PROIECTAREA SI CALCULUL

ELEMENTELOR DE CONSTRUCTII DIN LEMN

CERINTELE UTILIZATORILOR – ISO 6241/1984 SI STAS 12400/85

STABILITATE SI REZISTENTA (FIABILITATE STRUCTURALA;
SIGURANTA LA FOC;
ETANSEITATE;
EXIGENTE HIGOTERMICE;
AMBIANTA ATMOSFERICE;
EXIGENTE ACUSTICE;
EXIGENTE VIZUALE;
EXIGENTE DE IGIENA;
ADAPTAREA LA UTILIZAREA SPATIILOR;
DURABILITATE;
ECONOMIE;

CERINTA DE FIABILITATE STRUCTURALA IMPLICA:

 SIGURANTA STRUCTURALA;
 APTITUDINE PENTRU EXPLOATARE;
 DURABILITATE;

PROPRIETATILE MECANICE ALE LEMNULUI

FACTORI CARE INFLUENTEAZA PROPRIETATILE MECANICE ALE
LEMNULUI:
- CARACTERUL SI NATURA SOLICITARII;
- VITEZA DE INCARCARE SI DURATA SOLICITARII;
- STRUCTURA, DEFECTELE, STAREA DE UMIDITATE;

COMPORTAREA LEMNULUI LA DIFERITE SOLICITARI:

- INTINDERE: (paralela cu fibrele);

- curba caracteristica are
caracter curbiliniu;

ATENTIE: dimensionarea se
realizeaza din conditia de
rezistenta;

- COMPRESIUNE: (paralela cu fibrele);

- influenta defavorabila a defectelor si a slabirilor este mai mica decat in
cazul intinderii  comportare plastica a lemnului la compresiune;

ATENTIE: dimensionarea se realizeaza in general la flambaj;

- INCOVOIERE:
- ipoteze simplificatoare: legea Hooke + ipoteza Bernoulli;
 - schema statica pentru incovoiere fara forta taietoare;
- distributia eforturilor unitare  pe inaltimea sectiunii transversale;

- STRIVIRE: (compresiune perpendiculara pe fibre);

- pentru  s <  p deformatiile sunt elastice si au valori mici (peretii
celulelor se comporta bine);
- pentru  s >  p deformatiile sunt permanente si au valori mari
(distrugerea peretilor celulelor);
- pentru  s >>  p cresc deformatiile (indesarea peretilor celulelor);

ATENTIE: in zona reazemelor nu sunt permise solicitari care sa

depaseasca  p

- FORFECARE:
- rezistenta la forfecare transversala  t;
- rezistenta la forfecare paralela  p;
- rezistenta la forfecare longitudinala perpendiculara  perp;
 CALCULUL ELEMENTELOR DE CONSTRUCTII
DIN LEMN CU SECTIUNE SIMPLA
Nt
 INTINDERE AXIALA:    at ( Rt )
An
Nt = forta axiala normata (de calcul);
An = aria sectiunii transversale, slabite;
 at = rezistenta admisibila la intindere in lungul fibrelor;
Rt = rezistenta de calcul la intindere in lungul fibrelor;
N
COMPRESIUNE AXIALA:   A   ac ( Rc )
c

n

N
 = coeficient de flambaj;
N cr
 2 EI
N cr  = forta critica de flambaj;
l 2f
E = modul de elasticitate al materialului;
I = moment de inertie al sectiunii (dispersia, ex.valori);
l f = lungimea de flambaj a barei (in functie de rezemari);
I
i = raza de giratie;
A
l
Zveltetea se cuantifica prin   f (coeficient de zveltete);
i
2
Pentru   75 se obtine   1  0.8( );
100
3100
Pentru   75 se obtine  
2

Coeficient de zveltete maxim admis

a
Nr.crt. Denumire element
Constructii Constructii
definitive provizorii
Grinzi cu zabrele si arce
1. - talpi, diagonale si montanti reazem 150 175
- celelalte elemente 175 200
Stalpi principali 120 150
2.
Stalpi secundari 150 175
3. Contravantuiri 200 200
  INCOVOIERE:
- SIMPLA
M
VERIFICARE DE REZISTENTA:     ai ( Ri )
W net
M = moment incovoietor normat (de calcul);
W net = modul de rezistenta net;
 i = rezistenta admisibila la incovoiere;
Ri = rezistenta de calcul la incovoiere;
ATENTIE: daca sectiunea cea mai slabita nu coincide cu sectiunea in care
momentul incovoietor este maxim, se impune verificarea de
rezistenta si in sectiunea cu slabiri maxime!

