Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
CLUJ-NAPOCA
ŞCOALA DOCTORALĂ
Conducător ştiinţific
Cluj-Napoca
2011
I
CUPRINS
Pag.
Pag.
rezu-
teza
mat
INTRODUCERE 9 1
PARTEA ÎNTÂI : STUDIU BIBLIOGRAFIC 11
1. SURSE DE CONTAMINARE A PRODUSELOR APICOLE 12 2
1.1. CONTAMINAREA DATORATĂ UNOR FACTORI DIN
13
MEDIU
1.2. CONTAMINAREA DATORATĂ PRACTICILOR APICOLE 17
2. CLASIFICAREA SI STRUCTURA PRINCIPALILOR
22
CONTAMINANŢI (ANTIBIOTICE ŞI PESTICIDE)
3. METODE DE IDENTIFICARE ŞI CUANTIFICARE A
31 2
ANTIBIOTICELOR ŞI PESTICIDELOR DIN MIERE
3.1. METODE DE SCREENING 32
3.2. CROMATOGRAFIA LICHIDĂ DE ÎNALTĂ PERFORMANŢĂ
34
(HPLC) CU DIFERITE TIPURI DE DETECŢIE
3.2.1. Principiul cromatografiei lichide 34
3.2.2. Tehnici de extracţie 37
3.2.3. Detectori utilizaţi în cromatografia lichidă 39
3.3. CROMATOGRAFIA GAZOASĂ CUPLATĂ CU
47
SPECTROMETRIE DE MASĂ (GC-MS)
3.3.1. Principiul cromatografiei gazoase 47
3.3.2. Interfeţe utilizate în cromatografia GC-MS 50
3.3.3. Detectori utilizaţi în cromatografia gazoasă 52
3.4. APLICAŢII ALE CROMATOGRAFIEI ÎN DETERMINAREA
54
CONTAMINANŢILOR DIN MIERE
3.4.1. Stadiul cunoaşterii în determinarea reziduurilor de
55
tetracicline din miere
3.4.2. Stadiul cunoaşterii în determinarea reziduurilor de
57
cloramfenicol din miere
II
3.4.3 Stadiul cunoaşterii în determinarea reziduurilor de
59
pesticide din miere
PARTEA A DOUA : CERCETĂRI PROPRII 64
4. SCOP ŞI OBIECTIVE 65 3
5. DETERMINAREA REZIDUURILOR DE TETRACICLINE
(TETRACICLINA ŞI OXITETRACICLINA) DIN MIERE PRIN 66 3
TEHNICA HPLC-PDA
5.1. MATERIALE 66 3
5.2. METODĂ 67 4
5.2.1. Dezvoltarea metodei de determinare a reziduurilor de
67 4
tetracicline
5.2.2. Validarea metodei de determinare a reziduurilor de
76 5
tetracicline
5.2.3. Aplicabilitatea metodei dezvoltate şi validate 79
5.3. REZULTATE ŞI DISCUŢII 80 5
5.4. CONCLUZII PARŢIALE 91 7
6. DETERMINAREA REZIDUURILOR DE CLORAMFENICOL
92 8
DIN MIERE PRIN TEHNICA LC-MS
6.1. MATERIALE 93 8
6.2. METODĂ 93 8
6.2.1. Dezvoltarea metodei de determinare a reziduurilor de
93 8
cloramfenicol
6.2.2. Validarea metodei de determinare a reziduurilor de
101 9
cloramfenicol
6.2.3. Aplicabilitatea metodei dezvoltate şi validate 103
6.3. REZULTATE ŞI DISCUŢII 104 10
6.4. CONCLUZII PARŢIALE 107 11
7. DETERMINAREA REZIDUURILOR DE PESTICIDE
ORGANOCLORURATE ŞI ORGANOFOSFORICE DIN MIERE 108 12
PRIN TEHNICA GC-MS
7.1. MATERIALE 108 12
III
7.2. METODĂ 109 12
7.2.1. Dezvoltarea metodei de determinare a reziduurilor de
109 12
pesticide
7.2.2. Validarea metodei de determinare a reziduurilor de
120 14
pesticide
7.2.3. Aplicabilitatea metodei dezvoltate şi validate 122
7.3. REZULTATE ŞI DISCUŢII 122 14
7.4. CONCLUZII PARŢIALE 131 16
8. FACTORI EXTERNI CE INFLUENŢEAZA STABILITATEA
PESTICIDELOR ORGANOCLORURATE ŞI 133 16
ORGANOFOSFORICE
8.1. INFLUENŢA RADIAŢIILOR UV ASUPRA REZIDUURILOR
134 16
DE PESTICIDE DIN MIEREA CONTAMINATĂ
8.1.1. Materiale 134 17
8.1.2. Metodă 135 17
8.1.3. Rezultate şi discuţii 136 17
8.1.4. Analiza statistică a datelor 151
8.2. INFLUENŢA TRATAMENTELOR DE IRADIERE ASUPRA
162 23
PARAMETRILOR DE CALITATE AI MIERII
8.2.1. Metode de determinare a parametrilor fizico-chimici
162 23
ai mierii
8.2.2. Rezultate şi discuţii 166 23
8.3. CONCLUZII PARŢIALE 170 23
9. CONCLUZII GENERALE ŞI RECOMANDĂRI 171 24
BIBLIOGRAFIE 174
LISTA LUCRĂRILOR PUBLICATE 189
ANEXE 193
IV
INTRODUCERE
1
Capitolul 1. SURSE DE CONTAMINARE A PRODUSELOR APICOLE
2
Capitolul 4. SCOP ŞI OBIECTIVE
5.1. MATERIALE
3
5.2. METODĂ
4
• Temperatura coloanei: 35oC
• Monitorizare λ 360nm (oxitetraciclină) şi λ 355nm (tetraciclină)
• Durata separării: 28 minute
5
timp ce pentru proba de miere necontaminată nu s-a înregistrat niciun semnal la aceste
valori. Acest fapt indică absenţa compuşilor de interferenţă matriceali.
