
foarte sincer
very skilled
foarte priceput
very sociable
foarte sociabil
very unfit
foarte nepotrivit
very unjust
foarte injust
very urbane
foarte manierat
very untidy
foarte dezordonat
Din analiza exemplelor de mai sus rezult c la gradul comparativ de superioritate adjectivele cu comparaie analitic se
ajut de adverbul more, la superlativul relativ de adverbul most, iar la superlativul absolut de adverbele very, extremely,
awfully, quite etc.
1.3.2.3. Adjective cu comparaie mixt (sintetic i analitic)
pozitiv
able
capabil
ample
amplu
empty
gol
strange
ciudat
stupid
stupid
etc.
good/well
bun/bine
bad/ill
ru
little
puin/mic
much/many
mult/muli
old
btrn/vechi
near
comparativ de
superioritate
more able
abler
mai capabil
more ample
ampler
Mai amplu
more empty
emptier
mai gol
More strange
stranger
Mai ciudat
more stupid
stupider
Mai stupid
superlativ
relativ
the most able
the ablest
cel mai capabil
the most ample
the amplest
cel mai amplu
the most empty
the emptiest
cel mai gol
the most strange
the strangest
cel mai ciudat
the most stupid
the stupidest
cel mai stupid
superlativ
absolut
very able
foarte capabil
very ample
foarte amplu
very empty
foarte gol
very strange
foarte ciudat
very stupid
foarte stupid
19
aproape
late
trziu
far
mai aproape
later
Mai trziu
latter = ultimul
din doi
farther/further
departe
in
n interior
mai departe
inner
mai n interior
out
n exterior
outer/utter
mai n exterior
up
sus
upper
mai sus
beneath
dedesubt
hind
din spate
nether
mai dedesubt
hinder
mai din spate
fore
n fa
former
Mai n fa
foarte aproape
very late
foarte trziu
the farthest/
furthest
cel mai departe
the inmost
cel mai n interior/
luntric
the innermost =
luntric la maximum
the outermost
cel mai n exterior
the utmost,
uttermost = n
exterior la maximum
the upmost
cel mai (de) sus
the uppermost = sus
la maximum
the nethermost
cel mai de dedesubt
the hindmost
cel mai din spate
the hindermost =
ultimul din spate
the foremost
cel mai din
fa/dinainte
the first = primul
very far
foarte departe
20
21
The more you learn, the more you forget. = Cu ct nvei mai mult, cu att uii mai mult.
the later, the worse = cu ct mai trziu, cu att mai ru
The later you arrive, the worse it is. = Cu ct ajungi mai trziu, cu att este mai ru.
The more beautifully Alice will sing, the more money she will get. = Cu ct Alice va cnta mai frumos, cu att mai muli
bani va ctiga.
His flat is a little cheaper than yours. = Apartamentul lui este puin mai ieftin dect al tu.
Your flat is a lot cheaper than mine. = Apartamentul tu este mult mai ieftin dect al meu.
Our flat is somewhat cheaper than theirs. = Apartamentul nostru este ntructva/puin mai ieftin dect al lor.
1.3.2.11. Superlativul absolut
Se formeaz cu adverbele: very (foarte), extremely (extrem de), quite (total, complet, cu totul), perfectly (perfect),
extraordinary (extraordinar de), inconceivably (incredibil de), exceedingly (excesiv/nemaipomenit de), fantastically
(fantastic de), enormously/ immensely (enorm/imens de), tremendously/ awfully (ngrozitor/teribil de), infinitely (infinit
de), terribly (teribil de), terrifically (nfiortor de) etc.
awfully hot = ngrozitor/cumplit de cald
We are awfully sorry. = Ne pare nespus de ru
They have changed enormously. = Ei s-au schimbat enorm.
quite well = foarte bine
extremely well = extrem de bine
very well = foarte bine
exceedingly good = excesiv de bun
infinitely small = infinit/nemsurat de mic
exceedingly difficult = excesiv de greu, din cale afar de dificil
perfectly well = perfect de bine
a matchless playwright = un dramaturg fr pereche
terribly boring = teribil/nfiortor de plictisitor
quite right = perfect adevrat/just
enough - adjectiv
enough food = food enough = hran suficient/destul
to have money enough = to have enough money = a avea destui bani
enough - adverb de comparaie
I am warm enough. = mi este destul de cald.
The exercise is difficult enough. = Exerciiul este destul de greu.
What is good for you is good enough for me. = Ce este valabil pentru tine este perfect valabil i pentru mine.
Enough este singurul adverb de comparaie care st dup adjectivul pe care l determin.
This beer is good enough. = Berea aceasta este destul de bun.
1.3.2.12. Comparaia adjectivelor compuse
POZITIV
well-paid
bine pltit
good-looking
artos
sweet-natured
bun la suflet
short-sighted
miop
COMPARATIV DE
SUPERIORITATE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
better-paid
mai bine pltit
better-looking
mai artos
More sweet - natured
mai bun la suflet
more short - sighted
mai miop
the best-paid
cel mai bine pltit
the best-looking
cel mai artos
the most sweet -natured
cel mai bun la suflet
the most short -sighted
cel mai miop
SUPERLATIV ABSOLUT
very well-paid
foarte bine pltit
very good-looking
foarte artos
very sweet- natured
foarte bun la suflet
very short-sighted
foarte miop
John is a good/great deal more careful than Bill. = John este mult mai atent/prudent dect Bill.
Bill is a good/great deal less careful than John. = Bill este mult mai puin prudent dect John.
He is a little less careful than his brother. = El este puin mai puin prudent dect fratele lui.
He loves her more than I (do). = El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect o iubesc eu.
He loves her more than me. = El o iubete pe ea mai mult dect pe mine.
They know her better than I (do). = Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect/ca mine.
They know her better than me. = Ei o cunosc pe ea mai bine dect pe mine.
22
1.4.1. Clasificare
1. Personale (the Personal Pronouns)
7. Reflexive (the Reflexive Pronouns)
2. Interogative (the Interrogative Pronouns)
8. Emfatice (the Emphatic Pronouns)
3. Relative (the Relative Pronouns)
9. Nehotrte (the Indefinite Pronouns)
4. Posesive (the Possessive Pronouns)
10. Reciproce (the Reciprocal Pronouns)
5. Demonstrative (the Demonstrative Pronouns)
6. Impersonale/Generale (the Impersonal/General Pronouns)
I = eu
you = tu
he = el, dnsul, dumnealui
she = ea, dnsa, dumneaei
it = el, ea
23
24
25
John's sister is in Bucharest and mine is in Berlin. = Sora lui John este n Bucureti, iar a mea este n Berlin.
John's friends are in Bucharest and mine are in Berlin. = Prietenii lui John sunt n Bucureti, iar ai mei sunt n Berlin.
John's sisters are in Bucharest and mine are in Berlin. = Surorile lui John sunt n Bucureti, iar ale mele sunt n Berlin.
yours = al tu, a ta, ai ti, ale tale.
My car is white and yours is blue. = Automobilul meu este alb, iar al tu este albastru.
My house is in the country and yours is in the town. = Casa mea este la ar, iar a ta este la ora.
My children are in the mountains and yours are at the seaside. = Copiii mei sunt la munte, iar ai ti sunt la mare.
Our daugthers are at school and yours are at the university. = Fiicele noastre sunt la coal, iar ale voastre sunt la
universitate.
his = al lui, a lui, ai lui, ale lui
My friend is an engineer and his is an economist. = Prietenul meu este inginer, iar al lui este economist.
Our daughter is a school-girl and his is a student. = Fiica noastr este elev, iar a lui este student.
Her books are in English and his are in Romanian.= Crile ei sunt n englez, iar ale lui sunt n romn.
hers = al ei, a ei, ai ei, ale ei
My friend speaks French but hers doesn't. = Prietenul meu vorbete franuzete, dar al ei nu.
My sister works on a farm but hers doesn't. = Sora mea lucreaz la o ferm, dar a ei nu.
Our children are noisy but hers aren't. = Copiii notri sunt glgioi, iar ai ei nu (sunt).
Our books are old but hers aren't. = Crile noastre sunt vechi, dar ale ei nu (sunt).
ours = al nostru, a noastr, ai notri, ale noastre.
Your sister is Mary and ours is Beverly. = Sora voastr este Mary iar a noastr este Beverly.
Your boys play tennis but ours don't. = Bieii votri joac tenis, dar ai notri nu joac.
Your daughters read many books but ours don't. = Fiicele voastre citesc multe cri, ns/ dar ale noastre nu (citesc).
yours [yOz] = al tu, a ta , ai ti , ale tale
My friends live here , yours don't. = Prietenii mei locuiesc aici , ai ti nu.
theirs = al lor, a lor, ai lor, ale lor.
Our son is here but theirs isn't . = Fiul nostru este aici, dar al lor nu (este).
Our daughter is not here but theirs is. = Fiica noastr nu este aici, dar a lor este.
Our sons don't study German but theirs do. = Fiii notri nu studiaz germana, dar ai lor studiaz.
1.4.1.5. Pronumele demonstrative (The Demonstrative Pronouns)
this = acesta, aceasta
That book is yours and this (one) is mine. = Cartea aceea este a ta, iar aceasta este a mea.
that = acela, aceea
This book is mine and that (one) is yours. = Cartea aceasta este a mea, iar aceea este a ta.
these = acetia, acestea
Those books are mine and these (ones) are yours. = Crile acelea sunt ale mele, iar acestea sunt ale tale .
Those players are good but these (ones) are better. = Juctorii aceia sunt buni, dar acetia sunt mai buni.
those = aceia, acelea
These players are very good but those (ones) aren't. = Juctorii acetia sunt foarte buni, dar aceia nu sunt.
1.4.1.6. Pronumele impersonale (The Impersonal Pronouns)
one, you
One could work there. = S-ar putea lucra acolo. = Se putea lucra acolo.
You should always be careful when crossing the road. = S fii totdeauna atent la traversarea drumului.
One can learn a lot of things here. = Se pot nva o mulime de lucruri aici.
You should always behave decently. = Trebuie s te pori totdeauna decent.
1.4.1.7. Pronumele reflexive (The Reflexive Pronouns)
myself = m
ourselves = ne
yourself = te
yourselves = v
himself = se
themselves = se
herself =se
oneself = se
itself = se
Cu ajutorul pronumelorreflexive se formeaz diateza reflexiv a verbelor.
to enjoy oneself = a se distra
I enjoy myself = eu m distrez
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De reinut c verbelor reflexive din limba romn nu le corespund totdeauna verbe reflexive n limba englez.
eu m mir/ntreb = I wonder ; verbul to wonder n limba englez nu este reflexiv.
1.4.1.8. Pronumele emfatice/ de ntrire (The Emphatic Pronouns)
myself = eu nsumi, personal, chiar eu
ourselves = noi nine, nsene, chiar noi
yourself = tu nsui, personal, chiar tu
yourselves = voi niv, nsev, chiar voi
himself = el nsui, personal, chiar el
themselves = ei nii, ele nsele, chiar ei/ele
herself = ea nsi, personal, chiar ea
I must do it myself = trebuie s-o fac eu nsumi
itself = el nsui, ea nsi, personal, chiar el/ea
1.4.1.9. Pronumele nehotrte (The Indefinite Pronouns)
another = alt, alt;
One man says yes, another says no. = Un om zice da, altul zice nu.
each = fiecare
We received two books each. = Am primit cte dou cri fiecare.
each of us/you/them = fiecare dintre noi/voi/ei/ele
the other = cellalt, cealalt, ceilali, celelalte
John likes this book but I like the other (one). = Lui John i place cartea aceasta, ns mie mi place cealalt.
John likes this book but I prefer the other (one). = Lui John i place cartea aceasta, dar eu o prefer pe cealalt.
others = alii, altele
Others know better than you. = Alii tiu mai bine ca/dect tine.
the others = ceilali, celelalte
The others did not come by bus. = Ceilali n-au venit cu autobuzul.
I do not see the others. = Eu nu-i vd pe ceilali. = Eu nu le vd pe celelalte.
one = unul, una, un, o; se
You do not have any book but I have one. = Tu nu ai nici o carte, dar eu am una.
Can you tell one from the other ? = l poi deosebi pe unul de cellalt ?
My neighbours have two sons whom everybody admires ; I admire one's common sense and the other's diligence. =
Vecinii mei au doi fii pe care i admir toat lumea; eu admir bunul sim al unuia i hrnicia celuilalt.
He is considered as one of the family. = El este considerat drept unul de-al familiei/casei.
one of us/you/them = unul/una dintre noi/voi/ei/ele.
all = tot, toat, toi, toate; totul
He must tell you all or nothing. = El trebuie s-i spun tot sau nimic.
I cannot buy it all. = Nu pot s-l/s-o cumpr tot/toat.
All he wants is money. = Tot ce vrea el sunt banii.
all of us/you/them = we/you/they all = noi/voi/ei toi/ele toate .
either = oricare din doi/dou
You may buy either. = l /O poi cumpra pe oricare.
either of us = oricare din /dintre noi doi/dou
either of you = oricare din /dintre voi doi/dou
either of them = oricare din /dintre ei/ele doi/dou).
Neither = nici unul, nici una, nici un, nici o (din doi/dou)
One can see neither. = Nu se poate vedea nici unul/una.
neither of us/you/them = nici unul/una din(tre) noi/voi/ei/ele.
both = ambii, ambele, amndoi, amndou
You may read either of them - both are interesting. = Le poi citi pe oricare din ele - ambele sunt interesante.
both of us/you/them = noi/voi/ei doi/amndoi, noi/voi/ele dou/amndou.
several = mai muli/multe, civa, cteva
You can see many books on the table, but several are mine. = Poi vedea multe cri pe mas, dar cteva sunt ale mele.
several of us/you/them = civa/cteva dintre noi/voi/ei/ele.
few = puini, puine
I only found few. = Am gsit doar puini/puine .
few of us/you/them = puini/puine dintre noi/voi/ei/ele.
a few = puini/destui, puine/destule
I have found a few. = Am gsit destui/destule.
quite a few = a good few = foarte muli/multe
I have found quite a few. = Am gsit un mare numr. = Am gsit foarte muli/multe.
little = puin, puin, mic, mic.
I have done little for them. = Am fcut puin pentru ei/ele.
The little of what I've done, matters a lot. = Puinul din ct/ce am fcut eu, conteaz mult.
Your house is big, but mine is a little one. = Casa ta este mare, ns a mea este mic.
How are your little ones? = Ce fac cei mici ai ti?
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The three brothers help one another. = Cei trei frai se ajut unul pe cellalt.
1.4.2. Declinarea pronumelui personal
n schema care urmeaz este inclus i cazul genitiv dei pronumele personal n cazul genitiv este pronume posesiv, nu
personal.
N.
G.
D.
A.
N.
G.
D.
A.
I = eu
my = meu
mine = al meu
(to) me = mie
me = pe mine
you = tu
your = tu
yours = al tu
(to) you = tie
you = pe tine
we = noi
our = nostru
ours = al nostru
(to) us = nou
us = pe noi
he = el
his = lui
his = al lui
(to) him = lui
him = pe el
numrul singular
she = ea
it = el/ea
her = ei
its = lui/ei
hers = al ei its = al lui/ei
(to) her = ei (to) it = lui/ei
her = pe ea it = pe el/ea
numrul plural
you = voi/dv.
they = ei/ele, dnii/dnsele
your = vostru/dv.
their = lor, dnilor/dnselor
yours = al vostru/dv.
theirs = al lor, al dnilor/dnselor
(to) you = vou/dv.
(to) them = lor, dnilor/dnselor
you = pe voi/dv.
them = pe ei/ele, pe dnii/ dnsele
1.5.1. Clasificare
5. fracionare (Fractional Numerals)
6. adverbiale (Adverbial Numerals)
7. multiplicative (Multiplicative Numerals)
8. nehotrte (Indefinite Numerals)
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30
31
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MODURI
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NEPERSONALE
Participle - prezent, past i perfect
Gerund - prezent i perfect
2.
to be
to have
to do
shall
will
to let
can (to be able to)
may (to be permitted / allowed to)
modale
3. principale
regulate
will
ought to
dare
need
to be to
to ask
to like
to answer
to use
etc.
to go
TRECUT
SIMPLU
was / were
had
did
should
would
let
could
might
PARTICIPIU
TRECUT
been
= a fi
had
= a avea
done
= a face
= trebuie s
= a vrea
let
= a lsa
= a putea, a ti
= a avea voie s =
(a-i fi permis s)
(must)
= trebuie,
(a trebui s) =
(a fi obligat s)
should
= a trebui s,
a se cuveni s
would
= a dori, a vrea
(ought to)
= ar trebui s
= a ndrzni
need
= obinuia s
was, were to
been to
= a urma s
used to
= obinuia s
asked
asked
= a ntreba
liked
liked
= a-i plcea
answered
answered = a rspunde
used
used
= a ntrebuina
- went
- gone
= a merge
- saw
- seen
= a vedea
neregulate
4. auxiliar
- modale
to see
etc.
shall
will
can
should
would
could etc.
Verbele auxiliare ajut celelalte verbe s-i formeze aspectul continuu, diateza pasiv, timpurile compuse, unele moduri.
Ele devin instrumente gramaticale pierzndu-i sensul lexical.
Eu am o carte = Eu posed o carte.
n exemplul de mai sus verbul am (a avea) n limba romn este verb principal, dar n exemplul: Eu am citit o carte,
verbul am este auxiliar, cci ajut verbul citit s-i formeze timpul perfect compus. Este clar c nu putem spune: Eu posed
citit o carte, n care verbul a poseda s fie sinonim cu verbul a avea.
Verbele modale dau verbelor principale mpreun cu care se folosesc nuane lexicale speciale. n exemplul I must
go. = Eu trebuie s merg, verbul must exprim obligaia efecturii aciunii. Verbul can implic nuana capabilitii i
permisiunii, iar verbul may ideea de permisiune i posibilitate.
He can speak English. = El tie/poate vorbi englezete;
He may come. = El poate veni. = Lui i este permis s vin.
Verbele modale se mai numesc defective cci nu au forme proprii fie pentru infinitiv prezent, fie pentru trecut, fie
pentru participiul trecut, situaie n care se nlocuiesc cu sinonimele lor. Ele nu au particula infinitival to i nu folosesc
aceast particul dup ele (excepii: used to, ought to). Ca i verbele auxiliare ele formeaz interogativul schimbndu-i
locul cu subiectul propoziiei. Verbele auxiliare i modale din limba englez au i forme prescurtate/contrase. Unii
gramaticieni includ verbele auxiliare i modale ntr-o singur categorie - aceea de verbe speciale. Ele formeaz negativul
prin simpla adugare a negaiei not dup ele i interogativul schimbndu-i locul cu subiectul n propoziie.
Verbele can, may, must, ought to, dare, need i used to sunt auxiliare n ntrebrile disjunctive.
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Funciile verbului TO BE
1. a) verb auxiliar pentru formarea aspectului continuu : I am reading. = Eu citesc (acum).
b) verb auxiliar pentru formarea diatezei pasive
I am seen. = Eu sunt vzut.
2. verb modal: to be to = a urma/trebui s = a fi s;
I am to read. = Trebuie/urmeaz s citesc.
3. verb principal - atunci cnd este urmat de un adverb de loc; We are at home. = Noi suntem acas.
They are in the park. = Ei/Ele sunt n parc.
A ||
TO HAVE = a avea
I have = I've = I have got [got] = I've got = eu am
you have = you've = you have got = you've got = tu ai
he/she/it has = he's/she's/it's = he/she/it has got = he's/she's/it's got = el/ea are
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N ||
sau
I ||
I - N ||
have I not? = haven't I? = have I not (haven't I) got? = do I not (don't I) have? = eu nu am? = eu n-am ? = nu am eu ?
have you not? =haven't you? =have you not (haven't you) got? =do you not (don't you) have? = tu nu ai= tu n-ai? =nu ai
tu ?
has he/she/it not ? = hasn't he/she/it? = has he/she/it not (hasn't he/she/it) got? = does he/she/it not (doesn't he/she/it)
have ? = el/ea nu are ? = nu are el/ea ?
have we not? =haven't we? = have we not (haven't we) got? = do we not (don't we) have ? = noi nu avem ? = noi n-avem ?
= nu avem noi ?
have you not ? = haven't you ? = have you not (haven't you) got ? = do you not (don't you) have ? = voi nu avei ?= voi navei ?= nu avei voi ?
have they not ? = haven't they ? = have they not (haven't they) got ? = do they not (don't they) have ? = ei/ele nu au ? =
nu au ei/ele ?
