6) TIPEAEABHEIR NEPEXOA 35 MOCKOABKY BePOATHOCTh PasMH4HEIX BHATeHHA KOOPAMHATH ONpene- aserca KBanpatom | ¥ (9) [, To cpemHee sHaveHHe KoopaHHaTH a= Jal ¥ Pag s | veq¥dg. CpaBuue 9TO BEIpaxkele C ONpeseeHHeM ONepaTopos coraacuo (3,8), ‘Mbl BAHM, To ') : g=q. (5,16) Co6ctsenHsie hyHKuMH STOrO ONepaTopa AOWKME OTIpenetATDCA, CO- raacHo o6iemy npapuay, ypapienuem g¥y, = GV, rae mocped- CTBOM G) BPeEMeCHHO 0603HadeHbI KOHKPCTHBI€ SHAYCHHA KOOPAHHATEL B OTAM4He OT NepemeHHof g. TlockonbKy 9TO paBeHCTBO MoOmwKeT yAOB- Netsopatpea aH60 npu Vy, = 0, an6o npu g = gg, TO ACHO, 4TO YAOBNeTBOPAIOUHe YCOBMIO HOPMHPOBKH coGcTBeHHLIe hyHKyHH ectb *) Wo, = 89 — q). (5,17) § 6. Mpeneabnnit nepexoa Keantopaa MexaHHka cogepxKuT B ceGe KlaccH4deckyi0 B KauecTBe Hpeaenbuoro cnyyan. BosuuKaer BOMpoc 0 TOM, KaKHM O6pasom Ocy- LACCTBAeTCA STOT npenebHEh nepexon. B KBaHTOBOM MexaHuKe SNeKTPOH ONHCHIBAeTCA BOMHOBOA *pyHK- unel, onpenenmouel pa3mMdHble 3Ha4eHHA ero KOOPAUHATHI; 06 STOH PyHKUHH HaM H3BECTHO NOKA AHUIb TO, ITO OHA ABMAeTCA pele- HveM HekoToporo AuHeHoro AMddepenuMadDHOrO ypaBHeHHA B YacT- HBIX MpousBoAHEIX. B Kaccuyeckoi 2Ke MeXAaHUKe SJ1eKTPOH paccma- Tpusaercn Kak MaTepHabHad YacTHlla, ABH2KYWAaNCA NO TpaeKTOpHH, BouHe onpesensiouelicn ypaBHeHHAMH JBHOKeHHA. B3aHMooTHO- UIeHHe, B HEKOTOPOM CMbICHe aHaNOTUGHOe BIAHMOOTHOWCHHWO MexKLY KBaHTOBOA HM K/aCCHYeCKOH MexaHUKOli, HMeeT MeCTO B SJeKTPOLMHa- MHKe Mexy BONHOBOM H TeoMeTpHYecKoM onTHKOh, B BomHoBOa ONTHKE 9/eKTPOMArHHTHBIe BOJHBI OMHCLIBAIOTCA BEKTOPaMH 9/eKTPH- yecKoro H MarHUTHOTO None, YAOBAeTBOPAIOMUMH ONpeeneHHOA CucTeMe AHHeHHBIX AnddbepeHuHabHbIX ypaBHenuit (ypaBHeHHii Maxc- Bea). B reoMerpH4ecKoi ke ONTHKE paccmaTpHBaetca pacnpoctpa- Hele cBeTa NO onpezeteHHAiM TpaekTopaam — ayyam. Tlogo6uan aHAMOPHA NOSBOARET 3AKAOIUTh, YTO NPeMeAbUBI Mepexod OT KBaH- 1) B aaasueiimenm mia ycnosaucn Wg mpoctorsi oGosHadenui mucath Besze onepatopu, CBonAMHeCH K YMHOMeHMIO Ka HEKOTOpylO BeAHYHHY, MpocTo B BAe camofi sto enHuHHE. 