7.1
8.6
c
a
b
0 5 10 15
Timp de retentie/Retention time (min)
Fig. 1. Cromatograma unui amestec de tetracicline (a), probă de miere liberă de antibiotice
(b) şi probă de miere aditivată cu amestec de antibiotice (c)
Tabel 3
Limitele de detecţie şi cuantificare ale tetraciclinelor
6
Din rezultatele prezentate în tabelul 3, se observă că metoda analitică de
determinare a tetraciclinelor dezvoltată este capabilă să detecteze şi să cuantifice
concentraţii de antibiotic mai mici decât valoarea impusă de Legislaţia Europeană
(10µg/kg). Acest fapt îi conferă metodei sensitivitate ridicată.
Recuperarea tetraciclinelor în procente mai mari de 70% este acceptabilă, pierderile
de pe parcursul extracţiei fiind mult mai reduse în cazul oxitetraciclinei, comparativ cu
tetraciclina (tabel 4).
Tabel 4
Procentele de recuperare ale tetraciclinelor
Nivel de aditivare Recuperarea (media ± SD) RSD
Compus
(µg/kg) (%) (%)
10 93.81 ± 3.29 3.50
Oxitetraciclina 15 95.89 ± 5.39 5.63
20 98.96 ± 3.19 3.22
10 75.18 ± 3.49 4.65
Tetraciclina 15 73.75 ± 5.65 7.67
20 73.67 ± 4.60 6.25
7
Capitolul 6. DETERMINAREA REZIDUURILOR DE CLORAMFENICOL
DIN MIERE PRIN TEHNICA LC-MS
6.1. MATERIALE
6.2. METODǍ
8
Tabel 5
Programul de gradient liniar pentru determinarea cloramfenicolului
9
6.3. REZULTATE ŞI DISCUŢII
10
(c)
(b)
(a)
6 8 10 12 14
Fig.2. Cromatogramele LC-MS-SIM obţinute pentru (a) standardul de CAP, (b) proba de
miere aditivată cu CAP şi (c) proba de miere blanc
Tabel 7
Precizia şi gradul de recuperare (n=6)
Repetabilitate Reproductibilitate
Concentraţia
Concentraţia Concentraţia Recuperare
teoretică RSD RSD
medie±SD medie±SD (%)
(µg/kg) (%) (%)
(µg/kg) (µg/kg)
0.6 0.48 ± 0.021 3.8 0.51 ± 0.042 4.9 85
2 1.68 ± 0.080 5.6 1.74 ± 0.098 7.1 87
5 4.35 ± 0.211 7.7 4.55 ± 0.401 8.9 91
11
• Tehnica analitică dezvoltată prezintă sensitivitate ridicată, fiind capabilă să detecteze
concentraţii de cloramfenicol aflate sub limita impusă de Legislaţia Europeană.
• Procedura de validare a urmat toţi paşii necesari pentru a ne asigura de identificarea şi
cuantificarea corectă a reziduurilor de cloramfenicol.
• Este esenţială monitorizarea nivelelor de contaminare cu cloramfenicol atât în mierile de
provenienţă autohtonă, cât şi de import, pentru a asigura sănătatea consumatorului.
7.1. MATERIALE
7.2. METODĂ
12
citrat de sodiu). Purificarea extractului se realizează prin extracţie dispersivă în fază solidă
(dSPE) şi este urmată de concentrarea probei în scopul îmbogăţirii cu analiţii de interes.
Compuşii sunt separaţi prin cromatografie de gaze şi detectaţi apoi prin
spectrometrie de masă.
Determinarea cromatografică:
Separarea compuşilor a fost realizată de stratul activ al coloanei capilare DB-5MS
(lungime 30m, diametru intern 0.25mm, grosimea filmului 0.25µm) şi de programul de
gradient al temperaturii, prezentat în tabelul 8.