M max l 2
VERIFICARE DE RIGIDITATE: f  
EI

Sageata limita
Nr.crt. Element Incarcari de Incarcari de
lunga durata scurta durata
1. Plansee curente L/250 L/250
2. Plansee pod L/200 L/200
Acoperisuri
3. - pane, capriori; L/200 L/150
- astereala; L/150 L/100
4. Dolii L/400 L/300

QS b
In general, pe langa incovoiere apare si forfecarea:   a ( Rf )
bI b
l1
Q = forta taietoare normata
(calcul);
Q stanga
asociat
Sb = momentul static brut al
p lunga durata sectiunii;
stanga sus
M cap q normat b = latimea sectiunii;
. gr

Ib = moment de inertie brut

sectiune;
dreapta jos
M cap . gr
dreapta ATENTIE: verificarea este
Qasociat
necesara pentru grinzi scurte
dreapta (l/h<5)!
Qasociat
dreapta sus
M cap . gr
-OBLICA
VERIFICARE DE
REZISTENTA:
Mx My
    ai ( Ri )
stanga jos
M cap . gr
stanga
Qasociat Wx W y
 VERIFICARE DE RIGIDITATE: f  f x2  f y2  f adm
 COMPRESIUNE EXCENTRICA (DREAPTA SI OBLICA)

- FORTA AXIALA DE COMPRESIUNE (pe pozitie deformata);

- MOMENT INCOVOIETOR ( M x ; sau M x si M y )

Ipoteza I Ipoteza II Ipoteza III

M yI  S y  H
M xI  S x  H M  Sy  H
I
y M xI  S x  H

N ld S y  S yt  S yr
ld S y  S yt  S yr1  S yr 2
N Nr ld
S x  S xt  S xr S y  S yr S x  S x  S x1  S x 2
t r
S x  S xr

H
H
H

Y Y Y

X X X

Ipoteza I Ipoteza II Ipoteza III

N N N
M ycalcul
calcul calcul
M x M ycalcul M x

M calcul  M I  M  N ld  e unde:
 MI  SH;
 M II    M I ; M  M II  M I
1
  2  EI  conventional
 N ld , N cr  ;
1 l 2f
N cr
N M My
   x    ai ( Ri )
A Wx Wy
SARPANTE
 TIPURI CONSTRUCTIVE SI ELEMENTE COMPONENTE

SARPANTE DIN CAPRIORI: - ALCATUIRE: perechi de capriori cu sau fara tiranti

orizontali de rigidizare;

- DESCHIDERE: 6.00m fara tiranti;

9.00m cu tiranti;

- STABILITATEA GENERALA: contravantuiri long.;

SARPANTE PE SCAUNE: - ALCATUIRE: elemente verticale (popi);

elemente orizontale-longitud. (pane);
elemente inclinate (capriori);
elemente orizontale de rigidizare trans.
elemente inclinate de rigidizare transv.

- STABILITATEA GENERALA: contrav. long+transv.

- TIPURI: functie de deschidere, de pozitia elementelor

structurale verticale (pereti sau cadre);

CALCULUL ELEMENTELOR SARPANTEI

GRUPAREA INCARCARILOR
- IPOTEZA I: incarcarea permanenta + incarcarea din zapada;
- IPOTEZA II: incarcarea permanenta + incarcarea din vant (presiune) +
+ incarcarea din zapada;
- IPOTEZA III: incarcarea permanenta + forta concentrata (1000N);
- IPOTEZA IV: incarcarea permanenta + incarcarea din vant (pres.+suct.);

CALCUL ASTEREALA (sustine invelitoarea din tabla, olane)

- se determina incarcarile pentru o scandura de latime “b”;
- se calculeaza la incovoiere oblica pe doua directii;
- se verifica la deformatia maxima;

CALCUL SIPCI (sustin invelitoarea din tigla)

- se determina incarcarile pentru o sipca;
- se calculeaza la incovoiere oblica pe doua directii;
- se considera simplu rezemate pe capriori;

CALCUL CAPRIORI
- se considera simplu rezemati pe pane;
- sunt incarcati cu reactiunile din astereala sau sipci;

CALCUL PANE
- se considera simplu rezemate sau continue pe popi (ziduri, pt.cosoroaba);
- sunt incarcate cu reactiunile din capriori;

CALCUL POPI (elemente verticale sau inclinate, care preiau reactiunile panelor);
DESIGN AND CALCULATION
WOOD special items

User requirements - ISO 6241/1984 AND STAS 12400/85

• stability and strength (reliability configurations;
• fire safety;
• sealing;
• HIGOTERMICE REQUIREMENTS;
• AIR TEMPERATURE;
• ACOUSTIC REQUIREMENTS;
• VISUAL REQUIREMENTS;
• HYGIENE REQUIREMENTS;
• Space-ADAPTATION;
• Durability;
• economy;

STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY requirement involves:

structural safety;
aptitude for service;
sustainability;

The mechanical properties of wood

Factors affecting the mechanical properties of wood:

- The character and nature of the request;
- SPEED LOADING AND DURATION OF THE APPLICATION;
- Structural defects when wet;

BEHAVIOUR OF WOOD TO VARIOUS APPLICATIONS:

- Stretch (parallel fibers);

- Characteristic curve curvilinear nature;

WARNING: the sizing is done in the condition of resistance;

- Compressor (parallel fibers);

compressive behavior;- Adverse impact of defects and weakening is lower than for
stretching plastic timber

WARNING: the sizing is done in general buckling;

- Bending:
- Simplifying assumptions: + Hooke law Bernoulli hypothesis;
- Static bending scheme without shear;
the height of the cross section;- Distribution of stresses

- CRUSHING (compression perpendicular to grain);

s- For <p deformations are elastic and are low (well-behaved cell walls);
s- For > p deformations are permanent and have high values (destruction of cell walls);
s- For >> p growing strains (tamping cell walls);
pWARNING: the supports are not allowed in the requests that exceed

- SHEAR:
t transverse shear strength;-
p parallel shear strength;-
perp perpendicular tensile shear strength;-

CALCULATION special items

WOOD sectional SIMPLE

axial:
NT = normalized axial force (computing);
Year = cross-sectional area, loosen;
at = permissible tensile strength along the fibers;
Rt = design strength of tension along the fibers;
axial compression:
= Coefficient of buckling;
= Critical buckling strength;
= Modulus of elasticity of the material;
= Moment of inertia of the section (dispersion, ex.valori);
= The length of the buckling of the bar (per bearing);
= Radius of gyration;
Slenderness is quantified by (slenderness ratio);
To obtain;
To obtain

Nr.crt. Name element slenderness coefficient maximum admissible

Construction definitive temporary buildings

1. trusses and arches
- Feet diagonal mullions and support
- Other items
150
175
175
200
2. main pillar
120 secondary poles
150 150
175
3. Bracing 200 200

bending:
- Simple
VERIFICATION OF STRENGTH:
 = Normalized bending moment (computing);
= Net modulus;
= Allowable flexural strength;
= Bending resistance calculation;
CAUTION: If the weaker section section does not coincide with the
maximum bending moment is, it requires verification
weakening resistance and maximum section!

CHECK rigid:

Nr.crt. Element Arrow limit

Loads long loads brief
1. Current Plansee L / 250 L / 250
2. Plansee bridge L / 200 L / 200
3. Roofs
- Purlins, rafters;
- Deck;
L / 200
L / 150
L / 150
L / 100
4. Valley gutters L / 400 L / 300

In general, besides bending and shear occurs:

= Shear normal (calculation);

= Gross section static moment;
= Width of section;
= Gross moment of inertia section;

Attention: Verification is required for timber (l / h <5)!

-OBLICA
VERIFICATION OF STRENGTH:
CHECK rigid:
eccentric compression (right oblique)

- Axial force of compression (positions deformed);

- Bending moment (or,

where:
;
;
,;

Sarp
Construction types and parts

Snake deer - Composition: pairs of rafters with or without tie rods

horizontal reinforcing;
 - OPENING: 6.00m without tie rods;
9.00m with tyrants;

- Overall stability: long bracing .;

Framework on chairs - Composition: vertical elements (props);
-LONGITUDE horizontal elements.
(fried);
inclined elements (rafters);
trans horizontal reinforcing elements.
Transvit inclined reinforcing elements.

- Overall stability: Contrave. + Transvit long.

- Types: Depending on opening the position element

vertical structural (walls or frames);

Roof truss element computations

CHARGING GROUP
- ASSUMPTION I: permanent load + snow load;
- ASSUMPTION II: permanent load + wind loads (pressure) +
incarcarea of snow;+
- ASSUMPTION III: permanent load + concentrated load (1000N);
- ASSUMPTION IV: permanent load + wind loads (pres. + Suction.)
CALCULATION sheathing (maintains the covering sheet, tile)
- Determine load a board width "b";
- Calculate the bending oblique in two directions;
- Check the maximum deformation;
CALCULATION SIPC (maintains the covering tiles)
- Determine loadings for stickers;
- Calculate the bending oblique in two directions;
- Consider simply supported rafters;
CALCULATION deer
- Consider simply supported the pane;
- Are charged with the reactions of boarding or strips;
CALCULATION PANE
- Consider simply supported or continue on props (walls, pt.cosoroaba);
- Are loaded with the reactions from the rafters;
CALCULATION POPI (vertical or inclined elements, the reactions that take purlins);