Funciile verbului TO HAVE
1. verb auxiliar pentru formarea timpurilor The Present Perfec t i The Past Perfect
I have come for two hours. = Am venit de dou ore.
I had come for two hours. =Venisem de dou ore.
2. verb modal: to have to = must = trebuie
I must sing. = I have to sing. = Eu trebuie s cnt. = Eu am de cntat.
He had to learn every day. = El trebuia s nvee n fiecare zi.
3. verb principal: a) to have = to possess = a avea/poseda
We have a house. = We possess a house. = Avem o cas. = Posedm o cas.
They have had that house for ten years. = Ei au casa aceea de zece ani.
b) to have = a mnca, a bea, a servi, a se distra etc.
We have breakfast at eight o'clock. = Servim micul dejun la ora opt.
TO DO = a face
A ||
I do= eu fac
we do = noi facem
you do = tu faci
you do = voi facei
he/she/it does = el/ea face
they do = ei/ele fac
N ||
I do not do (I don't do) = eu nu fac
we do not do (we don't do) = noi nu facem
you do not do (you don't do) = tu nu faci
you do not do (you don't do) = voi nu facei
he/she/it does not do (doesn't do) = el/ea nu face
they do not do (they don't do) = ei/ele nu fac
I ||
I N ||
do I do ? = eu fac ?
do we do? = noi facem ?
do you do ? = tu faci ?
do you do ? = voi facei ?
does he/she/it do? =el/ea face ?
do they do? = ei/ele
do I not do ? = don't I do ? = eu nu fac ? = nu fac eu ?
do you not do ? = don't you do ? = tu nu faci ? = nu faci tu ?
does he/she/it not do? = doesn't he/she/it do? = ea/el nu face? = nu face el/ea?
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Ca verb auxiliar, verbul to do nu se traduce. Traducerea lui ns, ca i traducerea verbelor to be i to have s-a fcut
totui pentru motive practice.
Funciile verbului TO DO
1. verb auxiliar
Do you understand ? = nelegi ?
He does not understand. = El nu nelege.
2. verb de ntrire (emfatic)
I do like grammar. = mi place gramatica foarte mult.
3. verb principal
We did an exercise. = Noi am fcut un exerciiu.
Well begun is half done. (prov.) = Lucrul bine nceput jumtate e fcut.
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA TIMPUL PREZENT
La prezent, verbele modale au aceeai form pentru toate persoanele.
CAN = to be able to= a putea, a ti, a fi n stare s
A|| I can (swim) = I am able to (swim) = eu pot/tiu/sunt n stare s (not) etc.
N || I cannot (swim) = I can't (swim) = I am not able to (swim) = I aren't able to (swim) = eu nu pot/tiu/sunt n stare s
(not) etc.
I || Can I (swim) ? = Am I able to (swim) ? = pot/tiu eu s (not) ? = sunt eu n stare s (not) ? etc.
I - N || Can I not (swim) ? = Can't I (swim) ? = Am I not able to (swim) ? = Aren't I able to (swim) ? = eu nu tiu/pot s
(not) ? = eu nu sunt n stare s (not) ? etc.
Verbul CAN exprim:
a) abilitatea sau capacitatea:
can = to be able to = to know how to = to have the ability/power/skill to = a putea/ti = a fi n stare s = a ti cum s
I can speak five languages. = tiu s vorbesc cinci limbi.
He cannot speak French. = El nu tie s vorbeasc franuzete.
b) - posibilitatea - la afirmativ i interogativ
They can be in the park. = Ei pot fi n parc.
They can have been in the park. = Se poate/Este posibil ca ei s fi fost n parc.
- imposibilitatea - la negativ:
They can't be in the park. = Ei nu pot fi n parc.
This story cannot be true. = Povestea aceasta nu poate fi adevrat.
She can't be under thirty. = Nu poate avea sub treizeci de ani.
He can't have said that. = El nu poate s fi spus asta. = Nu se poate ca el s fi spus asta.
c) o invitaie sau o rugminte:
Can you shut the window, please? = Poi, te rog, s nchizi fereastra ?
Can you possibly come to my birthday party ? = Poi cumva veni la petrecerea de ziua mea de natere ?
How can you possibly ask such a thing ? = Cum poi ntreba aa ceva ?
d) permisiunea (n limbajul colocvial) i devine sinonim cu may, dar pentru politee se prefer may.
can = may = to be free to = to have permission to = to be allowed/permitted to = a putea, a fi liber s, a avea permisiunea
s
You can/may use my umbrella. = Poi folosi umbrela mea.
I can swim in that lake. = I am free to swim in that lake. = Pot nota n lacul acela. = Sunt liber s not n lacul acela.
- la negativ can exprim interdicia sau imposibilitatea - (can't = be forbidden/ prohibited to)
cannot = to be incapable/unable to = a fi incapabil s
You can't go on the trip. = Nu poi merge n excursie.
It can't be six o'clock. = Nu poate fi ora ase.
MAY = to be permitted/allowed to= a avea voie s, a-i fi permis/ ngduit s
A || I may (go) = I am permitted/allowed to (go) = eu am voie/pot s (merg) = mie mi este permis/ngduit s (merg) etc
N|| I may not (go) = I am not permitted/allowed to (go) = eu nu am voie s (merg) = mie nu-mi este permis/ngduit s
(merg) etc.
Forma mayn't este considerat desuet i, n consecin, practic nefolosit.
I || May I (go)? = am I permitted/allowed to (go)?=eu am voie/pot s (merg)? = mie mi este permis/ngduit s (merg)
etc.
I-N || May I not (go) ? = am I not permitted/allowed to (go) ? = eu nu am voie/nu pot s (merg) ? = mie nu-mi este
permis/ ngduit s (merg)? etc.
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38
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
You ought to tell her the truth. = Se cuvine s-i spui adevrul.
You ought to have told her the truth. = S-ar fi cuvenit s-i spui adevrul.
- ought to este sinonim cu should i exprim recomandarea, necesitatea sau obligaia moral.
You ought to help your parents if they are very old. = Se cuvine s-i ajui prinii dac sunt foarte btrni.
You oughtn't to take his umbrella without asking for permission. = Tu nu trebuie s-i iei umbrela fr s ceri voie.
He knew he ought to help us. = tia c trebuie s ne ajute.
DARE = a ndrzni, a se ncumeta
(exist ns i verbul principal to dare - dared/durst - dared = a ndrzni)
A || La afirmativ verbul dare se conjug n maniera verbelor principale: I dare = eu ndrznesc; you dare = tu ndrzneti
he/she/it dares = el/ea ndrznete etc.
N || I dare not go = I daren't go = I don't dare (to) go = eu nu ndrznesc s merg etc.
I || Dare I go ? = do I dare (to) go? = ndrznesc eu s merg ? = eu ndrznesc s merg ? etc
I-N || Dare I not go ? = don't I dare (to) go? = nu ndrznesc eu s merg ? = eu nu ndrznesc s merg? etc .
- dare (to) = to be brave enough to = a ndrzni = a fi suficient de curajos pentru a
I dare go there alone. = ndrznesc s merg acolo singur.
- dare = to take the risk of = a ndrzni, a risca s, a nfrunta
They dare all the dangers. = Ei nfrunt toate pericolele.
- dare = to provoke somebody into a demonstration of courage
Dare you jump over that fence ? = ndrzneti s sari peste gardul acela ?
- dare + say = ndrznesc s spun
I dare say you can't swim across that lake. = ndrznesc s spun c nu poi traversa lacul acela not.
NEED = a fi nevoie/necesar s, a trebui s
N || I need not go = I needn't go = eu nu este nevoie s merg etc.
I || Need I go ? = este nevoie s merg eu? etc.
I-N || Need I not (needn't I) go ? = nu este nevoie s merg eu ?= eu nu este nevoie s merg ? etc.
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- necesitate/nevoie
La afirmativ need se folosete cu adverbele hardly, scarcely, only:
I need hardly tell you something. = Simt o mare nevoie s-i spun ceva.
You need only be present. = Este nevoie s fii doar prezent.
Verbul need la negativ presupune lipsa obligaiei sau necesitii.
I needn't tell you everything. = Nu este nevoie s-i povestesc totul.
I needn't go yet. = nc nu este nevoie s plec.
- NEEDN'T - n vorbirea indirect:
"You needn't come until I tell you", he said. = - Nu este nevoie s vii pn nu-i spun eu, a zis el.
indirect:
He said that I needn't come until he told me. = El a zis c nu este nevoie s vin pn nu-mi spune el.
devine n vorbire
TO BE TO = a fi/trebui/urma s
You are to be there at six o'clock. = S fii acolo la ora ase. = Trebuie/Urmeaz s fii acolo la ora ase.
What am I to do now ? = Ce urmeaz/trebuie s fac eu acum ?
What is to be done now ? = Ce este de fcut acum ?
I should have told you if we had been to go there. = i-a fi spus dac noi ar fi fost s mergem acolo.
TO HAVE GOT TO = trebuie (folosit mult n limbajul colocvial american)
I have got to go now. = Acum trebuie s plec.
n exemplul I will learn the lesson (Vreau s nv lecia) verbul will se pronun accentuat, punndu-se astfel n
eviden valoarea sa semantic.
n exemplul You will learn the lesson (Tu vei nva lecia) verbul will este auxiliar i se pronun fr accent. n
schimb verbul learn care urmeaz dup el se pronun accentuat.
n exemplul He may never come (El poate s nu vin niciodat) verbul may exprim o nuan de posibilitate/ndoial:
El poate veni, dar suntem lsai s credem c mai degrab nu va veni.
He may never come. = It is possible that he will never come.
Concluzie:Verbele can, may, must, shall, will, need, ought to se ntlnesc urmate fie de infinitiv scurt prezent, fie de
infinitiv scurt perfect.
He may have come. = E posibil ca el s fi venit.
He must have been rich. = El trebuie s fi fost bogat.
She can have gone on the trip. = Ea poate s fi mers n excursie.
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TO WILL
A ||
I am willing to (read) = eu vreau s (citesc) etc.
N ||
I am not (I aren't) willing to (read) = eu nu vreau s (citesc) etc.
I ||
Am I willing to (read)? = eu vreau s (citesc)? = vreau eu s (citesc) ? etc.
I - N ||
Am I not willing to (read)? = aren't I willing to (read)? = eu nu vreau s (citesc)? = nu vreau eu s (citesc) ?
etc.
E. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR LA PREZENT - DIATEZA PASIV - ASPECTUL COMUN
TO BE SEEN = a fi vzut
A ||
I am seen = eu sunt vzut()
you are seen = tu eti vzut()
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I ||
I - N ||
NEGATIV
(N)
I am = eu sunt etc.
I am not = eu nu sunt
I can (go) = eu pot s I cannot (go) = I can't
(merg) etc.
(go) = eu nu pot s (merg)
etc.
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INTEROGATIV
(I)
INTEROGATIVNEGATIV (I-N)
Am I ? = eu sunt ?
Can I (go) ? = pot eu
s (merg) ?etc.
Am I not ? = eu nu sunt ?
Can I not (go)? = Can't I
(go)? = eu nu pot s (merg)?
etc.
VERBE PRINCIPALE
I go = eu merg etc
I do not go = I don't go =
eu nu merg etc.
Do I go ? = eu
merg ? = etc.
Do I not go ? = Don't I go ?
= eu nu merg ? etc.
A ||
N ||
43
I ||
I-N ||
44
TO DO - DID - DONE
I did = eu am fcut, eu fceam
we did = noi am fcut, noi fceam
you did = tu ai fcut, tu fceai
you did = voi/dv. ai fcut, voi / dv. fceai
he/she/it did = el / ea a fcut, el/ea fcea
they did = ei/ele au fcut, ei / ele fceau
N ||
I did not do = I didn't do = eu nu am fcut, eu nu fceam etc.
I ||
Did I do? = eu am fcut ?, eu fceam ? etc.
I N ||
Did I not do? = didn't I do? = eu nu am fcut ?, eu nu fceam ? etc.
A ||
SHOULD este auxiliar pentru The Future in the Past, persoana I singular i plural, precum i pentru formarea
modului condiional (prezent i perfect)
WOULD este auxiliar pentru The Future in the Past pers. II - III i condiional. El l poate nlocui pe should la pers.
I sg. i pl. att la timpul The Future in the Past ct i la modul condiional.
B. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR MODALE LA PAST TENSE
COULD
A ||
N ||
I ||
I N ||
45
1.abilitatea n trecut;
I could speak German last year = I was able to speak German last year = tiam s vorbesc germana anul trecut.
b) o invitaie sau o rugminte (condiional prezent)
Could you (possibly) come to my birthday party? = Ai putea ( puteai ) veni la petrecerea de ziua mea de natere?
Could you lend me your umbrella? = Ai putea s-mi mprumui umbrela ta ?
c) permisiunea / posibilitatea n trecut
They could go on a trip. = Ei puteau merge n excursie.
MIGHT
Verbul might, adic a II a form de baz a verbului may care la timpul prezent printre altele exprim i permisiunea,
poate exprima permisiunea la trecut atunci cnd may devine might transformat din vorbire direct n vorbire indirect.
"May I go on the trip", asked Mary. = - Pot merge n excursie, ntreb Mary.
devine n vorbirea indirect:
Mary asked if she might go on the trip. = Mary asked if she was allowed to go on the trip. = Mary a ntrebat dac poate
s mearg n excursie. = Mary a ntrebat dac i este ngduit s mearg n excursie.
Verbul MIGHT exprim:
a) posibilitatea n prezent (might fiind auxiliar modal la condiional prezent): He might be there. = Ar putea fi acolo.
Might he still be there ? = Ar putea fi acolo nc ? = Ar putea fi tot acolo ?
b) posibilitatea n trecut : You might have succeeded if you had tried. = Tu ai fi putut reui dac ai fi ncercat. = S-ar
fi putut s reueti dac ai fi ncercat. I knew he might be late. = tiam c este posibil s ntrzie.
c) interdicia n trecut: She said that we might not go on that trip. = She said that we were not allowed to go on
that trip. = Ea a zis c noi nu putem merge n excursia aceea. = Ea a zis c nou nu ne este ngduit / permis s mergem n
excursia aceea.
d) o manier politicoas de a cere permisiunea : (folosit la condiional prezent)
Might I ask you something ? = A putea s te/v ntreb ceva ? Might I use your phone ? = A putea folosi telefonul tu ?
HAD TO = A TREBUI SA
I had to (go) = eu trebuia s (merg)
you had to (go) = tu trebuia s (mergi)
he/she/it had to (go) = el/ea trebuia s (mearg) etc
N ||
I had not to (go) = I hadn't to (go) = I did not (didn't) have to (go) = eu nu trebuia s (merg) = eu nu a (na)
trebuit s (merg) etc.
I ||
had I to (go) ? = did I have to (go) ? = eu trebuia s (merg) ? etc
I-N ||
had I not to (go) ? = did I not have to (go) ? = eu nu trebuia s (merg) ? etc.
A ||
46
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
47
I ||
I - N ||
he/she/it did not answer = he/she/it didn't answer = el/ea nu a rspuns etc.
did I answer ? = eu am rspuns ? = am rspuns eu ? etc.
did I not answer ? = didn't I answer ? = eu nu am rspuns ? etc.
A ||
I was seen = eu am fost vzut()
you were seen = tu ai fost vzut()
he/she/it was seen = el/ea a fost vzut()
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
48
rivit()
I was not being looked at = I wasn't being looked at = eu nu eram privit() etc.
was I being looked at ? = eram eu privit()? etc.
was I not being looked at ? = wasn't I being looked at ? = eu nu eram privit()? etc.
49
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
TO DO - DID - DONE
I had done = eu fcusem
we had done = noi fcusem
you had done = tu fcusei
you had done = voi fcusei
he/she/it had done = el/ea fcuse
they had done = ei/ele fcuser
N ||
I had not done = I hadn't done = eu nu fcusem etc.
I ||
had I done ? = eu fcusem ? = fcusem eu ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not done ? = hadn't I done ? = eu nu fcusem ? = nu fcusem eu ? etc.
A ||
MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
I had had to (play) = eu trebuise s (joc)
you had had to (play) = tu trebuise s (joci)
he/she/it had had to (play) = el/ea trebuise s (joace)
we had had to (play) = noi trebuise s (jucm)
you had had to (play) = voi trebuise s (jucai)
they had had to (play) = ei/ele trebuise s (joace)
N ||
I had not had to (play) = I hadn't had to (play) = eu nu trebuise s (joc) etc.
I ||
had I had to (play) ? = trebuise eu s (joc) ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not had to (play) ? = hadn't I had to (play) ? = eu nu trebuise s (joc) ? = nu trebuise eu s (joc) ?
etc.
A ||
50
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
TO BE ASKED = a fi ntrebat
I had been asked = eu fusesem ntrebat
you had been asked = tu fusesei ntrebat
he/she had been asked = el/ea fusese ntrebat()
we had been asked = noi fusesem ntrebai
you had been asked = voi fusesei ntrebai
they had been asked = ei/ele fuseser ntrebai/ntrebate
N ||
I had not been asked = I hadn't been asked = eu nu fusesem ntrebat etc.
I ||
had I been asked ? = eu fusesem ntrebat ? = fusesem eu ntrebat ? etc.
I - N ||
had I not been asked ? = hadn't I been asked ? = eu nu fusesem ntrebat ? = nu fusesem eu ntrebat ? etc.
Exist cazuri cnd The Past Perfect se traduce prin The Past Tense.
I was at home when he had come to see me. = Eram acas cnd a venit el pe la mine.
n exemplul : El a zis c ne ateapt de cinci minute. - verbul ateapt din limba romn, care este la prezent se traduce
n limba englez prin Past Perfect: He said that he had been waiting for us for five minutes.
A ||
N ||
51
I ||
I - N ||
he/she/it will not have = he/she/it won't have = el/ea nu va avea = n-o s aib etc.
shall/will I have ? = eu voi avea ? = voi avea eu ? = eu o s am ? etc.
shall/will I not have ? = shan't/won't I have ? = eu nu voi avea ? = nu voi avea eu ? = eu n-o s am ? = n-o
s am eu ? etc.
TO DO
A ||
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
fac
52
he/she/it will not be permitted/allowed to (go) = he/she/it won't be permitted/ allowed to (go) = el/ea nu va avea voie s
(mearg) = el/ea nu va putea s (mearg) = lui/ei nu-i va fi permis/ngduit s (mearg) = el/ea n-o s aib voie s (mearg)
etc.
I ||
shall/will I be permitted/allowed to (go) ? = eu voi avea voie s (merg) ? = voi avea eu voie s (merg) ? = mi va fi mie
permis/ngduit s (merg) ? =eu o s pot (merge) ? etc.
I-N ||
shall/will I not be permitted/allowed to (go) ? = shan't/won't I be permitted/ allowed to (go) ? = eu nu voi avea voie s
(merg) ? = eu nu voi putea s (merg) ? = eu nu voi putea (merge) ? = mie nu-mi va fi permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.
MUST - MUST - 0 = TO HAVE TO
A ||
I shall/will have to (go) = I'll have to (go) = eu va trebui s (merg) = eu o s trebuiasc s (merg)
you will have to (go) = you'll have to (go) = tu va trebui s (mergi) = tu o s trebuiasc s (mergi)
he/she/it will have to (go) = he'll/she'll/it'll have to (go) = el/ea va trebui s (mearg) = el/ea o s trebuiasc s (mearg)
we shall/will have to (go) = we'll have to (go) = noi va trebui s (mergem) = noi o s trebuiasc s (mergem)
you will have to (go) = you'll have to (go) = voi va trebui s (mergei) = voi o s trebuiasc s (mergei)
they will have to (go) = they'll have to (go) = ei/ele va trebui s (mearg) = ei/ele o s trebuiasc s (mearg)
N ||
I shall/will not have to (go) = I shan't/won't have to (go) = eu nu va trebui s (merg) = eu n-o s trebuiasc s (merg)
you will not have to (go) = you won't have to (go) = tu nu va trebui s (mergi) = tu n-o s trebuiasc s (mergi)
he/she/it will not have to (go) = he/she/it won't have to (go) = el/ea nu va trebui s (mearg) = el/ea n-o s trebuiasc s
(mearg) etc.
I ||
shall/will I have to (go) ? = eu va trebui s (merg) ? = va trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
I - N ||
shall/will I not have to (go) ? = shan't/won't I have to (go) ? = eu nu va trebui s (merg) ? = nu va trebui eu s (merg) ? = eu
n-o s trebuiasc s (merg) ? etc.