Tabel 8
Program coloană
13
1000000
7
Abundenta/Abundance (%)
1 8 13
800000 19
17
12 18 26
600000 21 27
16 31
10 33 36
25 30
400000
14 34
11 20 32
4 23
6 9 22 29 35
24
200000 3 37
15 28
2 5
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Timp de retentie/Retention time (min)
14
Tabel 9
Parametrii de calibrare şi limitele analitice (limita de detecţie şi limita de
cuantificare) pentru pesticidele organoclorurate şi organofosforice
Coeficient
Linearitate Concentraţia ± SD RSD LOD LOQ
Pesticid de corelare
(µg/kg) (µg/kg) % (µg/kg) (µg/kg)
R2
Diclorvos 0.9974 10-500 2.98±0.12 4.06 3.34 3.65
Mevinfos 0.9986 25-500 19.63±0.39 7.08 20.8 21.82
Demeton O 0.9984 10-500 3.91±0.51 13.01 5.44 6.76
Ethoprop 0.9966 10-500 3.33±0.24 7.10 4.03 4.65
Naled 0.9881 50-500 38.57±0.40 10.44 39.78 40.82
Sulfotep 0.9987 10-500 5.46±0.37 6.87 6.59 7.56
Forat 0.9988 10-500 4.49±0.32 7.24 5.46 6.31
α HCH 0.9997 10-500 5.57±0.66 11.94 7.56 9.29
Demeton S 0.9869 25-500 23.43±0.04 1.68 23.55 23.65
β HCH 0.9999 10-500 4.23±0.38 8.98 5.37 6.36
γ HCH 0.9997 10-500 6.56±0.38 5.87 7.71 8.71
Diazinon 0.9984 10-500 4.06±0.40 9.85 5.26 6.30
Disulfoton 0.9988 10-500 4.04±0.28 6.92 4.87 5.60
δ HCH 0.9999 10-500 4.82±0.51 10.57 6.34 7.67
Metil paration 0.9943 25-500 10.44±0.39 3.81 11.63 12.67
Heptaclor 0.9987 10-500 6.00±0.43 7.13 7.28 8.40
Fenclorfos 0.9995 10-500 3.68±0.35 9.42 4.72 5.62
Aldrin 0.9998 10-500 5.79±0.47 8.20 7.22 8.45
Clorpirifos 0.9997 10-500 4.22±0.25 5.97 4.98 5.63
Fention 0.9967 10-500 5.29±0.06 1.09 5.46 5.62
Tricloronat 0.9987 10-500 4.39±0.2 4.54 4.99 5.51
Heptaclor epoxid 0.9999 10-500 5.10±0.25 4.85 5.84 6.49
Stirofos 0.9975 25-500 14.96±0.72 2.89 17.13 19.01
Endosulfan I 0.9998 10-500 5.39±0.30 5.67 6.30 7.10
Tocution 0.9977 10-500 4.21±0.21 5.08 4.85 5.41
4,4’ DDE 0.9999 10-500 4.69±0.36 7.76 5.78 6.73
Dieldrin 0.9999 10-500 5.13±0.35 6.82 6.18 7.09
Endrin 0.9993 10-500 6.57±0.68 9.06 8.62 10.41
Endosulfan II 0.9991 10-500 4.87±0.47 9.66 6.28 7.50
4,4’ DDD 0.9972 10-500 2.24±0.21 9.47 2.88 3.44
Endrin aldehida 0.9979 10-500 4.51±0.28 6.18 5.35 6.07
Bolstar 0.9999 25-500 21.03±0.62 3.42 22.89 24.50
Endosulfan sulfat 0.9938 10-500 4.45±0.45 10.20 5.80 6.98
4,4’ DDT 0.9996 10-500 3.51±0.28 7.84 4.34 5.06
Endrin cetona 0.9996 10-500 6.53±0.41 6.32 7.76 8.84
Metoxiclor 0.9989 10-500 3.04±0.17 5.62 3.55 4.00
Cumafos 0.9939 50-500 45.90±0.24 8.33 46.61 47.22
15
Confirmarea identităţii compuşilor are la bază compararea spectrului de masă şi a
raţiei abundenţei ionilor de referinţă a fiecărui analit identificat în probă, cu cele ale
standardelor utilizând librăria de spectre.
Un procent de 57% din numărul total de pesticide studiate au prezentat recuperări
cuprinse în intervalul 83%-99%, iar 40% s-au încadrat între limitele 102% şi 117%. Cel
mai slab s-a recuperat endrin aldehida, într-o proporţie de 72%, valoarea fiind acceptată.
• Tehnica de extracţie QuEchERS utilizată este înalt competitivă pentru analiza GC-MS,
obţinându-se interferenţe foarte reduse.
• Detectorul de masă are selectivitate ridicată şi oferă importante informaţii spectrale, care
asigură identificarea şi cuantificarea fără echivoc a reziduurilor de pesticide.
• Parametrii de validare evaluaţi indică faptul că metoda furnizează rezultate de înaltă
acurateţe şi precizie, iar recuperările sunt foarte ridicate.
• Este necesar să se monitorizeze şi pesticidele a căror utilizare a fost interzisă, în special
cele organoclorurate, întrucât există posibilitatea ca aceşti compuşi să se regăsească în
miere, datorită remanenţei pronunţate care-i caracterizează.
16
ne-am propus să studiem influenţa radiaţiilor UV asupra stabilităţii unor pesticide
organoclorurate şi organofosforice din mierea contaminată.
8.1.1. Materiale
Pentru realizarea determinărilor, s-au luat în lucru două tipuri de miere: salcâm şi
polifloră, codificate MS, respectiv MP. După aditivarea probelor cu etaloane de pesticide
OCL şi OP, la nivelul de concentraţie 200µg/kg (MSA şi MPA), acestea au fost supuse
acţiunii radiaţiilor UV pentru diferite perioade de timp.
8.1.2. Metodă
Sursa artificială de iradiere cu ultraviolet utilizată a fost lampa UV VL-204.G
(Vilber Lourmat) care emite la lungimea de undă λ=254nm. Timpii de iradiere aplicaţi au
fost: 5, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 ore.
100
76,5
Degradation percentage (%)
75
Procent degradare (%)
61,0
53,8 51,0
50
49,4
29,7 27,4
25 Stirofos
22,8 19,8
Bolstar
21,7
Cumafos 16,3
Metoxiclor 4,1
0
5 12 24 36
Timp de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
17
După 48 ore de expunere la UV, s-au degradat total alte 5 pesticide, dintre care: 3
compuşi organofosforici (naled, metil paration şi fention), a căror rată de descompunere
este ilustrată în figura 5 şi 2 compuşi organocloruraţi (4,4’ DDE şi 4,4’ DDT).