2) Koobbauneny pasaoxenun npoussoabnok byaxuna Y mo stam cocrsex- HUM QYHKNERM paBiEt ay, = j ¥ (@) 6 (g — 49) dg = ¥ (q). Bepostuocrs suave. Hui Koopaduati B ganuom uriteppane dq, passa |ay, dq, = |¥ (49){" ddg Kan BH AOAKHO GLNO Grit.36 OCHOBHBIE NOHATHA KBAHTOBOM MEXAHHKH (ra. t TOBOH MeXaHUKu K Klaccu4ecKoh NpowcxonuT avanorHyHO nepexony OT BOJHOBOH K reoMeTpH¥ecKOh onTHKe. Hanomuum, KakuM O6pa3oM MaTeMaTH¥eCKH OCyleCTBIAeTCA TOT Nocneguvi nepexon (cm. II, § 53). Nycts wu — Kakan-nH6yab Hg KOMMOHEHT NOIA B 9NeKTPOMAaTHUTHOH BovlHe. Ee MOXKHO upedcTaBHTb B Bulle u = ae! c BeleCTBeHHBIMA aMNIUTyZON a mM cpaz0 @ (no- ChefHIOIO Ha3blBalOT B TeoMeTpHYecKOl ONTHKe SAKOHaJIOM). pegetb- HbI crydaii reoMerpw4ecKoli ONTHKH COOTBeTCTBYeT MaJILIM. .HH&M BOJIH, STO MaTeMaTH4eCKH BbIPaxaeTca OO/bIWOl BeNMHIHHOH HsMeHe- HHA ( Ha M@JbIX paCCTOAHHAX; STO OSHAYAET, B YACTHOCTH, YTO gpasy MOXKHO CYHTAaT GombUIOH No CBOE abcomOTHO BenHUHHe. CoorsercTBeHHO STOMY, HCXO2HM H3 MpeqmonowKeHA, YTO Mpe- AeMbHOMY cy¥aio KaccHYeCKOH MeXaHHKH COOTBETCTBYIOT B KBaH- TOBOH MeXaHHKe BOHOBHIe gyHKuHH BHAA VY = ae’?, rye a — Mel- JeHHO MeHAIONAaNCA, PYHKUMA, a ~ NpHhuMaet GompmMe 3HayeHHA. Kak ussectTHo, B MexaHUKe TpaeKTOpua YacTHi MOXeT ObITb ONpese- NeHa H3 BapHalHOHHOrO NPHHUHMA, CoracHO KOTOPOMy TaK HagbIBae- Moe Jelicrsue S MexaHHYecKoli CHCTeMEI AO/DKHO ObITh MHHHMaJIbHbIM (npununn HauMenbuero jelictBua). B reomerpnyeckoi xe onTuKe XOA syyeli onpefensetca Tak Ha3uIBaeMbiM npwHuMnom Wepma, corjlacHO KOTOPOMY JOJKHA ObITh MHHAMAJILHOM TOM HIM HHOH dusuyeckol cuctemit. Mepexo, or KBaH- TOBOH K KMaccHYecKOl MexaHuKe CooTBeTCTByeT Combo tase H MoxeT ObITb POPMaJIBHO ONHCaH Kak Mepexog K npenery fA > 0 (no- NO6HO TOMY Kak Nepexof OT BOAHOBO K reoMeTpHYecKOA ONTHKe co- +) Ona Gnina BBenena B husuKy MTaanxom (M. Planck, 1900). Moctonunas fh, Koropoii mai Noayemcn Begne B sTOA KUHTe, ECTb, COGCTBENHO TOBOPR, NOCTOAHHas Tlaauxa h, yenennaa na 27 (o6osnayenne Jupaxa).$7) BOAHOBAS SYHKUMA H H3MEPEHHS 37 oTsetcTByeT fMepexoay K Mpeseny paBHO HyO AAHHBI BOMHET, 4 0). 