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE - DIATEZA ACTIV, ASPECTUL COMUN
TO SPEAK
A ||
I shall/will speak = I'll speak = eu voi vorbi = eu o s vorbesc
you will speak = you'll speak = tu vei vorbi = tu o s vorbeti
he/she will speak = he'll/she'll speak = el/ea va vorbi = el/ea o s vorbeasc
we shall/will speak = we'll speak = noi vom vorbi = noi o s vorbim
you will speak = you'll speak = voi vei vorbi = voi o s vorbii
they will speak = they'll speak = ei/ele vor vorbi = ei/ele o s vorbeasc
N ||
I shall/will not speak = I shan't/won't speak = eu nu voi vorbi = eu n-o s vorbesc
you will not speak = you won't speak = tu nu vei vorbi = tu n-o s vorbeti
he/she will not speak = he/she won't speak = el/ea nu va vorbi = el/ea n-o s vorbeasc etc.
I ||
shall/will I speak ? = eu voi vorbi ? = voi vorbi eu ? = eu o s vorbesc ? etc.
I-N ||
shall/will I not speak ? = shan't/won't I speak ? = eu nu voi vorbi ? = nu voi vorbi eu ? = eu n-o s vorbesc
? = n-o s vorbesc eu ? etc.
TO DARE - DARED - DARED
I shall/will dare = I'll dare = eu voi ndrzni = eu o s ndrznesc
you will dare = you'll dare = tu vei ndrzni = tu o s ndrzneti
he/she/it will dare = he'll/she'll/it'll dare= el/ea va ndrzni = el/ea o s ndrz- neasc
we shall/will dare = we'll dare = noi vom ndrzni = noi o s ndrznim
you will dare = you'll dare = voi vei ndrzni = voi o s ndrznii
they will dare = they'll dare = ei/ele vor ndrzni = ei/ele o s ndrzneasc
N ||
I shall/will not dare = I shan't/won't dare = eu nu voi ndrzni = eu n-o s ndrznesc etc.
I ||
shall/will I dare ? = eu voi ndrzni ? = voi ndrzni eu? = o s ndrznesc eu? etc.
I-N ||
shall/will/will I not dare ? = shan't/won't I dare ? = eu nu voi ndrzni ? = nu voi ndrzni eu ? = eu n-o s
ndrznesc ? = n-o s ndrznesc eu ? etc.
They will not dare to break their word. = Ei nu vor ndrzni s-i calce cuvntul.
I shall/will not dare to go there alone. = Eu nu voi ndrzni s merg acolo singur(). = Eu nu voi avea curaj s plec/merg
acolo singur().
A ||
53
54
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
55
TO HAVE = a avea
if I had = dac eu a avea
if you had = dac tu ai avea
if he/she/it had = dac el/ea ar avea
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
56
TO DO = A FACE
if I did = dac eu a face
if we did = dac noi am face
if you did = dac tu ai face
if you did = dac voi ai face
if he/she/it did = dac el/ea ar face
if they did = dac ei/ele ar face
I ||
did I do = s fac eu = de-a face eu etc.
N ||
if I did not do = if I didn't do = dac eu nu a face = dac eu n-a face etc.
I-N ||
did I not do = didn't I do = s nu fac eu = de n-a face eu etc.
A ||
A ||
s
if we could (go) = if we were able to (go) = dac noi am putea (merge) = dac noi am fi n stare s
(mergem)
if you could (go) = if you were able to (go) = dac voi ai putea (merge) = dac voi ai fi n stare s
(mergei)
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
(merg)
if they could (go) = if they were able to (go) = dac ei/ele ar putea (merge) = dac ei/ele ar fi n stare s
could I (go) = were I able to (go) = s pot eu (merge) = s pot eu s (merg) = de-a putea eu (merge)
could you (go) = were you able to (go) = s poi tu (merge)
could he/she/it (go) = were he/she/it able to (go) = s poat el/ea (merge)
could we (go) = were we able to (go) = s putem noi (merge)
could you (go) = were you able to (go) = s putei voi (merge)
could they (go) = were they able to (go) = s poat ei/ele (merge)
if I could not (go) = if I couldn't (go) = if I were not able to go = if I weren't able to (go) = dac eu n-a
putea s (merg) = dac n-a fi n stare s (merg) etc.
could I not (go) = couldn't I (go) = were I not able to (go) = weren't I able to (go) = s nu pot eu s
= de n-a putea eu s (merg) etc.
57
to
voie s
(go) = s nu am eu voie s (merg) = s nu-mi fie mie permis/ngduit s (merg) = de n-a avea eu
(merg) = de nu mi-ar fi mie permis/ngduit s (merg ) etc.
MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
if I had to (go) = dac eu ar trebui s (merg)
if you had to (go) = dac tu ar trebui s (mergi)
if he/she/it had to (go) = dac el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
if we had to (go) = dac noi ar trebui s (mergem)
if you had to (go) = dac voi ar trebui s (mergei)
if they had to (go) = dac ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
I ||
had I to (go) = s trebuiasc eu s (merg) = de-ar trebui eu s (merg)
had you to (go) = s trebuiasc tu s (mergi) = de-ar trebui tu s (mergi)
had he/she/it to (go) = s trebuiasc el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar trebui el/ea s (mearg)
had we to (go) = s trebuiasc noi s (mergem) = de-ar trebui noi s (mergem)
had you to (go) = s trebuiasc voi s (mergei) = de-ar trebui voi s (mergei)
had they to (go) = s trebuiasc ei/ele s (mearg) = de-ar trebui ei/ele s (mearg)
N ||
if I had not to (go) = if I hadn't to (go) = dac eu nu ar trebui s (merg) = dac eu n-ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I-N ||
had I not to (go) = hadn't I to (go) = s nu trebuiasc eu s (merg) = de n-ar trebui eu s (merg) etc.
A ||
SHALL - SHOULD - 0
if I should (go) = dac eu ar trebui s (merg) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (merg) eu
if you should (go) = dac tu ar trebui s (mergi) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (mergi) tu
if he/she/it should (go) = dac el/ea ar trebui s (mearg) ; dac s-ar ntmpla s (mearg) el/ea etc.
I ||
should I (go) = s trebuiasc eu s (merg) = de-ar trebui eu s (merg)
should you (go) = s trebuiasc tu s (mergi) = de-ar trebui tu s (mergi)
should he/she/it (go) = s trebuiasc el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar trebui el/ea s (mearg) etc.
N ||
if I should not (go) = if I shouldn't (go) = dac eu n-ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I-N ||
should I not (go) = shouldn't I (go) = s nu trebuiasc eu s (merg) = de n-ar trebui eu s (merg) etc.
A ||
WILL - WOULD - 0
A ||
if I would (go) = dac eu a vrea s (merg)
if you would (go) = dac tu ai vrea s (mergi)
if he/she/it would (go) = dac el/ea ar vrea s
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
58
A ||
N ||
A ||
if I were singing = dac eu a cnta
if we were singing = dac noi am cnta
if you were singing = dac tu ai cnta
if you were singing = dac voi ai cnta
if he/she/it were singing = dac el/ea ar cnta
if they were singing = dac ei/ele ar cnta
were I singing = de-a cnta eu = s cnt eu
were you singing = de-ai cnta tu = s cni tu
were he/she/it singing = de-ar cnta el/ea = s cnte el/ea
were we singing = de-am cnta noi = s cntm noi
were you singing = de-ai cnta voi = s cntai voi
were they singing = de-ar cnta ei/ele = s cnte ei/ele
if I were not singing = if I weren't singing = dac eu nu a cnta = dac eu n-a cnta etc.
were I not singing = weren't I singing = de n-a cnta eu = s nu cnt eu etc.
I ||
N ||
I-N ||
A ||
I ||
noi
fi fost voi
had he/she/it been = s fi fost el/ea = de-ar fi fost el/ea
e
N ||
I-N ||
A ||
if I had not been = if I hadn't been = dac eu nu a fi fost = dac eu n-a fi fost etc.
had I not been = hadn't I been = s nu fi fost eu = de n-a fi fost eu etc.
TO HAVE - HAD - HAD
if I had had = dac eu a fi avut
if you had had = dac tu ai fi avut
if he/she/it had had = dac el/ea ar fi avut
I ||
voi
had he/she/ had = s fi avut el/ea = de-ar fi avut el/ea
avut ei/ele
N ||
I-N ||
A ||
I ||
if I had not had = if I hadn't had = dac eu nu a fi avut = dac eu n-a fi avut etc.
had I not had = hadn't I had = s nu fi avut eu = de n-a fi avut eu etc.
TO DO - DID - DONE
if I had done = dac eu a fi fcut
if you had done = dac tu ai fi fcut
if he/she/it had done = dac el/ea ar fi fcut
had I done = s fi fcut eu = de-a fi fcut eu
had you done = s fi fcut tu = de-ai fi fcut tu
59
N ||
I-N ||
had he done = s fi fcut el/ea = de-ar fi fcut el/ea had they done = s fi fcut ei/ele = de-ar fi fcut ei/ele
if I had not done = if I hadn't done = dac eu nu a fi fcut = dac eu n-a fi fcut etc.
had I not done = hadn't I done = s nu fi fcut eu = de n-a fi fcut eu etc.
60
had they been permitted/allowed to (go) = s fi avut ei/ele voie s (mearg) = s fi putut ei/ele s (mearg)
s le fi fost lor permis/ngduit s (mearg) = de-ar fi avut ei/ele voie s (mearg) = de-ar fi putut ei/ele s
mearg = de le-ar fi fost lor permis/ngduit s (mearg)
N ||
if I had not been permitted/allowed to (go) = if I hadn't been permitted/ allowed to (go) = dac eu nu a
(n-a) fi avut voie s merg = dac eu nu a (n-a) fi putut s (merg) = dac mie nu mi-ar fi fost
permis/ngduit
s (merg) etc.
I-N ||
had I not been permitted/allowed to (go) = hadn't I been permitted/allowed to (go) = s nu fi avut eu
voie
s (merg) = s nu fi putut eu s (merg) = s nu-mi fi fost mie permis/ngduit s (merg) = de n-a fi
avut eu
voie s (merg) = de n-a fi putut eu s (merg) = de nu mi-ar fi fost mie
permis/ngduit s (merg) etc.
=
MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
if I had had to (go) = dac eu ar fi trebuit s (merg)
if you had had to (go) = dac tu ar fi trebuit s (mergi)
if he/she/it had had to (go) = dac el/ea ar fi trebuit s (mearg)
if we had had to (go) = dac noi ar fi trebuit s (mergem)
if you had had to (go) = dac voi ar fi trebuit s (mergei)
if they had had to (go) = dac ei/ele ar fi trebuit s (mearg)
I ||
had I had to (go) = s fi trebuit eu s (merg) = de-ar fi trebuit eu s (merg)
had you had to (go) = s fi trebuit tu s (mergi) = de-ar fi trebuit tu s (mergi)
had he/she/it had to (go) = s fi trebuit el/ea s (mearg) = de-ar fi trebuit el/ea s (mearg)
had we had to (go) = s fi trebuit noi s (mergem) = de-ar fi trebuit noi s (mergem)
had you had to (go) = s fi trebuit voi s (mergei) = de-ar fi trebuit voi s (mergei)
had they had to (go) = s fi trebuit ei/ele s (mearg) = de-ar fi trebuit ei/ele s (mearg)
N ||
if I had not had to (go) = if I hadn't had to (go) = dac eu nu ar (n-ar) fi trebuit s (merg) etc.
I-N ||
had I not had to (go) = hadn't I had to (go) = s nu fi trebuit eu s (merg) = de n-ar fi trebuit eu s (merg)
etc.
A ||
61
You would have found us at home if you had come to see us. = Ne-ai/ai fi gsit acas dac ai/ai fi venit pe la noi.
Modul subjonctiv apare dup verbe care exprim sugestii, propuneri, comenzi sau ordine:
I suggest that he begin(s) to learn his lessons. = Sugerez ca el s-i nvee leciile.
I suggest(ed) that he should (ought to) go tomorrow. = Sugerez (Am sugerat) ca el s plece mine.
I suggested that they come/came/should come at six o'clock. = Am sugerat ca ei s vin la ora ase.
It was necessary (that) he be/was/should be there. = Era necesar ca el s fie acolo.
Subjunctive II i Subjunctive III se folosesc dup verbul wish i dup if only.
I wish you had much money. = A vrea ca tu s ai bani muli.
I wish you had had much money. = A vrea ca tu s fi avut bani muli.
If only you had much money. = Mcar dac ai avea bani muli.
If only you were with us here now. = Mcar dac ai fi cu noi aici.
1.6.2.3. MODUL CONDIIONAL (THE CONDITIONAL MOOD)
1.6.2.3.1. CONDIIONALUL PREZENT (THE PRESENT CONDITIONAL)
Se formeaz cu auxiliarele should (pentru persoana I singular i plural) i would (pentru celelalte persoane) plus
infinitivul scurt prezent al verbului de conjugat. Se traduce n limba romn prin optativ prezent.
n zilele noastre auxiliarul would se folosete la toate persoanele nlocuindu-l astfel pe should i exprim o opiune, o
dorin sau o invitaie la timpul prezent.
A. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR AUXILIARE LA CONDIIONAL PREZENT
TO BE = a fi
A ||
I should/would be = I'd be = eu a fi
we should/would be = we'd be = noi am fi
you would be = you'd be = tu ai fi
you would be = you'd be = voi ai fi
he/she/it would be = he'd/she'd/it'd be = el/ea ar fi
they would be = they'd be = ei/ele ar fi
N ||
I should/would not be = I shouldn't/wouldn't be = eu nu a fi = eu n-a fi etc.
I ||
should/would I be ? = eu a fi ? = a fi eu ? etc.
I-N ||
should/would I not be ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I be ? = eu nu a (n-a) fi ? = nu a (n-a) fi eu ? etc.
A ||
N ||
I ||
I-N ||
TO HAVE = a avea
I should/would have = I'd have = eu a avea
you would have = you'd have = tu ai avea
he/she/it would have = he'd/she'd/it'd have = el/ea ar avea
we should/would have = we'd have = noi am avea
you would have = you'd have = voi ai avea
they would have = they'd have = ei/ele ar avea
I should/would not have = I shouldn't/wouldn't have = eu nu a (n-a) avea etc.
should/would I have ? = eu a avea ? = a avea eu ? etc.
should/would I not have ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have ? = eu nu a (n-a) avea? etc.
TO DO = a face
I should/would do = I'd do = eu a face
we should/would do = we'd do = noi am face
you would do = you'd do = tu ai face
you would do = you'd do = voi ai face
he/she/it would do = he'd/she'd/it'd do = el/ea ar face
they would do = they'd do = ei/ele ar face
N ||
I should/would not do = I shouldn't/wouldn't do = eu nu a (n-a) face etc.
I ||
should/would I do ? = eu a face ? = a face eu ? etc.
I-N ||
should/would I not do ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I do ? = eu nu a (n-a) face ? = nu a (n-a) face eu ? etc.
A ||
A ||
s
=
he/she/it could (go) = he/she/it would be able to (go) = el/ea ar putea s (mearg) = el/ea ar putea (merge)
el/ea ar fi n stare s (mearg)
we could (go) = we should/would be able to (go) = noi am putea s (mergem) = noi am putea (merge) = noi
am fi n stare s (mergem)
62
you could (go) = you would be able to (go) = voi ai putea s (mergei) = voi ai putea (merge) = voi ai fi n
stare s (mergei)
they could (go) = they would be able to (go) = ei/ele ar putea s (mearg) = ei/ele ar putea (merge) = ei/ele
ar
fi n stare s (mearg)
N ||
I could not (go) = I couldn't (go) = I should/would not be able to (go) = I shouldn't/wouldn't be able to
(go) = eu nu a (n-a) putea s (merg) = eu nu a fi n stare s (merg) etc.
I ||
could I (go) ? = should/would I be able to (go) ? = a putea eu s (merg) ? = a putea eu (merge) ? = a fi
eu
n stare s (merg) ? etc.
I-N ||
could I not (go) ? = couldn't I (go) ? = should/would I not be able to (go) ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I be
able
to (go) ? = eu nu a putea s (merg) ? = n-a putea s (merg) eu ? = eu nu a fi n stare s (merg) ?
= n-a fi eu
n stare s (merg) ? etc.
n exemplul : I could go verbul could exprim i permisiunea, nu numai capabilitatea. n acest caz could = might. n
limbajul colocvial can l nlocuiete des pe may.
MAY - MIGHT - 0 = TO BE PERMITTED/ALLOWED TO
I might (go) = I should/would be permitted/allowed to (go) = eu a avea voie s (merg) = eu a putea s
(merg) = mie mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (merg)
you might (go) = you would be permitted/allowed to (go) = tu ai avea voie s (mergi) = tu ai putea s
(mergi)
= ie i-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mergi)
he/she/it might (go) = he/she/it would be permitted/allowed to (go) = el/ea ar avea voie s (mearg) =
el/ea
ar putea s (mearg) = lui/ei i-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mearg)
we might (go) = we should/would be permitted/allowed to (go) = noi am avea voie s (mergem) = noi am
putea s (mergem) = nou ne-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mergem)
you might (go) = you would be permitted/allowed to (go) = voi ai avea voie s (mergei) = voi ai putea s
(mergei) = vou v-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mergei)
they might (go) = they would be permitted/allowed to (go) = ei/ele ar avea voie s (mearg) = ei/ele ar
putea
s (mearg) = lor le-ar fi permis/ngduit s (mearg)
N ||
I might not (go) = I mightn't (go) = I should/would not be permitted/allowed to (go) = I shouldn't /
wouldn't be permitted/allowed to (go) = eu nu a avea voie s (merg) = eu nu a putea s (merg) = mie nu
mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s (merg) etc.
I ||
might I (go) ? = should/would I be permitted/allowed to (go) ? = a avea eu voie s (merg) ? = a putea eu
s (merg) ? = a putea eu (merge) ? = mi-ar fi mie permis/ngduit s (merg) ? etc.
I-N ||
might I not (go) ? = mightn't I (go) ? = should/would I not be permitted/ allowed to (go) ? = shouldn't/
wouldn't I be permitted/allowed to (go) ? = nu a (n-a) avea eu voie s (merg) ? = nu a (n-a) putea eu
s
(merg) ? = nu mi-ar fi mie permis/ngduit s (merg) ? = mie nu mi-ar fi permis/ngduit s
(merg) ? etc.
A ||
MUST - 0 - 0 = TO HAVE TO
A ||
I should/would have to (go) = I'd have to (go) = eu ar trebui s (merg)
you would have to (go) = you'd have to (go) = tu ar trebui s (mergi)
he/she/it would have to (go) = he'd/she'd/it'd have to (go) = el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
we should/would have to (go) = we'd have to (go) = noi ar trebui s (mergem)
you would have to (go) = you'd have to (go) = voi ar trebui s (mergei)
they would have to (go) = they'd have to (go) = ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
N ||
I should/would not have to (go) = I shouldn't/wouldn't have to (go) = eu nu ar trebui s (merg) etc.
I ||
should/would I have to (go) ? = eu ar trebui s (merg) ? = ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
I-N ||
should/would I not have to (go) ? = eu nu ar trebui s (merg) ? = n-ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
SHALL - SHOULD = a trebui s, a se cuveni/cdea s . . .
I should (go) = eu ar trebui s (merg)
you should (go) = tu ar trebui s (mergi)
he/she/it should (go) = el/ea ar trebui s (mearg)
we should go = noi ar trebui s (mergem)
you should (go) = voi ar trebui s (mergei)
they should (go) = ei/ele ar trebui s (mearg)
N ||
I should not (go) = I shouldn't (go) = eu nu ar trebui s (merg) = eu n-ar trebui s (merg), etc.
I ||
should I (go) ? = ar trebui eu s (merg) ?, etc.
I-N ||
should I not (go) ? = shouldn't I (go) ? = eu nu ar trebui s (merg) ? = n-ar trebui eu s (merg) ? etc.
Verbul should se foloseste dup how , why i when.
How should they know ? = De unde s tie ei ?
A ||
63
64
65
A ||
N ||
66
I ||
I - N ||
I could not have gone = I couldn't have gone = eu nu puteam s fi mers etc.
should/would I have been able to (go) ? = a fi fost eu n stare s (merg) ? etc.
could I have gone ? = puteam eu s fi mers ? etc.
should/would I not have been able to (go) ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have been able to (go) ?= nu a (n-a)
fi fost eu n stare s (merg) ? = n-a fi putut eu s (merg) ? etc.
could I not have gone ? = couldn't I have gone? = nu puteam eu s fi mers ? etc.