100
77,8
Degradation percentage (%)
75
Procent degradare (%)
65,6
62,3 58,5
50 44,8
45,8
36,3
25 22,1
17,9
Naled
20,5
Metil paration 15,8
Fention 5,1
0
5 12 24 36 48
Timp de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
Fig. 5. Dinamica degradării, exprimată procentual (%), pentru naled, metil paration şi
fention în urma iradierii
100
,2
99
,5
,1
93
91
75
,6
68
,0
Degradation percentage (%)
69
Procent degradare (%)
,6
,7
50
56
59
,1
54
25
,9
,7
,0
34
29
34
,0
11
0
,3
DDD
10
3 8.
5 DDE
12
24 DDT
36
48
72
Timp de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
Fig. 6. Dinamica degradării, exprimată procentual (%), pentru 4,4’ DDT şi metaboliţii săi
în urma iradierii
18
În timp ce 4,4’ DDT şi 4,4’ DDE nu s-au mai regăsit în probe după 48 ore de
tratament, 4,4’ DDD s-a degradat parţial, un procent de 34.9% persistând chiar şi în urma
timpului maxim de iradiere aplicat (fig. 6).
Alte 4 pesticide organofosforice (diclorvos, mevinfos, forat, clorpirifos) (fig. 7) şi 3
pesticide organoclorurate (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin) nu s-au mai regăsit în probe la
determinarea analitică GC-MS, atunci când timpul de iradiere UV s-a prelungit la 72 ore.
100
90,3
85,6
Degradation percentage (%)
75
Procent degradare (%)
67,8
61,0 58,3
64,5 53,6
57,5
50
40,5 47,2
35,4 45,0
29,5
36,6
Diclorfos 31,5 23,0
25
Mevinfos 20,3
Forat 11,2
Clorpirifos 10,7
0 5,5
5 12 24 36 48 72
Timp de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
Aldrinul şi dieldrinul sunt ambii eliminaţi din probe, în urma a 72 ore de iradiere
UV, diferă însă rata de degradare a acestor 2 compuşi (fig. 8).
În timp ce endrinul nu a mai putut fi identificat în proba MSA-72h, izomerii
acestuia, endrin aldehida şi endrin cetona s-au regăsit în proporţie de 28%, respectiv
17.6% din concentraţiile iniţiale de fortificare (fig. 9).
19
100
,0
90
75
,4
Procent degradare (%)
64
50
,0
,8
58
52
,0
25
39
,2
30
,0
,2
27
26
0
.7
11
5 Dieldrin
6 ,9
12
24 Aldrin
36
48
72
Timp de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
Fig. 8. Dinamica degradării, exprimată procentual (%), pentru aldrin şi dieldrin în urma
iradierii
100
,3
91
,1
,6
83
78
75
,0
,1
82
70
Degradation percentage(%
,1
63
Procent degradare (%)
50
,9
,2
,3
52
50
,0
54
42
,4
,8
25
42
36
,2
,0
33
28
.3
0
,6
21
Endrin aldehida
17
,7
5 Endrin cetona
12
12
24 Endrin
36
48
72
Timp de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
Compusul cel mai stabil a fost sulfotepul, o stabilitate relativ ridicată prezentând şi
pesticidele demeton S, diazinon, α HCH (fig. 10).
20
98,6 97,5 95,8
100 97,6 95,5 95,1 94,9 95,3 93,3
94,3 89,6
83,9
91,5 89,4 91,1 89,9
Degradation percentage (%)
85,8
Procent degradare (%)
75 68,9
80,0 65,1
62,2
50 56,6
49,7
Sulfotep
25
Demeton O
26,3
Demeton S
Diazinon
0
5 12 24 36 48 72
Durata de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
Fig. 10. Dinamica degradării, exprimată procentual (%), pentru sulfotep, demeton O,
demeton S şi diazinon în urma iradierii
100
.1
90
98
.5
.8
84
.9
94
.7
.6
96
89
.3
89
81
.9
.6
.7
.6
82
.8
75
76
73
.5
85
76
79
.3
Degradation percentage (%)
.8
68
70
.9
.1
Procent degradare (%)
69
68
.3
50
.0
57
54
38
.
.7
.8
47
49
25
.7
31
alfa HCH
0 delta HCH
5 beta HCH
12
24 gama HCH
36
48
72
Timp de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
Fig. 11. Dinamica degradării, exprimată procentual (%), pentru izomerii HCH în
urma iradierii
21
Restul pesticidelor organofosforice (ethoprop, disulfoton, ronel, tricloronat,
tocution) au fost degradate în diferite proporţii sub acţiunea radiaţiilor UV, procentele
eliminate din probe situându-se între 89.4% (tocution) şi 63.4% (ethotrop).
Produsul transformării fotochimice a endosulfanului care se compune din izomerii
endosulfan I şi endosulfan II, este sulfatul de endosulfan. Cei 3 compuşi au prezentat
variaţii ale concentraţiilor asemănătoare, fiind cuantificaţi după 72 ore de tratare cu UV la
valori apropiate (fig. 12).