7 Mobi BBIACHHIH mMpezenbHEIt Bux BOAHOBOM dyHKuKH, HO eMme ocTaeTca BOMpoc O TOM, KaKHM O6pa30M Oa CBASaHa C KaccHYecKHM ABWKeHHeM NO Tpaektopun. B oOtiem cmydae ABMKeHUe, ONHCbIBae- MOE BOMHOBOH yHKUHel, OTHIOAb He NepeXOAUT B ABHKeHHE MO ONpe- Aenennoh Tpaextopun. Ee caa3p C KwaccHYecKHM QBWKEHHEM 3aKJi0- daeTCA B TOM, 4TO eC/IH B HeKOTOpbiit HauaJIbHblii MOM€HT BOJIHOBAA yukuua, ac Helo H pacnpenenenne BepontHoctell KOOpAHHaT 3ananbl, TO B AasibHeHulem sTo pacnpesenenue OyxeT «nepemematea» TaK, Kak 93TO MOJaraeTca No 3aKOHaM KslaccHYeCKOli MexannKH (no~pob- Hee 06 aToM cm. Konen § 17). Tas Toro uTo6bi noyWNT ABMKeHHE NO ONpegeneHHOl TpaeKTO- PHH, Halo HCXOLNTh H3 BOAHOBOH yHKuNH OCcoGoro BHAA, 3aMerHO OTMHYHO OT HYJA JMU B OYHb MaJIOM yYaCTKe NpocTpaHcTBa (ian Ha3biBaeMBIit 6oAnosoll nakem); pa3MepbI STOTO YUaCTKa MOXKHO cTpe- MHTb K Hy BMecTe c f. Torga MOxKHO YTBepKAAaTb, YTO B KBASHKMaC- CHIeCKOM CJIydae BOMHOBOH NakeT GyneT lepemelilatTbca B Npoctpal- cTBe oO KsaccHyecKon TpaeKTOPHH 4aCTHILbI. Hakoneu, KBaHTOBOMeXaHNYeCKHe OMepaToph B Npekene AOMKHEI CBOAHTbCA MPOCTO K YMHOMKEHHIO Ha COOTBETCTBYIOMLy!0 usudeckyto BenHunHy. § 7. Bosnosan byHkuHa H H3MepeHHa Bepxemca cHoBa kK npoueccy H3MepeHua, CBolicTBa KOTOpOrO 6bIIN KayecTBeHHO paccmoTpeHb! B § 1, H MOKaxKeM, KakHM OOpagoM 9TH cBofictBa CBASAHEI ¢ MaTeMaTHYeCKHM anfapaToM KBaHTOROM Mexa+ HAKH. PaccmorpuM cucremy, CocTosllyio H3 AByx YacTeli—kKaaccH4eckoro npHOopa H 9eKTpoHa (paccMaTpuBaemoro Kak KBaHTOBbIl OObeKT). Tiponecc u3MepeHua sak sO4aeTCA B TOM, TO STH ABE YacTH MpHXCLAD BO B3aHMOelicTBue Apyr C APyroM, B pesybTaTe Yero NpHOOp Mepexo- AMT H3 HavambHoro B HeKOTCpoe Apyroe cocTosHHe, H fo sTOMy H3MCHEHHIO COCTOAHHA Mbl CYHM O COCTOAHHH SJIEKTPOHa. CoctosHna NpH6opa pasmHyaloTcA sHaYeHHAMH HeKOTOpOH xapaKTepusylonelt ero (pusH4ecKoH BeTHYHHD! (HH BEHYHH)—«noKasanuimH npHGopay. O6osHauHM ycIOBHO STy BeEAMUMHY MOCpeACTBOM g, a ee coOcTBEHHbIe SHAaYCHHA — Kak Zp; NOCeAHHE UpOOeraioT, COOTBETCTBEHHO KaCcHU- HOCTH mpHOopa, BooOme TOBOpA, HeMpepEIBHBIH pay sHayeHui, HO MBI 6ynem — HCKJNOUHTCIBHO B WeAX YUPOMeHHA HanhcCaHhA HHKe> cnenyioulnx dopMy.st — cunTaTb CneKTp AucKpetHbim. Onucanue cocto- sHHH npu6opa OcyulecTBARercA KBaSKKJaCCHYCCKHMH BOJIHOBBIMH (PyHKUHAMH, KOTOpEIe Gylem O60sHayaTh mocpegcrsom ®, (&), raze HHJeKC N OTBEYaeT «NOKAZaHMiO» g, NpHGopa, a § OGosHayaeT ycnOBHO COBOKynHOCTS ero KoopazunaT. Kaaccuunocts npn6opa mposBasetca