MUST - O - O = TO HAVE TO
I should/would have had to (go) = eu ar fi trebuit s (merg)
you would have had to (go) = tu ar fi trebuit s (mergi)
he/she/it would have had to (go) = el/ea ar fi trebuit s (mearg)
we should/would have had to (go) = noi ar fi trebuit s (mergem)
you would have had to (go) = voi ar fi trebuit s (mergei)
they would have had to (go) = ei/ele ar fi trebuit s (mearg)
N ||
I should/would not have had to (go) = eu nu ar fi trebuit s (merg) etc.
I ||
should/would I have had to (go) ? = eu ar fi trebuit s (merg) ? = ar fi trebuit eu s (merg) ? etc.
I - N ||
should/would I not have had to (go)? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have had to (go)? = eu nu ar (n-ar) fi trebuit
s (merg) ? = nu ar (n-ar) fi trebuit eu s (merg) ? etc.
A ||
SHALL - SHOULD - O
A ||
I should have (come) = eu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
you should have (come) = tu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
he/she/it should have (come) = el/ea se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
we should have (come) = noi se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
you should have (come) = voi se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
they should have (come) = ei/ele se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit)
N ||
I should not (shouldn't) have (come) = eu nu se cuvenea (nu trebuia) s fi (venit) etc.
I ||
should I have (come) ? = eu se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit) ? = se cuvenea (trebuia) s fi (venit) eu ? etc.
I - N ||
should I not (shouldn't I) have (come) ? = eu nu se cuvenea (nu trebuia) s fi (venit) ? = nu trebuia (nu se
cuvenea) s fi (venit) eu ? etc.
A ||
WILL - WOULD - O
I would have (come) = eu voiam s fi (venit)
you would have (come) = tu voiai s fi (venit)
67
N ||
I ||
I - N ||
OUGHT TO
I ought to have come = eu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin = eu se cuvenea s fi venit
you ought to have come = tu s-ar fi cuvenit s vii = tu se cuvenea s fi venit
he/she/it ought to have come = el/ea s-ar fi cuvenit s vin = el/ea se cuvenea s fi venit
we ought to have come = noi s-ar fi cuvenit s venim = noi se cuvenea s fi venit
you ought to have come = voi s-ar fi cuvenit s venii = voi se cuvenea s fi venit
they ought to have come = ei/ele s-ar fi cuvenit s vin = ei/ele se cuvenea s fi venit
N ||
I ought not (oughtn't) to have come = eu nu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin = eu nu se cuvenea s fi venit etc.
I ||
ought I to have come ? = eu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin ? = eu se cuvenea s fi venit ? etc.
I - N ||
ought I not (oughtn't I) to have come ? = eu nu s-ar fi cuvenit s vin ? = eu nu se cuvenea s fi venit ? etc.
A ||
Did he/she tell you why you ought to do it ? = i-a spus el/ea ie de ce trebuie (se cuvine/cade) s-o faci ? = i-a spus
el/ea ie de ce trebuia (se cuvenea/cdea) s-o faci ?
Did he/she tell you that you ought to have done it ? = i-a spus el/ea ie c se cuvine/cuvenea s-o fi fcut ?
Ought your friend to have been an engineer ? = Se cuvenea prietenul tu s fie inginer? = Se cuvenea prietenul tu s
fi fost inginer ?
If I were you I should/would learn more. = Dac a fi n locul tu a nva mai mult.
If I had seen you I might have helped you. = Dac te-a fi vzut a fi putut s te ajut.
Had I known him I should/would have helped him. = S-l fi cunoscut, l-a fi ajutat.
Even if they had been there, they couldn't have helped us. = Chiar dac ei ar fi fost acolo nu ar fi putut s ne ajute.
C. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT - DIATEZA ACTIV
TO READ = a citi
A ||
I should/would have read = eu a fi citit
we should/would have read = noi am fi citit
you would have read = tu ai fi citit
you would have read = voi ai fi citit
he/she would have read = el/ea ar fi citit
they would have read = ei/ele ar fi citit
N ||
I should/would not have read = I shouldn't/wouldn't have read = eu nu a fi citit = eu n-a fi citit etc.
I ||
should/would I have read ? = eu a fi citit ? = a fi citit eu ? etc.
I - N ||
should/would I not have read ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have read ? = eu nu a (eu n-a) fi citit ? = nu a
(na) fi citit eu ? etc.
D. CONJUGAREA VERBELOR PRINCIPALE LA CONDIIONAL PERFECT- DIATEZA PASIV
TO BE SEEN = a fi vzut
A ||
I should/would have been seen = eu a fi fost vzut()
you would have been seen = tu ai fi fost vzut()
he/she/it would have been seen = el/ea ar fi fost vzut()
we should/would have been seen = noi am fi fost vzui/vzute
you would have been seen = voi ai fi fost vzui/vzute
they would have been seen = ei/ele ar fi fost vzui/vzute
N ||
I should/would not have been seen = I shouldn't/wouldn't have been seen = eu nu a (eu n-a) fi fost
vzut() etc.
I ||
should/would I have been seen ? = eu a fi fost vzut() ? = a fi fost eu v- zut() ? etc.
I - N ||
should/would I not have been seen ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have been seen ? = eu nu a (eu n-a) fi fost
vzut() ? = nu a (n-a) fi fost eu vzut() ? etc.
A ||
N ||
68
I ||
I - N ||
should/would I have enjoyed myself? = eu m-a fi distrat? = m-a fi distrat eu? etc.
should/would I not have enjoyed myself ? = shouldn't/wouldn't I have enjoyed myself ? = eu nu m-a fi
distrat ?= nu m-a fi distrat eu ? etc.
Exemple care conin verbe la subjonctiv i condiional:
I should/would come if I could come. = A veni dac a putea s vin.
We should/would come if we should/would come. = Am veni dac ar trebui s venim.
They would come if they might come. = Ei ar veni dac le-ar fi permis s vin.
I should/would have come if I had had time. = Eu a fi venit dac a fi avut timp.
We should/would have come if we had had to come. = Noi am fi venit dac ar fi trebuit s venim.
He would have come if it had not been so late. = El ar fi venit dac n-ar fi fost aa trziu.
We should/would have given you the books if we have found you at home. = V-am fi dat crile dac v-am fi gsit acas.
If he hadn't told me the truth, I shouldn't/wouldn't have given him anything. = Dac nu mi-ar fi spus adevrul, nu i-a fi
dat nimic.
He wishes he were rich. = El ar vrea s fie bogat. (dar nu este)
1.6.2.4. MODUL IMPERATIV (THE IMPERATIVE MOOD)
Exprim un sfat, un ndemn, un ordin, o sugestie, o recomandare, o rugminte, o dorin, o urare etc.
Come here ! = Vino/Venii aici !
Wait a moment ! = Ateapt/Ateptai o clip !
Speak louder ! = Vorbete/Vorbii mai tare !
Rugmini, ordine, recomandri, urri sau comenzi pot fi adresate i persoanelor I i III. n acest caz se apeleaz la
auxiliarul let care este urmat de un pronume sau substantiv n acuzativ i apoi de un verb la infinitiv scurt prezent.
A ||
let me go! = s merg/plec eu! = s m duc eu!
go! = mergi/pleac! = du-te!
let him go! = s mearg/plece el! = s se duc el!
let her go! = s mearg/plece ea! = s se duc ea!
let it go! = s mearg/plece el/ea! = s se duc el/ea!
let us go! = let's go! = s mergem/plecm noi! = s ne ducem noi!
go! = mergei/plecai! = ducei-v!
let them go! = s mearg/plece ei/ele! = s se duc ei/ele!
N ||
do not (don't) let me go! = let me not go! = s nu merg/plec eu!
do not (don't) go! = nu te duce! = nu pleca!
do not (don't) let him go! = let him not go! = s nu mearg/plece el! = el s nu se duc!
do not (don't) let her go! = let her not go! = s nu mearg/plece ea!= ea s nu se duc!
do not (don't) let it go! = let it not go! = s nu mearg/plece el/ea! = el/ea s nu se duc!
do not (don't) let us go! = s nu plecm/mergem! = s nu ne ducem!
do not (don't) go! = nu plecai/mergei! = (s) nu v ducei!
do not (don't) let them go! = let them not go! = s nu plece/mearg ei/ele! = s nu se duc!
Modul imperativ are doar timpul prezent.
Do come to see us! = Insist s vii pe la noi! este o form accentuat de imperativ.
Do be careful what you are doing! = Fii foarte atent ce faci!
Trust in God and He will watch over you! = Crede n Dumnezeu, iar El va veghea asupra ta!
1.6.3. MODURILE IMPERSONALE ALE VERBULUI (THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB = THE VERBALS)
Modurile impersonale ale verbului sunt: infinitiv, gerund i participiu.
1.6.3.1. MODUL INFINITIV (THE INFINITIVE MOOD)
Se traduce prin infinitiv, conjunctiv, gerunziu, supin, iar n limba englez substituie subjonctivul.
They asked me to do it (Mi-au cerut s-o fac), n loc de They asked me that I (should) do it.
Infinitivul exprim scopul i se traduce prin conjunctivul romnesc.
He has come to give me a book. = El a venit s-mi dea mie o carte.
We have come to school to learn. = Am venit la coal s nvm.
We go to church to pray. = Mergem la biseric s ne rugm.
They have a lot of books to read.= Ei/Ele au o mulime de cri de citit (n acest exemplu se traduce prin supin).
To be or not to be, this is the question (Shakespeare : Hamlet). = A fi sau a nu fi, aceasta-i ntrebarea.
n aceste ultime dou exemple infinitivul din limba englez s-a tradus n limba romn tot prin infinitiv.
Exist posibilitatea de a intercala ntre particula infinitival to i verb un adverb.
to greatly influence = a influena mult
to humbly thank = a mulumi umil
to again express = a exprima din nou
69
Prezent
Scurt
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
Lung
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
Perfect
Scurt
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
Lung
diateza activ
diateza pasiv
aspectul comun
look (privi)
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
aspectul comun
aspectul continuu
be looking (privi)
be looked at (fi privit)
be being looked at (fi privit)
to look (a privi)
to be looking (a privi)
to be looked at (a fi privit)
to be being looked at (a fi privit)
have looked at (fi privit)
have been looking at (fi privit)
have been looked at (fi fost privit)
have been being looked at (fi fost privit)
to have looked at ( a fi privit)
to have been looking at (a fi privit)
to have been looked at (a fi fost privit)
to have been being looked at (a fi fost privit)
70
N || John does not (doesn't) want me to go. = John nu vrea ca eu s merg etc.
I ||
Does John want me to go ? = Vrea John ca eu s merg ? etc.
I - N ||Does John not (Doesn't John) want me to go ? = John nu vrea ca eu s merg ? etc.
He asked them to be quiet and listen to him. = El le-a cerut s tac i s asculte la el.
I saw him not only play the guitar but also dance. = L-am vzut nu numai cntnd la chitar ci i dansnd.
He wanted him to do it, not me. = El a vrut ca el s-o fac, nu eu.
Do you wish them to stay or to leave ? = Vrei ca ei s stea sau s plece ?
He taught me to swim. = El m-a nvat s not.
They warned me not to come late. = M-au avertizat s nu vin trziu.
I cannot allow/permit her to do that. = Nu-i pot ngdui/permite ei s fac asta.
All the neighbours thought her to be a communist. = Toi vecinii o presupuneau/ bnuiau pe ea a fi comunist.
I declared myself to be against war. = M-am declarat a fi contra/mpotriva rzboiului.
Did you teach him to drive the car ? = L-ai nvat s conduc maina ?
I did not deny her to be beautiful and to sing beautifully. = N-am negat c ea este frumoas i cnt frumos.
Do you know him to be honest ? = l tii pe el a fi (ca fiind, c este) cinstit ?
B. ACUZATIV CU INFINITIV SCURT
Dup verbe ca: to feel (a simi), to hear (a auzi), to let (a lsa), to make (a face), to notice (a observa), to see (a
vedea), to watch (a privi/viziona), se folosete infinitiv scurt cnd sunt folosite la diateza activ, i infinitiv lung dac sunt la
diateza pasiv.
I felt the wind blow. = Am simind vntul suflnd.
Did you hear him say that ? = L-ai auzit spunnd-o ?
Why don't you let me solve the problem by myself ? = De ce nu m lai s rezolv problema singur ?
Who makes you laugh ? = Cine te face s rzi ?
I noticed him enter (into) the bookshop. = L-am zrit intrnd n librrie.
They saw us buy some books. = Ne-au vzut cumprnd nite cri.
You can watch us swim. = Poi s ne priveti notnd.
He was heard to say something. = El a fost auzit zicnd ceva.
Someone was heard to sing a song. = Cineva a fost auzit cntnd un cntec.
He was allowed to do what he wanted. = A fost lsat s fac ce vrea.
C. CONSTRUCIA/STRUCTURA "FOR" + PRONUME / SUBSTANTIV N ACUZATIV + INFINITIV
It is easy for him to understand. = Pentru el este uor de neles. = Lui i este uor s neleag.
Este de fapt tot acuzativ cu infinitiv, dar este precedat de prepoziia for.
Se folosete dup structurile impersonale there is (este, se afl/gsete), there are (sunt, se afl/gsesc), here is (iat),
here are (iat), it is early (este devreme), it is easy (este uor), it is difficult (este greu), it is important (este important), it is
late (este trziu), it is necessary (este necesar), it is right (este drept/just), it is wrong (este nedrept/nejust/greit) etc.
Here are some books for me to read. = Iat nite cri pentru mine s citesc.
It is too early for us to go to the station. = Este prea devreme pentru noi s mergem la gar.
Was it too late for you to learn that language ? = Era prea trziu ca tu s nvei limba aceea ?
There was nothing for me to do there. = Nu era nimic pentru mine de fcut acolo.
It is better for you to leave now. = Este mai bine ca tu s pleci acum. = Este mai bine pentru tine s pleci acum.
CONJUGAREA STRUCTURII IT IS EASY FOR ME TO LEARN
It is easy for me to learn. = Mie mi este uor s nv.
It is easy for you to learn. = ie i este uor s nvei.
It is easy for him to learn. = Lui i este uor s nvee.
It is easy for her to learn. = Ei i este uor s nvee.
It is easy for it to learn. = Lui/Ei i este uor s nvee.
It is easy for us to learn. = Nou ne este uor s nvm.
It is easy for you to learn. = Vou v este uor s nvai.
It is easy for them to learn. = Lor le este uor s nvee.
N ||
It is not (isn't) easy for me to learn. = Mie nu-mi este uor s nv. etc.
I ||
Is it easy for me to learn ? = mi este mie uor s nv ? etc.
I - N ||
Is it not (isn't it) easy for me to learn ? = Nu-mi este mie uor s nv ? etc.
A ||
It was easy for me to learn. = Mie mi-a fost uor s nv.. It had been easy for me to learn. = Mie mi fusese uor s nv.
It would be easy for me to learn. = Mie mi-ar fi uor s nv.
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D. NOMINATIV CU INFINITIV
Este varianta pasiv a acuzativului cu infinitiv, i se folosete dup aceleai grupe de verbe.
1 : I want him to play the piano. = Vreau ca el s cnte la pian. - este acuzativ cu infinitiv. Iat cum se transform el n
nominativ cu infinitiv :
2 : He is wanted to play the piano by me. = Se dorete ca el s cnte la pian de ctre mine.
Subiectul din exemplul 1adic I devine n exemplul 2 complement de agent (deci subiect logic).
Verbul want din exemplul 1 i schimb diateza din activ n pasiv.
Pronumele him din exemplul 1, care era la acuzativ trece n exemplul 2 la cazul nominativ i devine subiectul
propoziiei.
by me = de (ctre) mine
by us = de (ctre) noi
by you = de (ctre) tine
by you = de (ctre) voi/dv.
by him/her/it = de (ctre) el/ea
by them = de (ctre) ei/ele
by whom? = de (ctre) cine ?
By whom was he wanted to play the piano ? = Who(m) was he wanted to play the piano by ? = De (ctre) cine s-a dorit s
cnte el la pian ?
They were expected to come much earlier. = Erau ateptai s soseasc mult mai devreme.
Dup verbele to prove (a dovedi, a se dovedi), to turn out (a se dovedi), to happen (a se ntmpla) i to seem (a se
prea) nominativul cu infinitiv este o construcie activ, nu pasiv.
She proves to be a good tennis player. = Ea se dovedete a fi o bun juctoare de tenis.
They do not seem to be too friendly. = Ei nu par a fi prea prietenoi.
We happened to be watching the match when he came. = S-a ntmplat ca noi s privim meciul cnd a venit el.
He turned out to be a reliable man. = El s-a dovedit un om de ndejde.
If she were considered to be a good tennis player... = Dac ea ar fi considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
If she can be considered to be a good tennis player... = Dac ea poate fi considerat a fi bun juctoare de tenis...
If she could be considered to be a good tennis player... = Dac ea ar putea fi considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
If she should be considered to be a good tennis player... = Dac ea ar trebui s fie considerat o bun juctoare de tenis...
CONJUGAREA STRUCTURII I AM KNOWN TO BE LA PREZENT
A ||
I am known to be... = se tie/cunoate c eu sunt... = eu sunt cunoscut a fi... = eu sunt cunoscut ca fiind...
you are known to be... = se tie/cunoate c tu eti... = tu eti cunoscut a fi... = tu eti cunoscut ca fiind..
he is known to be... = se tie/cunoate c el este... = el este cunoscut a fi... = el este cunoscut ca fiind...
she is known to be... = se tie/cunoate c ea este... = ea este cunoscut a fi... = ea este cunoscut ca fiind...
it is known to be... = se tie/cunoate c el/ea este... = el/ea este cunoscut() a fi.. = el/ea este cunoscut() ca fiind...
we are known to be... = se tie/cunoate c noi suntem cunoscui ca fiind...
you are known to be... = se tie/cunoate c voi suntei cunoscui ca fiind...
they are known to be... = se tie/cunoate c ei/ele sunt cunoscui ca fiind...
N || I am not known to be... = eu nu se tie/cunoate c sunt cunoscut ca fiind... etc.
I || am I known to be...? = eu se tie/cunoate c sunt...? = se cunoate/tie c eu sunt...? = sunt eu cunoscut ca fiind...? etc.
I - N || am I not known to be...? = eu nu se tie/cunoate c sunt... ? = nu sunt eu cu-noscut a fi...? = eu nu sunt cunoscut ca
fiind...? etc.
I was known to be... = se tia/cunotea c eu sunt... = eu eram cunoscut a fi... = eu eram cunoscut ca fiind...
I had been known to be... = se tiuse/cunoscuse c eu sunt... = eu fusesem cu-noscut a fi...
if I were known to be... = dac s-ar ti/cunoate c eu sunt....
if I had been known to be... = dac s-ar fi tiut/cunoscut c eu sunt... = dac eu a fi fost cunoscut ca fiind...
1.6.3.2. MODUL PARTICIPIU (THE PARTICIPLE MOOD)
diateza activ
prezent seeing = vznd
speaking = vorbind
Participiu
trecut seen = vzut
spoken = vorbit
perfect having seen = vznd
having spoken = vorbind
Din schema i exemplificarea de mai sus se vede c participiul
diatezele activ i pasiv.
1. PARTICIPIUL PREZENT mpreun cu verbul
continuu al verbelor.
diateza pasiv
beeing seen = fiind vzut
seen = vzut
having been seen = fiind vzut
are trei timpuri, iar pentru unele verbe are forme pentru
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73
prezent
perfect
diateza activ
seeing = vznd
having seen = dup ce a vzut
diateza pasiv
being seen = fiind vzut
having been seen = dup ce a fost vzut
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to succeed in = a reui s
He succeeded in learning the poem by heart. = El a reuit s nvee poezia pe de rost.
to thank for = a mulumi pentru
Thank you for comming. = Mulumesc c ai venit.
to think of = a se gndi la
We are thinking of going on a trip. = Ne gndim s mergem ntr-o excursie.
1.6.3.3.1. GERUND PREZENT (THE PRESENT GERUND)
Gerund prezent (sau indefinit) este, cum s-a putut observa i n exemplele de mai sus, precedat :
a) fie de adjective posesive, ca n structurile :
my coming = venirea mea
my being late = ntrzierea mea etc.
b) fie de unele substantive cu prepoziii :
He is known for his art of writing. = El este cunoscut pentru arta lui de a scrie.
Let me tell you about their surprise at seeing us! = S-i povestesc despre surpriza lor la vederea noastr.
I know his interest in learning. = i cunosc interesul pentru nvtur.
I like the idea of building a house here. = mi place ideea de a construi o cas aici.