,4
100
99
,4
97
,3
71 ,5
75
80
,2
75
,0
76
,6
,2
74
63
Degradation percentage
Procent degradare (%)
,2
50
65
,6
.2
43
,6
44
,1
41
41
25
,5
4,4
37
(%)
,32
,7
28
20
0 Endosulfan I
,7
Endosulfan sulfat
17
5 12 24 Endosulfan II
36
48
72
Timp de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
22
8.2. INFLUENŢA TRATAMENTELOR DE IRADIERE UV ASUPRA
PARAMETRILOR DE CALITATE AI MIERII
23
Capitolul 9. CONCLUZII GENERALE ŞI RECOMANDǍRI
ELEMENTE DE ORIGINALITATE
RECOMANDĂRI ŞI PERSPECTIVE
24
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY
MEDICINE CLUJ-NAPOCA
DOCTORAL SCHOOL
Scientific coordinator
Cluj-Napoca
2011
25
CONTENT
PhD Summary
page page
INTRODUCTION 9 29
FIRST PART: BIBLIOGRAPHY STUDY 11
1. THE CONTAMINATION SOURCES OF BEE PRODUCTS 12 30
1.1. CONTAMINATION DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL
13
FACTORS
1.2. CONTAMINATION DUE TO APICULTURAL
17
PRACTICES
2. CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE OF MAIN
22
CONTAMINANTS (ANTIBIOTICS AND PESTICIDES)
3. METHODS FOR IDENTIFICATION AND
QUANTIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTICS AND PESTICIDES IN 31 30
HONEY
3.1. SCREENING METHODS 32
3.2. HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
34
(HPLC) WITH DIFFERENT DETECTION TYPES
3.2.1. Liquid chromatograpy principle 34
3.2.2. Extraction techniques 37
3.2.3. Detectors used for liquid chromatography 39
3.3. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY COUPLED WITH MASS
47
SPECTROMETRY (GC-MS)
3.3.1. Gas chromatography principle 47
3.3.2. Interfaces used for GC-MS chromatography 50
3.3.3. Detectors used for gas chromatography 52
3.4. CHROMATOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONS USED FOR
54
HONEY CONTAMINANTS DETERMINATION
3.4.1. State of the art in determining the tetracycline
55
residues in honey
26
3.4.2. State of the art in determining the chloramphenicol
57
residues in honey
3.4.3. State of the art in determining the pesticides residues
59
in honey
SECOND PART: ORIGINAL RESEARCH 64
4. AIM AND OBJECTIVES 65 31
5. TETRACYCLINE RESIDUES DETERMINATION
(TECTRACYCLINE AND OXYTETRACYCLINE) FROM 66 31
HONEY BY HPLC-DAD
5.1. MATERIALS 66 31
5.2. METHOD 67 32
5.2.1. Method development for tetracycline residues
67 32
determination
5.2.2. Method validation in tetracycline residues
76 33
determination
5.2.3. Aplication of the developed and validated method 79
5.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 80 33
5.4. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 91 35
6. DETERMINATION OF CHLORAMPHENICOL RESIDUES IN
92 36
HONEY BY LC-MS TEHNIQUE
6.1. MATERIALS 93 36
6.2. METHOD 93 36
6.2.1. Development of the method for chloramphenicol
93 36
residues determination
6.2.2. Method validation in chloramphenicol residues
101 37
determination
6.2.3. Aplicability of the developed and validated method 103
6.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 104 38
6.4. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 107 39
27
7. DETERMINATION OF ORGANOCHLORINE AND
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN HONEY BY 108 40
GC-MS TECHNIQUE
7.1. MATERIALS 108 40
7.2. METHOD 109 40
7.2.1. Method development for pesticide residues
109 40
determination
7.2.2. Method validation for pesticide residues
120 42
determination
7.2.3. Aplicability of the developed and validated method 122
7.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 122 42
7.4. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 131 44
8. EXTERNAL FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE
STABILITY OF ORGANOCHLORINE AND 133 44
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES
8.1. UV RADIATIONS INFLUENCE AGAINST PESTICIDES
134 44
RESIDUES IN CONTAMINATED HONEY
8.1.1. Materials 134 45
8.1.2. Method 135 45
8.1.3. Results and discussions 136 45
8.1.4. Statistical analysis 151
8.2. INFLUENCE OF IRRADIATION TREATMENTS AGAINST
162 51
HONEY QUALITY PARAMETERS
8.2.1. Methods for determination of honey phisico-chemical
162 51
parameters
8.2.2. Results and discussions 166 51
8.3. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSSIONS 170 51
9. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 171 52
REFERENCES 174
LIST OF PUBLISHED PAPERS 189
APPENDIX 193
28
INTRODUCTION
Honey is a natural product with high biological and caloric value. Beekeeping
offers products with great prophylactic and therapeutically values, which contributes to
human health maintaining and economically it brings contribution to population welfare.
Over the last few years, the problem of honey and other bee products contamination
was mentioned regarding the antibiotics and pesticides residues, substances with toxic
acute and chronic effects on human health.
It is required that research structures to develop new and performing methodologies
for antibiotics and pesticides residues control in order to promote free international
circulation of Romanian bee products and their acknowledgement as authentic natural
products.
Present thesis « Chromatographic techniques for contaminants determinations
in honey » contains the following parts: introduction, bibliographic study, objectives,
original research, conclusions, bibliographic references and appendix.
In the present thesis it was followed the development of high precision and
sensitivity chromatographic analytical methods, which can ensure detection and
quantification of antibiotics and pesticides residues from honey, in order to protect the
consumers. It was also studied the possibility to reduce the damage of pesticides on honey
by ultraviolet light treatment.
Bibliographic study, structured in 3 chapters, contains information regarding the
contamination ways of bee products, structure and properties of main contaminants and
also modern chromatographic techniques use for determination of mentioned compounds.