Alte astfel de substantive cu prepoziii dup care se poate folosi gerund-ul sunt:
the art of (living) = arta de a (tri)
astonishment at = uimire fa de
confidence in = ncredere n
dependence on = dependen fa de
disappointment at = dezamgire la
experience in = experien n
fear of = team de
idea of = idee de a
interest in = interes fa de
risk of = riscul de a
mode of (living) = modul de a (tri)
surprise at = surpriz la
Gerund-ul prezent se traduce fie prin gerunziu, fie printr-un substantiv, fie prin infinitiv sau conjunctiv.
I prefer watching football matches. = Eu prefer vizionarea meciurilor de fotbal.
He went on smoking and drinking coffee. = El a continuat s fumeze i s bea cafea.
Please excuse my saying so. = Te rog s m scuzi c zic/spun aa.
Do you mind opening the window ? = Te/V deranjeaz dac deschid fereastra ?
Did you mind my opening the window ? = Te-a/V-a deranjat c am deschis fereastra ?
Do you enjoy dancing ? = i place mult s dansezi ?
Willing and wishing are two different things, aren't they ? = A vrea/voi i a dori sunt dou lucruri diferite, nu-i aa ?
Any work needs correcting. = Oricare lucrare are nevoie s fie corectat.
I like swimming not mountain climbing. = mi place notul nu alpinismul.
Some women hate fishing. = Unele femei detest pescuitul.
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N ||
There is not (there isn't) a book on the table. = Nu este (Nu se afl) o carte pe mas.
There are not (there aren't) two books on the table. = Nu sunt (nu se afl) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Is there a book on the table ? = Este (se afl) o carte pe mas ?
Are there two books on the table ? = Sunt (se afl) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Is there not (isn't there) a book on the table ? = Nu este (nu se afl) o carte pe mas ?
Are there not (aren't there) two books on the table ? =Nu sunt (nu se afl) dou cri pe mas ?
Timpul prezent, perfect simplu, perfect compus (The Present Perfect)
There has been a book on the table. = Este o carte pe mas.
There have been two books on the table. = Sunt dou cri pe mas.
N || There has not (hasn't) been a book on the table. = Nu este (nu se afl) o carte pe mas.
There have not (haven't) been two books on the table. = Nu sunt (nu se afl) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Has there been a book on the table ? = Este (se afl) o carte pe mas ?
Have there been two books on the table ? = Sunt (se afl) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Has there not (hasn't there) been a book on the table ? = Nu este (nu se afl) o carte pe mas ?
Have there not (haven't there) been two books on the table ? = Nu sunt (nu se afl) dou cri pe mas ?
A ||
A ||
N ||
pe
There will not (there won't) have been two books on the table. = Nu vor fi fost dou cri pe mas.
Will there have been a book on the table ? = Va fi fost (se va fi aflat) o carte pe mas ?
Will there have been two books on the table ? =Vor fi fost (se vor fi aflat) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Will there not (won't there) have been a book on the table ? = Nu va fi fost (nu se va fi aflat) o carte pe mas ?
Will there not (won't there) have been two books on the table ? = Nu vor fi fost (nu se vor fi aflat) dou cri pe
mas ?
I ||
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A ||
There may not (there mayn't) be a book on the table. = Nu poate fi (nu este voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There may not be two books on the table. = Nu pot fi (nu este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas.
I ||
May there be a book on the table ? = Poate fi (este voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
May there be two books on the table ? = Pot fi (este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || May there not be a book on the table ? = Nu poate fi (nu este voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
May there not be two books on the table ? = Nu pot fi (nu este voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
- cu verbul must = to have to = trebuie s = a trebui s
A || There must be a book on the table. = Trebuie s fie o carte pe mas.
There must be two books on the table. = Trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas.
N || There must not (there mustn't) be a book on the table. = Nu trebuie s fie (nu trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas.
There must not (there mustn't) be two books on the table. = Nu trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Must there be a book on the table ? = Trebuie s fie (trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Must there be two books on the table ? = Trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Must there not (musn't there) be a book on the table ? = Nu trebuie s fie (nu trebuie s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Must there not (musn't there) be two books on the table ? = Nu trebuie s fie dou cri pe mas ?
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la Past Tense
There could be a book on the table. = Putea fi o carte pe mas. = Putea s se gseasc o carte pe mas.
There could be two books on the table. = Puteau fi dou cri pe mas. = Puteau s se afle dou cri pe mas.
N || There could not (there couldn't) be a book on the table. = Nu putea fi o carte pe mas. = Nu putea s se gseasc o
carte pe mas.
There could not (there couldn't) be two books on the table. = Nu puteau fi dou cri pe mas. = Nu puteau s se afle
dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Could there be a book on the table ? = Putea fi o carte pe mas ?= Putea s se gseasc o carte pe mas ?
Could there be two books on the table ? = Puteau fi dou cri pe mas? = Puteau s se afle dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Could there not (couldn't there) be a book on the table ? = Nu putea fi o carte pe mas? = Nu putea s se gseasc o
carte pe mas ?
Could there not (couldn't there) be two books on the table ? = Nu puteau fi dou cri pe mas ? = Nu puteau s se
afle dou cri pe mas ?
A || There might be a book on the table. = Putea fi (era voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There might be two books on the table. = Puteau fi (era voie/permis s fie) dou cri pe mas.
N || There might not (there mighn't) be a book on the table. = Nu putea fi (nu era voie s fie) o carte pe mas.
There might not (there mightn't) be two books on the table. = Nu puteau fi (nu era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas.
A ||
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I ||
Might there be a book on the table ? = Putea fi (era voie s fie) o carte pe mas?
Might there be two books on the table ? = Puteau fi (era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Might there not (mighn't there) be a book on the table ? = Nu putea fi (nu era voie s fie) o carte pe mas ?
Might there not be two books on the table ? = Nu puteau fi (nu era voie s fie) dou cri pe mas ?
A || There had to be a book on the table. = Trebuia s fie (trebuia s se afle) o carte pe mas.
There had to be two books on the table. = Trebuia s fie dou cri pe mas.
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la Future Tense
There will possibly be a book on the table. = Va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There will possibly be two books on the table. = Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
N || There will not (there won't) possibly be a book on the table. = Nu va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There will not (there won't) possibly be two books on the table. = Nu vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
I ||
Will there possibly be a book on the table ? = Va putea fi o carte pe mas ?
Will there possibly be two books on the table ? = Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas ?
I - N || Will there not (won't there) possibly be a book on the table ? = Nu va putea fi (s se afle) o carte pe mas ?
Will there not (won't there) possibly be two books on the table ? = Nu vor putea fi (s se afle) dou cri pe mas ?
A ||
Expresiile THERE IS i THERE ARE combinate cu verbele modale la Future in the Past
There could be a book on the table. = Va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There could be two books on the table. = Vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
N || There could not be (there couldn't be) a book on the table. = Nu va putea fi o carte pe mas.
There could not be (there couldn't be) two books on the table. = Nu vor putea fi dou cri pe mas.
Exemplu: He told me that there could be a book on the table. = El mi-a spus c va putea fi o carte pe mas.
A ||
A ||
N ||
s
A ||
A ||
N ||
78
A ||
N ||
pe
Alte exemple cu there is i there are:
We should not want there to be new wars. = Nu am vrea s fie noi rzboaie.
Do you want there to be another festival ? = Vrei s fie un alt festival ?
There can be no doubt about it. = Nu poate fi nici o ndoial n aceast privin.
He doesn't want there to be any misunderstanding. = El nu vrea s fie nici o nenelegere.
1.6.5. SCHEMA RECAPITULATIV A VERBULUI
Formele de baz ale verbului sunt:
I
II
III
IV
Present Infinitive
Past Tense
Past Participle
Present Participle/Gerund
to see
saw
seen
seeing
MODUL INDICATIV (THE INDICATIVE MOOD)
1) The Present Simple (prezent) = subiect + I (fr particula to)
I see. = Eu vd.
2) The Present Perfect (prezent, perfect simplu, perfect compus) = subiect + have + III
I have seen. = Am vzut.
3) The Past Tense (imperfect, perfect simplu, perfect compus) = subiect + II
I saw. = Am vzut/vedeam/vzui.
4) The Past Perfect Tense (mai mult ca perfect, perfect compus) = subiect + had + III
I had seen. = Vzusem.
5) The Future Tense (viitor) = subiect + shall/will + I
I shall/will see. = Voi vedea; I'll see. = O s vd.
6) The Future in the Past (viitor) = subiect + should/would + I
I should/would see = Voi vedea.
7) The Future Perfect (viitor anterior) = subiect + shall/will + have + III
I shall/will have seen (something). = Voi fi vzut (ceva).
8) Near Future (prezent, perfect simplu, perfect compus, imperfect, mai mult ca perfect) = subiect + to be going to + I
I am going to see. = Am de gnd s vd. = Voi vedea. (deci viitor)
I was going to see. = Aveam de gnd s vd.
I had been going to see. = Avusesem de gnd s vd.
MODUL CONDIIONAL (THE CONDITIONAL MOOD)
1) Present Conditional (Optativ prezent) = subiect + should/would + I
I should/would come. = Eu a veni.
2) The Perfect Conditional (optativ trecut) = subiect + should/would + have + III
I should/would have seen. = A fi vzut.
MODUL SUBJONCTIV (THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD)
1) The Subjunctive II (condiional optativ prezent) = if + subiect + II
If I saw. = Dac a vedea. etc.
2) The Subjunctive III (condiional optativ trecut) = if + subiect + had + III
If I had had time.... = Dac a fi avut timp ... etc.
DIATEZA PASIV
The Passive Voice (diateza pasiv) = if + to be + III
I am seen. = Sunt vzut.
ASPECTUL CONTINUU
The Continuous/Definite Progressive Aspect (aspectul continuu) = subiect + to be + IV
I am speaking. = Vorbesc (acum).
1.6.6. TIMPUL I TIMPUL GRAMATICAL (TIME AND TENSE)
Se tie c timpul trece i este ireversibil. El se scurge/trece dinspre viitor spre trecut, aa cum se vede n schema de mai
jos:
Viitorul devine prezent, iar prezentul devine trecut.
Aciunile prezente ale verbelor coincid n principal cu momentul vorbirii; aciunile trecute sunt anterioare prezentului,
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SUBSTANTIV
ADJECTIV
ADVERB
amusement = amuzare
amusingly = amuzant
amusive = hazliu
amusingness = amuzare
attraction = atracie
attractingly = atrgtor
to attract = a atrage
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attractive = atrgtor
attractibility = atracie
to brighten =
brightly = luminos
brightly = strlucitor,
a lumina, a nviora
brilliance = strlucire
brilliantness = splendoare
care = grij
carefully = cu atenie
carefulness = atenie
careless = neglijent
carelessly = neglijent
to change = a schimba
changeableness = nestatornicie
changeable = schimbtor
changeably = schimbtor
changeless = neschimbat
changed = schimbat
to cloud = a innora
cloudiness = nnourare
cloudy = noros
cloudily = nebulos
cloudlessly = clar
cloudlessness = senintate
clouded = noros
to compare = a compara
compare/comparison = comparaie
comparative = comparativ
comparably = comparativ
VERB
SUBSTANTIV
ADJECTIV
ADVERB
comparable = comparabil
comparatively = comparativ
comparation = comparaie
compared = comparat
comparability = comparabilitate
to continue = a continua
continuity = continuitate
continuous = continuu
continuously = continuu
continued = continuat
to deepen = a adnci,
deep = adnc
to disagree = a displace
disagreeably = neplcut
to hope = a spera
hope = speran
hopefully = promitor
hopelessness = disperare
liveliness = vioiciune, animaie
hopeless = disperat
livable = cu care se poate tri
hopelessly = fr speran,
life = via
livelong = trainic
to open = a deschide
open = deschis
openly = deschis
opener = deschiztor
to pain = a durea
pain = durere
painful = dureros
painfully = dureros
painfulness = durere
to taste = a gusta
taste = gust
tasty = gustos
tastily = gustos
tasteful = gustos
tastefully = cu gust
tasteless = fr gust
tastelessly = fr gust
to tidy = a ordona
tidiness = ordine
tidily = ordonat
to use = a folosi
-
usefully = util
uselessly = inutil
COMPARATIV DE
SUPERIORITATE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
well - bine
badly -ru
far - departe
much - mult
near - aproape
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lively = vioi
little - mult
late - trziu
up -sus
COMPARATIV DE SUPERIORITATE
attractively - atrgtor
beautifully - frumos
bestially-bestial
carefully-atent
fortunately - norocos
quickly - rapid
charmingly - fermector
fluently - fluent
gratefully - recunosctor
willingly - bucuros
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
COMPARATIV DE SUPERIORITATE
SUPERLATIV RELATIV
cleanly - curat
early devreme
hard - greu
low - deprimat
Multe adverbe i adjective se folosesc dup verbul to be, i dup verbele modale, fiind nume predicative. Se tie c
verbul to be poate fi predicat n propoziie doar cnd este urmat de un adverb de loc :
to be black = a fi negru
to be cold = a fi frig
to be bloody = a fi afurisit
to be concise = a fi concis
to be careful = a fi grijuliu/atent
to be hard = a fi greu
Toate aceste cuvinte black, bloody, careful, cold, concise etc. pot fi fie adjective, fie adverbe, faptul depinznd de
cuvntul pe lng care stau i l determin, iar de comparat se compar aa cum se arat n tabelele prezentate n capitolul
comparaia adjectivelor, respectiv comparaia adverbelor.
Mary has put on her very best dress. = Mary i-a mbrcat chiar cea mai bun rochie a ei.
Alice sees quite well, but John sees far better. = Alice vede foarte bine, ns John vede i mai bine.
John speaks French the best. = John vorbete franuzete cel mai bine.
Jane does not sing so beautifully. = Jane nu cnt aa de frumos.
We haven't seen him lately. = Nu l-am vzut n ultimul timp.
This book is a lot more interesting than that. = Aceast carte este mult mai interesant dect aceea.
That book is very very interesting. = Cartea aceea este foarte foarte interesant.
1.7.4. LOCUL ADVERBELOR
Adverbele cu ajutorul crora se formeaz gradul superlativ absolut stau totdeauna naintea adjectivelor sau adverbelor.
very well = foarte bine
quite right = perfect adevrat
Adverbul enough este singurul adverb care st dup adjective sau adverbe
She sings beautifully enough. = Ea cnt destul / suficient de frumos.
1.7.4.1. LOCUL ADVERBELOR DE TIMP
afterward(s) = dup aceea
I saw them afterwards. = I-am vzut dup aceea.
again = din nou, iar, iari ; once more = nc o dat
I saw him again. = L-am vzut din nou.
again / time and again = very often = mereu = foarte adesea
You must try again and again. = Trebuie s ncerci mereu.
always = totdeuna, ntotdeauna
I am always at home on Sundays. = Sunt totdeauna acas duminica.
The sun always rises in the east. = Soarele rsare totdeauna n est.
You must always remember these rules. = Trebuie s-i aminteti mereu aceste reguli.
Before = nainte; at an earlier time = ntr-un moment anterior
I had read that book before. = Citisem cartea aceea nainte.
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ever = vreodat
Do you ever go to see them ? = Te duci vreodat pe la ei ?
Have you ever tried ? = Ai ncercat vreodat ?
never = niciodat; at no time = on no occasion = cu nici un prilej
I have never tried. = N-am ncercat niciodat.
I never go to seeaside alone. = Nu merg niciodat singur la mare.
He is never at home after eight o'clock. = El nu este niciodat acas dup ora opt.
I can never understand what he says. = Nu neleg niciodat ce zice el.
Never do things by halves .( prov.) = S nu faci niciodat lucrurile pe jumtate.
Never too old to learn. (prov.) = Nu suntem niciodata prea btrni s nvm.
0ften = adesea; many times = de multe ori
I often go to see them . = Merg adesea pe la ei.
How often do you visit them ? = Ct de des i vizitezi ?
I have often been there. = Am fost adesea acolo.
rarely = seldom= rareori
You can seldom see such animals. = Rareori poi vedea asemenea animale.
I rarely agree with them. = Rareori sunt de acord cu ei.
sometimes = uneori = now and then = cnd i cnd
Somtimes she makes good decisions. = Uneori ia hotrri bune.
Sometimes clemency is cruelty and cruelty is clemency. (prov.) = Uneori clemena este cruzine, iar cuzimea este clemen.
I want to tell you what I really think about it. = Vreau s-i spun ce cred eu cu adevrat despre asta.
We are nearly always at home on Sundays. = Aproape totdeauna suntem acas duminica.
We must talk about it beforehand. = Trebuie s discutm despre asta n prealabil.
They are always asking for money. = Ei cer totdeauna bani.
He often goes to Paris. = El pleac adesea la Paris.
He has often been to Paris. = El a fost adesea la Paris.
He has been there quite often . = El a fost acolo chiar/foarte des.
As often as we try to find out the truth . . . = Ori de cte ori ncercm s aflm adevrul ....
I have seldom met such good people. = Eu rareori am ntlnit/cunoscut oameni aa buni.
We seldom go shopping. = Noi rareori mergem dup cumprturi.
What do you usually do on holidays ? = Ce facei voi de obicei n vacan ?
I have sometimes seen them in the park. = I-am vzut uneori n parc.
The boys will be home very soon. = Bieii vor fi acas foarte curnd.
It will soon be five years since he has learned English. = Vor fi curnd cinci ani de cnd nva el englezete.
They arrived at the theatre twenty minutes too soon. = Ei au ajuns la teatru cu douzeci de minute mai repede/devreme.
The girl started to learn as soon as she received the books. = Fata a nceput s nvee de ndat ce a primit crile.
No sooner said than done. = Zis i fcut.
No soonerhad I arrived home than it began to rain. = Nici n-am ajuns acas c a i nceput s plou.
You will find out the truth sooner or later. = Vei afla adevrul mai devreme sau mai trziu.
We shall forget as long as we live. = Nu vom uita ct vom tri.
I expect my friends pretty soon. = i atept pe prietenii mei destul de curnd.
What day is it today ? = Ce zi este astzi ?
Today is Saturday, not Sunday. = Azi este smbt, nu duminic.
Where's today's newspaper ? = Unde este ziarul de astzi ?
Yesterday's newspaper is here, but today's isn't. = Ziarul de ieri este aici, dar cel de azi nu este.
Today is Saturday, tomorrow will be Sunday and the day after tomorrow will be Monday. = Azi este smbt, mine va fi
duminic, iar poimine va fi luni.
They only returned home yesterday . = Ei s-au ntors acas doar/abia ieri.
Yesterday was Friday and the day before yesterday was Thursday. = Ieri a fost vineri, iar alaltieri a fost joi.
I read a book yesterday. = Yesterday I read a book. = Am citit o carte ieri. = Ieri am citit o carte.
Where shall we be tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening/night ? = Unde vom fi mine diminea/dup
mas/sear/noapte ?
The announcement won't appear in tomorrow's newspaper. = Anunul nu va apare n ziarul de mine.
We shall meet at the theatre tonight at seven o'clock. = Ne vom ntlni la teatru disear la ora apte.
1.7.4.2. LOCUL ADVERBELOR DE MOD
He was walking fast, not slowly. = El mergea repede, nu ncet
briefly = pe scurt
He spoke about it briefly. = El a vorbit despre asta pe scurt.
Did they do it deliberately? = Au fcut-o deliberat?
The letter must be written very carefully. = Scrisoarea trebuie scris foarte atent.
You must learn to speak English fluently. = Trebuie s nvei s vorbeti englezete curgtor/fluent.
I love this country very much. = Iubesc aceast ar foarte mult.
This lesson can easily be learned. = Aceast lecie poate fi uor nvat.
He almost always makes mistakes. = El aproape totdeauna face greeli.
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He didn't have more than one hundred lei on him. = Nu a avut mai mult de o sut de lei la el.
I counted aproximately twenty five new comers. = Am numrat aproximativ douzeci i cinci de noi venii.
The bottle was three quarters full. = Sticla era trei sferturi plin.
They don't like it much. = Nu le place mult.
These are far more important problems. = Acestea sunt probleme mult mai importante.
The first thing is that he is not here. = Primul lucru este c el nu este aici.
The heart that once truly loves never forgets. (prov.) = Dragostea adevrat nu se uit niciodat.
He didn't expect us to be here. = El nu s-a ateptat ca noi s fim aici.
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. (prov.) = Cine se culc devreme i se scoal
devreme ajunge sntos, bogat i nelept.
By doing nothing, we learn to do ill. (prov.) = Lenea e mama tuturor viciilor.
Four eyes see more than two. (prov.) = Patru ochi vd mai bine dect doi.
1.7.4.3. LOCUL ADVERBELOR DE LOC
We'll be waiting inside, not outside. = Vom atepta nuntru, nu afar.
I found the book where I had put it. = Am gsit cartea unde am pus-o.
I saw John in the park. = L-am vzut pe John n parc.
They walked past my car. = Ei au trecut de maina mea.
They were walking about the town. = Ei se plimbau prin ora.
He was left well behind. = El a fost lsat mult n urm.
We shall find the book somewhere. = Vom gsi cartea undeva.
The book may be anywhere. = Cartea poate fi oriunde.
We may walk everywhere. = Ne putem plimba peste tot.
1.7.4.4. PROPOZIII CU MAI MULTE ADVERBE
I must give this book to your friend today at six o'clock. = Trebuie s-i dau a- ceast carte prietenului tu azi la ora ase.
It will be written by John later this week, perhaps on Saturday afternoon. = Va fi scris() de John mai trziu sptmna
aceasta, poate smbt dup-mas.
They are requested to be quiet between twelve and five o'clock every day. = Lor li se pretinde s fie linitii ntre orele
doisprezece i cinci dup-amiaza n fiecare zi.
My friends are living in the country somewhere near Cluj. = Prietenii mei triesc la ar undeva lng Cluj.
It will be hard for her to live on her small pension from now on. = Va fi greu pentru ea s triasc din mica ei pensie de
acum nainte/ncolo.
We all are to meet them at the station tomorrow at a quarter past twelve. = Noi toi urmeaz s-i ntlnim la gar mine
la doisprezece i un sfert.
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Who(m) is this book written by ? = By whom is this book written ? = De cine este scris cartea aceasta ?
To whom must you give the book ? = Who(m) must you give the book to ? = Cui trebuie s-i dai cartea ?
He is the boy who(m) I must give the book to. = El este biatul cruia trebuie s-i dau eu cartea.
The boy to whom I must ... = Biatul cruia trebuie s ...
n concluzie, prepoziiile n limba englez pot aprea n post - poziie n :
1. - ntrebrile care ncep cu cuvintele who, what, which
2. - n subordonatele atributive
3. - n unele exclamaii: What trouble they've got into ! = n ce ncurctur au intrat !
4. - n unele construcii pasive: He is looked for by us.
dar
He is sought by us este forma preferat
5. - n propoziii infinitivale: They are impossible to talk to. = Cu ei este imposibil de discutat.
6. - n propoziii/fraze afirmative care ncep cu who, what, which: What I am looking at is John's house. = La (ceea) ce
privesc
eu este casa lui John.
Cele mai importante prepoziii n limba englez sunt :
about = despre
along = de-a lungul
around = mprejur; vreo
below = dedesubt
beyond = dincolo de
in = n
near = lng
on = pe
past = pe lng; dincolo de
throughout = prin, peste, dup
up = n susul; ctre
above = deasupra
alongside = unul lng altul, alturi
at = la
beneath = sub; mai jos de
by = de, de ctre, prin
inside = nuntru
notwithstanding = cu toate c
opposite = peste drum de, vizavi
round = n jurul
to = la, ctre
within = n, nuntrul; nu mai trziu de
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all my friends except Jim = toi prietenii mei cu excepia lui Jim
for (prep.) = de la, pentru etc.
something good for food = ceva comestibil, ceva bun de mncare
to sail for Sidney = a naviga spre Sidney
to be ready for smth. = a fi gata pentru ceva
for a time = (pentru) un timp
They have been here for a week. = Ei sunt aici de o sptmn.
to leave for school = a pleca la coal
to go for a walk = a merge la o plimbare
to look for aid/help = a cuta ajutor
from (prep.) = din, de la
from one place to another = dintr-un loc n altul
from flower to flower = din floare n floare
to jump from the roof = a sri de pe acoperi
wine made of grapes = vin fcut din struguri
to be far from home = a fi departe de cas
from first to last = de la primul la ultimul
in (prep.) = din, n, la
the best tennis player in the world = cel mai bun juctor de tenis din lume
it is in the house = este n cas
pdure
to live in the country = a tri la ar
a holiday in the mountains = o vacan la munte
to have a picnic in the woods = a servi un picnic la
to lie in bed = a sta ntins n pat
in (adv.) = nuntru, ntr-un
in general = n general
to be in = a fi nuntru (n cas/camer)
in brief / short = pe scurt
There is nobody in. = Nu este nimeni nuntru.
in a word = ntr-un cuvnt
in conclusion = n concluzie
in the meantime, meanwhile = ntre timp
in fact = de fapt
into (prep.) = n, nspre
to come into the house/room = a intra n cas/camer
to get into trouble = a da de bucluc/necaz/belea
to fall into the river/lake = a cdea n ru/lac
to turn English into Romanian = a traduce din englez n
to get into difficulties = a da de greuti/dificulti
romn
near (prep.) = lng, aproape de
near the seashore = lng rmul mrii
near me or near my friend = lng mine sau lng prietenul meu
to have a dictionary near at hand = a avea un dicionar la ndemn
near (adj.) = apropiat
there is a near way to = este un drum mai apropiat ctre
the nearest way to = cel mai apropiat drum spre
near (adv.) = aproape
the river/lake is quite near = rul/lacul este foarte aproape
to live nearby = a locui n apropiere
Come near and listen to what I say ! = Vino aproape i ascult la ce spun !
of (prep.) = de, cu, din etc.
ten kilometers south of Constana = zece kilometri la sud de Constana
a book of proverbs = o carte de proverbe
a bottle full of wine = o sticl plin cu/de vin
to die of hunger and thirst = a muri de foame i sete
a family of five = o familie din cinci membri
off [of] (adv.)
the lake is six kilometers off = lacul este la o deprtare de ase kilometri
how far is it off? = la ce distan/deprtare este de aici?
to take off one's shoes = a-i descla pantofii
the holidays are far off = e mult pn la vacan
to turn the light off = a stinge lumina
to take off one's coat = a-i dezbrca haina
to take a day off = a-i lua o zi liber de la serviciu
off (prep.)
to fall off the ladder/bicycle = a cdea de pe scar/biciclet
to fall off the horse = a cdea de pe cal
to be off duty = a fi liber, a nu fi la serviciu
off (adj.)
on the off chance that = n cazul n care, dac
my off time = timpul meu liber
an off season = un sezon mort/slab
on (prep.) = pe
a book on the table = o carte pe mas
to sit on the grass = a sta jos pe iarb
a picture on the wall = un tablou pe perete
to write smth. on paper = a scrie ceva pe hrtie
a hat on her/his head = o plrie pe capul ei/lui
to go on foot = a merge pe jos/picioare
out of (prep.) = afar din, din
to go/walk out of a room = a iei dintr-o camer
to ask out of curiosity = a ntreba de/din curiozitate
to do smth. out of pity = a face ceva de/din mil
to be out of work = a fi omer
trees grow out of the earth = copacii cresc din pmnt
something out of use = ceva ieit din uz
over (prep) = peste, deasupra, asupra
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over (adv.)
I am to turn over the page. = Urmeaz s dau pagina.
over again = nc o dat
to boil over with rage = a spumega de mnie
over and again = de mai multe ori
to turn over the leaves of a book = a da/ntoarce foile unei cri
past (prep.) = peste, i, trecut de
half past one, two etc. = unu, dou etc. i jumtate
past (adv.)
to run past smb. = a trece n fug pe lng cineva, a trece de cineva n fug
round (adj.) = rotund
a round table = o mas rotund
a round peg in a square hole = potrivit ca nuca n perete
round (prep.) = n jurul
to run round a house = a alerga n jurul unei case
round the sun = n jurul soarelui
since (prep. & adv.) = de, din, de la
since four o'clock = de la ora patru
I haven't seen them since. = Nu i-am vzut de atunci.
through (prep.) = pe, prin, printre
to come in through the door = a intra pe u
to look through a telescope = a privi printr-un telescop
to go through life = a trece prin via
throughout (prep.) = n, prin, peste
throughout our holidays = pe tot parcursul vacanei noastre
to revise a book throughout = a revizui o carte complet
throughout this country = de-a lungul i de-a latul acestei ri
to (prep.) = la, ctre, spre
this road leads to Braov. = drumul acesta duce la Braov.
to go to school/church = a merge la coal/biseric
to walk to school = a merge la coal pe jos
to go to school by bus = a merge la coal cu autobuzul
to go to the baker's = a merge la patiserie/brutrie
to go to bed = a merge la culcare
to come to an end = to finish = a lua sfrit, a se termina
to turn to the right and to the left = a se ntoarce la dreapta i la stnga
to go from place to place = a merge dintr-un loc ntr-altul
under (prep.) = dedesubt, sub, mai jos de
to swim under water = a nota pe sub ap
to be under arms = a fi sub arme
under the age of fourteen = sub vrsta de paisprezece ani
to be under treatment = a fi sub ngrijire medical, a fi n tratament
under my, your etc. feet = sub tlpile mele, tale etc.
to be under observation = a fi sub observaie
this question under examination = aceast chestiune n studiu
under (adv.)
That boat went under. = Barca aceea a mers la fund.
underneath (prep.) = sub, dedesubtul
The ball rolled underneath a table. = Mingea s-a rostogolit sub o mas.
up (prep.) = ctre, spre, n susul
to run up the hill = a alerga pe deal n sus, a urca dealul n fug
to walk up a hill/mountain = a urca un deal/munte
the ups and downs of life = vicisitudinile/valurile vieii
up (adv. particle)
to be up for sometime = a fi n picioare de ctva timp, a fi sculat de ctva timp
to be up till late = a nu se culca pn trziu
He lifted his head up. = El i-a ridicat capul.
Up with him ! = Sus cu el ! = S se scoale !
Time's up. You must leave. = Timpul s-a terminat. Trebuie s pleci.
upon = on (prep.) = pe, n
many books upon that desk = multe cri pe banca aceea
upon the surface of the sea = pe suprafaa mrii
a tree upon the top of the hill = un copac n/pe vrful dealului
upon our word = pe cuvntul nostru
We see two boats upon the lake. = Vedem dou brci pe lac.
with (prep.) = cu
in the mountains with my friends = la munte cu prietenii
to cut smth. with a knife = a tia ceva cu un cuit
mei
to travel with smb. = a cltori cu cineva
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to knock at = a bate la
to laugh at = a rde de
to lend to smb. = a da mprumut cuiva
to long for = a tnji dup
to look after = a ngriji de, a avea grij de
to look into = a examina
to look on/upon = a considera
to meet with = a ntmpina
to move from ... to ... = a se muta din ... la/n ...
to part with = a se despri de
to pass for = a trece drept
to pine for = a tnji dup
to prevent from = a mpiedica/opri s
to protect from = a proteja/apra de
to pull at = a trage la
to recover from = a-i reveni dup, a se face bine dup
to refrain from = a se abine de la
to resort to smb. = a se adresa cuiva, a apela la cineva
to reproach smb. with smth. = a reproa cuiva ceva
to be sated with = a fi stul/dezgustat de
to send for = a trimite dup
to smell of = a mirosi a
to stare at = a privi fix/intens la
to subtract from = a scdea din
to supply with = a aproviziona cu
to think about/of = a se gndi la
to transform/change into = a transforma/schimba in
to wait for smb. = a atepta pe cineva
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I see neither him nor her. = Nu-l vd nici pe el, nici pe ea.
otherwise = altfel , altminteri
The book is expensive, otherwise it is very useful. = Cartea este scump, altminteri este foarte util.
else (if not) = altfel (dac nu), or else = c/cci altfel, c dac nu
Hurry up or (else) you will miss the train. = Grbete-te, (c) altfel pierzi trenul.
1.9.1.1.3. CONJUNCII ADVERSATIVE (ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS)
Conjunciile adversative exprim contrastul.
but = ns, dar;
We want to buy a house but we don't have money. = Vrem s cumprm o cas dar nu avem bani.
however = ns, dar totui
I didn't want to do it, however I did it. = N-am vrut s-o fac, dar am fcut-o.
nevertheless = totui, cu toate acestea
Mathematics is difficult, nevertheless I like it. = Matematica este grea, totui mi place.
still = totui, ns, dar, cu toate acestea
It is expensive, still I'll buy it. = Este scump, totui o voi cumpra.
while = whereas = pe ct vreme, n timp ce, pe cnd
Your motorcar is old, while/whereas mine is new. = Maina ta este veche, pe cnd a mea e/este nou.
yet (nevertheless) = totui, cu toate acestea
These goods are expensive, and yet people buy them. = Aceste mrfuri sunt scumpe i totui lumea le cumpr.
1.9.1.1.4. CONJUNCII CONCLUSIVE (ILLATIVE CONJUNCTIONS)
Conjunciile conclusive exprim o concluzie.
accordingly = n consecin, deci, prin urmare, ca atare
I found the book I needed and accordingly I bought it. = Am gsit cartea, de care aveam nevoie i, n consecin am
cumprat-o.
consequently = n consecin, aadar, prin urmare
I found the book interesting, consequently I bought it. = Am gsit cartea interesant, aadar am cumprat-o.
so = aadar, de aceea, prin urmare, astfel c, aa c
I considered the book important, so I bought it. = Am considerat cartea important, astfel c am cumprat-o.
therefore = astfel cA, deci, de aceea, aadar, prin urmare, n consecin
I didn't find them in the park, therefore I went home. = Nu i-am gsit n parc, aadar am plecat acas.
1.9.1.1.5. CONJUNCII CAUZALE (CAUSAL CONJUNCTIONS)
for = cci, pentru c, ntruct, deoarece, fiindc
It is very hot for it is August. = Este foarte cald cci este august.
Sunt rare ns cazurile cnd se ntlnesc n engleza vorbit astfel de exemple/cazuri cu for cauzal.
1.9.1.2. CONJUNCII SUBORDONATOARE (SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS)
Conjunciile subordonatoare leag o subordonat de regenta sa.
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I realized he was a serious man the first time I saw him. = Mi-am dat seama c este om serios cnd l-am vzut prima dat .
all the time = tot timpul ct
We are laughing all the time we are watching the play. = Rdem tot timpul ct privim piesa.
as long as = ct timp
A man must learn as long as he lives. = Un om trebuie s nvee ct timp triete.
as soon as = de ndat ce, imediat ce
I must find out the truth as soon as I arrive. = Trebuie s aflu adevrul imediat ce sosesc.
since = de cnd
I haven't seen him since he was a student. = Nu l-am vzut de cnd era el student.
ever since = chiar de cnd
I relized he was a good man ever since I met him. = Mi-am dat seama c este om bun chiar de cnd l-am cunoscut.
till = until = pn cnd, pn ce, pn la, pn s, pn
You must wait till they come. = Trebuie s atepi pn vin ei.
when = cnd
I shall tell you everything when you come. = i voi povesti totul cnd vei veni.
whenever = ori de cte ori
I realize she is an excellent singer whenever I listen to her. = ]mi dau seama c este o cntrea desvrit ori de cte ori o
ascult.
while = ct timp, n timp ce
While there is life, there is hope. = Omul sper ct triete.
the moment = n momentul /clipa n care
I recognized him the moment I saw him. = L-am recunoscut n clipa n care l-am vzut.
the very moment = chiar n momentul/clipa n care
I understood the real state of things the (very) moment I entered their house. = Am neles adevrata stare a lucrurilor
(chiar) n momentul n care am intrat n casa lor.
1.9.1.2.3. CONJUNCII DE MOD (CONJUNCTIONS OF MANNER)
Conjunciile de mod introduc subordonate modale.
as = cum, aa cum, dup cum, ntocmai cum, n acelai fel n care
He talks as he thinks. = Vorbete cum gndete.
He knows many things young as he is. = El tie multe lucruri aa tnr cum este.
as if = as though = ca i cnd, de parc, parc s
He opend his mouth as if to say something. = A deschis gura parc s spun ceva.
He greeted us as if he knew us. = Ne-a salutat ca i cnd ne-ar cunoate.
not so . . . as . . . = nu aa de . . . ca . . .
Your house is not so big as I thought. = Casa ta nu este aa mare cum am crezut.
as . . . as = la fel de ...ca.., tot aa de ca....
She sang the song as beautifully as she could. = Ea a cntat cntecul ct a putut de frumos.
so much as = aa de mult ct/ca
I do not like tennis so much as he does. = Mie nu-mi place tenisul aa de mult ct lui.
so far as = n msura n care
You will buy the house so far as you can afford it. = Vei cumpra casa n msura n care i poi permite.
1.9.1.2.4. CONJUNCII DE CAUZ (CONJUNCTIONS OF CAUSE)
Conjuncii de cauz introduc subordonatele cauzale.
because = for the reason that = pentru c, pentru motivul c , deoarece , ntruct
I bought the ball because it was cheap. = Am cumprat mingea pentru c era ieftin.
seeing that = vznd c
Seeing that it was raining I entered the house. = Vznd c plou am intrat n cas.
since = ntruct, deoarece, cci
Since it is raining, I must take my umbrella. = ntruct plou, trebuie s-mi iau umbrela.
now that = acum c, deoarece
Now that I have come I shall/will drink a cup of coffee. = Acum c am venit, voi bea o ceac cu cafea.
1.9.1.2.5. CONJUNCII DE SCOP (CONJUNCTIONS OF PURPOSE)
Conjunciile de scop introduc subordonatele finale.
in order to/that = cu scopul de a, ca s
We have come to school in order to learn. = Am venit la coal ca s nvm.
lest (+ should) = ca s nu
Turn on the light lest you should knock your head against smth. ! = Aprinde lumina ca s nu te loveti cu capul de ceva !
so that = aa nct, ca s
Turn on the light so that I can see better ! = Aprinde lumina ca s pot vedea mai bine !
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2. S I N T A X A (THE SYNTAX)
(gr.: syn = mpreun, cu; taxis = aranjament, aezare)
Sintaxa este aceea parte a gramaticii care se ocup cu studiul funciilor cuvintelor n propoziii i cu studiul
propoziiilor n fraz. Ea stabilete regulile dup care se mbin propoziiile n fraz.
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Complementul direct este partea de propoziie asupra creia se orienteaz aciunea subiectului. Se exprim prin
substantive / pronume n cazul acuzativ.
I am reading a book. = Eu citesc o carte. I = subiect; am reading = predicat
What am I reading ? = Ce citesc eu ?
Who is reading a book ? = Cine citete o carte ? a book = complement direct
I am reading an interesting book. = Eu citesc o carte interesant. interesting = = atribut
Locul complementului direct n propoziie este dup verbul su. Exist i un complement intern (The Cognate
Object), care st ntre verbul tranzitiv i complementul direct propriu-zis.
to run a swift race = a face o curs rapid
to dream an interesting dream = a visa un vis interesant
Dublul complement direct:
I teach them grammar. = i nv pe ei gramatic.
I = subiect;
teach = predicat
Who teaches them grammar ? = Cine i nva pe ei gramatic ? them, grammar = complemente directe
What do I do ? = Ce fac eu ? Whom do I teach grammar ? = Pe cine nv eu gramatic ? What do I teach them ? = Ce i
nv eu pe ei ?
I see people in the street. = Vd oameni pe strad. What do I see in the street ? = Ce vd eu pe strad ? I see John in the
street. = l vd pe John pe strad. Whom do I see in the street ? = Pe cine vd eu pe strad ?
2.1.4.2. Complementul indirect (The Indirect Object)
Complementul indirect este cel asupra cruia aciunea subiectului se ndreapt / rsfrnge indirect i este exprimat prin
substantive sau pronume n cazul dativ.
I shall buy a book for you. = Voi cumpra o carte pentru tine.
He bought the boy a book. = He bought a book to the boy. = El i-a cumprat biatului o carte. = El i-a cumprat o carte
biatului.
To whom did he buy it ? = Who(m) did he buy it to ? = Cui i-ai cumprat-o ?
He bought a book for the boy. = El a cumprat o carte pentru biat.
Who(m) did he buy a book for ? = For whom did he buy a book ? = Pentru cine a cumprat el o carte ?
Complementul indirect rspunde la ntrebri ca:
to whom? = who(m)... to ? = cui ?
for whom? = who(m)... for ? = pentru cine ?, cui ?
about whom ? = who(m)... about ? = despre cine ?
with whom ? = who(m)... with ? = cu cine ?
without whom ? = who(m)... without ? = fr cine ?
Complementul indirect n limba englez poate fi alctuit cu unele prepoziii ca to, for, about, with, without i
atunci el poart numele de complement indirect prepoziional, sau poate aprea fr prepoziie.