Personal research part, systematized in 4 chapters, describes the analytical proposed
methods for tetracycline, chloramphenicol, organochloride and organophosphorous
pesticides residues in honey, validation algorithm of the techniques and obtained results.
A study which followed the influence of UV radiations against pesticides residues
in contaminated honey and also against honey quality parameters was employed.
29
Chapter 1. THE CONTAMINATION SOURCES OF BEE PRODUCTS
30
Chapter 4. AIM AND OBJECTIVES
Due to negative effects that bee products contaminated with antibiotics and
pesticides residues have on consumers, quality control is necessary by secure methods
which offer confident results.
Main objective was the development and validation of performing and modern
liquid and gas chromatographic methods for antibiotics and pesticides residues
determination in honey.
Established objectives are:
Tetracycline residues determination by HPLC-PDA (chapter 5)
Chloramphenicol residues determination by LC-MS (chapter 6)
Organochloride and organophosphorous pesticides determination by GC-
MS technique (chapter 7)
Study of possible diminishes of pesticides content from contaminated
honey, by UV irradiation (chapter 8).
Antibiotics residues determination from honey was a major concern over the last
years, because these compounds may reduce the efficacy of honey properties and if they
are found in significant quantities could represent a serious treat on human health.
5.1. MATERIALS
31
5.2. METHOD
32
• Column temperature: 35oC
• Registration at λ 360nm (oxitetracycline) and λ 355nm (tetracycline)
• Separation time: 28 minutes
33
coincided with the ones from supplemented honey, while for uncontaminated honey no
signal was registered. This fact indicates the absence of interference compounds.
7.1
8.6
c
a
b
0 5 10 15
Timp de retentie/Retention time (min)
Fig. 1. Chromatogram of a mixture tetracyclines (a), honey sample free of antibiotics (b)
and honey sample spiked with mixture of antibiotics (c)
LOD LOQ
Compound Mean of concentrations ± SD
(µg/kg) (µg/kg) (µg/kg)
34
Results presented in table 3, show that the analytical method developed for
tetracycline determinations is able to detect and quantify antibiotic concentrations lower
than the limit proposed by European Legislation (10µg/kg). This fact offers a high
sensitivity method.
Tetracyclines recovery in percentage higher than 70% is acceptable, losses during
extraction being reduced a lot for oxitetracycline, comparing to tetracycline (table 4).
Table 4
Recoveries of tetracyclines
• Method used for tetracycline determination from honey involves selective extraction of
the analytes by Cu2+ ions complexes, chromatographic separation and detection with UV-
Vis detector with photodiode Array.
• Used extraction technique realizes in a simultaneous way isolation, cleaning and
tetracycline concentration, without being necessary other operations.
• Studied performance parameters during method validation prove that developed method
is characterized by high selectivity, specificity, accuracy, robustness and sensitivity.
• HPLC-PDA technique is efficient for identification and quantification of tetracyclines
residues from different honey types, absence of interferences being independent of
botanical origin of analyzed honey.
35
Chapter 6. DETERMINATION OF CHLORAMPHENICOL RESIDUES IN
HONEY BY LC-MS TEHNIQUE
6.1. MATERIALS
6.2. METHOD
36
Table 5
Linear gradient program for chloramphenicol determination
37
6.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
38
(c)
(b)
(a)
6 8 10 12 14
Fig. 2. LC-MS-SIM chromatograms obtained for (a) CAP standard, (b) honey sample
spiked with CAP and (c) blank honey sample
Table 7
Precision and recovery rate (n=6)
Within-day Between-day
Theoretical
Mean Mean Recovery
concentration RSD RSD
concentration±SD concentration±SD (%)
(µg/kg) (%) (%)
(µg/kg) (µg/kg)
0.6 0.48 ± 0.021 3.8 0.51 ± 0.042 4.9 85
2 1.68 ± 0.080 5.6 1.74 ± 0.098 7.1 87
5 4.35 ± 0.211 7.7 4.55 ± 0.401 8.9 91
39
• Validation procedure followed all necessary steps to ensure correct identification and
quantification of chloramphenicol residues.
• Chloramphenicol contamination level is essential to be checked for autochthonous honey
and also imported honey, in order to ensure human health.
Pesticides, being used on high scale, are part of the ecosystems circuit, and theirs
negative effects are amplified at the end of the trophic chain (human organism). Multi-
residual performing methodologies are necessary to be implemented, able to detect a high
number of pesticides through one determination.
7.1. MATERIALS
7.2. METHOD
OCL and OP pesticides residues from honey are transferred through acetonitrile
extraction in the presence of high salts quantities (magnesium sulphate, sodium chloride,
sodium citrate). Purification of the extract is realized by solid phase dispersive extraction
40
(dSPE) followed by sample concentration in order to improve the quantity of inters
analytes.
Compounds are separated through gas chromatography and are detected through
mass spectrometry.
Chromatographic determination:
Compounds separation was realized by active layer of the DB-5MS capillary
column (30m length, 0.25mm internal diameter, 0.25µm film thickness) and by gradient
temperature program shown in table 8.