- neprepoziional:
I shall give you a book. = i voi da ie o carte.
I shall buy you a book. = i voi cumpra ie o carte.
- prepoziional:
I shall give a book to you. = i voi da o carte ie.
I shall buy a book for you. = Voi cumpra o carte pentru tine.
2.1.4.2.1. Verbe cu prepoziii pentru complemente indirecte
to accustom oneself to something = a se obinui cu ceva
to administer smth. to smb. = a administra/aplica ceva cuiva
to announce smth. to smb. = a anuna ceva cuiva
to appear to = a prea
to attribute smth. to smb. = a atribui ceva cuiva
to belong to = a aparine
to communicate smth. to smb. = a comunica ceva cuiva
to confide smth. to smb. = a destinui ceva cuiva
to convey smth. to smb. = a comunica/transmite ceva cuiva to deliver smth. to smb. = a nmna/livra ceva cuiva
to describe smth. to smb. = a descrie ceva cuiva
to explain smth. to smb. = a explica ceva cuiva
to be devoted to smb. = a fi devotat cuiva
to impute smth. to smb. = a imputa ceva cuiva
to introduce smb. to smb. = a prezenta pe cineva cuiva
to leave smth. to (chance) = a lsa ceva (la voia ntmplrii)
to listen to smb./smth. = a asculta la cineva/ceva
to mention to smb. that = a meniona cuiva c
to prescribe smth. to smb. = a prescrie ceva cuiva
to propose smth. to smb. = a propune ceva cuiva
to prove to smb. that = a dovedi cuiva c
to relate to smb. smth. = a relata cuiva ceva
to be related to smb. = a fi rud cu cineva, a se nrudi
to resign smth. to smb. = a ceda ceva cuiva
to reveal smb. smth. = a dezvlui cuiva ceva,
to say smth. to smb. = a zice/spune ceva cuiva
to say no to smth. = a refuza ceva, a zice nu la ceva
to seem to smb. = a i se prea cuiva, a-i prea cuiva
to speak to smb. about smth. = a vorbi cu cineva despre ceva, to submit to = a (se) supune
to suggest smth. to smb. = a sugera ceva cuiva
to yield to smth. = a consimi la ceva; a ceda la ceva
2.1.4.2.2. Verbe cu complement direct i complement indirect
99
100
101
102
103
The house was destroyed by the earthquake. = Casa a fost distrus de cutremurul de pmnt.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: by whom ? = who(m)... by ? = de (ctre) cine ?, by what ? = what ...by ? = de ce ?
2.2. SINTAXA FRAZEI (THE SYNTAX OF THE COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCE)
Fraza este o comunicare alctuit din mai multe propoziii aflate ntre ele fie n raporturi de coordonare fie de
subordonare. n cadrul coordonrii, prile de propoziie n propoziie i propoziiile n fraz sunt independente una de alta.
Se pot lega ntre ele prin conjuncii coordonatoare sau juxtapunere / alturare.
Subordonare nsemneaz raport / relaie sintactic de dependen a unei pri de propoziie de alt parte de propoziie
sau a unei propoziii de alt propoziie. Elementul subordonat depinde de termenul su regent, iar propoziia subordonat
depinde de regenta sa. Elementul subordonat este deci termenul dependent, iar cel regent este cel care guverneaz n cadrul
relaiei respective.
Subordonarea se realizeaz prin conjuncii subordonatoare, prin juxtapunere sau printr-un cuvnt de legtur
subordonator.
Propoziia regent este aceea de care depinde semantic o alt propoziie n cadrul aceleiai fraze. Propoziia
subordonat se poate adresa unui singur cuvnt din regenta sa, iar acest cuvnt, care se numete termen regent, determin
felul subordona-tei respective.
Pentru a se alctui o fraz este necesar ca n cadrul ei s existe o propoziie principal, un fel de nucleu al frazei. Alturi
de ea exist propoziii secundare, adic propoziii totdeauna cu sens insuficient. Secundarele, spre deosebire de principale nu
pot exista /funciona izolate n comunicare. Propoziia secundar funcioneaz n fraz ca o parte secundar a propoziiei
principale.
2.2.1. Propoziia subiectiv (The Subject Clause)
Funcioneaz ca subiect al predicatului din regent i ntregete nelesul regentei.
Why they didn't come is still a secret. = De ce nu au venit ei este nc secret.
How to write a book is not known by anybody. = Cum s scrii o carte nu se tie de ctre oricine.
Se ntlnete dup expresii ca:
it is advisable that = este recomandabil ca
it is better that = este mai bine s
it is certain that = este sigur c
it is desirable that = este de dorit ca
it is meet and proper that = se cuvine ca
it is inevitable that = este inevitabil ca
It is necessary that I came. = Este necesar ca eu s fi venit.
It is important that they will buy this book. = Este important ca ei s cumpere aceast carte.
It is possible that he may come tomorrow. = Este posibil ca el s vin mine.
When they will come is not my business. = Cnd vor veni ei nu este treaba mea.
When they come is not my business. = Cnd vin ei nu este treaba mea.
When they came is not my business. = Cnd au venit ei nu este treaba mea.
When they had come is not my business. = Cnd veniser ei nu este treaba mea.
It is impossible that they should have come by train. = Este imposibil ca ei s fi venit cu trenul.
It is compulsory for us to be there. = It is compulsory that we should be there. = It is compulsory that we be there. =
Este obligatoriu ca noi s fim acolo.
It is good for them to live here. = It is good that they live here. = It is good that they should live here. = E bine ca ei s
locuiasc aici.
2.2.2. Propoziia predicativ (The Predicative/Complement Clause)
mplinete funcia de nume predicativ al verbului din regenta sa i se introduce n maniera n care se introduc i
subiectivele.
Why he has come is the question. = De ce a venit el este problema.
Why he has come = subiectiv
is the question = predicativ
It looks as if it were going to rain. = Arat de parc ar avea de gnd s plou.
It looks = subiectiv ;
were going to rain = predicativ
2.2.3. Propoziia atributiv (The Atributive Clause)
Este un atribut al unui substantiv din regenta sa.
Every man, who knows him, appreciates him very much. = Fiecare om, care l cunoate, l apreciaz foarte mult.
Every man appreciates him very much = propoziie regent
who knows him = atributiv
Termenul regent al atributivei de mai sus este substantivul man.
The reason why he has come is very clear. = Motivul pentru care a venit este foarte clar.
It rained cats and dogs on the day on which we arrived. = A plouat cu gleata n ziua n care am sosit.
2.2.4. Propoziia completiv direct (The Object Clause)
Este complementul direct al verbului tranzitiv din regent.
I did not ask him whether he was thirsty. = Nu l-am ntrebat dac i este/era sete.
Did you know whose that house was ? = Ai tiut tu a cui este/era casa aceea ?
104
I told you whom he gave the books to. = Eu i-am spus cui a dat el crile.
He said that he would come later on. = El a zis c va veni dup aceea.
I advised him to stay with us. = I advised that he stay with us. = L-am sftuit s stea cu noi.
2.2.5. Propoziia subordonat temporal (The Adverbial Clause of Time)
Este n fraz complementul circumstanial de timp pe lng un verb sau adverb din regenta sa.
I shall read this book when I have time. = Voi citi aceast carte cnd voi avea timp.
Termenul regent este verbul read.
Buy your ticket immediately that you reach the station! = Cumpr-i biletul imediat cum ajungi la gar!
I shall read this book before you come home. = Voi citi aceast carte nainte ca tu s vii acas.
I shall give you the money as soon as I meet you. = i voi da banii de ndat ce te voi ntlni.
They have been dancing ever since the party started. = Ei danseaz chiar de cnd a nceput petrecerea.
She is happy when she is with her family. = Ea este fericit cnd este cu familia ei.
You may stay until your cousin arrives. = Poi sta pn sosete veriorul tu.
He may write the letter while we are swimming. = El poate scrie scrisoarea n timp ce noi notm.
You will repeat the lesson till/until you know it. = Vei repeta lecia pn o vei ti.
No sooner had the sunset than they went to bed. = Nici n-a apus soarele c ei s-au i dus la culcare.
He may stay until John comes. = El poate sta pn vine John.
Subordonata temporal rspunde la ntrebrile: when ? = cnd ?, how long? = de ct timp ?, since when ? = de cnd ?,
till when ? = pn cnd ? etc.
2.2.6. Propoziia circumstanial de loc (The Adverbial Clause of Place)
Este complementul circumstanial de loc al unui verb sau adverb din regenta sa de care se leag prin adverbe relative ca:
where = unde, wherever = oriunde etc.
You cannot live where they live. = Nu poi tri unde triesc ei.
We may spend our holidays wherever we like. = Noi putem petrece vacana/ concediul oriunde ne place.
I'll go wherever I can find work. = Voi merge oriunde pot gsi de lucru.
2.2.7. Subordonata de proporie (The Clause of Proportion)
Este o variant a subordonatei de mod.
The more we are, the better it is. = Cu ct suntem mai muli, cu att mai bine.
As time went on, (so) she began to type more quickly. = Cum timpul a trecut, ea a nceput s bat la main mai repede. =
Cu trecerea timpului ea a nceput s scrie la main mai repede.
The harder you work, the more money you make. = Cu ct munceti mai mult, cu att ctigi mai muli bani.
2.2.8. Subordonata preferenial (The Clause of Preference)
Se traduce prin subordonata opoziional.
Rather than play football, I'd prefer to swim. = Dect s joc fotbal, a prefera s not.
Rather than play football, you had better learn. = Dect s joci fotbal, mai bine ai nva. = Dect s joci fotbal, mai bine
s nvei.
I would play football rather than learn. = A juca fotbal mai degrab dect s nv.
2.2.9. Propoziia circumstanial de mod i comparativ (The Adverbial Clause of Manner and Comparison)
Joac rolul de complement circumstanial de mod pe lng un verb sau un adverb din regenta sa.
Mary sings as beautifully as her sister does. = Maria cnt la fel de frumos cum cnt sora ei.
My friend is older than your friend (is). = Prietenul meu este mai mare/btrn dect este al tu.
He looked at me as if/though he hadn't known me. = El a privit la mine de parc nu m-ar fi cunoscut.
Alice sings more beautifully than Jane (does). = Alice cnt mai frumos dect cnt Jane.
She was singing as beautifully as her sister, Alice was. = Ea cnta la fel de frumos cum cnta sora ei, Alice.
Tomorrow we shall work more than we worked yesterday. = Mine vom munci mai mult dect am muncit ieri.
Subordonata circumstanial de mod rspunde la ntrebrile: how? = cum?, how beautifully ? = ct de frumos ?, how
much ? = ct de mult ?, how little ? = ct de puin ?, how big ? = ct de mare ? etc.
She cooks the breakfast exactly as her mother did. = Ea pregtete micul dejun exact cum fcea mama ei.
2.2.10. Propoziia subordonat cauzal (The Adverbial Clause of Cause/Reason)
Este n fraza respectiv un complement circumstanial de cauz pe lng termenul su regent care este un verb sau un
adverb din regenta sa.
I didn't meet them there because I was late. = Nu i-am ntlnit acolo pentru c am ntrziat.
Se leag de regenta sa prin conjuncii sau adverbe relative ca: because = pentru c, for the reason that = pentru
motivul c, seeing that = vznd c, on the ground that = din cauz c, owing to the fact that = datorit faptului c, as =
cci, since = ntruct, on account that = din cauz c etc.
Rspunde la ntrebri ca: why ? = de ce ?, on what account ? = din ce cauz, for what reason ? = din ce motiv/cauz ? etc.
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Seeing that they did not come I went home. = Vznd c ei nu vin am plecat acas.
I did not come owing to the fact that it was too late. = Eu nu am venit pentru faptul c era prea trziu.
2.2.11. Propoziia subordonat final (de scop) (The Adverbial Clause of Purpose)
Corespunde n fraza respectiv unui complement circumstanial de cauz pe lng un verb sau adverb din regenta sa,
respectiv pe lng termenul su regent.
You must get up earlier, so that you can meet him at the station. = Trebuie s te scoli mai devreme ca s-l poi ntmpina
pe el la gar.
We got up early, so that we should not be late for school. = Ne-am sculat de-noapte ca s nu ntrziem de la coal.
He must turn on the light lest he should knock himself against something in the darkness. = El trebuie s aprind lumina
ca s nu se loveasc de ceva pe ntuneric.
Subordonata final se leag de regenta sa prin conjunciile i adverbele relative: in order that = cu scopul de a, so
that = aa nct, that = nct/c, lest (+ should) = ca s nu, for fear that = de team s nu, on purpose to = cu scopul de a.
I shall go to England so that I can learn English well. = Eu voi merge n Anglia ca s pot nva englezete bine.
n limba englez un mare numr de subordonate finale se realizeaz cu ajutorul modului infinitiv, dei se tie c
infinitivul nu este un mod personal.
We go to school to learn. = Mergem la coal s nvm. = Mergem la coal pentru a nva.
We go to church to pray. = Mergem la biseric pentru a ne ruga. = Mergem la biseric s ne rugm.
They came here on purpose to borrow money from us. = Ei au venit aici cu scopul de a mprumuta bani de la noi.
Rspunde la ntrebrile: on what purpose ? = cu ce scop ?, for what reason ? = pentru care motiv ?, for what ? =
what.. for ? = pentru ce ?
2.2.12. Subordonata concesiv (The Adverbial Clause of Concession)
Se introduce prin conjunciile: though, although = dei, cu toate c, however = orict de, whoever = indiferent cine, in
spite of = n ciuda /pofida, even if/though = chiar dac, whichever = indiferent care, no matter who = indiferent cine, no
matter whose = indiferent al, a, ai, ale cui ?, no matter by whom = no matter who(m)... by = indiferent de cine, no matter
why = indiferent de ce, no matter how = indiferent cum , no matter when = indiferent cnd, no matter where = indiferent
unde
Though it is late we shall sit and watch the football match. = Dei este trziu noi vom sta i vom privi meciul de fotbal.
We shall watch the football match although it is late. = Noi vom privi meciul de fotbal dei este trziu.
Late as it is we shall watch the football match. = Trziu aa cum este noi vom privi meciul de fotbal. = Aa trziu cum este
noi vom privi meciul de fotbal.
You should be waiting for him even if it were late. = Ar trebui s-l atepi chiar dac ar fi trziu.
n acest ultim exemplu se observ n subordonat folosirea modului subjonctiv prin care se exprim o situaie ireal sau
o presupunere.
You should have been waiting for him even if it had been late. = Ar fi trebuit s-l atepi chiar dac era trziu.
We shall go to see them even if it is rather early. = Mergem pe la ei dei este cam devreme.
I buy it however expensive it is. = l /O cumpr indiferent ct este de scump().
I should buy it however expensive it were. = A cumpra-o indiferent ct ar fi ea de scump. = L-a cumpra indiferent ct
ar fi de scump.
If they're poor, at least they're honest. = Dac sunt sraci cel puin sunt cinstii.
2.2.13. Propoziia consecutiv (The Adverbial Clause of Result or The Consecutive Adverbial Clause)
Exprim rezultatul/urmarea/consecina aciunii din propoziia regent.
Alice was so beautiful that everybody was admiring her. = Alice era aa/att de frumoas nct toat lumea o admira.
His explanation was so clear that each of us understood it = Explicaia lui a fost aa de clar nct fiecare dintre noi a
neles-o.
He never goes to the seaside but spend a lot of money. = El nu merge niciodat la mare fr s cheltuiasc muli bani.
Such was the force of his argument that everybody agreed with him. = Aa mare a fost fora argumentului su c toat
lumea a fost de acord cu el.
Se introduce prin conjunciile: so... that... = aa de... nct/c, that = c/nct
He was so clever that everybody admired him. = El era aa/att de detept c/nct toat lumea l admira.
2.2.14. Propoziia subordonat condiional (The Adverbial Clause of Condition or the Conditional Clause)
Reprezint condiia nfptuirii/ndeplinirii aciunii din regenta sa. Se leag de regenta sa cu ajutorul conjunciilor
condiionale : if = dac, on condition that = cu condiia c, providing/provided that = cu condiia c, suppose/supposing
that = presupunnd c = dac, unless = dac nu, cu condiia c nu , whether... or not = dac... sau nu, as soon as = de ndat
ce = dac, as long as = ct timp = dac, in case = n caz c = dac
Exist trei tipuri de condiionale, clasificare fcut n raport cu posibilitatea realizrii/ ndeplinirii aciunii din regenta
respectiv.
a) Subordonata condiional tip I condiie real i posibil, iar verbul din regenta sa este la viitor. Locul lor n
fraz se poate schimba.
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If I have time I shall read this book. = Dac voi avea timp voi citi aceast carte.
I shall read this book if I have time. = Voi citi aceast carte dac voi avea timp.
I shall not read this book unless I have time. = Nu voi citi aceast carte dac nu voi avea timp.
I shall read this book on the condition that I have time. = Voi citi aceast carte cu condiia c voi avea timp.
Remind him of his promise in case he forgets. = Amintete-i de promisiunea lui n caz c uit.
I'll remind you of your promise in case you forget. = i voi aminti de promisiunea ta n caz c uii.
I'll not be waiting for you if you are late. = Nu te voi atepta dac vei ntrzia.
I'll not wait for you if you are late. = Nu te voi atepta dac vei ntrzia.
Din exemplele de mai sus se vede c aciunea din condiional probabil/ posibil se va ndeplini.
b) Subordonata condiional tip II condiie ireal i improbabil, dar nu imposibil.
I should read this book if I had time. = Eu a citi aceast carte dac a avea timp.
Se observ c n exemplul de mai sus verbul este la modul condiional, timpul prezent, iar n regent verbul este
modul subjonctiv, timpul prezent. n aceast situaie condiia devine probabil. n acest caz aciunea din regent pare mai
degrab s nu se realizeze sau presupunerea din regent pare s fie n contradicie cu realitatea ori faptele cunoscute.
He would buy this palace if he had money. = El ar cumpra acest palat dac ar avea bani.
If he were to go on a journey round the world he would be very happy. = Dac el ar fi/ trebui/ urma s mearg ntr-o
cltorie n jurul lumii ar fi foarte fericit.
He would be very happy if he were to go on a journey round the world. = El ar fi foarte fericit dac ar fi s plece/mearg
ntr-o cltorie n jurul lumii.
c) Subordonata condiional tip III condiie imposibil
n situaia aceasta verbul din regent este la modul condiional perfect, iar cel din regent este la modul subjonctiv
perfect. Condiiile sunt trecute, sunt deci imposibil de ndeplinit.
If I had had time I should have read the book. = Dac a fi avut timp a fi citit cartea.
sau:
I should have read the book if I had had time. = Eu a fi citit cartea dac a fi avut timp.
I should have spoken to that Englishman if I had been able to speak English. = A fi vorbit cu englezul acela dac a fi
tiut englezete.
sau:
Had I been able to speak English I should have spoken to that Englishman. = S fi tiut eu s vorbesc englezete a fi
vorbit cu englezul acela.
If you treat us kindly, we'll do anything for you. = Dac ne tratezi (ne vei trata) amabil vom face orice pentru tine.
If you listened to us, you wouldn't make mistakes. = Dac tu ai asculta de noi n-ai face greeli.
If you ever have any trouble, let us know. = Dac avei/ai vreodat vreo suprare, d-ne de tire.
If it were to rain, you would get wet. = Dac ar fi s plou, v-ai uda.
Should you change your mind, let me know. = Dac s-ar ntmpla s te rzgndeti, d-mi de veste.
Give it back to him, or I'll tell your mother. = D-i-l napoi c altfel i spun mamei tale.
2.2.15. Subordonata condiional concesiv (The Alternative Conditional Concessive Clause)
He will pay for everything, whether he likes it or not. = El va plti pentru tot, chiar dac i place sau nu.
Wherever you live, you have to work hard. = Oriunde (indiferent unde) trieti, trebuie s munceti serios/mult.
Wherever you lived, you'd have to work hard. = Oriunde ai locui/tri ar trebui s munceti mult.
2.3. CONCORDANA TIMPURILOR (THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES)
Este acordul obligatoriu al timpului verbului din subordonat cu timpul verbului din regenta sa. n limba englez
timpul verbului din subordonat trebuie s se subordoneze timpului verbului din regent. Cu alte cuvinte timpurile
verbelor din regente dicteaz folosirea anumitor timpuri n subordonatele lor.
Exist n acest sens trei reguli de cunoscut i aplicat.
Regula I: Dac n regent verbul este la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense n subordonat se poate folosi orice
timp.