Table 8
Column program
41
1000000
7
Abundenta/Abundance (%)
1 8 13
800000 19
17
12 18 26
600000 21 27
16 31
10 33 36
25 30
400000
14 34
11 20 32
4 23
6 9 22 29 35
24
200000 3 37
15 28
2 5
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Timp de retentie/Retention time (min)
42
Table 9
Calibration parameters and analitical limits (limit of detection and limit of
quantitation) for orghanochlorine and organophosphosphorus pesticides
Correlation
Linearity Concentration ± SD RSD LOD LOQ
Pesticide coefficient
(µg/kg) (µg/kg) % (µg/kg) (µg/kg)
R2
Dichlorvos 0.9974 10-500 2.98±0.12 4.06 3.34 3.65
Mevinphos 0.9986 25-500 19.63±0.39 7.08 20.8 21.82
Demeton O 0.9984 10-500 3.91±0.51 13.01 5.44 6.76
Ethoprop 0.9966 10-500 3.33±0.24 7.10 4.03 4.65
Naled 0.9881 50-500 38.57±0.40 10.44 39.78 40.82
Sulfotep 0.9987 10-500 5.46±0.37 6.87 6.59 7.56
Phorate 0.9988 10-500 4.49±0.32 7.24 5.46 6.31
α HCH 0.9997 10-500 5.57±0.66 11.94 7.56 9.29
Demeton S 0.9869 25-500 23.43±0.04 1.68 23.55 23.65
β HCH 0.9999 10-500 4.23±0.38 8.98 5.37 6.36
γ HCH 0.9997 10-500 6.56±0.38 5.87 7.71 8.71
Diazinon 0.9984 10-500 4.06±0.40 9.85 5.26 6.30
Disulfoton 0.9988 10-500 4.04±0.28 6.92 4.87 5.60
δ HCH 0.9999 10-500 4.82±0.51 10.57 6.34 7.67
Methyl parathion 0.9943 25-500 10.44±0.39 3.81 11.63 12.67
Heptachlor 0.9987 10-500 6.00±0.43 7.13 7.28 8.40
Fenchlorphos 0.9995 10-500 3.68±0.35 9.42 4.72 5.62
Aldrin 0.9998 10-500 5.79±0.47 8.20 7.22 8.45
Chlorpyriphos 0.9997 10-500 4.22±0.25 5.97 4.98 5.63
Fenthion 0.9967 10-500 5.29±0.06 1.09 5.46 5.62
Trichloronate 0.9987 10-500 4.39±0.2 4.54 4.99 5.51
Heptachlor
0.9999 10-500 5.10±0.25 4.85 5.84 6.49
epoxide
Stirofos 0.9975 25-500 14.96±0.72 2.89 17.13 19.01
Endosulfan I 0.9998 10-500 5.39±0.30 5.67 6.30 7.10
Tokuthion 0.9977 10-500 4.21±0.21 5.08 4.85 5.41
4,4’ DDE 0.9999 10-500 4.69±0.36 7.76 5.78 6.73
Dieldrin 0.9999 10-500 5.13±0.35 6.82 6.18 7.09
Endrin 0.9993 10-500 6.57±0.68 9.06 8.62 10.41
Endosulfan II 0.9991 10-500 4.87±0.47 9.66 6.28 7.50
4,4’ DDD 0.9972 10-500 2.24±0.21 9.47 2.88 3.44
Endrin aldehyde 0.9979 10-500 4.51±0.28 6.18 5.35 6.07
Bolstar 0.9999 25-500 21.03±0.62 3.42 22.89 24.50
Endosulfan
0.9938 10-500 4.45±0.45 10.20 5.80 6.98
sulfate
4,4’ DDT 0.9996 10-500 3.51±0.28 7.84 4.34 5.06
Endrin ketone 0.9996 10-500 6.53±0.41 6.32 7.76 8.84
Methoxychlor 0.9989 10-500 3.04±0.17 5.62 3.55 4.00
Coumaphos 0.9939 50-500 45.90±0.24 8.33 46.61 47.22
43
Compounds identity confirmation is based on comparing mass spectrum and
reference ions abundance ratios of each compound identified in the sample, with standards
using spectra library.
57% of total studied pesticides showed recovery rates within the interval 83%-99%,
40% of them were between the limits of 102% and 117%. Lowest recovery rate was for
endrin aldehyde, 72%, accepted value.
44
comparison with the inactivity and concentration diminish of some pesticides from the
environment under the influence of certain processes, of which is played by photo-
chemical reactions.
8.1.1. Materials
Two types of honey were analyzed: acacia (MS) and multiflower (MP). After the
OCL and OP pesticides were added in the honeys at 200µg/kg (MSA and MPA)
concentration, these were subjected to UV radiation action for different time periods.
8.1.2. Method
Artificial irradiation source of UV light was a UV VL-204.G (Vilber Lourmat)
lamp with λ=254nm wavelength. Irradiation times were: 5, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 hours.
100
76,5
Degradation percentage (%)
75
Procent degradare (%)
61,0
53,8 51,0
50
49,4
29,7 27,4
25 Stirofos
22,8 19,8
Bolstar
21,7
Cumafos 16,3
Metoxiclor 4,1
0
5 12 24 36
Timp de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
45
After 48 hours exposure time, other 5 pesticides were destroyed, 3
organophosphorous compounds (naled, methyl parathion and fenthion), as shown in figure
5 and 2 organochloride compounds (4,4’ DDE and 4,4’ DDT).
100
77,8
Degradation percentage (%)
75
Procent degradare (%)
65,6
62,3 58,5
50 44,8
45,8
36,3
25 22,1
17,9
Naled
20,5
Metil paration 15,8
Fention 5,1
0
5 12 24 36 48
Timp de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
100
,2
99
,5
,1
93
91
75
,6
68
,0
Degradation percentage (%)
69
Procent degradare (%)
,6
,7
50
56
59
,1
54
25
,9
,7
,0
34
29
34
,0
11
0
,3
DDD
10
3 8.