Regula II: Dac n regent verbul este la trecut n subordonat el trebuie s fie la unul din cele trei timpuri trecute ale
limbii engleze: The Past Perfect, The Past Tense, The Future in the Past.
Regula III: Dac verbul din regent este la viitor n subordonatele condiionale i temporale, el trebuie s fie la Present
Tense sau Present Perfect Tense, iar dac subordonata este completiv direct verbul va fi la viitor.
REGENT
I. Verbul este la prezent
SUBORDONAT
verbul poate fi la orice timp
he had come = venise
he came = a venit
he will come = el va veni
he would come = el ar veni
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108
Verbul said, n vorbirea indirect, verbul regentei, este la Past Tense. Vom aplica concordana timpurilor. Astfel verbul am
trece i el la Past Tense. n cazul b) timpurile verbelor din vorbirea direct transformndu-se dup cum urmeaz:
The Present
devine
The Past Tense
The Past Tense i The Present Perfect
devin
The Past Perfect
The Future
devine
The Future in the Past
Tot n aceast situaie se mai produc urmtoarele schimbri:
I
you
we
my
your
mine
yours
this
today
yesterday
last month
two/three days ago
here
now
today
he/she
I/we
they
his/her
my/our
his/hers
mine
that
that day
the day before or the previous day
the month before
two/three days before
there
then
yesterday or that day
our
me
you
us
ours
yours
these
last week
last night
last year
on this day
tonight
tomorrow
their
him/her
me/us
them
theirs
ours
those
the week before
the night before
the year before
on that day
that night
the next day or the
following day
Exemple:
"This is my brother" he said.
He said that that was his brother.
"These are our friends" they said. They said that those were their friends.
"You are in our garden" they said. They said that we were in their garden; They said that I was in their garden.
"I can come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he could come by his motor-car; John said that he was able
to come by his motor-car.
"I shall come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he would come by his motor-car.
"I came by my motor-car" John said. John said that he had come by his motor-car.
"I have come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he had come by his motor-car.
"I should come by my motor-car" John said. John said that he would have come by his motor-car.
"Yesterday was my birthday" John said. John said that the previous day had been his birthday.
"You can see us if you turn on the light" they said. They said that we could see them if we turned on the light.
"You will find us at home if you come earlier" they said. They said that we/I would find them at home if we/I came
earlier.
"You can see me if you open your eyes" he said. He said that I could see him if I opened my eyes.
2.4.1. Transformarea n vorbire indirect a ntrebrilor generale
ntrebrile generale sunt cele care pot primi rspunsul da sau nu.
"Do you know me"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I knew him.
"Did you know me"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I had known him.
"Are you living in this town"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I was living in that town.
"Will you come with us"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I would come with them.
"Is he going to read this book"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether he was going to read that book.
"Was he going to read this book ? he asked me. He asked me if/whether he had been going to read that book.
"Can you come with me"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I could come with him.
"Must you go there now"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I had to go there then.
"Did you have to go there with them"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I had had to go there with them.
2.4.2. Transformarea n vorbire indirect a ntrebrilor speciale
ntrebrile speciale sunt cele care:
nu pot primi un rspuns scurt, adic da sau nu
au o intonaie cobortoare (ca i propoziiile afirmative)
se formeaz cu pronume, adjective sau adverbe interogative, sau cu combinaii ale acestora:
who? = cine, care ?
who else ? = mai cine ?, cine mai ?, cine altcineva ?
whose ? = al, a, ai, ale cui ?
whose else ? = al, a, ai, ale mai cui ?, al, a, ai, ale cui mai ?, al, a, ai, ale cui altcuiva ?
to whom ? = who(m)... to ? = cui ?, la cine ?
109
to whom else ? = mai cui ?, cui mai ?, cui altcuiva ?, la cine altcineva ?
whom? = pe cine?
whom else? = pe mai cine?, pe cine mai?, pe cine altcineva?
about whom? = who(m)... about? = despre cine?
about whom else? = despre mai cine?, despre cine mai?, despre cine altcineva?
after whom? = who(m)...after? = dup cine?
after whom else? = dup mai cine? = dup cine mai? = dup cine altcineva?
among whom? = who(m)... among? = printre cine?, ntre cine?
among whom else? = printre mai cine?, printre cine mai?, printre cine altcineva?
at whom? = who(m)... at? = la cine?
at whom else? = who(m) else... at? = la mai cine?, la cine mai?, la cine altcineva?
because of whom else? = din cauza mai cui?, din a mai cui cauz?
before whom else? = naintea mai cui?, n faa mai cui?, naintea cui altcuiva?
between whom? = who(m)... between? = ntre cine?
between whom else? = ntre mai cine?, ntre cine altcineva?
beyond whom? = who(m)... beyond? = dincolo de cine?
beyond whom else? = dincolo de mai cine?, dincolo de cine altcineva?
by whom? = who(m)... by? = de cine?
by whom else? = de mai cine?, de cine altcineva?
far from whom? = departe de cine?
far from whom else? = departe de mai cine?, departe de cine altcineva?
for whom? = who(m)... for? = pentru cine?
for whom else? = pentru mai cine?, pentru cine altcineva?
from whom? = who(m)... from? = de la cine?
from whom else? = de la mai cine?, de la cine altcineva?
near whom? = who(m) near? = lng cine?
near whom else? = lng mai cine?, lng cine altcineva?
of whom? = who(m)... of? = despre cine? = la cine?
of whom else? = despre mai cine?, despre cine altcineva?
past whom? = dincolo de cine?
past whom else? = dincolo de mai cine?, dincolo de cine altcineva?
through whom? = who(m)... through? = prin cine?
through whom else? = prin mai cine?, prin cine altcineva?, prin cine altul/alta/alii/altele?
with whom? = who(m)... with? = cu cine?
with whom else? = cu mai cine?, cu cine altcineva?
without whom? = who(m)... without? = fr cine?
without whom else? = fr mai cine?, fr cine altcineva?
what? = ce?
what else? = mai ce?, ce mai?, ce altceva?
about what? = what... about? = despre ce?
about what else? = despre mai ce?, despre ce altceva?
after what? = what... after? = dup ce?
after what else? = dup mai ce? = dup ce altceva?
at what? = what.. at? = la ce?
at what else? = la mai ce?, la ce altceva?
because of what? = din cauza cui?
because of what else? = din cauza mai cui?, din ce alt cauz?
before what? = nainte de ce?, n faa a ce?
before what else? = n faa mai cui?, n faa a ce altceva?
by what? = what... by? = de ce?, prin ce?
by what else? = de ce altceva?, prin ce altceva?
far from what? = departe de ce?
far from what else? = departe de ce altceva?
from what? = what... from? = din ce?, de la ce?
from what else? = din ce altceva?, din mai ce?
near what? = lng ce?
near what else? = lng ce altceva?, lng mai ce?
of what? = what... of? = despre ce?
of what else? = despre ce altceva?
110
111
112
"Far from whom else were you"? he asked me. He asked me far from whom else I had been.
Departe de cine altcineva erai tu? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat departe de cine altcineva eram eu.
"For whom will you write this letter"? he asked me. = "Who(m) will you write this letter for"? he asked me. He
asked me for whom I should write that letter. = He asked me whom I should write that letter for.
Pentru cine vei scrie aceast scrisoare? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat pentru cine voi scrie eu scrisoarea aceea.
"For whom else will you buy books" he asked me. = "Who(m) else will you buy books for"? he asked me. He asked
me for whom else I should buy books. = He asked me whom else I should buy books for.
Pentru cine altcineva vei cumpra cri? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat pentru cine altcineva voi cumpra cri.
"From whom do you have this present"? he asked me = "Who(m) do you have this present from"? he asked me. He
asked me from whom I had that present. = He asked me whom I had that present from.
De la cine ai acest cadou? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de la cine am cadoul acesta/acela.
"From whom else do you have these presents"? he asked me. = "Who(m) else do you have these presents from"? he
asked me. He asked me from whom else I/we had those presents. = He asked me who(m) else I/we had those presents
from.
De la cine altcineva ai aceste cadouri? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de la cine altcineva am cadourile acelea/acestea.
"Near whom are you going to sit"? he asked me. = "Who(m) are you going to sit near"? he asked me. He asked me
near whom I was going to sit. = He asked me who(m) I was going to sit near.
Lng cine ai de gnd s ezi? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat lng cine am eu de gnd s ed/stau.
"Near whom else did you sit"? he asked me. ="Who(m) else did you sit near"? he asked me. He asked me near whom
else I had sat. = He asked me who(m) else I had sat near.
Lng cine altcineva ai stat? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat lng cine altcineva am stat (eu).
"Of what did they die"? he asked me. = "What did they die of"? he asked me. He asked me of what they died. = He
asked me what they died of.
De ce au murit ei? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de ce au murit ei.
"About whom are you speaking"? he asked me. = "Who(m) are you speaking about"? he asked me. He asked me
about whom I was speaking. = He asked me who(m) I was speaking about.
Despre cine vorbeti tu? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat despre cine vorbesc eu.
"Of what kind of music are you fond? he asked me. = "What kind of music are you fond of"? he asked me. He asked
me of what kind/sort of music I was fond. = He asked me what kind of music I was fond of.
De ce fel de muzic eti amator? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de ce fel/gen de muzic sunt amator.
"Past whom did they hurry"? he asked me. = "Who(m) did they hurry past"? he asked me. He asked me past whom
they hurried. = He asked me who(m) they hurried past.
De cine au trecut ei n grab? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat de cine au trecut ei n grab.
"Through whom did you receive this letter'? he asked me = "Who(m) did you receive this letter through"? he asked me.
He asked me through whom I received that letter. = He asked me whom I had received that letter through.
Prin cine ai primit scrisoarea aceasta? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat prin cine am primit scrisoarea aceea.
"Through whom else can you receive books"? he asked me. = "Who(m) else can you receive books through"? he asked
me. He asked me through whom else I could receive books. = He asked me who(m) else I could receive books through.
Prin cine altcineva poi primi cri? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat prin cine altcineva pot primi eu cri.
"With whom will you go on the trip"? he asked me. = "Who(m) will you go on the trip with"? he asked me. He asked
me with whom I should go on the trip. = He asked me who(m) I should go on the trip with.
Cu cine vei merge n excursie? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat cu cine voi merge eu n excursie.
"Shall I tell you a novel"? he asked me. He asked me if he should tell me a novel.
S-i povestesc un roman? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dac s-mi povesteasc un roman.
"Where is the boy you spoke to?" he asked me. He asked me where the boy I had spoken to was.
Unde este biatul cu care ai vorbit? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat unde este biatul cu care am vorbit.
"Do you know that three and three make six"? he asked me. He asked me if/whether I knew that three and three
make six.
tii c trei plus trei fac ase? m-a ntrebat el. El m-a ntrebat dac tiu c trei plus trei fac ase.
"I dreamed that I was flying" he said. He said (that) he had dreamed that he had been flying.
Am visat c zbor, a zis el. El a zis c a visat c zboar. etc.
2.4.3. ntrebrile disjunctive (The Tag/Tail Questions)
Se traduc n limba romn prin ntrebrile: aa-i, nu-i aa sau nu?
Ele se formeaz cu ajutorul unuia dintre urmtoarele verbe: be, do, have, shall, will, can, may, must, need, ought to,
dare
You are at home, aren't you? = Eti acas, nu-i aa?
You are not at home, are you? = Nu eti acas, nu-i aa?
He was at home, wasn't he? = Era acas, nu-i aa?
He was not at home, was he? = El nu era acas, nu-i aa?
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114
"This will bring them here -when"? = -Asta i va aduce aici -cnd?
"It's -it's a very fine day!" said a timid voice at her side. = -Este -este o zi foarte frumoas! zise o voce timid (de) lng ea.
Liniua de unire i de desprire (The Hyphen)
Se mai numete cratim. Apare n cuvintele compuse:
up -to -date = modern
kind - hearted = bun la suflet
a sewing - machine = o main de cusut
Ghilimelele (The Inverted Commas)
Ghilimelele n limba englez marcheaz vorbirea direct:
"I've not made up my mind", he said. = - Nu m-am hotrt, zise el.
2.4.5. Desprirea cuvintelor n silabe
Cuvintele compuse se despart n respectivii componeni:
Monday = Mon/day
textbook = text/book
schoolboy = school/boy
understand = under/stand
Prefixele i sufixele se despart de cuvintele la care se gsesc ataate:
understanding = under/stand/ing
scholarship = scholar/ship
misunderstanding = mis/under/stand/ing looked = look/ed
improvement = improve/ment
smaller = small/er
Terminaia s la plural, sau la persoana a treia a verbelor sau de la genitivul sintetic nu se poate separa /despri de
cuvntul respectiv.
speaks = speaks
the girls' = the girls'
boys = boys
the boy's = the boy's
Iar acum, n final, celor ce doresc s-i fac o imagine mai cuprinztoare asupra regulilor de punctuaie, le propun s
rsfoiasc lucrri ale prozatorilor englezi, americani, australieni etc. Acolo vor putea gsi exemple edificatoare.
I
Present
Infinitive
to arise
to awake
to backbite
to be
to bear
to beat
to become
to beg
to begin
to bend
to beset
to bid
II
Past Tense
arose
awoke
backbit
was/were
bore
beat
became
begot
began
bent
beset
bid/bade
115
to bind
to bite
to bleed
to blend
to bless
to blow
to break
to breed
to bring
to broadcast
to build
to burn
to burst
to buy
to cast
to catch
to chide
to choose
to cleave
to cling
to clothe
to come
to cost
to creep
to crow
to cut
to dare
to dig
to do
to draw
to dream
to drink
to drive
to dwell
to eat
to fall
to feed
to feel
to fight
I
Present
Infinitive
to find
to flee
to fly
to forbear
to forbid
to forecast
to forego
to forknow
to foresee
to foretell
to forget
to forgive
to forsake
to forswear
bound
bit
bled
blent/blended
to break
to blew
broke
bred
brought
broadcast
built
burnt/ burned
burst
bought
cast
caught
chide
chose
cleft/clove
clung
clothed/ clad
came
cost
crept
crowed/ crew
cut
dared/ durst
dug
did
drew
dreamt
drank
drove
dwelt
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
II
Past Tense
bound
bit/bitten
bled
blent/blended
broke
blown
broken
bred
brought
broadcast
built
burnt
burst
bought
cast
caught
chide/chidden
chosen
cleft/clove
clung
clothed/clad
come
cost
crept
crowed
cut
dared
dug
done
drawn
dreamed/ dreamt
drunk
driven
dwelt
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
III
Past Participle
found
fled
flew
forbore
forbade
forecast(ed)
forewent
foreknew
foresaw
foretold
forgot
forgave
forsook
forsworn
found
fled
flown
forborne
forbidden
forecast(ed)
foregone
foreknown
foreseen
foretold
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
forsworn
binding
biting
bleeding
blending
blessing
blowing
breaking
breeding
bringing
broadcasting
building
burning
bursting
buying
casting
catching
chiding
choosing
cleaving
clinging
clothing
coming
costing
creeping
crowing
cutting
daring
digging
doing
drawing
dreaming
drinking
driving
dwelling
eating
falling
feeding
feeling
fighting
IV
Present
Participle
finding
fleeing
flying
forbearing
forbidding
forecasting
foregoing
foreknowing
foreseeing
foretelling
forgetting
forgiving
forsaking
forswearing
116
to freeze
to gainsay
to get
to gird
to give
to go
to grave
to grind
to grow
to hang
to have
to hear
to hide
to hit
to hold
to hurt
to inlay
to keep
froze
gainsaid
got/gotten
girt/girded
gave
went
graved
ground
grew
hung/hanged
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
inlaid
kept
frozen
gainsaid
got/gotten
girt/girded
given
gone
graved/ graven
ground
grown
hung/hanged
had
heard
hid/hidden
hit
held
hurt
inlaid
kept
freezing
gainsaying
getting
girding
giving
going
graving
grinding
growing
hanging
having
hearing
hidding
hitting
holding
hurting
inlaying
keeping
to kneel
to knit
to know
to lade
to lay
to lead
to lean
to leap
to learn
to leave
to lend
knelt/ kneeled
knit/ knitted
knew
laded
laid
led
leant/ leaned
leapt/ leaped
learnt/ learned
left
lent
knelt/kneeled
knit/knitted
known
laden/laded
laid
led
leant/leaned
leapt/leaped
learnt/ learned
left
lent
kneeling
knitting
knowing
lading
laying
leading
leaning
leaping
learning
leaving
lending
to let
to lie
to light
to lose
to make
to mean
to meet
let
lay
lighted/lit
lost
made
meant
met
let
lain
lighted/lit
lost
made
meant
met
letting
lying
lighting
losing
making
meaning
meeting
I
II
Present
Past Tense
Infinitive
to melt
melted
to misgive misgave
to mislay
mislaid
to mislead
misled
to mistake
mistook
to misunder- misunderstood
stand
to mow
mowed
to outride
outrode
to outrun
outran
to overcast overcast
to overcome overcame
to overdo
overdid
to overeat
overate
to overfeed overfed
to overlie
overlay
III
Past Participle
melted /molten
misgiven
mislaid
misled
mistaken
misunderstood
mowed/mown
outridden
outrun
overcast
overcome
overdone
overeaten
overfed
overlain
IV
Present
Participle
melting
misgiving
mislaying
misleading
mistaking
misunderstanding
mowing
outriding
outrunning
overcasting
overcoming
overdoing
overeating
overfeeding
overlying
117
to overrun
to oversee
to overset
to oversleep
to overtake
to overthrow
to partake
overran
oversaw
overset
overslept
overtook
overthrew
partook
overrun
overseen
overset
overslept
overtaken
overthrown
partaken
overrunning
overseeing
oversetting
oversleeping
overtaking
overthrowing
partaking
to pay
to put
to read
to rend
to repay
to reset
to retell
to rid
to ride
to ring
to rise
to rive
to run
to saw
to say
to see
to seek
to sell
to send
to set
to sew
to shake
to shear
to shed
to shine
to shoe
to shoot
to show
to shrink
I
Present
Infinitive
to shut
to sing
to sink
to sit
to slay
to sleep
to slide
to slit
to smell
to sow
to speak
to speed
to spell
to spend
to spill
to spin
to spit
paid
put
read
rent
repaid
reset
retold
rid/ridden
rode
rang
rose
rived
ran
sawed
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
sheared/ shore
shed
shone
shod
shot
showed
shrank
II
Past Tense
paid
put
read
rent
repaid
reset
retold
rid/ridden
ridden
rung
risen
riven/rived
run
sawn/sawed
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn/sewen
shaken
shorn/sheared
shed
shone
shod
shot
shown/showed
shrunk
III
Past Participle
shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
slid
slit
smelt
sowed
spoke
sped/ speeded
spelt/spelled
spent
spilt/spilled
spun/span
spat/spit
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slain
slept
slid/sliden
slit
smelt
sown/sowed
spoken
sped/speeded
spelt/speld
spent
spilt/spilled
spun
spat/spit
paying
putting
reading
rending
repaying
resetting
retelling
ridding
riding
ringing
rising
riving
running
sawing
saying
seeing
seeking
selling
sending
setting
sewing
shaking
shearing
shedding
shining
shoeing
shooting
showing
shrinking
IV
Present
Participle
shutting
singing
sinking
sitting
slaying
sleeping
sliding
slitting
smelling
sowing
speaking
speeding
spelling
spending
spilling
spinning
spitting
118
to split
to spoil
to spread
to spring
to stand
to steal
to stick
to sting
to stink
to strike
to string
to strive
split
spoilt /spoiled
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank/stunk
struck
strung
strove
split
spoilt/spoiled
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
struck/ stricken
strung
striven
to swear
to sweep
to swell
to swim
to swing
to take
to teach
to tear
to tell
to think
to throw
to thrust
to tread
to unbend
to unbind
to undergo
to undersell
to
understand
to undertake
to undo
to upset
to wake
I
Present
Infinitive
to wear
to weave
to wed
to weep
to win
to wind
to withdraw
to withhold
to withstand
to write
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
thrust
trod
unbent
unbound
underwent
undersold
understood
sworn
swept
swollen/ swelled
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden/trod
unbent
unbound
undergone
undersold
understood
undertook
undid
upset
woke/woked
II
Past Tense
undertaken
undone
upset
waked/woken
III
Past Participle
wore
wove
wedded
wept
won
wound
withdrew
withheld
withstood
wrote
worn
woven/wove
wedded/wed
wept
won
wound
withdrawn
withheld
withstood
written
spiting
spoiling
spreading
springing
standing
stealing
sticking
stinging
stinking
striking
stringing
striving
119