5 DDE
12
24 DDT
36
48
72
Timp de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
Fig. 6. Degradation dynamics, expressed as percentage (%), for 4,4’ DDT and its
metabolites after irradiation
46
While 4,4’ DDT and 4,4’ DDE were not present in the samples after 48 hours of
treatment, 4,4’ DDD was only partially destroyed, 34.9% of its concentration being present
even after maximum irradiation time applied (figure 6).
Other 4 organophosphorous pesticides (dichlorvos, mevinphos, phorate,
chlorpyriphos) (fig. 7) and 3 organochloride pesticides (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin) were no
longer present in the samples at GC-MS analysis, when irradiation time was extended to
72 hours.
100
90,3
85,6
Degradation percentage (%)
75
Procent degradare (%)
67,8
61,0 58,3
64,5 53,6
57,5
50
40,5 47,2
35,4 45,0
29,5
36,6
Diclorfos 31,5 23,0
25
Mevinfos 20,3
Forat 11,2
Clorpirifos 10,7
0 5,5
5 12 24 36 48 72
Timp de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
Aldrin and dieldrin were both eliminated from the samples, after 72 hours of UV
irradiation time, but in a different degradation rate (figure 8).
While endrin was no longer identified in sample MSA-72h, its isomers, endrin
aldehyde and endrin ketone were found in 28% concentration level and 17.6%
respectively (figure 9).
47
100
,0
90
75
,4
Procent degradare (%)
64
50
,0
,8
58
52
,0
25
39
,2
30
,0
,2
27
26
0
.7
11
5 Dieldrin
6 ,9
12
24 Aldrin
36
48
72
Timp de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
Fig. 8. Degradation dynamics, expressed as percentage (%), for aldrin and dieldrin
after irradiation
100
,3
91
,1
,6
83
78
75
,0
,1
82
70
Degradation percentage(%
,1
63
Procent degradare (%)
50
,9
,2
,3
52
50
,0
54
42
,4
,8
25
42
36
,2
,0
33
28
.3
0
,6
21
Endrin aldehida
17
,7
5 Endrin cetona
12
12
24 Endrin
36
48
72
Timp de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
Most stable compound was sulfotep, also a relatively high stability showing
demeton S, diazinon and α HCH pesticides (figure 10).
48
98,6 97,5 95,8
100 97,6 95,5 95,1 94,9 95,3 93,3
94,3 89,6
83,9
91,5 89,4 91,1 89,9
Degradation percentage (%)
85,8
Procent degradare (%)
75 68,9
80,0 65,1
62,2
50 56,6
49,7
Sulfotep
25
Demeton O
26,3
Demeton S
Diazinon
0
5 12 24 36 48 72
Durata de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
Fig. 10. Degradation dynamics, expressed as percentage (%), for sulfotep, demeton
O, demeton S and diazinon after irradiation
100
.1
90
98
.5
.8
84
.9
94
.7
.6
96
89
.3
89
81
.9
.6
.7
.6
82
.8
75
76
73
.5
85
76
79
.3
Degradation percentage (%)
.8
68
70
.9
.1
Procent degradare (%)
69
68
.3
50
.0
57
54
38
.
.7
.8
47
49
25
.7
31
alfa HCH
0 delta HCH
5 beta HCH
12
24 gama HCH
36
48
72
Timp de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
Fig. 11. Degradation dynamics, expressed as percentage (%), for HCH isomers
after irradiation
49
The rest of organophosphorous pesticides (ethoprop, disulfoton, ronnel,
trichloronate, tokuthion) were destroyed in different proportions under the UV radiations
action, percentages of elimination from samples being between 89.4% (tokuthion) and
63.4% (ethotrop).
Photochemical transformation product of endosulfan which is composed of isomers
endosulfan I and endosulfan II, is endosulfan sulfate. These three compounds showed
concentration variations almost equally after 72 hours of UV treatment (figure 12).
,4
100
99
,4
97
,3
71 ,5
75
80
,2
75
,0
76
,6
,2
74
63
Degradation percentage
Procent degradare (%)
,2
50
65
,6
.2
43
,6
44
,1
41
41
25
,5
4,4
37
(%)
,32
,7
28
20
0 Endosulfan I
,7
Endosulfan sulfat
17
5 12 24 Endosulfan II
36
48
72
Timp de iradiere (ore)
Irradiation time (hours)
50
8.2. INFLUENCE OF IRRADIATION TREATMENTS AGAINST HONEY QUALITY
PARAMETERS
Regardless of irradiation time, UV light did not affect the pH of honey samples or
sugars and HMF contents. Honey samples acidity was maintained at initial values, slightly
increased values were registered for maximum irradiation times.
Out of all phisico-chemical followed parameters, the only one which has suffered
significant modifications was diastase index. Amylase is sensitive to light, even after 5
hours of UV treatment the concentration dropped to half of the initial one. As irradiation
time was increased, diastase index continued to drop, reaching values below the limit
proposed by European Community.
51
• Total or partial remove of pesticides from honey by ultraviolet exposure does not involve
honey adulteration.
ORIGINAL ELEMENTS
1. Expansion of control for different antibiotic classes and pesticides for the other bee
products: pollen, bee bread, wax, propolis and royal jelly.
2. Multi-residual analytical methods development, with large applicability in order to
detect high numbers of compounds in one analysis.
3. Study of an important research area: metabolites and degradation compounds
determination of bee products contaminants, especially those considered toxic and
cancer inducers.
52